Ecological Footprint
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Objectives At the end of the Workshop, you will be able to explain:
Ecological Footprint Jan and David Meyrick
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
1
1.
WHAT an Ecological Footprint is
2.
WHY it is important
3.
HOW an EF is calculated
4.
WHO prepares the EF
5.
HOW an EF relates to Local Agenda 21
11/09/2007
EF is an indicator that relates to aspects of sustainable development
This morning: WHAT, WHY and HOW
Overarching objectives of SD: 1.
This afternoon: Group activity Discussion session
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
2
WHAT is an EF?
Today’s programme
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
2.
3.
3
To eradicate poverty To change unsustainable patterns of production and consumption To protect and manage the natural resource base of economic and social development
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
4
1
WHAT is an EF? (continued)
A definition of an EF
EF majors on production and consumption and the natural resource base of development rather than poverty eradication It establishes whether a city is living within the Earth’s carrying capacity
The area of biologically productive land and water required by a population to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes
As Jonathon Porritt argues, “If we can’t secure our own survival, it’s game over for every other noble aspiration”
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
5
EF and Bio-capacity, 2003
EF = demand for biologically productive land Bio-capacity = supply of biologically productive land
Ecological deficit: when a country’s EF exceeds its bio-capacity
Ecological reserve: when bio-capacity >EF Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
6
WHY an EF is important
Some terms of art
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
7
Area
EF per capita (gha)
Bio-capacity per capita (gha)
Eco deficit (-) Eco reserve (+)
Australia Bangladesh Malaysia UK USA World
6.6 0.5 2.2 5.6 9.6 2.2
11.3 0.3 3.7 1.6 4.7 1.8
+4.7 -0.2 +1.5 -4.0 -4.9 -0.4
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
8
2
WHY Malaysia should worry
There is no standard methodology for calculating the EF of a city
Malaysia is not living within the Earth’s carrying capacity National EF (2.2 gha) is greater than world bio-capacity (1.8 gha)
11/09/2007
HOW to calculate an EF
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
9
Global Footprint Network is now trying to develop methodological standards for cities See www.footprintnetwork.org Wackernagel created the GFN: tomorrow you see a screening of his work
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
10
Steps in calculating an EF
Material resource flows MRF
1. Identify categories of resources, e.g. energy Food & Water Energy
2. Establish consumption (usually in tonnes)
CITY
Imports
Exports
3. Convert consumption to total EF (gha)
Production
Pulp & rubber Timber/ metals Construction materials
Consumption Creation of infrastructure
4. Allow for waste disposal or recycling/reuse
Waste Co2 emissions
5. Calculate EF per capita (gha)
Chemicals/fertilisers
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
11
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
12
3
Some challenges
Conversion factors
Data
Availability, reliability and time are issues May need to use proxy data
Conversion factors
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
¾
Issue of global average yields (e.g. gha per tonne of food item)
Big and small hitters ¾
EF is a young science and research is ongoing You can only use what is currently available
11/09/2007
Conversion from consumption to EF (gha)
¾
Meat: 15.25 gha per tonne Soya and leguminous vegetables: 0.45 gha per tonne
Useful starting point for conversion factors ¾
13
See Chambers et al (2004), chapter 5. Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
14
WHO calculates the EF
HOW to use the EF 1. Compare EF per capita for your city with global and national EF / bio-capacity
For a city or a neighbourhood: A partnership arrangement between government, the public and academia
2. Review current policy for each resource category in the light of its EF per capita
For a household Family activity using a website
3. Consider impact on the LA 21 action plan and the City budget
For a school: Partnership between teachers, pupils and parents There are separate websites
4. Use the EF to raise public awareness 11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
15
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
16
4
Hypothetical EF for PJ, 2003
Relating EF to LA 21 6
Component
Establish a vision Monitor & evaluate
Analyse the situation
Identify and rank issues
Implement action plans
Total EF (gha)
EF per capita (gha)
%of total
1. Energy
228,565
0.548
11.15
2. Materials and waste
891,375
2.136
43.49
3. Food
791,895
1.897
38.64
4. Transport
118,815
0.285
5.80
5. Water
9,025
0.022
0.44
6. Land in PJ area
9,720
0.023
0.48
2,049,395
4.911
100
40,985
0.098
2,008,410
4.813
HEF
Sub-total Formulate an action plan for each key issue
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Deduct EF of tourism @2% Total for PJ residents
17
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
Other challenges for Malaysia
Energy Conversion factor
Consumption (tonnes)
Conversion factor
EF per capita (gha)
Conversion factor
CO2 emissions
CO2 per capita
2,315
X 86
199,090
X0.8020
159,670
0.383
X 5.10
1,015,360
2.43
Gas
1,930
165,980
X0.3800
63,070
0.151
X 2.35
390,050
0.93
Liquid fuels
2,015
173,290
X0.0336
5,820
0.014
X 3.00
519,870
1.25
12
1,030
X0.0046
5
-
X 3.80
3,915
0.01
6,272
539,390
228,565
0.548
1,929,195
4.62
Solid fuels Total
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
19
11/09/2007
EF (gha)
Consumption (GWh) Electricity
Need for resource efficiency if Malaysia is to be competitive in a global economy If the population reaches 35 million, Malaysia might have an eco-deficit
18
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
20
5
Task for sub-groups
Climate change CO2 emissions are part of the EF
Consider the implications of the data in the material flow analysis sheets
IPCC regard 0.5 tonnes per capita as the sustainable level for 6 billion people
Decide what policy advice you would give to the city council wishing to work towards SD Identify the top five priorities for action
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
21
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Useful websites
A way forward for a city Start from small beginnings
9 To calculate a household’s EF (www.ecofoot.org)
Form a partnership between the public, government and a university
9 To calculate a school’s EF
Undertake a pilot project to establish the EF of 4 cities involved in the LA 21 process Cities to work in collaboration
(http://powerhousemuseum.com.au) 9 To obtain a detailed EF methods paper and calculation sheets 9 To download the Living Planet Report, 2006
(www.footprintnetwork.org) 9 To download City Limits Report for Greater London
(www.bestfootforward.com)
Learn lessons
11/09/2007
22
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
23
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
24
6
Objectives
The greenhouse effect
At the end of the Workshop, you will be able to explain:
Sun GHGs
1.
WHAT an Ecological Footprint is
2.
WHY it is important
3.
HOW an EF is calculated
4.
WHO prepares the EF
5.
Radiation
Earth
HOW an EF relates to Local Agenda 21
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
Heat reflected and escapes back into space
Heat trapped in atmosphere by GHGs CO2 CH4 CFCs N20
25
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
26
7
Ecological Footprint Jan and David Meyrick
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
1
1.
WHAT an Ecological Footprint is
2.
WHY it is important
3.
HOW an EF is calculated
4.
WHO prepares the EF
5.
HOW an EF relates to Local Agenda 21
11/09/2007
EF is an indicator that relates to aspects of sustainable development
This morning: WHAT, WHY and HOW
Overarching objectives of SD: 1.
This afternoon: Group activity Discussion session
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
2
WHAT is an EF?
Today’s programme
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
2.
3.
3
To eradicate poverty To change unsustainable patterns of production and consumption To protect and manage the natural resource base of economic and social development
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
4
1
WHAT is an EF? (continued)
A definition of an EF
EF majors on production and consumption and the natural resource base of development rather than poverty eradication It establishes whether a city is living within the Earth’s carrying capacity
The area of biologically productive land and water required by a population to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes
As Jonathon Porritt argues, “If we can’t secure our own survival, it’s game over for every other noble aspiration”
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
5
EF and Bio-capacity, 2003
EF = demand for biologically productive land Bio-capacity = supply of biologically productive land
Ecological deficit: when a country’s EF exceeds its bio-capacity
Ecological reserve: when bio-capacity >EF Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
6
WHY an EF is important
Some terms of art
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
7
Area
EF per capita (gha)
Bio-capacity per capita (gha)
Eco deficit (-) Eco reserve (+)
Australia Bangladesh Malaysia UK USA World
6.6 0.5 2.2 5.6 9.6 2.2
11.3 0.3 3.7 1.6 4.7 1.8
+4.7 -0.2 +1.5 -4.0 -4.9 -0.4
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
8
2
WHY Malaysia should worry
There is no standard methodology for calculating the EF of a city
Malaysia is not living within the Earth’s carrying capacity National EF (2.2 gha) is greater than world bio-capacity (1.8 gha)
11/09/2007
HOW to calculate an EF
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
9
Global Footprint Network is now trying to develop methodological standards for cities See www.footprintnetwork.org Wackernagel created the GFN: tomorrow you see a screening of his work
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
10
Steps in calculating an EF
Material resource flows MRF
1. Identify categories of resources, e.g. energy Food & Water Energy
2. Establish consumption (usually in tonnes)
CITY
Imports
Exports
3. Convert consumption to total EF (gha)
Production
Pulp & rubber Timber/ metals Construction materials
Consumption Creation of infrastructure
4. Allow for waste disposal or recycling/reuse
Waste Co2 emissions
5. Calculate EF per capita (gha)
Chemicals/fertilisers
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
11
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
12
3
Some challenges
Conversion factors
Data
Availability, reliability and time are issues May need to use proxy data
Conversion factors
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
¾
Issue of global average yields (e.g. gha per tonne of food item)
Big and small hitters ¾
EF is a young science and research is ongoing You can only use what is currently available
11/09/2007
Conversion from consumption to EF (gha)
¾
Meat: 15.25 gha per tonne Soya and leguminous vegetables: 0.45 gha per tonne
Useful starting point for conversion factors ¾
13
See Chambers et al (2004), chapter 5. Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
14
WHO calculates the EF
HOW to use the EF 1. Compare EF per capita for your city with global and national EF / bio-capacity
For a city or a neighbourhood: A partnership arrangement between government, the public and academia
2. Review current policy for each resource category in the light of its EF per capita
For a household Family activity using a website
3. Consider impact on the LA 21 action plan and the City budget
For a school: Partnership between teachers, pupils and parents There are separate websites
4. Use the EF to raise public awareness 11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
15
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
16
4
Hypothetical EF for PJ, 2003
Relating EF to LA 21 6
Component
Establish a vision Monitor & evaluate
Analyse the situation
Identify and rank issues
Implement action plans
Total EF (gha)
EF per capita (gha)
%of total
1. Energy
228,565
0.548
11.15
2. Materials and waste
891,375
2.136
43.49
3. Food
791,895
1.897
38.64
4. Transport
118,815
0.285
5.80
5. Water
9,025
0.022
0.44
6. Land in PJ area
9,720
0.023
0.48
2,049,395
4.911
100
40,985
0.098
2,008,410
4.813
HEF
Sub-total Formulate an action plan for each key issue
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Deduct EF of tourism @2% Total for PJ residents
17
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
11/09/2007
Other challenges for Malaysia
Energy Conversion factor
Consumption (tonnes)
Conversion factor
EF per capita (gha)
Conversion factor
CO2 emissions
CO2 per capita
2,315
X 86
199,090
X0.8020
159,670
0.383
X 5.10
1,015,360
2.43
Gas
1,930
165,980
X0.3800
63,070
0.151
X 2.35
390,050
0.93
Liquid fuels
2,015
173,290
X0.0336
5,820
0.014
X 3.00
519,870
1.25
12
1,030
X0.0046
5
-
X 3.80
3,915
0.01
6,272
539,390
228,565
0.548
1,929,195
4.62
Solid fuels Total
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
19
11/09/2007
EF (gha)
Consumption (GWh) Electricity
Need for resource efficiency if Malaysia is to be competitive in a global economy If the population reaches 35 million, Malaysia might have an eco-deficit
18
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
20
5
Task for sub-groups
Climate change CO2 emissions are part of the EF
Consider the implications of the data in the material flow analysis sheets
IPCC regard 0.5 tonnes per capita as the sustainable level for 6 billion people
Decide what policy advice you would give to the city council wishing to work towards SD Identify the top five priorities for action
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
21
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Useful websites
A way forward for a city Start from small beginnings
9 To calculate a household’s EF (www.ecofoot.org)
Form a partnership between the public, government and a university
9 To calculate a school’s EF
Undertake a pilot project to establish the EF of 4 cities involved in the LA 21 process Cities to work in collaboration
(http://powerhousemuseum.com.au) 9 To obtain a detailed EF methods paper and calculation sheets 9 To download the Living Planet Report, 2006
(www.footprintnetwork.org) 9 To download City Limits Report for Greater London
(www.bestfootforward.com)
Learn lessons
11/09/2007
22
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
23
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
24
6
Objectives
The greenhouse effect
At the end of the Workshop, you will be able to explain:
Sun GHGs
1.
WHAT an Ecological Footprint is
2.
WHY it is important
3.
HOW an EF is calculated
4.
WHO prepares the EF
5.
Radiation
Earth
HOW an EF relates to Local Agenda 21
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
Cities, natural resources and sustainability
Heat reflected and escapes back into space
Heat trapped in atmosphere by GHGs CO2 CH4 CFCs N20
25
11/09/2007
Environmental Protection Society of Malaysia
26
7
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