Dystocia In Mare:--by: Dr. Dhiren Bhoi

PERIPARTURIENT PROBLEMS IN MARE PRESENTED BY: Dr. DHIREN B. BHOI M. V. Sc., (Gynaecology) E. Mail:-

A CLINICAL STUDY ON DYSTOCIA IN MARE PRESENTED TO COLLEGE CLINICAL COMLPLEX

Anatomy of Mare  Vulva  Vagina

Left Ovary

 Cervix

Oviduct

Cervix Vagina

 Uterus  Oviducts  Ovaries

Left Uterine Horn

Uterine Body

Normal Delivery Presentation: Anterior Longitudinal The foal’s head is presented towards the mare’s vulva.

Position: Dorsal Sacral Describes the relationship between the foal’s back and the mare’s spine.

Posture: Extended extremities Head, neck & forelimbs

Stages Parturition Stages of of Parturition

First Stage • Lasts 1 to 4 hours Characteristics Rotation of the fetus into normal position Uterine contraction Cervical relaxation

Appear anxious Sweat Look and kick at her sides

May lie down intermittently

Rolling

May look like a colic

Second Stage ►

►

Most critical stage!!! It is completed in 10 to 30 min

► Rupture of the placenta ►

Release of allantoic fluid

Protrusion of the amniotic sac through the vulva several minutes after rupture of placenta.

Forelegs appear extended

Extended head between carpal joints

The foal is expelled

Third Stage Expulsion of the placenta It occurs within the first 3 hours after birth • A retained placenta for more than 3hrs is an emergency itself.

Dystocia Calving or birthing difficulty

Common form in mare •Abnormal posture of head and neck is one of the most common form. •Transverse ventral presentation is not uncommon •Wryneck is seen most commonly in equine foetus

“The abnormal positions and postures, together with violent labor contractions, frequently result in impaction of foetus in the pelvis.”

(Roberts, 1971)

Causes of Dystocia

1.Maternal 3.Foetal 5.Mechanical

1. Maternal Uterine inertia due to systemic disease Narrow pelvic canal Pelvic fractures Dislocated pelvis (sacroiliac luxation) Tumors

2. Fetal Improper positioned Malformation Oversized Twins

3. Mechanical Feto-pelvic disproportion Uterine torsion Narrowing of the cervix & vagina Congenital abnormalities

HISTORY ► Animal aged about 7 years ► Animal was on its first parity ► Animal was in full term ► Animal shows the straining for parturition 3 days

before

► Consulted to local veterinarian who referred the

case to college hospital

General Examination Animal was healthy. Animal showed severe straining. Animal showed normal alertness. Mucus membrane was congested.

External Examination No edematous swelling of vulva. Dorsal vulvar commisure was slightly lacerated. No fetal part seen out side to genital tract.

No discharge from vulva.

Little bit foul smell observed.

Specific Examination : ►

During pervaginal examination animal strained severely & showed eversion of the floor of vagina.

►

Epidural anesthesia 5ml (2% lignocaine) was administered to the animal.

►

Pervaginal examination has been carried out.

►

No part of fetus felt in vagina & cervix.

►

Foetus palpated within the uterus.

► Presentation : Anterior longitudinal ► Position

: Dorso - sacral

► Posture

: Bilateral carpal flexion

with downward deviation of head (Nape)

Procedures Used to Resolve Dystocia in the Mare



Enough space was not available.



Repulsion of the foetus failed.



Repulsion of right carpal joint was tried to reach up to the hoof.



Right hoof of fore limb was captured.



Hoof moved laterally and anteriorly.



Right fore limb was extended out to vagina.



The animal lies down & keep in left lateral recumbence.



The effort was made to extend the left fore limb.



Less space & uterine contraction prevent it.



After lot of effort left carpal joint was reachable.



It was decided to amputate the left fore limb from carpal joint.



Amputation was performed.

Performing Fetotomy



Again effort was made to correct the deviation of head but failed.



The case was proceeded for cesarean section.

Cesarean Section

Site : Oblique abdominal incision in the lower right flank region on a line between the stifle and the umbilicus, parallel to ventral borders of the ribs. Anesthesia: General anesthesia with local infiltration

SITE OF INCISION



Shaving and scrubbing was done by antiseptic soap in standing position.



General anesthesia was carried out by intravenous 10ml Xylazine (0.5-1.1 mg/kg body wt.) + 15ml Ketamine (2.2 mg/kg body wt.).



►

The mare was restrained in left lateral recumbence . The fluid therapy and antibiotic treatment was started.

►60 ml lignocaine (2%) was infiltrated

locally on incision site. ►With antiseptic precaution 30cm long

Incision was taken. ►After incising the skin, muscle and

peritoneum, incision of the uterus was made over the fetal prominence.

► Foetus was removed with great difficulty. ► Placenta also removed after the fetus. ► Fetus was completely emphysematous

without any abnormality. ► Cephalaxine (Lixen) powder sprinkled in

the uterus before closing.

REMOVING THE FOETUS

SUTURING ► Then after uterus was sutured with double

row Cushing suture pattern by Chromic catgut No # 2. ► Then peritoneum and two layer of muscles was sutured with continuous lockstitch suture pattern by Chromic catgut No # 2. ► Skin was sutured with Horizontal mattress suture pattern by nonabsobable cotton thread.

•Incision line was sealed with tincture benzoin seal ► During operation,

- 7 lit. DNS (5%), - 4gm Intamox, - 10ml Dexamethasone, - 15ml Analgin was given intravenously.

Difference of the caesarian section in bovine and equine. ► Anesthesia: ► Site

of incision on abdomen.

► Site

of incision over uterus.

► Suturing.

Post operative complications in mare. ► Shock ►

and Toxemia (1st day).

Peritonitis (within 2-5 days).

► Adhesion

weeks)

and strangulation (1-3

Post operative care. Stall confinement. ► Injection of Tetanus toxoid. ► Limited amount of laxative food. ► Broad spectrum antibiotic systemically. ► Anti-inflammatory drugs ► Anti histaminic ► Fluid therapy ( continue for 5-7 days) ►