Dusky Cottob Bug By Zaib

Abstract: The present study was carried out to estimate the yield damages (qualitative as well as quantitative) which are happen due to (Oxycarenus laetus Kirby) dusky Cotton Bug (DCB) in cotton crop during July to October, 2016 and 2017 under field conditions in the area of Cotton Research Station, Vehari. Three different treatments were taken such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth. Both qualitative and quantitative parameters are taken under this study. Maximum lint discoloration (Slightly dark yellow during both the study years), reduction in cotton seed germination (25) and reduction in seed weight (18.12g) were obtained during the study period (2011 and 2012, respectively) under the unsprayed treatment. Quantitative parameters are affected on large scale by the DCB viz., seed cotton weight (42.92%), seed weight (40.84%) and oil content (35.16%) was taken under unsprayed condition. A huge amount of the research work does not be done on DCB, due to their status as the minor pest of the cotton. It can feed on the seed so due to this reason also called seed bug. Treatments consisted of three stages sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth as well as three replications i.e R1, R2 and R3. Results have been revealed that the germination percentage was on the peak under sprayed condition followed by net cloth treatment and lowest germination showed by unsprayed treatment. In short dusky cotton bug adversely affect the both qualitative and quantitative parameter in cotton.

Introduction: Cotton technically known as Gossypium

million bales and recorded growth of 11.8

hirsutum L., is grown almost all over the

percent over the production of 10.671

world and grown in Pakistan as cash crop. It

million bales during same period last

contributed almost 7.8 percent of value

year.Cotton crop has 1.0 percent share in

added in agriculture and 1.6 percent of GDP.

GDP

Cotton produces the raw material for the

agriculture value addition. Cotton crop was

domestic and international textile and oil

cultivated on an area of 2,699 thousand

industry, also its value added products can

hectares compare to the year’s area of 2,489

be exported and earn a lot of foreign

thousand hectares, showing an increase of

exchange.(Abbas, Hassan et al. 2015)During

8.4

2017-18, cotton production stood at 11.935

production of the cotton is lower than the

and

percent

contributes

(Statistics

5.5

percent

2017-18).

in

The

standards and the other countries due to both

bolls(Bakhsh, Hassan et al. 2005). It can

qualitative and quantitative stresses. The

limit the value of the lint by crushing during

yield loss ofaround 30-40% is attributed to

the ginning process. Due to the attack of

Insect pests alone which are considered the

DCB on cotton, the oil content of the seed,

most

cotton yield and seed weight were also

important

limiting

factor.(Abbas,

Hassan et al. 2014)There are the 1326

reducedup

species of insect pest were found in the

respectively(Khan and Naveed 2017). This

world but DCB is the pest of cotton and

present study was carried out to determine

okra. Its damage can by reduced by using

the both qualitative and quantitative losses

the management practices as used for the

caused by DCB in cotton.It feeds mainly on

bollworms.(Akram, Asi et al. 2013)After the

the seeds of cottonand causes severe damage

introduction of the bt-cotton in the Pakistan

to their tissues and reduces the viability

the number of the sprays to the cotton crop

(Khan and Naveed 2017).Its feeding too

are reduced and a lot of the farmer economy

place on the seeds of plants in the family

can be saved in this way but it was also

Malvaceae, but also reported on certain

reported that bt-cotton is not effective

vegetables and fruits including avocado,

against sucking insects(Akram, Asi et al.

apple, fig, grapes, dates, peach, pineapple,

2013).Due to this reason the sucking insect

okra and pomegranate. It become the

pest population was increased drastically

dangerous pest in India, Southeast Asia and

during the recent years.By using the

Africa on both okra and cotton (Muthyala

management practices such as early sowing

and Patil 2003).Seed viability was also

and by the cultivation of the bt cotton in the

reduced by the attack of the DCB. It is found

country, the status of insect pest of the

that dusky cotton bug cause 40.8%, 42.9%,

cotton was greatly changed(Aslam, Razaq et

35.1%, and 29.3% losses in seed weight,

al. 2004). Both qualitative and quantitative

seed cotton weight, oil content, and seed

losses were observed in the in cotton due to

germination respectively.By the passing

increase in the attack of dusky cotton bug

years, DCB become more problematic in

which resulted in premature falling of

cotton than before and knows as a minor

squares/brackets, flowers, a a reduction in

pest. In many countries round the world, it

the seed weight, a reduction in the

has the ability to become a major pest of

germination

cotton owing to potential losses it can inflict

percentage

and

small

to

6,

6.8

and

32percent,

to cotton crop(Sammaiah, Laxman et al.

caused

by

DCB,

the

need

for

its

2012). It has the ability to decrease cotton

management is gaining momentum. At

seed germination, weight and reduction in

present the only option available to the

oil quality besides DCB being crushed

farmers is the application of chemical

during the ginning process and stained the

insecticides (Shah, Ali et al. 2016). Other

lint of cotton to pinkish color. (Sammaiah,

options including biocontrol are limited.

Laxman et al. 2012)With the increasing

Therefore, it is necessary to screen most

level of awareness about the damages

effective insecticides against DCB.

Material and Methods:

The research was carried out at Cotton Research Station Vehari (Punjab, Pakistan). Vehari usually known as Hub of Cotton, situated at 29.54° North latitude, 71.63° East longitude and 112 meters elevation above the sea level. Soils of district Vehari have been classified as clay loam. The treatments were selected in such a way that in some treatments pest was controlled with pesticides and without pesticide. 10*20 m field was selected. There were 3 replications under Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 treatments. T1: Net Cloth Treatment T2: Sprayed treatment T3: Unsprayed Treatment The seed of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars named as VH 305, VH 363, VH 327, FH 108 was sown on April 02, 2015. Pre spray data was taken and then plots were treated with the chemicals at the doses mentioned in above paragraph on May 5, 2015. The plots were sprayed at the recommended doses mentioned above, after calibration to evaluate the quantity of water required as well as actual quantity of pesticide required in the plot on the basis of area of the plot. The Cotton varieties were sown with 90 cm plant to plant and 60 cm row to row distance. Environmental data, maximum and minimum daily temperatures and relative humidity were recorded round the year by the environmental station established by the CRS Vehari. To assess the effect of insecticides on DCB, two insecticides, imidacloprid and chlorpyriphos

ofneonicotinoid and the organophosphate (OP) group were selected.A 500 ppm concentration of both the insecticides was prepared for field application.One year study was conducted during July to October, 2015 and 2016 to determine the losses caused by Dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus laetus Kirby) and their effect on seed germination, seed weight and lint staining, etc. After the maturity of the bolls, the seeds were extracted from these bolls and 100 seeds were extracted from each sample to study the seed germination and seed weight reduction caused by dusky cotton bug.

Result and Discussion

Seed Germination percentage After conducting the research, we concluded that there was significant variation among the treatments regarding percent seed germination during 2015-16. We observed that maximum germination losses occur when the research area was kept unsprayed, resulting in minimum germination i.e., 29 percent and differed significantly when the research area kept sprayed and net cloth with 35 percent and 33 percent germination, respectively. The treatment followed as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth showing 35%, 33%, and 55.31% germination, respectively differed significantly with one another. It was obvious from the result that minimum germination of cotton seed was occur when there was no spray done. The present findings are in broader sense can tally with those of Hill and Schaefer and Panizi who reported that dusky cotton bug may reduce cotton seed germination severel. 100 Seed Weight By using the three different treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth we concluded that dusky cotton bug put significant effect on 100-seed weight and percentage reduction in100seed weight under field conditions. We observed that the minimum 100-seed weight (27%) was calculated under unsprayed condition as compared to sprayed and net cloth treatment where maximum 100-seed weight was calculated 35% and 33% respectively. The 100-seed weight decreased with an increase in the density of dusky cotton bug. Similarly, percent reduction in 100-seed weight was approximately 9.6% and increased with an increase in the density of dusky cotton bug. Total Bolls per Plants

After conducting the experiment, we observed that maximum bolls per plant are obtained under sprayed condition. Among the Four Cultivars e.g. VH-305 gave extra ordinary result under sprayed condition about 36%. Whereas net cloth treatment also provides significant results but sprayed treatment provide us the required results. Total Yield per Plant By using the three treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth, we find the reduction in seed cotton yield caused by the dusky cotton bug. The maximum reduction in the seed cotton yield was highest (42.97%) in the treatment with unsprayed condition, whereas, minimum reduction in the seed cotton yield (8.98%) was observed with sprayed condition. Maximum percent reduction of seed weight with 40 .84 was recorded in the treatment with unsprayed condition, but, minimum (7.32%) was recorded with sprayed condition. Average Boll Weight By using the three treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth, we find the reduction in Average Boll Weight caused by the dusky cotton bug. The maximum Average Boll Weight was 35% in the treatment with sprayed condition, whereas, minimum Average Boll weight 20%was observed with unsprayed condition. Per acre yield: The result showed the significant variation for the yield per acre as maximum per acre yield was obtained under the sprayed condition due to less damage caused by the dusky cotton bud in sprayed treatment. Per acre yield contributed by the number bolls, boll weight and many other factors which were performed best under the sprayed condition. Ginning Out Turn (GOT): After conducting the research, we concluded that there was a negative effect of dusky cotton bug on the ginning out turn in cotton in all the varieties used in experiment. The maximum reduction in the GOT was noted in the unsprayed treatment in all the varieties and the maximum GOT was calculated under sprayed treatment (36%). Average Staple Length: It was concluded from the experiment that the staple length of cotton fiber was greatly affected by the dusky cotton bug. All the varieties show the significant variation about this character under all three treatments. Maximum staple length was noted under sprayed condition (35) followed by net cloth and unsprayed (29), (27) respectively. Average MIC:

The results show the significant variation for the following character. It was apparent from the results that the maximum fiber fighness come under the sprayed treatment (10.9) mean fine fiber. All the varieties give the best result under the sprayed condition and perform very badly under the unsprayed condition () all 4 varities respectively. Average Strength: The results show the significant variation for the following character. It was apparent from the results that the maximum fiber strength comes under the sprayed treatment (). All the varieties give the best result under the sprayed condition and perform very badly under the unsprayed condition () all 4 varieties respectively. Graphs:

Different Parameters of Cotton Affected by Dusky Cotton Bug 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed Net Cloth Unsprayed Sprayed

0

Seed Germination 100 seed %ageTotal Weight boll Total per Plant Yield per Average PlantAverage StrengthStaple Ginning Length Out Turn (GOT) VH-305

VH-327

VH-363

FH-142

Different Parameters Affected by Dusky Cotton Bug

Average Boll Weight VH-305

Average MIC VH-327

Sprayed

Unsprayed

Net Cloth

Sprayed

Unsprayed

Net Cloth

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Average Per Acre Yield 3500 3000 2500 2000

1500 1000 500 0

VH-305

VH-327

VH-363

FH-142

Average per Acre Yield Net Cloth Average per Acre Yield Unsprayed Average per Acre Yield Sprayed

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Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334. Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352. Muthyala, S. and B. Patil (2003). "Alternate hosts of Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby." Insect Environment9(2): 95-96. Sammaiah, C., et al. (2012). "Study on infestation of cotton insect stainers on BT-cotton and non BTcotton in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Environmental Sciences3(3): 1155. Shah, Z. U., et al. (2016). "Seasonal history of dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa)." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies4(3): 228-233. Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan." Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352.

Muthyala, S. and B. Patil (2003). "Alternate hosts of Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby." Insect Environment9(2): 95-96.

Sammaiah, C., et al. (2012). "Study on infestation of cotton insect stainers on BT-cotton and non BTcotton in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Environmental Sciences3(3): 1155.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352.

Muthyala, S. and B. Patil (2003). "Alternate hosts of Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby." Insect Environment9(2): 95-96.

Sammaiah, C., et al. (2012). "Study on infestation of cotton insect stainers on BT-cotton and non BTcotton in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Environmental Sciences3(3): 1155.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352.

Muthyala, S. and B. Patil (2003). "Alternate hosts of Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby." Insect Environment9(2): 95-96.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 13481352.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton." J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2014). "Relative suitability of various insecticide for early crop management of cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

(2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.

Abbas, G., et al. (2015). "Studies on the role of dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on early stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci15: 170-176.