Economic

May 2020
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
 ‫א‬

٢٦١

 ‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬? ?? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬













  

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

١

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬-١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-٢ KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤   K٪٩٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤

 KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٥  KW‫א‬‫א‬

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Economics W‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K٢  F    ،‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    KE

‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W  

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬

 ‫؟‬  ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K٣    ‫؟‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬    ‫א‬   

 K(Micro. EconomicsF?‫א‬‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ GG  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

-٣-



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬GG    W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      



‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – –‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،       ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤-



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     W   K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫؟‬

‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ • -٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫؟‬‫א‬ •

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Production Possibilities CarveW‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬EF  E٢J ١‫א‬F

(١) ‫ﺳﻠﻌﻪ‬

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

‫د‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ب‬

١

٢

٣

‫أ‬ ٤ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

(٢) ‫ﺳﻠﻌﻪ‬

  

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢F،E١F‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫؟‬ .١

 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢  K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .٤  K‫؟‬‫א‬

 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٢

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬-١

KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢  K‫א‬ .٣

 K‫א‬ .٤

  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  W  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The Theory of Demand and SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬

  DemandW‫א‬

،‫א‬(Effective DemandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KECeteris Paribus) ‫א‬

EDemandF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

DemandedF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEDemand ScheduleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQuantity Change in F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EDemand - ١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،EChange in QuantityF‫א‬  The Law of DemandW‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  WEPF‫א‬EQDF‫א‬  E٣J ١F‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EPF‫א‬

 EQDFEF‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢

 ٥

 ٤

 ٣

 ٦

 ١

 ٤

 ٣

 ٢

 ٥

 ٠

 ٧

‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K?‫א‬   E٣J ١‫א‬F



P



٧ d ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

    

d ١

٢

٣

٤

Qd

٥ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

- ١١ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EddF‫א‬ J

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬(Independent VariableF  ‫א‬‫א‬EPF‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،(Dependent Variable)‫א‬‫א‬EQdF، J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E٣J ٢‫א‬F P

d١

d٢

 

D

d٣

 

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌـﺮ‬

  d١

d٢

d٣



D

Qd

 ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬d١d١  ‫א‬‫א‬d٢d٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬d٣d٣

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DD‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 The Determinants of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Normal Goods)  K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInferior GoodsF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Complementary GoodsW‫א‬‫ א‬J     ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  Substitute Goods W‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Independent GoodsW‫א‬‫ א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ K٥ ‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W  WEShift of Demand Curve to the RightF  K‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ١٤ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣J ٣‫א‬F

 

(‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌـﺮ)ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‬

P ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١



D٢



D١

 

٠

٥

١٠

١٥

٢٠

٢٥



D٢

D١

٣٠



Qd

 ‫א‬‫א‬





 K‫א‬‫א‬ED١D١F‫א‬EDDF‫א‬

W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  W(Shift of Demand Curve to the Left)  K‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٥ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣J ٤‫א‬F

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌـﺮ‬

P ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

D١ D٢

D٢

٠

٥

١٠



١٥

٢٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -

٢٥

D١

 ٣٠

Qd

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  ‫؟‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  KE

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -

.٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٣

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢ KE‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤   K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬K١  K‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬ K٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Supply‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

‫א‬‫א‬   (Change in Supply) ‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬(Change in QuantitySupplied)  ‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬  K‫א‬

 The Law of Supply W‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EFEQF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٤J ١F‫א‬  EF‫א‬

EQF‫א‬‫א‬

 ١

 ٢٠٠

 ٢

 ٣٠٠

 ٤

 ٥٠٠

 ٣

 ٤٠٠

 ٥

 ٦٠٠ -٢٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The Individual Supply W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SS?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  E٤J ١‫א‬F

EF‫א‬

P



S



٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

  

S ٢٠٠

Qs ٣٠٠

٤٠٠

٥٠٠

٦٠٠

 



 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬،‫א‬SS‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Market Supply CurveW‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P

 E٤J ٢‫א‬F S١

S

S٢ S٣

S١

S٢

    ‫א‬

  

S٣ S -٢١-

Qs



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SS‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  The Determinants of SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬F‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ .١

 ،‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(SubsidiesF -٢٢-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬ K 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬ K 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 



 E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ P

S٢

S S١

S٢ S

S١

Qs

٠

 K‫א‬ES١S١F‫א‬ESSF‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬ES٢S٢F‫א‬ESSF‫א‬‫• א‬ -٢٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(Market EquilibriumF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KESSF‫א‬EDDF‫א‬EEF

 E٤J ٤‫א‬F

P ‫א‬‫א‬

D



S



PE

S

   QE



D



Q

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(EquilibriumQuantity)Qe‫א‬‫א‬،EEquilibrium PriceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pe ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Price Mechanism)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٤  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ .٥  K

-٢٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٤

- ١٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢

K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EEFF  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Change in Equilibrium Position)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫؟‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫؟‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  EDDF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬EEF‫א‬‫א‬ED١D١F،‫א‬

 KEPE١F‫א‬‫א‬EQE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١F  E٥J ١‫א‬F

 EF‫א‬

P

D

PE

D

S E E١

PE١

D



S QE١



QE

 ‫א‬ - ٢٧ -

D

Q

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PE٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QE٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E٥J ٢‫א‬F D

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PE١ PE

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D S QE١

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 ‫א‬



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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J KQE١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J KPE١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Government Inter Terence ‫א‬‫א‬F?‫א‬?‫א‬ ?‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ٢٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  Price CeilingWW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥J ٣‫א‬F

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

 S

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬

‫א‬?Black Market?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  Price FloorWW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬



P

D

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

E٥J ٤‫א‬F S



 PE





D S QE



Q



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Minimum Wages?   ? K‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥J ٥‫א‬F ‫א‬



DL



SL





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

DL

SL ١٠

٢٠

٣٠

٤٠

L

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 



- ٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١

 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢  KE

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Elasticities of Demand and Supply   Elasticities of DemandW‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K K‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬ K

 Price elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬ K ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ZEEdF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

% ∆ Qd  % ∆p Z

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆Qd  K‫א‬‫א‬∆p

-٣٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٨٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬٢٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   D





 Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  









 ٨٠–١٠٠٥٠٠–٢٥٠ ٥J Z





D



 ١٠٠٢٥٠



Z  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Elastic DemandW .١  W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ Ed١>١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Inelastic DemandW .٢  W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ <Ed<١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Unitary Elastic DemandE‫א‬FW‫א‬ .٣  W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EHyperboleF‫א‬  K‫א‬ E٦J ١‫א‬F

‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

P

D Hyperbo



D

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Qd

 Perfect Inelastic DemandW‫א‬ .٤  W

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ Ed = o ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 E٦J ٢‫א‬F P

D

 ‫א‬

٤ ٣ ٢ ١

 D 

Qd

 ‫א‬‫א‬ -٣٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Infinitely Elastic Demand ( Perfectly )W‫א‬ .٥  E٦J ٣‫א‬F



P ٤

D

D

٣ ٢ ١ ٠

٥

١٠

Qd

١٥

 W ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Total RevenueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Total Revenue = TR = Q.P

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬

-٣٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،??‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE٦J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Determinants of Price ElasticityW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬

K 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

-٣٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬ K

‫א‬(Necessity GoodsF‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Luxury Goods)‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬ELong RunF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EShort RunF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

  Income Elasticity of Demand W‫א‬‫א‬G   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EMoney IncomeFEMIF ‫א‬‫א‬  WEEmF‫א‬‫א‬EQd)‫א‬

-٣٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 Em= Coefficient of Income Elasticity of Demand Qd Em = % ∆m ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  WE١F

،٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Em = 

 W‫א‬

٣٠  ٢٠















 WE٢F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٣٠٠٠٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٥٠

EM =  % - ٣٣

= - ١{٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Cross Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬ • EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،EYF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

ExyZY،X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

PyZY‫א‬

 QxZX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W %∆Qx EXY = % ∆Py

  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬      W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬EEXY> ٠ F‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 W٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٣٠  EXY Z Z١{٥  ٢٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬EEXY < ٠ F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬EXY ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠ E XY = - ١٠

 =-٢  K‫א‬

 EEXY Z٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ -٤٠-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٦

- ٣٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Elasticity of Supply‫א‬

  Price Elasticity of Supply W‫א‬‫א‬ •

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ZES ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Elastic SupplyW K١ Es > ١ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 Inelastic SupplyW K٢ 

Es < ١  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K 

 Unitary Elastic Supply W‫א‬ K٣ 

Es = ١ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

  Perfect Inelastic SupplyW‫א‬ K٤ 

Es = ٠ 

‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 E٧J ١‫א‬F S

 ‫א‬

P ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

٠

٥

١٠

Qs

١٥ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Infinity Elastic SupplyW‫א‬W 



Es = ∞ 

?‫א‬?‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٧J ٢‫א‬F

‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

P ٤ S

S

٣ ٢

٠

QS



١ ٥

١٠

١٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



Determinants of Supply Elasticity W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬ .٢ ،‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬EF‫א‬،    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ .٣

 ،‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬??‫؟‬??‫?؟‬‫א‬?‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E‫א‬F‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬K





 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 W‫א‬E٧J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 ٥٠٠

 ٧

 ١٢٥٠

 ٥

 ٢٠٠٠

 ٤

 ٣٥٠٠

 ٢

 ٦

 ٧٥٠

 ٣

 ٣٢٥٠



 K‫؟‬‫א‬٥٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J 

 ‫؟‬٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ J   K‫؟‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J 

 ‫א‬ K…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٣٦١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  ،٪١٥٠‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫؟‬‫א‬K

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫؟‬???‫א‬K - ٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Rationality) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫؟‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

 K?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬     ‫א‬     ، (Utils)  ‫א‬   ?  ،‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ETotal UtilityF?‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEMarginal UtilityF  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬∆  Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆ Total Utility ( TU ) Marginal Utility ( MU ) = 

∆Q

MU = 

∆ TU  ∆Q 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W،EMUF‫א‬‫א‬ETUF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣



  Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility W‫א‬‫א‬G ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Consumers Equilibrium W‫א‬‫א‬G

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١



 EMUyFY‫א‬‫א‬(MUx) X ‫א‬‫א‬  Z





 EPyF‫א‬ EPX ) ‫א‬ 

 

 MUxMUy  Z     P x Py

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ 

M (Money Income) = Qx Px

-٥٢-

+

Qy Py 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

EQyFY‫א‬HEPxFEQxFX‫א‬Z‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،EPyF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Derivation of the DemandW‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ Consumers Surplus W‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬،

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 E٨J ١‫א‬F d

٥ ٤

‫א‬ ٣

‫א‬

٢

d

١ ٠ ١

٢

٣

‫א‬‫א‬ -٥٣-

٤

Qd



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ dd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Criticism of the Cardinal Utility ConceptW‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬EUtilsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       -٥٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣  



 ٥

 ٤

 ٣

 ٢

 ١

 ‫א‬

 ٦٣

 ٥٧

 ٤٧

 ٢٢

 ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

-٥٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 



-٥٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Modern Theory of Consumer Behavior

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Ordinal Utility ApproachF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 Indifference CarvesW‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩J ١‫א‬F

Y‫א‬

Y

IC١

IC٢

IC٣

X X

 ‫א‬ 

-٥٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Characteristics of Indifference Carves W‫א‬‫א‬ •  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ x ,y‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EYF‫א‬‫א‬ EXF‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Y        KE‫א‬FZ‫א‬K‫א‬X‫א‬  X       W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R,P,Q‫א‬KIC٢‫א‬‫א‬IC١  KX, Y‫א‬ 

 E٩J ٢‫א‬F

Y



Y‫א‬

 

P

٢

R



IC٢

Q

١

IC١

٠ ١

٢

٣



 X‫א‬



-٥٨-

٤

X

    

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Concave From Above ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ x , ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y  Ky



  Marginal Rate of Substitution W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EyF‫א‬‫א‬EMRSx,yFx , y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ExF‫א‬ W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬EMRSx,yF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EYFEXF‫א‬‫א‬  KY‫א‬

 WX , Y‫א‬‫א‬ Y‫א‬J X ‫א‬‫א‬   Z

(MRSxy) =

MU x MU y

-∆Y

 X ‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬

= ∆ X  The Budget Line‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬

  Consumer's Money Income ‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬EMF

 K‫א‬EPY FY،EPx FX‫א‬J  ،X , Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -٥٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

K x , y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMF‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬

 Ky‫א‬Hx‫א‬ZM   M = X.pxHy.pyW

 W‫א‬py‫א‬  M

Y=

Px

-

X Py

Py



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬    E٩J ٣‫א‬F Qy



Y ‫آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬

A٢

 

A

 

A١



B١

B



B٢

 

Qx



O  X‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٦٠-



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A١B١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬K١  KPX , Py

P X, Py  ‫א‬‫א‬A٢B٢‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬K٢  K

M Px

‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬OB‫א‬K٣ M

‫א‬‫א‬y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OA‫א‬K  X‫א‬ Py

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  y‫א‬‫א‬ Px Py

 Kx,y 

AB١A‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEM , PyF Px‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩J ٤‫א‬F



Px



A



   

٠

B١

B B٢

Qx











 KEM , PyFPx‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬   Consumer's Equilibrium W‫א‬‫א‬G

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x , y ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٦١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Px          EF‫א‬‫א‬EMRSxyFx , y ‫א‬          Py 

 E٩J ٥‫א‬F



Y‫א‬

Qy A

  

E

Qy

 IC٣



IC٢



 

IC١

Qx

 X‫א‬

Qx

 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٦٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 x , y‫א‬‫א‬W  x‫א‬‫א‬

 Z

 y‫א‬‫א‬  x‫א‬

 Z  y‫א‬

 MUX

(MRSxy) =

Px

= Py

Px

MUxMUy    KEx , y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZW Py  Px 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 





-٦٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

‫א‬EPxFX ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢  KEPyFY‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 



-٦٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٩

- ٥٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢ -٣ 

 K٪٩٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬K١  K‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬ K٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬  ‫؟‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Theory of Production W‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The Production FunctionW‫א‬‫א‬G

‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Q=F(L,K)

 E‫א‬F‫א‬ZEQF‫א‬

- ٦٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ EL F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬EKF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬G

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Total Production ‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Average ProductionW‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬  Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  TP    APLZ  L    Marginal Product of LaborW‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ∆TP  MPLZ     ∆L

- ٦٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١F‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ MPL APL TP=Q  ٠  ٠  ٠

  L  ٠

  K  ٤

 ١٠

 ١٠

 ١٠

 ١

 ٤

 ١٥

 ١٣

 ٣٩

 ٣

 ٤

 ١٣  ٩

 ١٣

 ١٢{٢

 ٥٢

 ٤

 ٤

 ٥

 ١١{٠

 ٦٦

 ٦

 ٤

 ٥J

 ٧{٦

 ٦١

 ٨

 ٤

 ١٤

 ٠  ٧J

 ٢٤

 ١٢

 ٦١  ٦٦

 ٩{٤

 ٥٤

 ٦{٠

 ٢

 ٥  ٧  ٩

 ٤

 ٤  ٤  ٤ 

ETPF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EMPF‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 E١٠J ١‫א‬F

(‫آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ) آﺮﺳﻲ‬

 

٧٠ ٦٠ ٥٠ ٤٠ ٣٠ ٢٠ ١٠

‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ -٥ -١٠



  

TP 

  ١

٢

٣

٤

٥

٦

٧



٨

AP ٩

١٠

L

 

MP



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ETPF‫א‬‫א‬ K١  KEMPFEMPF

‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬EMPF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  The Law of Diminishing Marginal ProductivityW‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns The Principle of Variable Proportions

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

FEF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EMPkF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMPLF‫א‬‫א‬  Z







 

 ERF‫א‬‫א‬EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EMPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Z

 EPFF‫א‬  MPLMPKMPF  ZW  W RPF

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬F‫א‬  Marginal Rate of Technical SubstitutionW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

،EKF‫א‬ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬EMRTS LKF‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٧٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ∆ K W  MRTSLK =  ∆ L EMPLF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Diminishing

Marginal

 E MPKF‫א‬‫א‬ MPL  MRTSLK = W  MPK  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rate

of

Technical

Substitution

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Optimal Input CombinationW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 EMPKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMPLF‫א‬‫א‬

 Z

 ERF‫א‬‫א‬EWF‫א‬

- ٧١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 EMPLFEMPKF  Z W R  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ R MPL MRTSL for K = = WMPK W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Z





 Z

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ MP

 ‫א‬‫א‬ AP

 ‫א‬‫א‬ TP

 J J

 ٠

 ٠

 ٠

 ٦

 ٧

 J J

 ١٢

 ٢

 ٦

 J J

 J J

 ٢١

 ٣

 ٦

 J J

 ٨

 J J

 ٥

 ٦

 ٦

 J J

 ٧

 ٦

 J J

 ٣٦

 ٥

 J J

 ٥

 J J

 J J

 J J

 J J

 ٥

 J J  J J

 ٥

 ٣٦  ٤٢

 J J

‫א‬  ١

 ٤  ٦  ٨  ٩

‫א‬  ٦

 ٦  ٦  ٦  ٦ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬EMP , AP, TPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

- ٧٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

١٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢ -٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٥ 

 K٪٩٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫ א‬.٢

 K‫א‬ .٣  K‫א‬ .٤



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





-٧٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 Theory of Costs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬(Cost Function)‫א‬‫א‬  C=F(Q)  KEQF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬W   The Cost Concept W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ExF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬

 KEyF‫א‬



AlternativeCostEXF‫א‬‫א‬Opportunity CostW‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬   Explicit Costs W‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٧٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  Implicit Costs W‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Economic Profits ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Accounting Profits)

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

Short Run and Long Run W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(The Short Run)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ،‫א‬(The Long Run)W ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٧٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Short Run Costs of Production‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Total Fixed Cost ( TFC ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ETFCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Total Variable Cost ( TVC ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Total Cost ( TC )W‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬TC = TFC + TVC  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Average Fixed Cost ( AFC )W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

QF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE  TFC  AFC =W   Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AFC  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٧٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Average Variable Cost ( AVC )W‫א‬‫א‬W  EQF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  TVC  AVC =   Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AVC  K‫א‬‫א‬    E١١J ١‫א‬F C

٠

AVC

Q



-٧٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

   Average Total Cost ( ATC ) W‫א‬‫א‬W  KEQF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TC  ATCZW Q  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ATC = AFC + AVCW

‫א‬FAVC‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FATC  KAVC‫א‬E‫א‬   Marginal Cost ( MC ) W‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  MC =

∆ TC





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆Q

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F MC  K‫א‬‫א‬

C

 E١١J ٢‫א‬F MC

  Q

٠



-٧٩-



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAFCF‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EAVCF‫א‬‫א‬W MC،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAVCFK‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬AVC

‫א‬،‫א‬EATCF‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 

K ‫א‬،،EMCF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬EAVCF،EATCFEMCF  K‫א‬

‫א‬EATCF‫א‬EAVCFW 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬EAFCF‫א‬



 E١١J ٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬

C

MC

ATC AVC

AFC ٠

 ‫א‬

Q

 

-٨٠-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

  Long Run Costs of Production W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Economies of Scale W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W LRATC

  Internal Economies W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬ K 

 K‫א‬K

K‫א‬K

External Economies W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K K‫א‬‫א‬ K  K‫א‬‫א‬K

 Diseconomies of ScaleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K(LRATC)

-٨١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬   



-٨٢-



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

AVC 

ATC 

TC  ٥٠

TVC  ٠

TFC  J J

Q  ٠

 J J

 ٦٥

 J J

 ١٥

 ٥٠

 ١

 ١٠

 J J

 J J

 ٢٠  ٢٥

 ٥٠

 J J

 ٢

 J J

 J J

 J J

 ٣٦

 J J

 ٤

 ١٢

 J J

 J J

 ٧٢

 J J

 ٦

 J J

 J J

 ١٧٠

 J J

 J J

 ٨

 J J  J J  J J

 J J  ٢١

 J J

 ٧٥

 ٥٥

 J J

 ٨٤

 J J 



-٨٣-

 ٥٠  ٥٠

 ٣  ٥  ٧



‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EconomicsW‫א‬

Micro. EconomicW‫א‬‫א‬



Macro. Economic :‫א‬‫א‬

Production Possibilities CarveW‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 The Theory of Demand and SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬

  DemandW‫א‬

 Effective DemandW‫א‬‫א‬ QuantityDemandedW‫א‬‫א‬  The Law of DemandW‫א‬

 The Determinants of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬  Normal GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬  Inferior GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬

 Complementary GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬   Substitute Goods W‫א‬‫א‬

 Independent GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  SupplyW‫א‬

  Change in SupplyW‫א‬  Change in Quantity SuppliedW‫א‬‫א‬

  The Law of Supply W‫א‬

 The Individual Supply W‫א‬‫א‬  Market Supply CurveW‫א‬

 The Determinants of SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬

 - ٨٤ -

Market EquilibriumW‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  Government Inter TerenceW‫א‬‫א‬   Price CeilingW

 Black MarketW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Price FloorW  Minimum WagesW

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Elasticity ofDemand andW‫א‬

 Price elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬

 Elastic DemandW

 Inelastic DemandW  Unitary Elastic DemandE‫א‬FW‫א‬

 Perfect Inelastic DemandW‫א‬

 Infinitely Elastic Demand ( Perfectly )W‫א‬  

Determinants of Price ElasticityW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



Necessity GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬

  Luxury Goods W‫א‬‫א‬

  Income Elasticity of Demand W‫א‬‫א‬  

Cross Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Elasticity of SupplyW‫א‬



  Price Elasticity of Supply W‫א‬‫א‬

Determinants of Supply Elasticity W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Total UtilityW‫א‬‫א‬

 Marginal UtilityW‫א‬‫א‬

  Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility W‫א‬‫א‬

 Consumers Equilibrium W‫א‬‫א‬  Consumers Surplus W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Modern Theory of Consumer BehaviorW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Indifference CarvesW‫א‬‫א‬

  Marginal Rate of Substitution W‫א‬‫א‬  The Budget Line‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

  Consumer's Money Income W‫א‬

  Consumer's Equilibrium W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Theory of Production W‫א‬

 The Production FunctionW‫א‬‫א‬

  Total Production W‫א‬‫א‬

 Average ProductionW‫א‬‫א‬

  The Law of Diminishing Marginal ProductivityW‫א‬‫א‬

 Marginal Rate of Technical SubstitutionW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Theory of CostsW‫א‬  

Cost FunctionW‫א‬‫א‬

 Opportunity CostW‫א‬‫א‬

  Explicit Costs W‫א‬‫א‬

 Short Run Costs of ProductionW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Total Fixed Cost ( TFC )W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 Total Variable Cost ( TVC )W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Total Cost ( TC )W‫א‬‫א‬

  Average Fixed Cost ( AFC )W‫א‬‫א‬

 Average Variable Cost ( AVC )W‫א‬‫א‬

  Average Total Cost ( ATC ) W‫א‬‫א‬   Marginal Cost ( MC ) W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE١٤٠٠F‫א‬،‫ א‬.١  K‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤٠٥F،‫א‬ .٢ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬KE١٤٠٣F‫א‬L‫א‬،L‫ א‬.٣  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣٩٠F، .٤  K‫א‬KE١٤٠١F‫א‬، .٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١- Baumal, William, (١٩٨٩). "Business Behavior".  ٢- Ferguson, C., E., (١٩٩٨). "Microeconomic Theory". ٣- Friedman, Milton, (١٩٩٥). "Price Theory". ٤- Henderson, James, M., and Richard E. Quanalt, (١٩٩٣). "Microeconomic Theory". ٥- Stigler, George, (١٩٨٩). "The Theory of Price".  

- ٨٨ -

 ‫א‬ 

 ٢٦١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٩

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩

 ٢٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٢

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٩

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨٤

 ‫א‬

 ٧٤

 ٨٨ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

             

    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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