Edexcel A-level Bio3 January 2007 Qp
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Surname
Centre No.
Initial(s)
Paper Reference
6 1 0 3
Candidate No.
0 3
Signature
Paper Reference(s)
6103/03
Examiner’s use only
Edexcel GCE Biology Biology (Human) Advanced Subsidiary Unit 3 Paper 03 Wednesday 10 January 2007 – Morning Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Ruler
Team Leader’s use only
Question Leave Number Blank
1 2 3
Items included with question papers Nil
Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer ALL THREE questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used. Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
Information for Candidates The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). The total mark for this question paper is 38.
Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Total This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2007 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.
N24731A W850/R6103/57570 7/7/7/7/3/5900
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*N24731A0120*
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Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 1.
After harvesting, wheat seeds may be stored for several months. During storage, a proportion of the seeds will be lost. Most of this loss is due to two causes. The flour beetle, Tribolium sp., feeds on live dormant seeds and bacteria decompose dead seeds. Many of the flour beetles are eaten by carnivorous insects called Xylocoris sp. The diagram below shows the relative energy flow within a wheat store. = energy unavailable for next trophic level Xylocoris sp.
= energy available for next trophic level
Tribolium sp. Bacteria
Wheat seeds
(a) State a suitable unit used to record the energy content of the wheat seeds. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Using the information above, complete the table below by writing appropriate terms in the spaces. Organism
Trophic level
Mode of nutrition
Wheat seeds Tribolium sp.
Primary consumer
Xylocoris sp.
Secondary consumer
Bacteria
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic (2)
2
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(c) (i) Explain why some of the energy that passes to Tribolium sp. from the wheat seeds is not available to be passed on to Xylocoris sp. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (ii) Suggest why all of the energy in the wheat seeds is available to be passed on to the next trophic level. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)
Q1
(Total 8 marks)
*N24731A0320*
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2.
In an investigation, several leaves were removed from a Magnolia tree. These leaves were weighed and then placed on the surface of some moist compost in an incubator set at 25 °C. At two-day intervals for a period of 4 weeks, the leaves were weighed and then replaced on to the surface of the compost.
150 ±
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¨
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
g / sevael fo ssaM
200 ±
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±
250 ±
±
Figure 1 – Graph of mass of leaves against time after removal from the Magnolia tree
100 ±
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8
±
6
±
4
±
2
±
±
0± 0
±
50 ± 12
14
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22
24
26
28
Time after removal from tree / days
Figure 2 – Photograph of a freshly-picked Magnolia leaf compared with a Magnolia leaf that has been on the surface of the compost for 28 days
magnification × 0.5
Freshly-picked leaf
Leaf after 28 days on compost
*N24731A0520*
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(a) (i) Describe the changes in the mass of the leaves during the first 14 days of the investigation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) Suggest why it is unlikely that the activity of saprobiontic microorganisms in the compost caused these changes in mass during the first 14 days. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (iii) Suggest a possible reason for the changes in mass in the first four days. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (1)
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(b) State one difference in appearance of the two leaves in Figure 2, and suggest how saprobiontic microorganisms brought about this change. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) When leaves are added to compost heaps, explain why it is important that the compost is not allowed to become waterlogged or compacted. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q2
(Total 11 marks)
*N24731A0920*
9
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3.
Armenia, a small country in Asia, experienced considerable political and economic changes during the last part of the twentieth century. One of the major problems for Armenia is the supply of energy resources for both domestic and industrial use. From 1990 to 1993, as a result of increased demand for energy, tens of thousands of hectares of Armenian forest were cut down for use as fuel. The main native species of trees that were removed during this period were beech, oak and hornbeam. These are relatively slow-growing species that cannot be replaced quickly. Beech, oak and hornbeam produce high quality wood, usually used in the construction industry. The extensive deforestation during this period has led to considerable environmental problems such as soil erosion. Since 1994, a project has been in progress in Armenia to evaluate the use of biomass from fast-growing poplar trees as an energy source for domestic fuel and for the generation of electricity. In the project, different forms of poplar, known as hybrids, were grown at several sites in different regions of the country. For each hybrid, the growth rate was recorded. Some of the results of this study are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 – Growth rates of poplar hybrids at four different sites Site
Poplar hybrid
Growth rate /tonnes ha–1 year–1
Yerevan
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
3.13 8.08 7.08 16.85
Hrazdan
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
3.73 6.30 9.08 1.83
Tsovinar
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
9.15 2.93 1.15 10.85
Yeghegnute
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
0.85 1.78 0.93 1.55
In order to generate electricity, the poplar wood biomass must be prepared as a fuel to drive steam turbines. The first stage in this process is to produce finely-divided woodchips. The heat to drive the turbines can be generated in two different ways. The wood chips can be burned directly or gas can be released from the wood chips through a process called gasification. This gas is then burnt to release heat.
10
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Figures 2 and 3 show the mass of wood chips required to produce 1GJ of electricity by these two processes. Figure 2 – Flow Chart for the Generation of Electricity by direct Combustion of Wood Chips 0.324 tonnes Wood Chips
DIRECT COMBUSTION AND POWER GENERATION
4.766 GJ Waste Heat
1.000 GJ Electricity
0.005 tonnes Ash
Figure 3 – Flow Chart for the Generation of Electricity by Gasification of Wood Chips 0.161 tonnes Wood Chips
GASIFICATION AND POWER GENERATION
1.857 GJ Waste Heat
1.000 GJ Electricity
0.002 tonnes Ash
*N24731A01120*
11
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12
*N24731A01220*
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(a) State what is meant by the term biomass. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Suggest why poplars were used in this project in Armenia, rather than the native species such as beech, oak or hornbeam. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) (i) Using information from Figure 1, suggest which of the four sites does not seem suitable for the production of fast-growing biomass using poplars. Give an explanation for your answer. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) Suggest two reasons why this site may not be as suitable as the other sites in the project. 1. ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2. ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)
*N24731A01320*
13
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(d) Explain how the extensive deforestation between 1990 and 1993 might have led to soil erosion. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) (e) The quantity of electricity generated by direct combustion of 1 tonne of wood chips is 3.09 GJ. (i) Calculate the quantity of electricity generated by gasification of 1 tonne of wood chips. Show your working
Answer .................................... (2)
*N24731A01520*
15
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(ii) Using your answer to (e)(i) and the data from Figures 2 and 3, compare these two processes of electricity generation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (f) Explain how other organisms could be affected by the planting of poplars instead of the native species. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) QUESTION 3 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE.
*N24731A01720*
17
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(g) Another example of fast-growing biomass being used as an energy resource is the production of ethanol using sugar cane. Describe how the motor fuel, gasohol, is produced using ethanol. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 19 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 38 MARKS END
18
*N24731A01820*
Q3
BLANK PAGE
*N24731A01920*
19
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20
*N24731A02020*
Centre No.
Initial(s)
Paper Reference
6 1 0 3
Candidate No.
0 3
Signature
Paper Reference(s)
6103/03
Examiner’s use only
Edexcel GCE Biology Biology (Human) Advanced Subsidiary Unit 3 Paper 03 Wednesday 10 January 2007 – Morning Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Ruler
Team Leader’s use only
Question Leave Number Blank
1 2 3
Items included with question papers Nil
Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer ALL THREE questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used. Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
Information for Candidates The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). The total mark for this question paper is 38.
Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Total This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2007 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.
N24731A W850/R6103/57570 7/7/7/7/3/5900
Turn over
*N24731A0120*
Leave blank
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 1.
After harvesting, wheat seeds may be stored for several months. During storage, a proportion of the seeds will be lost. Most of this loss is due to two causes. The flour beetle, Tribolium sp., feeds on live dormant seeds and bacteria decompose dead seeds. Many of the flour beetles are eaten by carnivorous insects called Xylocoris sp. The diagram below shows the relative energy flow within a wheat store. = energy unavailable for next trophic level Xylocoris sp.
= energy available for next trophic level
Tribolium sp. Bacteria
Wheat seeds
(a) State a suitable unit used to record the energy content of the wheat seeds. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Using the information above, complete the table below by writing appropriate terms in the spaces. Organism
Trophic level
Mode of nutrition
Wheat seeds Tribolium sp.
Primary consumer
Xylocoris sp.
Secondary consumer
Bacteria
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic (2)
2
*N24731A0220*
Leave blank
(c) (i) Explain why some of the energy that passes to Tribolium sp. from the wheat seeds is not available to be passed on to Xylocoris sp. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (ii) Suggest why all of the energy in the wheat seeds is available to be passed on to the next trophic level. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)
Q1
(Total 8 marks)
*N24731A0320*
3
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Leave blank
BLANK PAGE
4
*N24731A0420*
Leave blank
2.
In an investigation, several leaves were removed from a Magnolia tree. These leaves were weighed and then placed on the surface of some moist compost in an incubator set at 25 °C. At two-day intervals for a period of 4 weeks, the leaves were weighed and then replaced on to the surface of the compost.
150 ±
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
¨
±
g / sevael fo ssaM
200 ±
±
¨
±
250 ±
±
Figure 1 – Graph of mass of leaves against time after removal from the Magnolia tree
100 ±
10
±
8
±
6
±
4
±
2
±
±
0± 0
±
50 ± 12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Time after removal from tree / days
Figure 2 – Photograph of a freshly-picked Magnolia leaf compared with a Magnolia leaf that has been on the surface of the compost for 28 days
magnification × 0.5
Freshly-picked leaf
Leaf after 28 days on compost
*N24731A0520*
5
Turn over
Leave blank
BLANK PAGE
6
*N24731A0620*
Leave blank
(a) (i) Describe the changes in the mass of the leaves during the first 14 days of the investigation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) Suggest why it is unlikely that the activity of saprobiontic microorganisms in the compost caused these changes in mass during the first 14 days. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (iii) Suggest a possible reason for the changes in mass in the first four days. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (1)
*N24731A0720*
7
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Leave blank
BLANK PAGE
8
*N24731A0820*
Leave blank
(b) State one difference in appearance of the two leaves in Figure 2, and suggest how saprobiontic microorganisms brought about this change. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) When leaves are added to compost heaps, explain why it is important that the compost is not allowed to become waterlogged or compacted. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q2
(Total 11 marks)
*N24731A0920*
9
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Leave blank
3.
Armenia, a small country in Asia, experienced considerable political and economic changes during the last part of the twentieth century. One of the major problems for Armenia is the supply of energy resources for both domestic and industrial use. From 1990 to 1993, as a result of increased demand for energy, tens of thousands of hectares of Armenian forest were cut down for use as fuel. The main native species of trees that were removed during this period were beech, oak and hornbeam. These are relatively slow-growing species that cannot be replaced quickly. Beech, oak and hornbeam produce high quality wood, usually used in the construction industry. The extensive deforestation during this period has led to considerable environmental problems such as soil erosion. Since 1994, a project has been in progress in Armenia to evaluate the use of biomass from fast-growing poplar trees as an energy source for domestic fuel and for the generation of electricity. In the project, different forms of poplar, known as hybrids, were grown at several sites in different regions of the country. For each hybrid, the growth rate was recorded. Some of the results of this study are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 – Growth rates of poplar hybrids at four different sites Site
Poplar hybrid
Growth rate /tonnes ha–1 year–1
Yerevan
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
3.13 8.08 7.08 16.85
Hrazdan
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
3.73 6.30 9.08 1.83
Tsovinar
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
9.15 2.93 1.15 10.85
Yeghegnute
DN-55 Jiacometti Eugenei Tripolo
0.85 1.78 0.93 1.55
In order to generate electricity, the poplar wood biomass must be prepared as a fuel to drive steam turbines. The first stage in this process is to produce finely-divided woodchips. The heat to drive the turbines can be generated in two different ways. The wood chips can be burned directly or gas can be released from the wood chips through a process called gasification. This gas is then burnt to release heat.
10
*N24731A01020*
Leave blank
Figures 2 and 3 show the mass of wood chips required to produce 1GJ of electricity by these two processes. Figure 2 – Flow Chart for the Generation of Electricity by direct Combustion of Wood Chips 0.324 tonnes Wood Chips
DIRECT COMBUSTION AND POWER GENERATION
4.766 GJ Waste Heat
1.000 GJ Electricity
0.005 tonnes Ash
Figure 3 – Flow Chart for the Generation of Electricity by Gasification of Wood Chips 0.161 tonnes Wood Chips
GASIFICATION AND POWER GENERATION
1.857 GJ Waste Heat
1.000 GJ Electricity
0.002 tonnes Ash
*N24731A01120*
11
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BLANK PAGE
12
*N24731A01220*
Leave blank
(a) State what is meant by the term biomass. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Suggest why poplars were used in this project in Armenia, rather than the native species such as beech, oak or hornbeam. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) (i) Using information from Figure 1, suggest which of the four sites does not seem suitable for the production of fast-growing biomass using poplars. Give an explanation for your answer. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) Suggest two reasons why this site may not be as suitable as the other sites in the project. 1. ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2. ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)
*N24731A01320*
13
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Leave blank
BLANK PAGE
14
*N24731A01420*
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(d) Explain how the extensive deforestation between 1990 and 1993 might have led to soil erosion. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) (e) The quantity of electricity generated by direct combustion of 1 tonne of wood chips is 3.09 GJ. (i) Calculate the quantity of electricity generated by gasification of 1 tonne of wood chips. Show your working
Answer .................................... (2)
*N24731A01520*
15
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16
*N24731A01620*
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(ii) Using your answer to (e)(i) and the data from Figures 2 and 3, compare these two processes of electricity generation. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (f) Explain how other organisms could be affected by the planting of poplars instead of the native species. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) QUESTION 3 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE.
*N24731A01720*
17
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(g) Another example of fast-growing biomass being used as an energy resource is the production of ethanol using sugar cane. Describe how the motor fuel, gasohol, is produced using ethanol. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 19 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 38 MARKS END
18
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*N24731A01920*
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*N24731A02020*
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