تأثير المخاطر السلوكية للأفراد العمل البيئي Dr Mohamad Azzam F. Sekheta

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‫ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﺨﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﺖ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻇﻤﺖ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻗﻤﺖ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﳘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻣﺒﺎﻻﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺘﺮﰉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ...‬ﳓﻦ ﻧﺪﻣﺮﻩ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻭﻧﻨﺎﺻﺒﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺼﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻭﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﰲ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﱐ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻬﻧﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺰﺟﻬﺎ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ...‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺻﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﺤﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﲡﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻵﻣﻨﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﻚ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ١,٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻈﺔ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ( ﰲ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫)ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﻬﺎﻬﺗﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ ١‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺄﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ ٣٠٠,٠٠٠‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺰﻯ ‪ ٦٠,٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻕ ﻭ ‪ ٤٠,٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ١٦,٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ٥٠,٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠,٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗُﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻜﻮﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻟﱭ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ﻳﻌﺸﻦ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻠﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﳍﻦ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻦ ﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻦ ﳚﻬﻠﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻦ ﻭ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﳍﻦ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﲔ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺣ ﹼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊ ّﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻃﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻭﺀ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺧﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻨﺴﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ٢‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳒﺎﺯﻧﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳒﺎﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺗﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﺅﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ‪ -:‬ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﻛﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﺟﺮﺍﺱ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﻫﺪﻭﺀ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻉ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻞ ﺿﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﻳﺴﻴﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺯﻋﺎﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﻳﺴﻴﺒﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﺼﱯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻬﻧﻴﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ٣‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﲔ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠-٣٥‬ﺩﻳﺴﻴﺒﻞ ﻟﺮﻋﺐ ﻭﺫﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻂ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻭﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺫﻋﺮ ﻭﻗﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻭﺇﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲏ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﳕﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺯﻋﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺧﻠﺼﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻭﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﲨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳝﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﲟﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﺑﺮﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻘﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ( ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺪﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻛﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﻮﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﲝﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻠﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﲨﻞ ﻭ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺃﻭﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ "ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ" ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﳍﻢ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﻭﻋﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳕﻮ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻭ ﻧﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻹﳝﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﻳﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺫﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﱪﺯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭ ﳓﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺩﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻈﻰ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ‪.‬‬

‫محمد عزام فريد سخيطة‬

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