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Republic of the Philippines Eulogio “AMANG” Rodriquez Institute of Science and Technology Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN

A DESIGN SUBMITTED TO ENGR. RONALD B. BARAL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBJECT ECE 515 – ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY: Sangutan, Mary Cris C. Magsino, Ann Manelle J. 1st Semester 2018 – 2019

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

August 18, 2018

Engr. Ronald B. Baral, ECT College of Engineering EARIST - Manila Nagtahan, Sampaloc Manila

Dear Sir: In view of our requirements in the course Elective 3 Microwave Design, we have prepared documentation on “Microwave Link Design”. In relation to this we have come up with a proposed receiver and transmitter location with its equipment and specifications based on the design we have made. We are hoping that all the expectations were met with the completion of this design. Thank you very much.

Respectfully Yours,

Sangutan, Mary Cris C.

Magsino, Ann Manelle J.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the group have designed, conducted studies and documented important parameters in this microwave design which was prepared by the group entitled MICROWAVE LINK SYSTEM DESIGN, and that this document has been submitted for midterm examination by the oral examination committee.

____________________________

____________________________

Sangutan, Mary Cris C.

Magsino, Ann Manelle J.

As member of the oral examination committee, we certify that we have examined this document and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment for the subject ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN.

______________________________ Panel

This document is hereby approved and accepted by the Electronics Engineering Department as fulfillment of the design requirement for the subject ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN.

______________________________ Engr. Ronald B. Baral, ECT

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We also give our deep gratitude to Engr. Ronald B. Baral who gave us the opportunity to gain the knowledge we need through practical applications and designs. We would also like to thank our parents who have supported us emotionally and financially in making this design. And also, for letting us go through with the series of overnights to make this project successful. Your trust and understanding has given us the energy and lessen the pressures that we have. To the group, this would not be done without the trust and the cooperation within our group. And this whole thing would not be possible if we never believed with the capability of each other in doing our best. And most especially, we give our thanks to the Lord Almighty for all the guidance that He granted us in times of need. He unselfishly gave us wisdom to carry on and finish this project. And we owe Him the strength that pushed us to continue in all that we aim as a group, a friend and a family.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 1

A. Objectives B. Foreword to the Design C. Scopes and Limitations D. Significance of the Study E. Review of Related Literature

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

OBJECTIVES

•

To be able to design a reliable Point-to-Point Microwave Cellular

Communications System •

To be able to design a “fully-operational” microwave link system having the

ideal reliability of 99.9999% •

To be able to know the general principles in Microwave Communications

•

To be able to come up with a project that will help the students grasp the

idea of microwave design more comprehensively •

To be able to provide the students a material that will serve as their guide

in making their own microwave design

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

FOREWORD

This paper describes and provides guidelines for the design and implementation of a two-hop microwave communications system in Iloilo City between San Juan to the Municipality of Jordan (bugnay). Adherence to these guidelines should allow significant terrain and propagation dynamics as well as cost savings to be made for the pursuit of a highly reliable system. The suggested procedure and considerations are presented with the fundamental components of microwave path design: determining whether a proposed path is "line-of-sight", evaluating path clearances with regard to refractive effects, evaluating path clearances with regard to Fresnel zones, considering path reflections, deriving a power budget and the fade margin as well as the path reliability. This design focuses on a Microwave System designed for cellular communication.

We use Antenna diversity, also known as space diversity or spatial diversity, anyone of several wireless diversity schemes that uses two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of a wireless link. Often, especially in urban and indoor environments, there is no clear line-of-sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver. Instead the signal is reflected along multiple paths before finally being received. Each of these bounces can introduce phase shifts, time delays, attenuations, and distortions that can destructively interfere with one another at the aperture of the receiving antenna.

Antenna diversity is especially effective at mitigating these multipath situations. This is because multiple antennas offer a receiver several observations of the same signal. Each antenna will experience a different interference environment. Thus, if one antenna is experiencing a deep fade, it is likely that another has a sufficient signal. Collectively such a system can provide a robust link. While this is primarily seen in

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

receiving systems (diversity reception), the analog has also proven valuable for transmitting systems (transmit diversity) as well.

Inherently an antenna diversity scheme requires additional hardware and integration versus a single antenna system but due to the commonality of the signal paths a fair amount of circuitry can be shared. Also, with the multiple signals there is a greater processing demand placed on the receiver, which can lead to tighter design requirements. Typically, however, signal reliability is paramount and using multiple antennas is an effective way to decrease the number of drop-outs and lost connections.

This Antenna will help improving Mobile Digital Radio Reception especially in areas with Dense Foliage or area surrounded by water (such as lakes and seas).

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS

This part deals with the scopes and limitations of the design. These categorize the reach and restrictions of the microwave system which might be useful to the readers of the paper and on the people of Iloilo City. The scope of the proposed project is focused on:

• The system is comprised of one transmitter, one receiver and one repeater. • The designed microwave link system is to operate at a frequency of 51Ghz for both Hop 1 and Hop 2. • A circuit called Coupling Loop Interference Canceller is used in the system to avoid co-channel interference in the transmit-receive process The limitations of the proposed projects are as follows: • The system is comprised of only two hops.

• The designed system is only to be used for cellular communication purposes. • The microwave link covers the San Juan, Iloilo City and the Municipality of Jordan (Bugnay).

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Prior to the advent of commercial wireless communications market today, most microwave designs were destined for profitable applications.

Because of the fast

phasing of technology, there is a need, for students who are not yet in the actual field of their studies, to cope up with the technological advancements. This design will be of great help to the students to practice everything they have learned theoretically. This design intends to introduce the basics of microwave system design to the students who are required to take up this subject as well as to those who are interested in the field of microwave communications. This design as well will serve as a reference for students who will take the subject in the future.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This part aims to briefly discuss the concepts of microwave communications system, the design considerations and the components behind a fully functional system that would work under the conditions of being a microwave communications system design. From researches about Microwave Systems, it specifies that there are so many factors to consider in designing an effective and efficient microwave system. Urgent Communications, Official Publication of IWCE

Microwave communications path design poses many challenges. In addition to static gain and loss considerations, terrain and propagation dynamics can play a large role in determining whether a proposed path will have the required signal levels, clearances and reliability. Electronic Communications Systems 5th Edition, Tomasi, 2004, p.1021

The free-space path is the line-of-sight path directly between the transmit and receive antennas (this is also called the direct wave). If a prospective path is not line-of-sight, then an alternate route is considered. The transmit and receive antennas in a microwave system should have a line-of-sight to be able to transmit the intended signal and data. Determining whether a path is line-of-sight can be partially accomplished with the aid of a topographical map. This type of map will show the various elevations along the length of the path between proposed endpoints. Plotting these elevations at intervals will produce a path profile showing terrain relative to the antenna elevations. This graphical representation aids in determining not

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Only whether a line-of-site condition exists between endpoints but also in measuring clearances between the center of the path and the surrounding terrain. When evaluating a proposed path, the path profile should be developed first. This will identify path obstructions from terrain features. A field survey should follow, which offers the necessary visual confirmation that the height of man-made objects (which are not indicated on a topographical map) will not be located in or too near the proposed path. Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008

Figure 1: K factors describe the effective Earth radius, e.g., the radius of a hypothetical Earth for which the distance to the radio horizon in straight-line propagation is the same as for the actual Earth with a uniform vertical gradient of atmospheric refractive index. Less obvious barriers to microwave signals include the Earth’s curvature (k factor) and atmospheric conditions, which differ over geographic areas and change locally throughout the year. In coastal areas, for example, changes in atmospheric density due to temperature inversions, rain storms, and normal diurnal fluctuations can vary the Earth’s effective curvature from 4/3 to 0.5. During the year, a typical microwave path might experience a change in clearance by 20 feet or more. As atmospheric fluctuations cause the beam to bend, the signal strength can easily vary by 20 to 30 dBm. (See Figure 2) In order to account for these fluctuations, the engineer must carefully calculate the Fresnel zone clearance based on the likely range of k-factors for the region where the microwave path is to be built. Thus, Fresnel zone clearance cannot be determined through a visual LOS survey. The entire path survey for a microwave link system includes four details according to a microwave communications company and these are as follows: Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008 X

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Detailed microwave path surveys include:

• Accurately locating the tower sites. • Plotting the tower sites and deriving an elevation profile. • Traversing the path on the ground to identify potential obstacles. • Determining the antenna heights and performing a reflection analysis.

Microwave link design covers a very wide range and field of study. A well-planned system is very much required to reach the objectives in putting up a point-to-point LOS link.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 2 Terms and Definitions

Adjacent-channel interference fade margin (AIFM) (in dBs)  Accounts for receiver threshold degradation due to interference from adjacent channel transmitters. Antenna bandwidth  The frequency range within which the antenna performance meet specifications.

Antenna gain ➢ A measure of directivity properties and the efficiency of the antenna. It is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction to the intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotopically. The difference between the antenna gain and the directivity is that the antenna efficiency is taken into account in the former parameter. Antenna gain is measured in dBs, i.e. decibels relative to isotropic antenna. Branching losses ➢ comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter/receiver output to/from the antenna.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Fading ➢ Defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path. Four fading types are considered while planning links. They are all dependent on path length and are estimated as the probability of exceeding a given (calculated) fade margin Fading Margin ➢ Number of decibels of attenuation which may be added to a specified radiofrequency propagation path before the signal-to-noise ratio of a specified channel falls below a specified minimum in order to avoid fading. Allowance made in radio system planning to accommodate estimated fading. First Fresnel Zone ➢ Circular portion of a wave front transverse to the line between an emitter and a more distant point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed, whose center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray, and whose radius is such that the shortest path from the emitter through the periphery to the receiving point is one-half wavelength longer than the direct ray. Flat fade margin ➢ In an analog microwave radio system, the flat fade margin is equal to the system total Gains minus system total losses. In a digital microwave radio system, the "flat" or thermal fade margin (TFM) is calculated from the system total Gains minus system total losses.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Free Space Loss ➢ The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, diffracting, obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed so as to have no effect on propagation. Note: Free-space loss is primarily caused by beam divergence, i.e., signal energy spreading over larger areas at increased distances from the source. Fresnel Zone ➢ Circular portions of a wave front transverse to a line between an emitter and a point where the disturbance is being observed; the nth zone includes all paths whose lengths are between n -1 and n half-wavelengths longer than the line-ofsight path. Also known as half-period zones.

Gas absorption  Primarily due to the water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere in the radio relay region. The absorption peaks are located around 23GHz for water molecules and 50 to 70 GHz for oxygen molecules. The specific attenuation (dB/Km) is strongly dependent on frequency, temperature and the absolute or relative humidity of the atmosphere. Interference fade margin (IFM). Is the depth of fade to the point at which RF interference degrades the BER to 1x 10^-3? The actual IFM value used in a path calculation depends on the method of frequency coordination being used.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Line of Sight  An unobstructed view from transmitter to receiver.

Link Budget ➢ The accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some margin depending on the anticipated severity of its effects. Microwave ➢ These are the ultra-high, super high and extremely high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges. Microwave Link Design ➢ A methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that includes

• Loss/attenuation Calculations • Fading and fade margins calculations • Frequency planning and interference calculations • Quality and availability calculations Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Miscellaneous (other) losses ➢ Unpredictable and sporadic in character like fog, moving objects crossing the path, poor equipment installation and less than perfect antenna alignment etc. Multipath Fading ➢ The dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz. A reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e. when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter. Multipath Interference ➢ When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected off the ground or refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called ducting), they will subtract (or add) to the main signal and cause the received signal to be weaker (or stronger) throughout the day. Parabolic Antenna  can be used as a transmit and receive antenna with both Single and Dual polarized feeds available. Frequencies from 1.7 to 23.6 GHz can be accommodated just by changing out the Feed assembly. Various mounting hardware and accessories availably. Dual frequency and specialty feeds are also available. Propagation losses  Losses due to Earth’s atmosphere and terrain.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Rain Attenuation ➢ Attenuation of radio waves when passing through moisture-bearing cloud formations or areas in which rain is falling; increases with the density of the moisture in the transmission path.

Receive Signal Level ➢ Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured in negative dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a remote transmitter. Receiver Sensitivity ➢ Receiver sensitivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually measured in negative dBm) that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and decode a packet of data without errors. Receiver sensitivity threshold  where the signal level at which the radio runs continuous errors at a specified bit rate. Refraction – Diffraction Fading.  Also known as k-type fading. For low k values, the Earth’s surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and other objects may intercept the

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Fresnel Zone. For high k values, the Earth’s surface gets close to a plane surface and better LOS (lower antenna height) is obtained. The probability of refraction diffraction fading is therefore indirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a given value of Earth –radius factor.

System Operating Margin ➢ System operating margin (SOM) is the difference (measured in dB) between the nominal signal level received at one end of a radio link and the signal level required by that radio to assure that a packet of data is decoded without error. Thermal fade margin (TFM) ➢ In db, is the difference between the normal received signal RSL at the input of microwave receiver expressed in dbm and the receiver's threshold (given by the manufacturer) expressed in dbm (TFM = RSL - TH) Transmit Power ➢ The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmitter. It is measured in dBm, Watts or milliwatts and does not include the signal loss of the coax cable or the gain of the antenna

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 3 Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical expenses, proving it more economical over the long term. But before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment. First, it is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas. Frequency Options Wavelengths in the lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the wavelength determines how the atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave hop. Microwave Systems in the 2GHz to 6GHz frequencies can transmit over longer distances, which make them more suitable for rural areas. High-frequency systems are a better fit for suburban and urban environments. Terrain and Weather Because line of sight is a microwave requirement, terrain such as mountains, hills, trees and buildings can block a microwave signal and limit the distance of a microwave path.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Capacity is another important consideration. You can configure radios to carry a certain amount of traffic in a specific frequency. Based on capacity and radio equipment, antenna size, tower heights and terrain elevation will play a major role in how you plan and construct the system. These four factors also will dictate system reliability, multipath fading, fade margin calculations, Fresnel zone clearance, interference analysis, system diversity and long-distance specifications. You will use a large antenna (low frequency) when the path is longer. Large antennas require large towers and have higher wind factors. As a result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing or planned towers and structures. You also must take into account attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the impact of rain, or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and microwave system itself. Path reliability normally has to meet the same standards as the rest of the microwave system. Reliability objectives are often stated on a per hop basis or end-to end. The objective applied to each hop is limited to a distance of 35km to 40km, having a ratio of 2cm:1km. Fading mechanisms considered include fading due to multipath phenomena, obstructions, and rain attenuation. Equipment and power-source reliability demands are dealt with through a combination of highly reliable components plus designs that incorporate redundancy and protection.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Equipment Selection When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the system uses to transmit and receive signals. More power usage equates to higher operating costs. System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and system gain, taking into account an estimate of system downtime for the locale of the planned radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to accommodate estimated propagation fading without exceeding a specified signal-to-noise ratio. With careful attention to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity, free space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave radio effectively into virtually any wireless system. Population Sites A and B are located at San Juan and Municipality of Jordan (Bugnay) where the population is not that large, to avoid so much of external interference, however, the population is not that small as well to attain the objective of providing reliable information signals to the people.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 4 Site Description

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SITE A: ILOILO CITY

Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo (Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa/Syudad sang Iloilo; Kinaray-a: Syudad kang/ka Iloilo; Filipino: Lungsod ng Iloilo; Spanish: Ciudad de Iloílo) is a highly urbanized city on the southeastern tip of Panay island in the Philippines. It is the capital city of the province of Iloilo where it is geographically situated but, in terms of government and administration, it is politically independent. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area, as well as the regional center and primate city of the Western Visayas region. In the 2015 census, Iloilo City had a population of 447,992 inhabitants, with a 1.02% population annual growth rate. For the metropolitan area, the total population is 946,146 inhabitants. Iloilo City is bordered by the towns of Oton in the west, Pavia in the north and Leganes in the northeast. Just across the Iloilo Strait in its eastern and southern coastlines, are the towns of Buenavista and Jordan in the island-province of Guimaras. The city was a conglomeration of former towns, which are now the geographical districts consisting of: Villa Arevalo, Iloilo City Proper, Jaro (an independent city before), La Paz, Mandurriao

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

and Molo. The district of Lapuz, a former part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008. The city's establishment dates back when the town of La Villa Rica de Arévalo (Arévalo) was founded in 1581 when Spanish Governor General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, due to frequent coastal raids by the Moro pirates and Dutch and English privateers, moved the colonial center in Panay island from the town of Ogtong (Oton), a town in southern Iloilo that dates back its founding in 1566 as the second Spanish colonial settlement in the Philippines when Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi moved his headquarters from the island of Cebu. Iloilo City earned its title "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (Most Loyal and Noble City) through a royal decree by Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain through the city's loyalty to the Spanish crown during the Philippine revolution thus it earned its moniker through that title as the Queen's City of the South or Queen Regent's City of the South, a title that through the years because of Iloilo's socio-economic importance and prominence next to Manila during Spanish colonial period has been colloquially referred to its form as Queen City of the South. The city's Spanish inception and the royal decree further implies its status and reputation as the Second Spanish Royal City after Manila in the Philippines. Iloilo is known as the "Heart of the Philippines" and "(Asia's) City of Love" because of Iloilo and Panay Island's central location in the Philippines and the soft and gentle spoken Ilonggo people, and as "Emerging Museum City of the Philippines" and "City of Mansions" because of heritage structures and mansions clustered in the city built during the Spanish and American colonial eras. The city's district of the former city of Jaro is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro with its widely venerated patron Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria enshrined at the National Shrine of Our Lady of Candles (Jaro Cathedral), is the official patron of

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Western Visayas and Romblon. The Marian statue of Candelaria perched atop the facade of Jaro Cathedral is the only Marian statue and image in the Philippines personally crowned by a pope and saint (Pope John Paul II). The United States colonization of the Philippine islands, with Iloilo as one of the first American colonial outposts and with the Americans brought their faith the Protestantism, paved the way in founding of numerous institutions that made Iloilo pioneer in the Philippines through the establishment of the American titan John D. Rockefeller funded Central Philippine University, the first Baptist and second American and Protestant university in the Philippines and in Asia; Iloilo Mission Hospital, the first Protestant and American hospital in the Philippines; Jaro Evangelical Church, the first Baptist and second Protestant church in the Philippines; Jaro Adventist Center, the first organized Adventist church in the Philippines; and Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches, the first organized Baptist churches union in the Philippines. During the decline of the Spanish Empire stronghold in the Visayan islands in late 1890s, the revolutionaries established Iloilo City as the capital of the short-lived Estado Federal de Bisayas (Federal State of the Visayas) with its jurisdiction encompassing the islands of Panay, Guimaras, Romblon, Cebu and Bohol, plus the Republic of Negros. Iloilo is the last capital of the Spanish Empire in Asia and the Pacific before the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898. History Period of Malay Mass Migration According to ancient legends, some of the inhabitants of Panay island were originally from other islands, including Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumatra. Panay might be named after the kingdom of Pannai which is located in Sumatra, since i and y are interchangeable in Spanish. Proof for this is corroborated by linguistic evidence. Local

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

tradition refers to the name as a shortening of the Ati (aboriginal negrito inhabitants of the Islanad) word, "Ananipay". Probably, it was what the Atis had come to use for the name given by the Malay settlers to their newly found home. Some historians also affirm the Sumatran origin of the people of Panay, observing that the Visayans derived their writing system from those of Toba, Borneo, Celebes, Ancient Java and from the Edicts of the ancient Indian emperor Ashoka. The very probable proof of Sumatran origin of the Malay settlement in Panay is the account of P. Francisco Colin, S.J, a historian who came to Asia during the early years of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. The following is his personal observation recorded during his visit to Sumatra: "In the middle of Sumatra, there is a spacious and extensive lake (presumably Lake Toba near Pannai), around the shore of which many and several ethnic groups settle [and] from where, in the past, there was a forced exodus of inhabitants [constraining them] to sail to and to settle in various islands. One of these ethnic groups was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances. Someone speaking Pampango (which I heard before) found out that they were not speaking Pampango among themselves, but they (the Malays of Sumatra) donned the old Pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them, the [old man] replied: You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle in other lands, and nothing was heard about them again." So, Colin concluded that the Tagalogs and Pampangos, and other political or ethnic groups (Visayans and other related civilized groups), by symbols used in expressing language, by color of dress and costume, one can believe that these came from parts of Borneo and Sumatra. The phrase "subjugated ethnic groups" gives hint to the encroaching of the Majapahit Empire into the falling Srivijaya Empire, or perhaps to

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

the Islamization of Sumatra, forcing the inhabitants to look for safer territories where they could preserve their freedom and culture. This resonates with the local Panay tradition regarding the arrival of ten Datus from Borneo. The kingdom of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca. The Visayan lore says that in the 13th century, ten Bornean datus came to the island which they named Panay, Pani or Panae (after the fallen kingdom of Pannai or a shortening of the Ati word for the island, Ananipay). This, after they dissented from the unjust rule of a certain Rajah Makatunao and exiled themselves. Upon arriving on the island of Panay, they gave a golden hat (salakot) and a long pearl necklace called Manangyad in the Hiligaynon language (meaning a long necklace that touches or "nagasangyad" the ground) as a peace offering and treaty-items to the Ati natives of the island. It was said that it was also a way of the ten Bornean datus to barter the flat lands of Panay from the Ati. One datu, named Paiburong, was given the territory of Irong-Irong (cf. also Kedatuan of Madja-as). The Kedatuan of Madja-as centered in Panay island eventually grew a powerful and strong naval presence that it rivaled the nearby states of the Rajahnate of Cebu, The Kingdom of Maynila and the Sultanate of Sulu when it came to wealth and prestige. In Panay, according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., "...in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island." By the 14th century, under Datu Padojinog, this state had grown so powerful militarily and economically, their naval power regularly threatened Chinese Imperial shipping. This was so much so, that the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

the Pisheya/Bisaya (another term for people from Irong-Irong) consistently made devastating raids against the Empire's commerce. Early Spanish colonial period In 1566, as the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was underway and moving north toward Manila, the Spaniards launched several expeditions from Mexico and under Miguel López de Legazpi, came to Panay and established a settlement in Ogtong (Oton).

Images from the Boxer Codex (c. 1595), illustrating an ancient Visayans of Panay during their first contact with the Spaniards. The Visayans of Panay wore clothing over themselves compared to the Cebuanos which the Spaniards called "Pintados" for the tattoos that adorned their exposed bodies. Unlike the Indianized Cebuanos who were neutral to the Spaniards or the partially islamized Tagalogs of Manila who were more hostile, the people of Madja-as welcomed the Iberians as allies since at that time period, Madya-as was locked in a war against the invading Muslims, especially with the Sultanate of Brunei and its vassal states, the Sultanate of Sulu and the Kingdom of Maynila which, according to Spanish GovernorGeneral Franciso de Sande, are their blood-cousins. The people then fervently accepted Christianity as they supplied the bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest of partially islamized Manila, whose rulers were related to the Sultan of Brunei.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

When the Spaniards came to the Visayas, they noted that the pirates among them were more terrifying than the Mohammedans of Jolo and Mindanao. All year long, after the harvest, they would sail toward faraway places to hunt slaves and make surprise attacks on settlements. Those who did not live along the rivers, would make their raids in the months of February, March, April, October and November, going deeper into the interior parts of the islands, sacking the villages. These raiding expeditions are called panggubat (noun) or manggubat (gerund verb form).

Jaro Cathedral (Catedral de Jaro/Catedral Metropolitana de Jaro) or National Shrine of Our Lady of Candles In 1581, Ronquillo moved the colonial center from Ogtong to approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) eastward due to recurrent raids by Moro pirates and Dutch and English privateers. He renamed this new colonial seat La Villa de Arévalo in honor of his hometown in Ávila, Spain. Ronquillo also settled groups of Spanish and Mexican soldiers to become the first colonists of Arevalo as he built his mansion in the area. At the early days of the Spanish period; the first Manila Galleons were originally constructed at the port of Oton to the west of Iloilo. Since there was no precedent in Spain for the immensity of a Manila-Galleon, it could be argued that the proto-type Manila galleons were of Visayan design since the Visayans were already constructing huge multi-masted 4 to 5 decked caracoas in their wars against the other kingdoms and thus,

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the technical know-how to construct the first Manila galleons was an amelioration of Visayan shipbuilding with Spanish shipbuilding. Oton built the first Manila galleons before operations were eventually transferred to the Bicol and Cavite shipyards. In the year 1600, a large Muslim attack on Iloilo City was launched, with a force of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors, raiding and attacking several Visayan islands in order to abduct slaves. However, the attack was repulsed by a force of 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Mexican harquebusiers under the command of the Don Juan Garcia de Sierra (the Spanish alcalde mayor), who died in battle. In 1635, in an effort to check the Islamic slave-raiding into the Visayas islands, the Christian Visayans from Iloilo together with Spanish officers and their Latino soldiers from Peru soon founded Zamboanga City and settled in it, using it as fortress to prevent Moro attacks in the Visayas, and as a staging ground for Christian campaigns into Muslim Mindanao. In 1700, due to ever-increasing attacks especially from the Dutch and the Moros, the Spaniards again moved their seat of power some 25 kilometres (16 miles) eastward to the village of Irong-Irong, which had natural and strategic defense against raids. At the mouth of the river that snakes through Panay, the Spaniards built Fort San Pedro to better guard against the raids which were now the only threat to their hold on the islands. IrongIrong or Ilong-Ilong was shortened to Iloilo. Later, the natural port area quickly became the capital of the province.

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Sugar boom era and the late Spanish colonial period

Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) is the second biggest customs house in the Philippines after the Aduana in Manila. After its establishment under Spanish rule, Iloilo received Chinese migrants from the west which worked among the city's industries (the Locsin, Lopez, Jalandoni, Lim and Sy families) and Latinos from across the Pacific (Viceroyalty of New Spain) to man its military fortifications (the Araneta, De Rama and Arroyo families). In the late 18th century, the development of large-scale weaving industry started the movement of Iloilo's surge in trade and economy in the Visayas. Sometimes referred to as the "Textile Capital of the Philippines", the products were exported to Manila and other foreign places. Sinamay, piña, and jusi are examples of the products produced by the looms of Iloilo. Because of the rise of the textile industry, there was also a rise of the upper middle class. However, with the introduction of cheap textile from the UK and the emergence of the sugar economy, the industry waned in the mid-19th century.

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Mansion de Lopez (Nelly Garden), which is regaled as the "Queen of all heritage houses in Iloilo" and Panay, is one of the grand mansions in the heritage district of Jaro that resulted from the sugar boom. The waning textile industry was replaced, however, by the opening of Iloilo's port to the world market in 1855. Because of this, Iloilo's industry and agriculture were put on direct access to foreign markets. But what triggered the economic boom of Iloilo in the 19th century was the development of the sugar industry in Iloilo and its neighboring island of Negros. Sugar during the 19th century was of high demand. Nicholas Loney, the British vice-consul in Iloilo, developed the industry by giving loans, constructing warehouses in the port, and introducing new technologies in sugar farming. The rich families of Iloilo developed large areas of Negros, which were later called haciendas, because of sugar's high demand in the world market. Because of the increase in commercial activity, infrastructures, recreational facilities, educational institutions, banks, foreign consulates, commercial firms and much more sprouted in Iloilo. On 5 October 1889, due to the economic development that was happening in Iloilo making it the most important port in the Philippine Islands next to Manila, Iloilo was raised from the status of a town to a city through a Royal Decree,and in 1890, the city government was established.

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The Revolutionary Period

Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain and her son King Alfonso XIII. The Queen Regent raised the status of Iloilo as a Royal City, on 5 October 1889, in the name of King Alfonso XIII, who was still a minor. The immediate reaction of Ilonggo elite to the outbreak of the 1896 rebellion in Manila was that of surprise. They immediately responded with protestations of outrage and affirmed their loyalty to Spain. The Ilonggos themselves were united in their support of Spain during the first two years of the revolutionary period. Shortly after the Cry of Balintawak, the Jaro Ayuntamiento (another colonial city adjacent to Iloilo City), composed of native Ilonggos, convened a special session on September 1, 1896, where the Manila uprising was condemned as an unpatriotic act "that finds no echo in the noble hearts of Jareños, who do not forget the immense gratitude they owe Spain who, from nothing, raised us to a life of civilization and progress." The Ayuntamiento of Iloilo also affirmed its allegiance and loyalty to Spain and made a similar protestation. Condemning the uprising, the City's letter to the Governor General says:

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"Those dark betrayals, the mere notion of which embarrasses good and loyal Filipinos, have produced a unanimous sentiment of protest and indignation among the Ilongo people, who engraves its most honorable blazon in the sacred and inextinguishable love that it professes to the glorious Spanish nationality that it legitimately feels proud of. The Ilongos are Spaniards, Your Excellency, and Spaniards will they be until death, because they do not want to live and die in another way than under the shadow of the august Castillan standard, to which they owe being dignified and free men now."

General Martin Teofilo Delgado statue at the facade of Casa de Emperador. The foreign community in the city also asked its representatives to visit local authorities and to elevate their protests against the revolt. And so did the Filipino parish priests of Jaro, Molo, Mandurriao, and Arévalo. Towns in Iloilo province also condemned the Manila uprising, and those of the neighboring provinces of Cápiz and Antique, as well as the island of Negros, followed suit. This emboldened the Ilonggo elite to initiate the organization of volunteers to be sent to quell what was seen as a mostly-Tagalog rebellion. The move was backed by the Spanish and foreign communities of Iloilo. A battalion of five hundred native volunteers was raised, which was divided into two companies, and placed under the cadre of mostly Spanish officers. They arrived in

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Manila on 16 January 1897. They were one of the largest native contingent to serve the government forces against Katipunan troops led by Emilio Aguinaldo, in the battlegrounds of Cavite province. The Ilonggo volunteers established for themselves a distinguished combat record in Cavite. Once the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed, they returned to Iloilo. In April 1898 their homecoming, just like their departure, was met with much fanfare. This galvanized the Ilonggos into more public outpourings and manifestations of loyalty to Spain. Due to the loyalty of the Ilonggos, the city of Iloilo was honored with the perpetualtitle of Muy Noble. The Royal Decree granting this title was signed on 1 March 1898 by Queen Regent Maria Cristina. Over time, this title earned for Iloilo City the reputation of it being "The Queen's Favored City in the South" or simply "Queen's City in the South", being the second Spanish port of importance next to Manila,and being located South of the Archipelago's Capital. On a side note, at the beginning of the American period, Cebu became the second port of importance (Iloilo having been partly ravaged by bombardment, fire, and riot during the American occupation of Iloilo City). Yet, it was also during this period of Philippine history that Iloilo was more popularly known as the "Queen City of the South". This points to the fact that the moniker was associated to the Queen Regent's favor and to the honorary title granted to Iloilo City as Muy Noble Ciudad, due to the loyalty of its citizens to the Spanish Crown. Besides, the Ilonggos, who were among the first allies of the Spanish Crown in the archipelago, contributed in the Spanish conquest of Luzon. It was in Arevalo (later, a district of Iloilo City), Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned and launched, on 8 May 1570, with the help of seafaring inhabitants of the Island.

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Modern day Plaza Libertad (formerly Plaza Alfonso XII [El Doceavo]) at night After the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War, the Capital of the Spanish East Indies was transferred to Iloilo, with General Diego de los Rios as the new Governor General residing in the City. A truce was declared between the American and the Spanish forces pending the negotiations of the joint commission of both warring Countries in Paris, France for the terms of peace. Meanwhile, General Aguinaldo sent several small vessels to Panay with Tagalog revolutionaries in order to stir up rebellion in the Visayas. He was anxious to secure all territories he could before the conditions for peace should be settled in Paris. At stake was the hope that actual possession of territories would influence the final decision. By October 1898, fresh Tagalog expeditions were sent to Panay and coerced or persuaded its people to rise in greater force than ever, until finally, General de los Rios had to fall back to Iloilo. By the middle of November, after having secured the support of the inhabitants of the towns outside Iloilo through the leadership of General Martín Delgado, practically the whole island of Panay, except for the City Proper, Jaro, La Paz, and Molo, was under the revolutionary dominion. By December, de los Rios held only the city and port of Iloilo. On 25 December 1898 (fifteen days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10

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December), the Spanish government surrendered to the Ilonggo revolutionaries at Plaza Alfonso XII (Plaza Libertad today). Military Provincial Governor Ricardo Monet, who was representing Governor General de los Rios, together with Lt. Col. Agustín Solís, formally handed over Plaza Alfonso XII to Delgado, who represented Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the newly established Philippine Republic, in Iloilo. Delgado was named provincial governor afterwards. The newly found freedom of the Ilonggos would be short-lived. The American forces arrived in Iloilo on 27 December 1898, under the command of General Marcus P. Miller, and were afterwards reinforced up to a total strength of about 3,000 troops and two ships, to take possession of the territory in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. Filipino-American War After the Spanish forces left the City, the revolutionary forces made a formal entry amidst music and banners. A government was constituted. On 17 January 1899, an election placed Raymundo Melliza, of a notable family from Molo that was respected by both the natives and foreigners, to office as Mayor. However, the influence of the new regime established by the government of Aguinaldo did not have effective extent far beyond a day's march from the Capital. At the threshold of the City and Province of Iloilo, the Americans were waiting for signal from Manila. Two more ships supplemented the U.S. forces, even though no clashes with the revolutionaries took place after the Spaniards abandoned the City. Miller expressed demands for the surrender of Iloilo but no gun was fired. The Americans were waiting for the right moment, for it was not until 6 February 1899 that the American Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris. On 4 February, hostilities broke out between Aguinaldo's forces and the Americans in Luzon. Emissaries brought Aguinaldo's message to the Ilonggos to hold the City against the enemies. The demand for surrender was renewed by Miller, on 7

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February, upon receipt of orders from Manila, with the threat to bombard Iloilo by the 12th day of the month if no surrender would take place.

General Martín Teofilo Delgado marching in 1901 ahead of 30 officers and 140 men to surrender to Brig. Gen. Robert P. Hughes, regional commander of the US imperialist forces occupying the country As the Americans were preparing to attack the City, the 1,650 native troops under General Martin Delgado became uncontrollable and insolent to their officers. They were promised a monthly remuneration of Php4 and food, but only received Php1. Threats of mutiny, sacking and burning of the City, forced the Generals to collect money from the towns of Panay in order to appease the Visayan contingents. The same thing happened to the Tagalog component of the troops. The danger of riots in the City and the attitude of native soldiers fomented fear among the inhabitants. Chinese merchants closed their stores leaving only a small hole for transacting business. Many prominent families, who were in constant fear for their safety, went over to Negros Island in small schooners that flew the Philippine flag, without having any trouble with the American ships on standby in the waters between the two islands. On 10 February, an Extraordinary Session at the City Hall discussed plans for the impending bombardment of the City. There was a proposal to burn Iloilo, but the Mayor protested to this barbarous plan. A majority in the meeting was in favor of burning, which was seen as an invitation to despoil, lay waste and slay. The instigators who had no

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property interests in Iloilo, but who were so jealous of those who have, found a ready response of the Tagalog mercenaries, who had no local attachment to the City. The Americans fired the first shell on 11 February 1899. Foreign eyewitnesses observed that the bombardment damaged quite a few buildings. In the meantime, from early morning, the withdrawing native soldiers, followed by a riffraff mob, were observed to have rushed hither and thither, throwing firebrands on to petroleum-washed houses. The Chinese had to barracade themselves to no use since fire burned their bazaars. Europeans and the Spanish half-castes had to defend themselves with every means possible, including bribing the rioters with a few pesos. Two British warships in the roadstead sent boats ashore and landed a party of marines, who made a gallant effort to save foreign properties, as the United Kingdom had a strong business interest in Iloilo and a Consulate. By 1 o'clock of the same day, the Americans made a landing and restored order. Sentinels were stationed to protect what still remained of the townspeople's goods. In due course, indemnity claims were forwarded to the American military authorities, but were all rejected. Ten years later, an article published in the local paper Nuevo Heraldo summarized the downfall of the Queen City in these words: "The fire left behind only the name Iloilo, as the main part of the city was reduced to ashes by the retreating Ilongo troops. That event was the cause of the ruin of such a beautiful city, second only to Manila, where, if there was not a surplus of money, neither the people's welfare was wanting, and life was prosperous and peaceful. If the brain who planted such an unqualified act had measured the consequences... maybe he would never have dared doing it..."

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By February 1899, the Americans had started mobilizing to colonize anew the City and Province. They continued to meet resistance from the Ilonggos, which lasted up to 1901. In which case, Iloilo was also among the last cities to fall to Americans. Many leaders surrendered to the new regime and were reintegrated to the Ilonggo society without conditions. Among them was General Martin Delgado, who accepted the position of Governor of the Province of Iloilo from 1901 to 1904, under the American flag. He was, at that time, the highest paid Governor in the whole Archipelago, receiving $3,000 gold annually. Local government was established in some towns of Iloilo by 11 April 1901. Jose Maria Gay was appointed Alcalde, Matias Hibiernas was teniente alcalde of Iloilo;Jose Yusay was President of Molo; Pablo Borromeo was President of Arevalo; Ruperto Montinola was the lone representative of Jaro, but was not its President; Madurriao's President was Emigdio Mesa. Emilio Magbanua was appointed its police delegate. It was observed by Juan de Leon, judge of the Court of First Instance that there existed a rivalry between the pueblos of Iloilo, Jaro and Molo, which are adjacent to and are only half an hour travel by carriage from each other. Besides, Molo and Jaro are residential pueblos, and Iloilo was the business town for both. It was also recommended that Arevalo be joined to Molo, and La Paz to Jaro. The aggregate population of these territories was at 100,000 in 1901. Presidents and other representatives were also appointed for the towns of Alimodian, Miag-ao, Janiuay, Mina, Oton, Passi, Guimbal, Pototan, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, San Miguel, Pavia, Sara, Nagaba (currently known as Nueva Valencia), San Enrique, Lambunao, Cordoba (a barangay of Tigbauan today), Cabatuan, Leganes, Tigbauan, Banate, Buena Vista, Navalas, Tubungan, Duenas, Mandurriao, Maasin, Lucena, and Leon. Other formerly existing ones, like Anilao and Barotac Viejo, were fused with other towns. As the aftermath of the revolution and the Filipino-American war, it was clear to all the most sober-minded and best educated Ilonggos that Aguinaldo's government was

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a failure in Panay at least. Visayans of position, with property interests at stake, were convinced that absolute independence without any control or protection from some established political power was premature and doomed to disaster. The Visayan grudge against the Tagalog predominance was also a factor that contributed to the failure of Aguinaldo's government. But the aggravating factor was the dictatorial air and brutal conduct of the Tagalog troops, which destroyed the theory of fraternal unity. Ananias Diocno, the Tagalog contingents' leader known for severity in his Capiz and Iloilo campaigns, left a lasting non-commendable remembrance in the history of Panay. American colonial era

Central Philippine University was founded in 1905 through a grant given by the American industrialist, oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, by the Baptist American missionaries; it is the first Baptist-founded and second American university in the Philippines and in Asia. In 1900, the Americans reverted the city's status into a township. Later, they initiated the construction of the Baluarte and Arroyo streets, extension of Delgado Street to Valeria and from Fuentes and Jalandoni streets up to the present-day U.P. in the Visayas. Quezon and Mabini streets were asphalted while their sidewalks were also

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constructed. More significant was the installation of streetlights all throughout the city in 1921. In 1926, the widening of important streets, like General Luna, J.M. Basa and Ledesma, was started. In 1927, an improved street, Valeria-Ledesma (formerly known as Weyler), was inaugurated (David 1937).

Old Spanish-era structure of Colegio de San Agustín During the American colonial regime that time in the Philippine islands, the Americans brought with them their faith, the Protestantism. A comity agreement was made in 1898 that the Philippine islands would be divided into different Protestant denominations for missionary works to avoid future conflicts; Iloilo is one of the very first places in the country where the early Protestant sects came. Western Visayas and Negros, in accordance with the comity agreement, was given to the religious jurisdictions of the Baptists, although other Protestant sects were allowed to do missions in the same area. The Protestant missionaries initiated large-scale enterprises in the predominantly Catholic province. The Presbyterians established the first Protestant and American hospital in the country, the Iloilo Mission Hospital. Supposedly it came also that Iloilo is the original location for foundation of Silliman University, the first Protestant and American university in the country and in Asia. However, due to the Catholic opposition

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where the school will stand, the founder, David Hibbard, prospected some new locations. He went to Cebu and later had a side trip in Dumaguete City, where he had a decision to establish and where Silliman University is presently located. Baptists on the other hand, established institutions like Central Philippine University in 1905, as the first Baptist-founded and second American university in Asia; the Jaro Evangelical Church, the first Baptist church in the Philippines; and the Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches, the oldest Baptist organizational body in the Philippines. Later, the Seventh-day Adventists established the Jaro Adventist Center, the first organized Seventh-day Adventist church in the islands.

Jaro Evangelical Church, the first Baptist Church in the Philippines (second Protestant Church in the Philippines and first Protestant Church outside Manila in the Philippines both after the Central United Methodist Church (Manila) (1899)) by the Northern American Baptists. Central Philippine University was established through a grant given by the American industrialist and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. Central Philippine University pioneered the work-study program in the country which was later patterned and followed by other institutions and has also established the first and oldest student governing body in South East Asia modeled on the American civil government, the Central Philippine

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University Republic in 1906 after the Jaro Industrial School, CPU's forerunner, was established. On other hand, Protestant Presbyterians who established the Iloilo Mission Hospital established the Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses which later became Central Philippine University College of Nursing, the first nursing school in the Philippines. Up to the present, the various evangelical Protestant denominations (composing around 2.8% of the Filipinos) and their educational institutions also serve Catholic students in Iloilo, who make up 83% of the population.

St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary in Jaro, Iloilo City Seizure of friar lands and parishes and the above-mentioned Protestant activities gave the American and Filipino public an impression of anti-Catholic stance of the U.S. occupation of the Islands during the first years of the American rule. The Taft Commission, the sole legislative body of the American government for the Philippines (then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States) while still under the Philippine–American War, were attacked by Catholic press in New York for antiCatholic bigotry. Soon, pressures from influential Catholics in the United States, and also in Ireland caused President Theodore Roosevelt to appoint a Catholic in the Commission to defend Catholic interest in the Philippines. Influential Catholics in Manila followed suit. Worries about Catholic vote in national elections moved the civil government to send the Commission to the Vatican to negotiate exploring workable to

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solutions to the Catholic question in the newly acquired territory. Before coming to Rome, the head of the Commission personally visited the Cardinal Archbishop of Baltimore. Pace by pace, acceptable solutions were employed. In 1902, the President of the United States of America commissioned two American Augustian friars to pioneer a movement to send American priests out to the Philippines to replace the Spanish friars, who diminished in number (1,013 in 1898 to 246 in 1903) due to normal loss of personnel due to death or retirement, death caused by native hostilities, or voluntary return to Spain. In Iloilo, American Catholics countered the Protestant American missions and the American Catholic bishops, like Frederick Rooker, Dennis Joseph Dougherty, and James McCloskey, were named for the Roman Catholic See of Jaro in Iloilo City. These bishops sustained the educational achievements of the Spanish friars by bringing in American and European Catholic missionaries, among whom were the Sisters of Charity of St. Paul, and Augustinian missionary priests. The Augustinians, who were the first to bring the Christian faith in the Philippines as well as in Panay island, and who built the centuriesold heritage churches in this island, established the Collegio de San Agustín in 1904. During the American regime, their confreres from the United States developed evermore this institution, which later became the first university in Iloilo. The American Catholic Bishops also maintained and upgraded the St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary (established in 1869 as the Collegio-Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer), which was the first institution of higher learning in Western Visayas.

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A market in Iloilo, in the 1910s The Paulinian Sisters took charge of St. Paul Hospital, originally owned by the Catholic Diocese of Jaro. Bishop Dennis Joseph Dougherty, who later became Cardinal Archbishop of Philadelphia, gave the medical facilities to the Sisters. To commemorate the bishop's generosity, the hospital named a more recent section of the facilities after him: the CADMA (Cardinal Dougherty Medical Annex). To meet the growing need to provide nurses for their hospital, the Paulinians also opened a nursing school. Today, this institution has also become a university (St. Paul University Iloilo), and has ever since supplied high quality healthcare professionals known worldwide for their skills and dedication to work.

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St. Paul Hospital c. 1920 During the American colonial occupation, one of the platforms by the colonial government was first to establish and implement a public education system in the islands and the Thomasites were deployed and commissioned by the American government to teach in the public schools that will be established. The Thomasites tolerated religious freedom, which is one of the foundations of the United States constitution and legacy to the Philippines, while commissioned and under their tutelage to teach in public schools during the colonial period. Public schools that were established when the Thomasites came to Iloilo are Iloilo Normal School, the present day West Visayas State University (formally established in 1924 but dates back its founding in 1902 as part of the Philippine Normal School System in the Philippines); the Iloilo National High School, the first public provincial high school in the islands; and Baluarte Elementary School, the first public elementary school in the islands. Iloilo regained cityhood status on July 16, 1937, through Commonwealth Act 158. Incorporated as part of Iloilo City were the towns of Molo, Mandurriao, La Paz, and Villa de Arévalo and inaugurated on August 25, 1937. The City of Jaro on the other hand was merged later years after with the city. Sugar's demand was declining, labor unrests in the port area scared the investors away, and the opening of the sub-port of Pulupandan in Negros Occidental moved the sugar importation closer to the sugar farms.

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Japanese occupation (1942–1945)

Central Philippine University's main campus north-eastern side aerial view in the 1960s.During the World War II Central's entire properties on its main campus were heavily destroyed. The war torned university's main campus was rebuilt after the post-war. By 1942, the Japanese invaded Panay and the economy moved into a standstill. During World War II, Iloilo was controlled by several Japanese battalions. Japan's ultimate goal was to entrench itself deeply into the Philippines so that at the close of the war they could occupy it just as the Spanish and the Americans had years before. During the invasion of Japanese forces, the academic life in Iloilo was interrupted during the broke of World War II and Central Philippine University which was founded by the Americans was one of the heavily torned academic institutions during that time. The entire properties of the university on its main campus were destroyed and turn into ashes. American missionaries assigned at Central fled and took refuge in the mountain barrios of Katipunan, Tapaz, Capiz. They hid in the forest they called "Hopevale" with the help of their Filipino friends. But soon they fell and were captured by the Japanese troops on 19 December 1943. The missionaries begged them to free the Filipino captives and instead offered themselves as ransom. At the dawn of 20 December 1943, the

missionaries asked to be allowed to pray and, an hour later, they told their Japanese captors they were ready to die. The adults were beheaded and the children were bayoneted. The missionaries who died in the massacre are today called the Hopevale Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Martyrs. The martyrs are: Dr. Francis Howard Rose (former President and head of Central), Jeanie Clare Adams, Prof. James Howard Clovell, Charma Moore Clovell, Dorothy Antoinette Dowell, Signe Amelia Erikson, Dr. Frederick Willer-Meyer, Ruth Schatch Meyer, Gertrude Coombs Rose, Rev. Erle Frederich Rounds, Louise Cummings Rounds, and Erle Douglas. Despite the order that these Americans should go home because of the war, they refused to leave their mission and eventually sacrificed their lives. After post war, the reconstruction of the main campus out of ashes is made possible by returning missionaries and benevolent people from the United States which includes also Filipino people. On the other hand, however, when Iloilo was liberated by Filipino and American forces from Japanese military occupation on March 25, 1945, the remnants of these battalions were held in Jaro Plaza as a makeshift detention facility. Post-war decline and recovery

Iloilo City Hall (Ayuntamiento de Iloilo) The war heavily damaged the infrastructure in Iloilo. However, the continuing conflict between the labor unions in the port area, declining sugar economy, and the deteriorating peace and order situation in the countryside, the exodus of Ilonggos to other cities, provinces/regions and islands that offered better opportunities and business. People were moving to other cities such as Bacolod, Cebu, and Manila that led to Iloilo's Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

decline in economic importance in central Philippines. Rural agricultural areas continued to help the local economy. For years, because of this exodus of investors, Iloilo's economy progressed in a moderate pace. Change slowly came. First came the construction of the fishing port and a new international seaport. One by one, commercial business firms invested in Iloilo, spurring on the city to its eventual recovery. Iloilo became a highly urbanized city in 1979 by the virtue of Batas Pambansa Bldg. 51. Corollary to this new status, its residents effectively lost their eligibility to vote for provincial officials. After the opening of the new commercial and business center in Mandurriao district and with the construction of a national highway that traverses this area, big businesses like the SM Supermalls, SM Prime Holdings, Mega world Corporation, Gaisano Capital, and Ayala Corporation poured in huge investments in the city, giving impetus and catalyst toward future progress. Geography

Barangays by district

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Arevalo No.

Barangay

Population

1.

Bonifacio

1,903

2.

Calaparan

7,986

3.

Dulonan

4,673

4.

Mohon

1,373

5.

Quezon

2,149

6.

San Jose

2,108

7.

Santa Cruz

3,050

8.

Santa Filomena

2,712

9.

Santo Domingo

1,980

10.

Santo Niño Norte

3,454

11.

Santo Niño Sur

7,248

12.

So-oc

7,869

13.

Yulo Drive

3,271

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Iloilo City Proper

No.

Barangay

Population

1.

Arsenal Aduana

300

2.

Baybay Tanza

2,357

3.

Bonifacio Tanza

2,799

4. Concepcion-Montes

3,610

5.

Danao

450

6.

Delgado-Jalandoni-

275

Bagumbayan 7.

Edganzon

462

8.

Flores

583

9. General Hughes-Montes

2,019

10.

Gloria

251

11.

Hipodromo

771

12.

Inday

414

13. Jalandoni-Wilson

898

14. Kahipuran

465

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15. Kauswagan 16. Legaspi dela Rama

470 1,067

17. Liberation

633

18. Mabolo-Delgado

950

19. Magsaysay

580

20. Malipayon-Delgado

493

21. Maria clara

467

22. Monica Blumentritt

1,637

23. Muelle Loney-Montes

1,210

24. Nonoy 25. Ortiz

530 1,440

26. Osmeña

132

27. President Roxas

253

28. Rima-Rizal

855

29. Rizal Estanzuela 30. Rizal Ibarra

3,319 728

31. Rizal Palapala I

2,379

32. Rizal Palapala II

2,349

33. Roxas Village

93

34. Sampaguita

615

35. San Agustin

888

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

36. San Felix

1,230

37. San Jose

377

38. Santo Rosario-Duran

1,908

39. Tanza-Esperanza

2,277

40. Timawa Tanza I

700

41. Timawa Tanza II

2,005

42. Veterans Village

5,459

43.

1,560

Villa Anita

44. Yulo-Arroyo

366

45. Zamora-Melliza

2,511

No. Barangay

Population

Jaro

1. Arguelles

901

2.

Balabago

8,596

3.

Balantang

3,136

4.

Benedicto

2,827

5.

Bito-on

5,679

6.

Buhang

2,744

7.

Buntatala

3,676

8.

Calubihan

1,353

9.

Camalig

2,185

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

10.

Cuartero

2,956

11.

Cubay

6,715

12.

Democracia

1,660

13.

Desamparados

1,022

14.

Dungon A

1,510

15.

Dungon B

3,086

16.

El 98 Castilla

210

(Claudio Lopez) 17.

Fajardo

990

18.

Javellana

391

19.

Lanit

20.

Libertad, Santa

2,658 636

Isabel 21.

Lopez Jaena

740

22.

Luna

420

23.

M.V. Hechanova

4,181

24.

Marcelo H. del

3,895

Maria Cristina

1,005

Pilar 25.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

26.

Montinola

1,155

27.

Our Lady of

1,305

Fatima 28.

Our Lady of

2,180

Lourdes 29.

Quintin Salas

4,296

30.

Sambag

5,830

31.

San Isidro

6,268

32.

San Jose

375

33.

San Pedro

1,100

34.

San Roque

1,579

35.

San Vicente

1,332

36.

Seminario

233

(Burgos Jalandoni) 37.

Simon Ledesma

2,120

38.

Tabuc Suba

8,450

39.

Tacas

5,204

40.

Tagbac

4,450

41.

Taytay Zone II

1,100

42.

Ungka

2,890

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

La Paz No.

Barangay

Population

1.

Aguinaldo

1,229

2.

Baldoza

6,214

3.

Bantud

524

4.

Banuyao

1,230

5.

Burgos-Mabini-

1,920

6.

Caingin

3,848

7.

Divinagracia

1,380

8.

Gustilo

2,670

9.

Hinactacan

510

10.

Ingore

3,256

11.

Jereos

4,139

Plaza

12. Laguda

145

13. Lopez Jaena Norte

2,100

14. Lopez Jaena Sur

1,500

15. Luna

450

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

16. MacArthur

1,011

17. Magdalo

721

18. Magsaysay Village

1,630

19. Nabitasan

2,196

20. Railway

1,320

21. Rizal

1,519

22. San Isidro

3,650

23. San Nicolas

1,465

24. Tabuc Suba

3,120

25. Ticud

2,562

La Puz No.

Barangay

Population

1. Alalasan

2,001

2. Don Esteban

2,899

3. Jalandoni Estate

2,170

4. Lapuz Norte

2,515

5. Lapuz Sur

1,806

6. Libertad

1,037

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

7. Loboc

2,616

8. Mansaya

3,620

9. Obrero

6,592

10. Progreso

1,134

11. Punong

1,387

12. Sinikway

3,886

(Bangkerohan)

Mandurriao No. Barangay 1.

Abeto Mirasol Taft

Population 2,277

South (Quirino Abeto) 2.

Airport (Tabucan

3,374

Airport) 3.

Bakhaw

5,829

4.

Bolilao

6,481

5.

Buhang Taft North

2,723

6.

Calahunan

3,356

7.

Dungon

3,356

8.

Guzman-Jesena

2,519

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

9.

Hibao-an Norte

5,250

10.

Hibao-an Sur

2,168

11.

Navais

2,220

12.

Oñate de Leon

4,020

13.

Pale

4,106

Benedicto

Rizal 14.

PHHC Block 17

15.

PHHC

Block

2,733 22

1,529

NHA 16.

San Rafael

1,407

17.

Santa Rosa

1,260

18.

Tabucan

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

775

Molo No.

Barangay

Population

1.

Calumpang

11,113

2.

Cochero

1,088

3.

Compania

3,717

4.

East Baluarte

1,745

5.

East Timawa

1,279

6.

Habog-Habog

2,117

Salvacion 7. Infante

1,380

8. Kasingkasing

2,601

9. Katilingban

1,142

10. Molo Boulevard

7,600

11. North Avancena

732

12. North Baluarte

4,136

13.North Fundidor

2,042

14.North San Jose

1,503

15.Poblacion Molo

820

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

16.San Antonio

2,080

17.San Juan

9,840

18. San Pedro

2,780

19. South Baluarte

1,403

20. South Fundidor

3,190

21. South San Jose

2,301

22. Taal

940

23. Tap-oc

600

24. West Habog-Habog

2,219

25. West Timawa

1,950

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Iloilo City is located in the southern shores of Panay Island. The city faces Iloilo Strait and Guimaras Island across it, making it a natural harbor and a safe anchorage for ships. The city lies on a flat alluvial plain, reclaimed mostly from the swampy areas due to urbanization and industrialization in the late 19th century until the present. Traversing the city are the rivers of Iloilo, Batiano, Jaro and Dungon Creek. Iloilo River is an estuary that separates the districts of City Proper, Molo and Villa Arevalo from the rest of the city. On the other hand, Jaro River is fed by its tributary rivers, Aganan and Tigum. Lately a new escape channel for floodwaters coming from these two rivers to Iloilo Straight was developed, the Jaro Floodway. Iloilo City is 337.6 nautical miles (630 km) from Manila, 116 kilometers (72 mi) from Roxas City, 158 kilometers (98 mi) from Kalibo, and 97 kilometers (60 mi) from San Jose de Buenavista. The city has a total land area of 70.3 square kilometres (27.1 sq mi). The city is divided into seven geographical districts. All of the districts were once individual towns, excluding Lapuz, which was a sub-district of La Paz until 2008. They were merged into one city on August 25, 1937, when the current Iloilo City inaugurated as a charter city. All districts have their own town centers complete with a plaza, a Roman Catholic church, a fire station, a police station and a public market. City Proper is a commercial area and the political center of the city and the Province of Iloilo and the Regional Government Center of Western Visayas. Iloilo City is the center of the only officially recognized Metropolitan Area in Western Visayas. The metropolitan area is composed of the City of Iloilo, the municipalities of Leganes, Pavia, Sta. Barbara, Cabatuan, San Miguel, Oton, the Island Province of Guimaras and its five municipalities, namely - Sibunag, San Lorenzo, Nueva Valencia, Buenavista and Jordan. The city of Iloilo has only one legislative district and is subdivided into 180 barangays (barrios).

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Climate Iloilo City has a tropical wet and dry climate as according to the Köppen climate classification system, with pronounced wet season from June throughout November; then dry season from December to May. Hide Climate data for Iloilo, Philippines — NOAA Station Id: PH98637 Month

Recor d high °C (°F) Avera ge high °C (°F) Daily mean °C (°F)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec Year

29.7 30.2 31.7 33.1 33.1 31.6 30.7 30.4 30.8 31.1 30.9 30.2 31.1 (85.5) (86.4) (89.1) (91.6) (91.6) (88.9) (87.3) (86.7) (87.4) (88) (87.6) (86.4) (88)

26.1 26.5 27.6 28.9 29.1 28.1 27.6 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.5 26.8 27.6 (79) (79.7) (81.7) (84) (84.4) (82.6) (81.7) (81.5) (81.7) (81.9) (81.5) (80.2) (81.7)

22.7 22.7 23.5 24.6 25.1 24.7 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.0 23.4 24.0 (72.9) (72.9) (74.3) (76.3) (77.2) (76.5) (75.9) (76.1) (75.9) (75.6) (75.2) (74.1) (75.2)

Recor d low 18.5 18.0 19.3 21.2 21.7 21.4 19.8 20.1 20.1 20.8 20.3 18.3 18.0 °C (65.3) (64.4) (66.7) (70.2) (71.1) (70.5) (67.6) (68.2) (68.2) (69.4) (68.5) (64.9) (64.4) (°F) Avera ge 39.9 19.1 27.1 47.7 rainfal (1.57 (0.75 (1.06 (1.87 l mm 1) 2) 7) 8) (inche s)

117. 174. 1,953 255.2 313.2 363.7 266.8 264.1 64.2 9 8 .7 (10.0 (12.3 (14.3 (10.5 (10.3 (2.52 (4.64 (6.88 (76.9 47) 31) 19) 04) 98) 8) 2) 2) 17)

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Avera ge rainy 11 days (≥ 0.1 mm) Avera ge 82 relativ e humid ity (%)

7

80

7

75

6

73

14

77

18

82

21

85

20

85

19

85

Source #1: Climate Charts Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (records and rainy days)

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

18

84

15

84

14

83

170

81

Demographics Population census of Iloilo City Year

Pop.

±% p.a.

1970

209,738

1975

227,027

+1.60%

1980

244,827

+1.52%

1990

309,505

+2.37%

1995

334,539

+1.47%

2000

366,391

+1.97%

2007

418,710

+1.86%

2010

424,619

+0.51%

2015

447,992

+1.03%

—

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Language Hiligaynon is the dominant language of Iloilo City. English is used as the language of business and education. In addition, other local languages such as Karay-a (also known as Kinaray-a or Hiniraya) is also spoken by a few. Spanish, once widely spoken during the colonial era up to the 1980s, is still spoken by the elderly, some wealthy families and also the elder members of the micro-community of sugar-plantations related clans. Hiligaynon is spoken in Western Visayas and Negros Island Region, and is part of the Visayan language family of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. It is heavily

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

influenced by Spanish. Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Guimaras and Negros Occidental. The language is referred to as "Ilonggo" (Spanish: Ilongo/Ylongo) in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. More precisely, "Ilonggo" is the ethnolinguistic group referring to the inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers. The distinction between the terms, Ilonggo and Hiligaynon, is unclear however, as most of the townspeople are claiming that Hiligaynon is the language being spoken and Ilonggo is a term used to refer a person living in Iloilo or its associated culture and ethnicity. Religion Iloilo City is a predominant Catholic city with 90% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. Other religious minorities such as Protestants (7%), Iglesia NI Cristo (2%) and Aglipayans (1%) have a significant presence at the city. Culture Cultures and traditions has the crucial role that shaped Iloilo's cultural and heritage sphere apart from the being the Regional Center of the Western Visayas region. Cultural and heritage consciousness is held in much broad public attention and fervor among the various stakeholders with the help of the government. Iloilo holds many cultural institutions especially national ones and heritage houses and mansions that contributed to Iloilo's monikers being known as "Emerging Museum City of the Philippines" and "City of Mansions."

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Museums and art galleries

Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art (ILOMOCA) which is housed at the Casa de Emperador, is the first museum dedicated to contemporary and modern art in Visayas and Mindanao. The city has various museums clustered throughout the city. Museums and art galleries are the repositories of Iloilo’s rich and glorious history in culture and arts. Various notable Philippine artists trace their roots from Iloilo. Unearthed artifacts like potteries and plates had been excavated in many parts of Iloilo that dates Pre-Hispanic times are now showcased in various museums in Iloilo. Notable efforts of the city's engagement with various stakeholders to uplift the cultural consciousness of the Ilonggo people led to the establishment of the Western Visayas Regional Museum of the National Museum of the Philippines in the former renovated and restored old Iloilo Provincial Jail and their regional headquarters in the restored old Municipio de Jaro (Jaro Municipal Hall). There are other museums that showcase memorabilias of notable person and families, artworks and artifacts that are contrast to the glorious past of Iloilo. The other notable museums and art galleries in the city in which some are under some academic institutions which include the Museo Iloilo (the first government built museum in the Philippines), Iloilo Museum of Contemporary

Art Museum (housed at the Casa de Emperador at Iloilo Business Park), The Henry Luce III - Meyer Asian Museum/Collection and World War II memorabilias of Central Philippine Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

University, University of San Agustin Museum, UPV Art Gallery, John B. Lacson Foundation Museum of Maritime Culture and Craft, Rosendo Mejica Museum, among others. The Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art (ILOMOCA), the first museum project of the property giant Mega world Corporation, is the first museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art in Visayas and Mindanao. The museum of 3,000 square meters of space is housed at the ‘’Casa de Emperador’’ which includes five exhibit rooms and souvenir and merchandise shop. The ground floor is ‘’The Hulot Exhibit’’ which showcase exhibits of local and international artists. Works by notable and renowned international artists like Salvador Dali, Marc Chagall, and Joan Miro are exhibit in some of its art collections. Festivals

An Ati dancer-warrior performs at the annual Dinagyang Festival. The Ilonggos cultural identity is deeply rooted and influenced by the Hispanic culture. Iloilo is known is Festivals Capital of the Philippines with various renowned festivals in the country celebrated in the city showcasing the city's rich cultural and

historical past. Iloilo is highlighted with various festivals in which big three is Dinagyang Festival - held every fourth Sunday of January in honor of the Holy Child Jesus (Santo

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Niño de Jesus) in a venerated image of Santo Niño de Cebu; the Jaro Fiesta (Fiesta de Jaro) or Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria - held every 2nd of February in honor of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Virgin of Candelaria) the patron of Western Visayas and Romblon, is notable throughout the country with its image perched atop the facade of Jaro Cathedral (National Shrine of Our Lady of Candles) is the first Marian images crowned by a Pope and Saint (Pope Saint John Paul II) in the Philippines. Jaro Fiesta's pageantry through the annual vesting of crown to be the Reyna del Fiesta de Jaro, is exclusively selected from the notable old-rich Spanish-Filipino families of Jaro; and the Paraw Regatta - held in February is considered as the oldest sailing event in Asia. Theaters and convention centers

The Rose Memorial Auditorium in Central Philippine University, the largest theater in Western Visayas. The Iloilo Convention Center is a state-of-the-art convention center located in the Iloilo Business Park by Mega world Corporation in Mandurriao. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015. It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions. The convention center was designed by Ilonggo

architect William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo's Dinagyang and Paraw Regatta festivals.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

The Iloilo Convention Center (ICC) Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo performances or concerts and the famous and largest concert theater in the Western Visayas region is the Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine University's main campus. The prestigious national Bombo Music Festival is held annually at the Rose. The auditorium is a 2-storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole Philippines. Arts and entertainment The colonial influence of Spanish and American culture has created an imprint in art and entertainment scene Iloilo. The city and province has produced a notable people in the field of cinema and entertainment. The arts and entertainment sectors in Iloilo

flourished during the time when Iloilo was opened to the international trade when the Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to foreign ships to dock from different

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

countries. The annual Iloilo Film Festival, which is held during the Dinagyang Festival, has a plethora of films being screened during the festival’s event. There had been old cinema theaters in the old central business district of Calle Real, but they do not now operate. Because of the development of modern shopping malls in the metropolis, there are however modern theaters and cinemas that replaced the once and glorious notable theaters in heritage zone of Calle Real in the city center. The arts and entertainment initiatives with the Film Development Council of the Philippines under the office of the Philippine President city has established its presence in the city as the regional cultural and arts center of Western Visayas through the establishment of Cinematheque theater which showcases various screened films. The largest theater and auditorium in Western Visayas is the Rose Memorial Auditorium in Central Philippine University. Rose Memorial has and had been a venue of concerts of renowned International Philippine singers and bands. The auditorium is also the venue of the annual prestigious national Bombo Music Festival that draws homegrown music artists from all over the Philippines. University’s in Iloilo on the other hand, has a vital role with various established cultural and art groups that gain foothold that held and performed in various cultural performances nationally and internationally in which some are sponsored National Cultural government agencies. The University of San Agustin has established the USA Troubadours while Central Philippine University the CPU Bahandi Singers, CPU Hand bell Choir (the first 8 octave hand bell choir in the Philippines) and the CPU Sari-Saot Dance Troupe.

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Architecture, cityscape and sustainability Architecture

The Beaux-Arts Villa Lizares (Lizares Mansion) in the town of Jaro. The city Spanish influence is strongly imprinted not only in Iloilo’s history but the city’s urban plan with Plazas or public civic squares flanked by government and religious institutions which is unique to Spanish colonial and non-colonial cities in the former colonies of Spanish Empire. Iloilo was a former conglomerate of once independent towns which includes the former Jaro City thus every town has its own squares or Plazas. The city’s regaled status during the Spanish colonial era until the turn of the 20th century is implied during by the sugar boom with ubiquitous stately mansions and edifices built by the old money Ilonggo Sugar Baron and elite families which contrast to the city’s economic importance as a second city next to Manila during the said era in the Philippines. The city’s other moniker – ‘’City of Mansions’’ is likewise implied because Iloilo holds 240 mansions in which 30 of it are grand mansions built during the Spanish and American colonial eras.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) with the Muelle Loney (Loney Dock) which was used as a wharf and port of call berthing ships that plies international routes when the Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to the world market on 29 September 1855 by Queen Isabella II of Spain. The ravaged ‘’Fuerte de San Pedro’’ (Fort San Pedro) is Iloilo’s ground zero as there was no Iloilo City back in 1600s. As a fortress, Fort San Pedro was built solely by the Spaniards to protect Iloilo from the marauding pirates and privateers. The fort is the second Spanish built fort after the one in Cebu (also Fort San Pedro) in the Philippines and Asia. The foundation of the Fort San Pedro was substantial to the Spanish Empire’s stronghold as Panay Island with Iloilo as their second colonial center established through the Iloilo precursor towns of Oton (1566) and La Villa Rica de Arevalo (1581). Oton which was founded as early as 1566 but formally established in 1572 was the actual second seat of Spanish colonial powers but due to pirate attacks, they moved the capital eastward and established the ‘’La Villa Rica de Arevalo’’.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Campanario de Jaro (Jaro Belfry), one of the few free-standing bell towers in the Philippines that is detached from the church. The town of La Villa Rica de Arevalo holds some of the fine example of Spanish built mansions like the mansion of the Spanish Governor General but were destroyed when the pirates ransacked and destroyed the town. It was in the said frequent events of pirate attacks that the Spaniards moved finally the capital further eastward in the mouth of ‘’Rio de Iloilo’’ (Iloilo River) which is flanked and protected by Guimaras Island across it. It was in the said establishment of the city on the mouth of Iloilo River that as years go by, the city flourished to its heights especially in the economic and regal importance in the Spanish and American eras. La Villa Rica de Arevalo (Arevalo) is the first Spanish named town in the Philippine islands. It is also in Arevalo that the third oldest image of Holy Child Jesus (Señor Santo Niño) in the Philippines was brought by the Spaniards. Notable present-day structures that are repositories that attest to the town’s former glory as a Spanish precursor town of Iloilo is the mansion of Balay Camiña na Bato and the Convento de Arevalo. During the Spanish and American eras, the city developed its own unique charm that exudes a typical European city in the east which differed it from other cities just like the old Manila in the Philippines. It was in the said eras that architectural perspective of

Iloilo flourished with European styled edifices and stately mansions was built which stands of Iloilo’s once economic and political importance in its heydays. Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Calle Real (Spanish for Royal Street) which stretches from Plazoleta Gay up to Plaza Alfonso XII (Plaza Libertad) is Iloilo’s Escolta (a famous heritage street in Manila) lined with commercial edifices that possesses European designs. Calle Real is Iloilo’s old Central Business District and is considered as the second most preserved heritage business district in the Philippines. The street during the Iloilo’s economic heyday during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the ‘’Puerto de Iloilo’’ (Port of Iloilo) was opened to the international trade is a melting pot and common ground for people of different walks of life, race and color. Stores back then in Calle Real sells luxury goods and items from all over the world. Iloilo also possesses structures built during the prelude of the American colonial period in the Philippines. Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) and old Iloilo City Hall are notable of the structures built during the said colonial period. Iloilo Customs House, the second largest customs house after the Aduana in Manila was built the famous Filipino Architect Juan Arellano. Cityscape Iloilo spreads out with its location in a plain land in south eastern side of Panay Island. It is bounded in the south east side by Iloilo-Guimaras Strait and Guimaras Island which makes the city as a natural harbor for ships. The two main rivers of Iloilo and Batiano snakes through the city and empties out of the Iloilo-Guimaras Strait. Iloilo is a conglomerate of former separate towns which includes the former city of Jaro established during the Spanish colonial times, thus the layout of the towns civic centers follows a typical Spanish colonial town center composed of a Plaza (Public

Square), church, municipal hall and other religious, academic and government instrumentalities offices.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

There are also numerous recent development initiatives that the city government is pushing through such as the redevelopment of Iloilo City Civic Center which includes the Iloilo City Hall with the revitalization of the former ‘’Plaza de Aduana’’ or Sunburst Park and the relocation and building of the new Freedom Grandstand at the Muelle Loney (Loney Wharf) with pocket size and mini gardens. The said same initiative is also being laidout and undertaken with the Provincial capitol complex of the Iloilo Provincial Government with initial phase of the Iloilo Provincial Jail being renovated and restored that became the National Museum of the Philippines - Western Visayas regional Museum. A modern development is clustered in an organized form in the city's premises but is strongly concentrated in the Mandurriao district to protect the city’s initiatives in protecting the city’s skyline, heritage zones and environment. Present modern developments spread out outside the city in neighboring towns that are a part of Metropolitan Iloilo. Sustainability

The Iloilo River Esplanade at night. The city has been a champion in air quality initiatives that further implied when in won in the 2017 ‘’Clean Air City Award’’ given by the Clean Air Philippine Movement. The award is given to urban centers and cities whose initiatives in good urban planning is to maintain a good air quality for its citizens to be a more livable and air pollution Philippines cities.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

The city is endowed with various parks, open spaces and gardens that which contribute the city's government initiatives in protecting and preserving its urbans cape for city dwellers to benefit from. The Iloilo River Esplanade which stretches on both sides of Iloilo River which has been designed a renowned Filipino Architect Paulo Alcazaren who designed the famous Clarke Quay in Singapore, is the longest linear park and riverside boulevard in the Philippines. Economy

Panoramic view of Iloilo City's downtown area Iloilo City is a hub for trade, commerce, finance, technology, medical tourism, hospitality, real estate, tourism, education, and industry in the Western Visayas region. Major industries in the city include management of port facilities, telecommunications infrastructure and utilities, banking and finance, retail trading, real estate, tourism and business process outsourcing. The local government has provided incentives to businesses in certain investment areas, such as income tax holidays and free issuance of permits and licenses. It is the home of Mang Inasal headquartered in Iloilo.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Trade and industry

Torre del Reloj (The Clock Tower) of Festive Walk Parade at Iloilo Business Park There were 8,407 business establishments as of December 2003 in Iloilo City, of which 1,182 are new. Total capital investments for new business establishments is P365,506,020.92. However, both new and renewed capital investments for the year 2003 amounted to ₱13.02 billion. Of the employed person by type of industry from primary occupation 82% belongs to service sector, 14% belongs industry sector and only 4% are in agriculture (as of April 2003 FIES, NSO). Average annual family income (at current prices) is P 283,604 or a percentage increase of 32.3 between 1994 and 1997 while Average Annual Family Expenditures is P 226,887 or a 25.6% increase (2000 FIES).

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

The Courtyard by Marriott Iloilo, the first Marriott under the Courtyard brand in the Philippines. Average per Capita Income is P 65,136 and Average Per Capita Expenditures is P 51,557 (FIES 2000). Average Inflation Rate is 3.2, the Average Purchasing Power of the Peso is 0.62 and the Average Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 162.6 in 2003. (Source: NSO, Prices Section). The BPO industry has spurred employment. BPO locators are attracted to Iloilo because of the literacy rate and number of graduates per year. The Department of Science and Technology-Information and Communications Technology Office (DOSTICTO) and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (BPAP), has named Iloilo City as one of the next wave cities. This means that Iloilo city is capable to host information technology-business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) companies on the basis of availability of talent and relevant infrastructure.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Injap Tower and SM Strata in front of SM City Iloilo in Mandurriao district of Iloilo City The city is now officially a "City of Excellence" which means that it levels the city of Manila and Cebu in terms of economic progress. It has a number of IT/BPO centers among them is the Iloilo Ayala Techno Hub, Amigo Plaza Mall, SM City Iloilo estates and Plazuela de Iloilo which houses BPO companies. Another IT/BPO centers is in Iloilo International Business Park at the Sta. Barbara Heights and Iloilo Business Park, both by Mega world Corporation and the Iloilo City Center by the Gaisano Group. It has business process outsourcing (BPO) office buildings undergoing construction.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Infrastructure

The passed jeepney, Iloilo City's primary public transport Iloilo City's urban planning and architecture reflect the plans of the Spanish and the American colonial administrations. Since Iloilo City is a conglomeration of towns, the districts have their own plazas which are surrounded by establishments of political and ecclesiastical influence, such as churches and old administrative halls. In 1930, Juan M. Arellano of the Bureau of Public Works designed the schematic plan for Iloilo City, which was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's "Garden City." Public transport Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white metered taxis and tricycles within the city limits. The passad jeepneys of Iloilo are known for their sleek and sedan-like design. These often serve fixed routes and mostly travel on the city's major and secondary roads. Jeepneys are also the main mode of transportation to Metropolitan Iloilo areas. Tricycles serve most secondary roads and city communities. Large passad jeepneys and buses link Iloilo City to the rest of the province and the island of Panay. Buses bound for Metro Manila, Mindoro, Batangas, Cebu, Negros and Mindanao are also available via the Roll-on, Roll-off ferry services of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway. Mini-shuttle vans also serve major points in Panay Island.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Integrated Transport Terminals

Infante Flyover in Iloilo City - the first flyover in the region Iloilo City has five Major Integrated Transport Terminals located at the city's perimeter areas: the Iloilo North ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo North Ceres Bus Terminal (NCBT) located at Tagbak, Jaro District is the transport hub serving passengers to/from north western municipalities of Iloilo, City of Passi and northwestern Panay (Capiz and Aklan including Boracay Island); Iloilo Central Line ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Pavia Peoples Terminal (PPT) in Ungka, Jaro District is the transport terminal for passengers to/from central municipalities of Iloilo; Aleonsan ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Hibao - and in Mandurriao for those to/from the upland municipalities of San Miguel, Alimodian and Leon (including Bucari, Leon); Iloilo South ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo South Ceres Bus Terminal (SCBT) located at Mohon in Villa de Arevalo for going to/from the southern municipalities of Iloilo and to/from the province of Antique; and Iloilo North Coast ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Ticud, Lapaz District for those going to/from the northern coastal municipalities of Iloilo (including Sicogon Island and Isla de Gigante all part of Carles, Iloilo).

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Railroad

Engine of the Panay Railways on display in Iloilo City plaza From 1907 to the 1980s, Panay Railways operated a railroad from Roxas City to the port area of Muelle Loney along the Iloilo River in Iloilo City.

The Iloilo International Airport Iloilo International Airport is the 4th busiest in the Philippines with international flight to Singapore and Hong Kong and vice versa serving passengers from Western Visayas Region, Palawan and Mindanao. For domestic flights to/from Metro Manila, Caticlan, Cebu, Cuyo, Puerto Princesa, Sipalay, General Santos City, Cagayan de Oro and Davao City, Iloilo International Airport is the airport serving the general area of Metropolitan Iloilo - Guimaras, the province of Antique and the rest of Iloilo Province. It is located 19 kilometers (12 miles) northwest of Iloilo City on 188 hectares (460 acres)

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

site in the town of Cabatuan. It opened to commercial traffic on June 14, 2007, replacing the Old Iloilo Airport at the Mandurriao District. The new airport inherited its IATA and ICAO airport codes. It is linked to the city through Sen. Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Avenue and served by metered taxis, airport shuttle vans and multicabs. Recently, the national government has approved the ₱791 million budget for the expansion of the Iloilo International Airport. International and domestic seaports and Fish (Marine) Port Complex

Iloilo International Port/Loboc Wharf The Port of Iloilo is the port serving the general area of Iloilo and the premier port in the Western Visayas Region. The new port of iloilo is located on a site away from the older port facilities. It is situated in the Southern coast of Panay Island, in the Panay Gulf. With Guimaras Island guarding the port from violent storms, it has one of safest and most natural harbors in the Philippines The Iloilo International Port Complex (IIPC) is located on 20.8 hectares of reclaimed land. It has modern facilities that include 11,400 sq. meters of open space for unhampered operations, supplemented by a backup area of 97,000 sq. meters, a crane, rails of 348 lineal meters; roll-on-roll-off support; a 7,800 container freight stations; and a 720 sq. meter passenger shed. The port complex is ideal for ships plying international routes having a berth length of 400 meters, a width of 26.26 meters and a berthing depth

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

of 10.50 meters. It is currently expanding with the reclamation of the west side sea front portion of the complex. The Iloilo Domestic Port Complex (IDPC), located near Fort San Pedro and formerly the Old Foreign Pier, serves inter-island passenger and cargo ferries which serves the routes Manila, Palawan, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. It is located near the mouth of Iloilo River at the vicinity of the Western Visayas Regional Government Center at the City Proper District. It is also the port of call for several domestic shipping companies such as Super Ferry or 2GO Travel, Negros Navigation, Sulpicio Lines, Cokaliong Shipping, Trans-Asia Shipping Lines and others. The colloquial name "Fort San Pedro" refers to the old Spanish fortress beside it that was destroyed during World War II and soon to be restored by the Department of Tourism (DOT) under TIEZA.

The Jalandoni Bridge over the Iloilo River Muelle Loney or Iloilo River Wharf is the original port of the city. Opened to international trade in 1855, it has served as the trans-shipment docks for muscovado sugar in the late 19th to the first half of the 20th century. It has undergone several times of expansion and improvement. Today, it serves smaller cargo ships, roll-on roll-off ferries bound for Guimaras and Negros Island and fast ferries that ply Iloilo-Bacolod route regularly. In September 2014, the newly opened Iloilo River Port Complex (IRPC) at Lapuz District started its operation to replace the Iloilo River Wharf.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Iloilo-Guimaras Jetty Ports for Guimaras outrigger ferries are located at Calle Ortiz and Parola. The terminal at Calle Ortiz serve Jordan, Guimaras-bound passenger and cargo outrigger boats, while Parola terminal serve Buenavista, Guimaras-bound ferries. Soon the Iloilo Jetty Port Complex (IJPC) at the Western Visayas Regional Government Center will replace the two jetty ports, the complex is complete with a modern passenger terminal building, a pump boat fuel refilling station, a 1.3-hectare (3.2 acres) children's park with a marine museum and a City Mall complex by Double Drangon Properties. This project of the City Government was achieved through public-private partnership. Roll-on/roll-off ferry service, known in as RO-RO, is available from to Iloilo City. There is also a ro-ro service to Cebu via Negros. It is ranked third in terms of ship calls at 11,853, fourth in cargo throughout at 491,719 million metric tons and fourth in passenger traffic at 2.4 million annually. The Iloilo Fish Port Complex (IFPC) is the only and the major center of fish trading and marine products processing in all of Visayas. The port complex is the traditional landing site of bag netters and other fishing bancas in Iloilo City and nearby towns. This strategic location has made the port the major fish/marine source of major supermarkets, hotels and restaurants and local public markets in the country and abroad. Its services includes, unloading and marketing facilities for fish and other fishery/aquatic products both for local and foreign markets; services and facilities for harbor operations such dry-docking/repair shop, fuel, oil, water and ice conveyance and for transshipping products;processing, refrigeration and other post-harvest services including product pre-processing, freezing through contact freezer, cold storages and topgrade facilities for the processing of marine products such as prawn, abalone, cuttlefish, lobster, nylon shell, octopus, slipper tail, squid, whiting and bangus; and raw land for the establishment of fishery-related factories.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

The complex is situated in a 21-hectare reclamation at southern part of the City Proper District. Recently, the fish port complex was granted ₱570 million for the expansion of its facilities which will include the construction of a new fish processing plant, establishment of a fish canning facility and the construction of an alternative energy source.

Convention facilities and concert halls

The Iloilo Convention Center (ICC) The Iloilo Convention Center is a state-of-the-art convention center located in the Iloilo Business Park by Mega world Corporation in Mandurriao. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015. It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions. The convention center was designed by Ilonggo architect William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo's Dinagyang and Paraw Regatta festivals. Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo performances or concerts and the famous and largest concert theater in the Western Visayas region is the Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

University's main campus. The prestigious national Bombo Music Festival is held annually at the Rose. The auditorium is a 2-storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole Philippines. Sports venue and stadium

The athletic track of the Iloilo Sports Complex Iloilo Sports Complex, also known as Iloilo Sports Center, is the major sports venue in Western Visayas. The center completes with a 10,000-capacity stadium, a rubberized track oval, a football field, a soccer field, an Olympic size swimming pool, two volleyball courts, two basketball courts, two open tennis courts, four badminton courts and an indoor gymnasium.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Power and energy

Coal power plant in the city A 72 MW Diesel Fuel Power Plant operated by Panay Power Corporation and a 164 MW coal power plant operated by Panay Energy Development Corporation (PEDC) provides power generation for Iloilo City, both situated in Brgy. Ingore in Lapaz district. PEDC plans for a third coal-fired power generation facility. The newest generator will be on top of the existing 164-MWs for an additional 150-megawatt to be generated that will help produce a total of 404 MW supply for Panay, Guimaras and Negros islands. Power distribution is facilitated by Panay Electric Company (PECO). PECO is the sole power distributor in Iloilo City and it is one of the oldest private electricity distribution utilities in the country which has been operating since 1923. Media The city and the province of Iloilo is served by mostly tabloid-type English newspapers such as Panay News, The Daily Guardian, News Express, and Sunstar Iloilo. Hublas of Panay News is the sole Hiligaynon tabloid newspaper. Iloilo has a glossy full color lifestyle magazine named Cream Magazine published monthly since 1989.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Iloilo City is the main headquarters of Bombo Radyo Philippines, which owns Bombo Radio AM stations and Star FM stations across the country. Being the urban center of the province, most of the AM and FM radio stations serve the province of Iloilo and Guimaras, mostly local stations of national radio stations. Television arrived in the city in 1964 when DYAF-TV began airing, serving Iloilo City and the neighboring towns in the province. In 1998, with the frequency transfer to Channel 10, ABS-CBN separated its news team from the Bacolod news team and launched TV Patrol Iloilo (today TV Patrol Panay). In 1967, TV-6 Iloilo (a TV5 affiliate) stated its initial broadcast in Jaro, Iloilo City. By 1974 it changed its affiliation to GMA Network as their local television station. The channel started upgrading its facilities and relocated their TV tower to Guimaras and began serving Iloilo City, Panay and Guimaras, as well as some parts of Negros Occidental in 1998. Studio 23 Iloilo (UHF 38) (changed its name to ABS-CBN Sports and Action on January 18, 2014) initiated its broadcast in 1999. The government television station, PTV (VHF 2) in 1992 and IBC (VHF 12) in 1977 are also broadcasting local programs for Iloilo. In the first quarter of 2010, QTV-28 Iloilo (UHF 28) (changed its name to GMA News TV on February 28, 2011) and UNTV42 (UHF 42) commenced operations in the city. In second quarter of 2012, TV5 Iloilo (UHF 36) and Aksyon TV Iloilo (UHF 46) commenced operation, serving the southern part of Western Visayas that includes southern Panay, Iloilo City and Guimaras, also formerly, Negros Occidental, and at the same time started its News5 team coverage.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Education

University of the Philippines Visayas Being the center of education in Western Visayas Region, the city and the province of Iloilo has a total of ten major universities. Iloilo City alone hosts 8 large universities such as the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), which houses the University of the Philippines High School in Iloilo (UPHSI), Central Philippine University (CPU), University of San Agustin (USA), West Visayas State University (WVSU), Iloilo Science and Technology University (formerly WVCST) (ISAT-U), University of Iloilo (UI), St. Paul University Iloilo (SPUI), and John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University (JBLFMU). Iloilo is also home to numerous private colleges and schools such as the Iloilo Doctors College (IDC), one PAREF-affiliated high school, the West bridge School for Boys, St. Therese - MTC colleges (ST-MTCC), Western Institute of Technology (WIT), De Paul College (DPC) (defuncted), ABE International College of Business and Economics, Computer College of the Visayas, Dominican College of Iloilo, Great Saviour College, AMA Computer College - Iloilo Campus, STI College - Iloilo, Interface Computer College, IMAPF - School of Midwifery, Philippine College of Aeronautics, Science and Technology, ACSI College Iloilo, ABBA Institute of Technology, Iloilo Scholastic Academy, Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Sun Yat Sen High School, Cabalum Western College, St. Anne College of Iloilo, St. Augustine School of Nursing - Iloilo, Assumption

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Iloilo (run by the Congregation of the Religious of the Assumption), Ateneo de Iloilo – Santa Maria Catholic School (run by the Society of Jesus), Angelicum School Iloilo (run by the Order of Preachers), Philippine Science High School-Western Visayas, Colegio de las Hijas de Jesus (or simply Hijas de Jesus which is run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Jesus), San Jose Catholic School (which is run by the Order of St. Agustin), Colegio de San Jose (CSJ) and Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus (CSCJ) which are both run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, and Asian College of Aeronautics. Colegio de San Jose is the oldest school for girls in Western Visayas which is now 141 years old. Iloilo is also home to numerous religious formation houses, St. Joseph Regional Seminary for Theologate studies, The 148 year old, St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary for Collegiate studies and Mill Hill Formation House of the Mill Hill Missionaries. In June 2012, the city government opened the Iloilo City Community College at Molo, Iloilo City. These universities and colleges in Iloilo is a testament to the city being the center of education in Western Visayas. The Department of Education – Division of Iloilo City covers 88 private schools and 52 public schools. Location of San Juan, Iloilo City, Iloilo, Philippines *San Juan is one of the Barangays of Iloilo City. *Iloilo City is in the province of Iloilo and within the Island of Panay. *Iloilo is the Western Visayan island and within region VI “People of San Juan, Iloilo City, Iloilo, Philippines” Total Population of San Juan- (As of 2015)-11,891

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

“San Juan, Iloilo City,Iloilo, Philippines supports Philippine Cycling” Philippine Cycling is about cycling in the Philippines. It helps promote bike races, cycling clubs, bicycle tours, and the development of bicycle trails. Activities are coordinated with bike shops and cycling clubs throughout the Philippines to promote the fun of riding bikes. Philippine cycling will be coordinating events with tour of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Road biking and mountain biking will be promoted by Philippine Cycling.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SITE B: JORDAN GUIMARAS RO-RO PORT Jordan, Guimaras Jordan Municipality Municipality of Jordan

Harbour and Processing Plant

Map of Guimaras with Jordan highlighted

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Jordan

Location within the Philippines Coordinates: 10°36′N 122°36′ECoordinates: 10°36′N 122°36′E Country

Philippines

Region

Western Visayas (Region VI)

Province

Guimaras

District

Lone district

Founded

1918

Barangays

14 (see Barangays)

Government  • Type

Sangguniang Bayan

• Mayor

Ruben B. Corpuz

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

• Electorate

21,812 voters (2016)

Area  • Total

126.11 km2 (48.69 sq. mi)

Population (2015 census) • Total

36,096

• Density

290/km2 (740/sq. mi)

Time zone

PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code

5045

PSGC

067902000

IDD : area code 

+63 (0)33

Climate type

Tropical climate

Income class

3rd municipal income class

Revenue (₱)

104,210,189.68 (2016)

Website

jordan.gov.ph

Jordan, officially the Municipality of Jordan ([hɔ̝ ɾdɐn]), is a 3rd class municipality and capital of the province of Guimaras, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 36,096 people.With a wharf closest to Iloilo City and a central location, Jordan is also the commercial center of the island. Jordan is bounded by the three municipalities of the province, Buenavista to the north, San Lorenzo to the east, and Sibunag to the south. Before founding of the five towns, the whole island of Guimaras was called "Himal-us". Across the Iloilo Strait from Jordan is Iloilo City on the island of Panay. Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Barangays Jordan is subdivided into 14 barangays.

•

Alaguisoc

•

Balcon Maravilla

•

Balcon Melliza

•

Bugnay

•

Buluangan

•

Espinosa

•

Hoskyn

•

Lawi

•

Morobuan

•

Poblacion

•

Rizal

•

San Miguel (Alibhon)

•

Sinapsapan

•

Santa Teresa

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

History The name of the town used to be Nagaba but was changed in 1902 to Jordan. The name Jordán, the Spanish name for the Jordan River, was chosen by the residents in honor of John the Baptist, their patron saint. According to local folklore, he saved the inhabitants from slaughter during the Moro raid in the Spanish era. In 1918, the municipality was formed when it separated from Buenavista, with Valeriano Villanueva as the first appointed President Municipal. After elections in 1919, Hugo Chávez became the next mayor, followed by Licerio Segovia (1921-1923), Alberto Gonzaga (1923-1925), Feliz Ronzales (1925-1928), Hilario Nava (1929-1932), again Hugo Chávez (1932-1938), and Leodegario Galarpe (1939-1941). Nueva Valencia was established as a separate municipality in 1941. In July 1995 San Lorenzo and Sibunag were created, leaving Jordan with only 14 barangays. Before these two towns was created, Jordan was composed of 33 barangays. Demographics

Population census of Jordan

Year

Pop.

±% p.a.

1903

7,475

—

1918

15,323

+4.90%

1939

23,053

+1.96%

1948

15,677

−4.19%

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

1960

20,575

+2.29%

1970

27,016

+2.76%

1975

32,474

+3.76%

1980

36,014

+2.09%

1990

45,852

+2.44%

1995

25,321

−10.53%

2000

28,745

+2.76%

2007

32,524

+1.72%

2010

34,791

+2.48%

2015

36,096

+0.70%

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

In the 2015 census, the population of Jordan, Guimaras, was 36,096 people, with a density of 290 inhabitants per square kilometer or 750 inhabitants per square mile. In the 2000 census, in an area of 126 km2 it had a population of 28,745 people in 5,397 households, and in 2007, 32,525 people. In the 2010 census, its population had increased to 34,791 persons.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 5 Path Profile

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

San Juan to Municipality of Jordan 3D Map of San Juan to Municipality of Jordan

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Point A San Juan, Iloilo

Point B MUNICIPALITY

City

OF Jordan

Latitude

10°41'24.74''

10°39'55.92''

Longitude

122°34'31.65''

122°35'05.03''

Distance of site A and site B A= [longitude A – longitude B] A= [122°34’31.65’’ - 122°35’05.03’’] A= 0°0’33.38’’ B= 90° - Latitude A = 79018’35.26’’ C= 90° - Latitude B = 79020’4.08’’ SITE A Latitude = 10°41'24.74'' N Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

SITE B Latitude = 10°39'55.92''

Longitude = 122°34'31.65'' E

Longitude = 122°35'05.03''

Elevation = 7m

Elevation = 5m

Eye alt = 640m

Eye alt = 639m

TOTAL DISTANCE FROM SITE A TO SITE B = 2.95km HIGHEST OBSTRUCTION = 5m FROM SITE A TO OBSTRUCTION = 32m FROM OBSTRUCTION TO SITE B = 2.95km

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Earth Bulge and Curvature

ℎ=

𝑑1𝑑2 12.75𝑘

where : h = distance in meters from horizontal reference line d1 = distance in kilometers from one end d2 = distance from the other end of the path

In Standard Condition

𝑘=

4 3

d1= 𝟏.𝟑𝟕 d2= 1.58 ℎ=

(1.37)(1.58) 4 3

12.75( )

= 0.127km

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Fresnel Zone

𝐹1

Where: F1 = radius of the first Fresnel zone in meters d1 = distance in kilometers from one end d2 = distance from the other end of the path D = total distance in kilometers

𝐹1 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝒎

Height of Tower

60% Fresnel Zone

Height of Tower 60% FRESNEL ZONE =

𝐷1(𝐸2+𝐴1)−(𝐸1+𝐴2) 𝑑

𝐹60% = 2.08𝑚 ∗ 0.6 = 1.248𝑚 1.248 =− 1.37 + (6 + 𝐴2)

𝒙 = - 9.52m Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

− (𝐻𝑜 + (𝐸1 + 𝐴1 ))

CHAPTER 6

Link budget Calculations A. Conditions for Putting Up a Microwave Link B. Topographical site of the Map C. Frequency Plan D. Free Space Loss E. Received Signal Level Computation for Low Band frequency F. Thermal Fade Margin G. Net Path Loss H. Rain Loss I. Effective Rain Path Length J. Attenuation Rain K. Atmospheric Losses L. Flat Fade Margin M. Composite or Effective fade Margin N. Water Vapor Losses O. Reliability Calculations P. K-Q reliability with terrain roughness Q. Microwave Data Sheet

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Link Budget Calculations A. CONDITIONS FOR PUTTING UP A MICROWAVE LINK Path Length (Site A – Site B): 40 km Path Length (Site B – Site C): 40 km Reliability Requirement: 99.9995% - 99.9999%

B. TOPOGRAPHICAL SITE OF THE MAP The Scale used is 1:50,000 Hop 1: Colegio Del Sagrado Corazon De Jesus, Iloilo Strait , Iloilo City to Jordan Hop 2: Jordan to Bugnay, Guimaras

C. FREQUENCY PLAN For Hop 1: Frequency Band: 51 GHz Frequency Range: 50.75Ghz – 51.25GHz For Hop 2: Frequency Band: 51 GHz Frequency Range:50.75Ghz–51.25GHz

D. FREE SPACE LOSS

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D) For Hop 1 & Hop 2 LBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (50.75) (40) =1456.75dB HBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (51.25) (40) = 1460.16dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

E. RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRx- WLTx- WLRx– FSL For Hop 1 LBF: RSL = 64+79+79– 0.5 – 0.5 – 15.51 –80.55-1456.75 =-1331.81 dB HBF: RSL = 64+79.4+79.4 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 15.51 – 80.55-1456.75 = -1331.01 dB For Hop 2 LBF: RSL = 64+79+79– 0.5 – 0.5 – 20.11 –80.55-1456.75 = 1336.41dB HBF: RSL = 64+79.4+79.4– 0.5 – 0.5 – 20.11 –80.55-1456.75 = 1335.61 dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

LINK PARAMETERS Hop 1: Computation for Low Band Frequency (50.75 Ghz)

Parameters

Value

Unit

Microwave Radio Output

64

dB

Connector Loss (𝑇𝑥 )

0.5

dB

Waveguide Loss (𝑇𝑥 )

15.51

dB

Antenna Gain (𝑇𝑥 )

79

dB

Free Space Loss

1456.75

dB

79

dB

Waveguide Loss (𝑅𝑥 )

80.55

dB

Connector Loss (𝑅𝑥 )

0.5

dB

-1331.81

dB

-1360.02

dB

Power

Antenna Gain (𝑅𝑥 )

Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold

Hop 2: Computation for High Band Frequency (51.25 Ghz) Parameters

Value

Unit

Microwave Radio Output

64

dB

Connector Loss (𝑇𝑥 )

0.5

dB

Waveguide Loss (𝑇𝑥 )

15.51

dB

Antenna Gain (𝑇𝑥 )

79.4

dB

Free Space Loss

1456.75

dB

Power

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Antenna Gain (𝑅𝑥 )

79.4

dB

Waveguide Loss (𝑅𝑥 )

80.55

dB

Connector Loss (𝑅𝑥 )

0.5

dB

-1331.32

dB

-1360.02

dB

Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold

F. THERMAL FADE MARGIN TFM = RSL-MRT For Hop 1 LBF: TFM = -1331.81 dB – (-1360.02 dB) =28.21dB HBF: TFM = -1331.32 dB -(-1360.02 dB) =28.7 dB For Hop 2 LBF: TFM = -1335.92-(-1360.02 dB) =24.1 dB HBF: TFM = -1286.92-(-1360.02 dB) =73.1 dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

G. NETH PATH LOSS NPL = Power Output – RSL For Hop 1 LBF: NPL = 64 dB–(-1331.81 dB) = 1395.81 dB HBF: NPL=64 dB -(-1331.32 dB) =1395.32 dB

For Hop 2 LBF: NPL=64 dB -(-1335.92 dB) =1399.92 dB HBF:NPL=64 dB -(-1286.92 dB) =1350.92 dB

H. RAIN LOSS

For Hop 1&Hop2 LBF: log 12 – log 50.75

M=

log 12 – log 15

=6.46 𝐾 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0335) – (6.46𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0335 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0168) α = 1.154 − (6.46)(1.154 − 1.217) 𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

HBF: M=

(log 12−log 51.75) (log 12−𝑙𝑜𝑔15)

M=6.51 K=𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 [(log 0.0335) − (1.56(𝑙𝑜𝑔0.0335 − log 0.0168))] K= 𝛼 = 1.154 − (1.56)(1.154 − 1.217) 𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟖 I. EFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH

Do = 35 𝑥𝑒 −0.015 𝑥 180 Do =2.35 DE =

𝐷 1+

𝐷 𝐷𝑜

Hop 1:

40

DE =

𝐷 40

1+ (2.35) =2.22 Hop 2:

40

DE =

𝐷 40

1+ (2.35) =2.22

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

J. RAIN ATTENUATION

Hop 1& Hop 2

LBF: γ = 𝑘(180)𝑎 γ = −0.56(180)0.921 γ = -66.88 Arain = DE (γ) Arain = 2.22 (-66.88) Arain = -148.47dB

HBF: γ = 𝑘(180)𝑎 γ = −4.014(180)8.88 γ = -4.27 Arain = DE (γ) Arain = 2.22 (-4.27) Arain = 9.48 dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

K. ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES

OXYGEN ABSORPTION LOSS LBF: 𝐴𝑜 = [ 7.19 𝑥 10−3 (6.09/(𝑓 2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((𝑓 − 57)2 + 1.5)))] (𝑓2 𝑥 10 − 3) 𝐷 6.09 4.81 𝐴𝑜 = [7.19 𝑥 10−3 + ( )+ ( )] (50.752 𝑥 10−3 )2.95 2 (50.75 − 57)2 + 1.5) 50.75 + 0.227

𝑨𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎 𝑨𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎𝒌𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝒅𝑩 HBF: 𝟔.𝟎𝟗

𝟒.𝟖𝟏

𝑨𝒐 = [ 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟐 +𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟕) + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟓𝟕)𝟐 +𝟏.𝟓) ] (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐. 𝟗𝟓 𝑨𝒐 =1.079 𝒅𝑩/km 𝑨𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎𝒌𝒎 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝒅𝑩

L. FLAT FADE MARGIN 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝟏𝟎

−𝑭𝑴 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟎

+ 𝟏𝟎

−𝑭𝑴 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝟏𝟎

For Hop 1 𝐿𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝟏𝟎

−𝟐𝟖.𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟎

+ 𝟏𝟎

−28.21 𝟏𝟎 )

𝑭𝑴𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝒅𝑩

𝐻𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝟏𝟎

−𝟐𝟖.𝟕 𝟏𝟎

+ 𝟏𝟎

−28.7 𝟏𝟎 )

𝑭𝑴𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟎𝒅𝑩

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

For Hop 2 −24.1

−24.1

𝐿𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 10 + 10 10 ) 𝑭𝑴𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝑩 −73.1

−73.1

𝐻𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 10 + 10 10 ) 𝑭𝑴𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒕 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝑩

M. COMPOSITE or EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN (

𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10

−𝐹𝑀𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 ) 10

+ 𝑅𝐷 10

(

−𝐹𝑀𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐸𝑅𝑉𝐸 ) 10 )

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 fade margin of 70dB with an average fade occurrence factor equal to 3 , the computation for composite fade margin can be done.

For Hop 1

LBF: 𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10

−28.21 ( ) 10

+ (3)(10

−70 10 )

𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝑩 HBF: 𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

−28.7 ( ) 10

+ (3)(10

−70 10 )

𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟎 𝒅𝑩 For Hop 2

LBF: 𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10

−24.1 ( ) 10

+ (3)(10

−70 10 )

𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩 HBF: 𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log(

−73.1 ( ) 10 10

+

−70 (3)(10 10 )

𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝑩 N. Water Vapor Loss WATER VAPOR LOSS 𝟑

𝟗

𝟒.𝟑

𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = [ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 + (𝒇−𝟐𝟐.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟕.𝟑 + (𝒇−𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔 + (𝒇−𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎] (𝑓 2 𝑥𝛼𝑥10−4 ) LBF: 𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = [ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 +

𝟑 (𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟐𝟐.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟕.𝟑

+

𝟗 (𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔

+

𝟒.𝟑 (𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎

] (𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 )

𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 170.45dB/km 𝑨𝑯𝟐𝑶𝒇𝒐𝒓 40𝒌𝒎 = 6818𝒅𝑩

HBF: 𝟑 𝟗 𝟒.𝟑 (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ) 𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = [ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟐.𝟑) 𝟐 +𝟕.𝟑 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎]

𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 1658.89dB/km 𝑨𝑯𝟐𝑶𝒇𝒐𝒓 40𝒌𝒎 = 66355.6dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

O. RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS Hop 1 Distance (km)

Path Elevations

Path Elevations Squared

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0

3

0

0

4

30

900

5

28

784

6

29

841

7

29

841

8

31

961

9

29

841

10

29

841

11

20

400

12

17

289

13

17

289

14

19

361

15

17

289

16

16

256

17

17

289

18

17

289

19

16

256

20

16

256

21

20

400

22

19

361

23

17

289

24

17

289

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

25

16

256

40

0

0

SUM

466

10583

AVERAGE

11.65

264,575

STANDARD

16.27

DEVIATION

AVERAGE TERRAIN ELEVATION = M = 264.575 STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE ELEVATION = S = Hop 2 Distance (km)

Path Elevations

Path Elevations Squared

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0

3

0

0

4

0

0

5

0

0

16

28

784

17

99

992

18

132

17424

19

119

14161

20

73

5329

21

98

9604

22

72

5184

23

105

11025

24

127

16129

25

203

41209

26

233

54289

27

220

48400

28

210

44100

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

29

226

51076

30

231

53361

31

239

57121

32

235

55225

33

235

55225

34

234

54765

35

230

52900

36

225

50625

37

219

47961

38

219

47961

39

215

46225

40

210

44100

SUM

4437

885175

AVERAGE

110.925

22129.375

STANDARD DEVIATION

148.76

AVERAGE TERRAIN ELEVATION = M = 22129.375 STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE ELEVATION = S = 148.76

K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATION −𝐹𝑀 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) 10

𝑈 = 𝐾 − 𝑄𝑥𝑓 𝑏 𝑥𝐷𝑐 𝑥10( For Hop 1 LBF:

𝑈 = 1𝑥10−9 (50.751,2 )(2.953.5 )(10 =𝟕. 𝟒𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

(

−28.20 ) 10 )

HBF: 𝑼 = 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟏,𝟐 )(𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟑.𝟓 )(𝟏𝟎(

−𝟐𝟖.𝟕𝟎 ) 𝟏𝟎 )

=𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 For Hop 2

LBF: 𝑈 = 1𝑥10−9 (50.751,2 )(2.953.5 )(10

(

−24.10 ) 10 )

=𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟖

HBF: 𝑼 = 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟏,𝟐 )(𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟑.𝟓 )(𝟏𝟎(

−𝟔𝟒.𝟔𝟎 ) 𝟏𝟎 )

=𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

R= (1-U) x 100% For Hop 1

LBF: 𝑅 = (1 − 7.43𝑥10−9 )𝑥100% =99.99999926% HBF: 𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 ) 𝑥100%

=99.99999933%

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

For Hop 2

LBF: 𝑅 = (1 − 1.90𝑥10−8 )𝑥100% =99.9999981% HBF: 𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 ) 𝑥100%

=100%

P. K-Q RELIABILITY WITH TERRAIN ROUGHNESS

𝐾 − 𝑄 𝑏 𝑐 (−𝐹𝑀𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) 𝑈 = ( 1.3 )𝑓 𝐷 10 10 𝑆 LBF: 𝑈=

UBF: 𝑈=

LBF: 𝑹 = UBF: 𝑹 = Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Q. MICROWAVE PATH DATA SHEET Project Number: 1 Frequency Band Used: 51 GHz Low Band Frequency: 50.75 GHz High Band Frequency: 51.25 GHz Site A: Iloilo City, Colegio Del Sagrado Site B: Jordan Municipality, Bugnay Hop 1 Path Length: 40km Hop 2 Path Length: 40km

SITE INFORMATION

Gen.Colegio Del Sagrado (A) Bugnay (B)

LONGITUDE

122°34'31.65'' E

122°35'05.03''

LATITUDE

10°41'24.74'' N

10°39'55.92''

SITE ELEVATION

7m

5m

ANTENNA HEIGHT

10m

10m

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

EQUIPMENT INFORMATION

Transmitter Output Power:

64 dB

Receiver Input Threshold:

-92 dB

Connector Loss:

0.5 dB

Waveguide Loss:

15.51 dB

Site A:

20.51 dB

Site B:

80.11 dB 79.4 dB

Antenna Gain Low:

97 dB

High:

97.4 dB

PATH LOSSES

LBF

UBF

FREE SPACE LOSS:

1456.75dB

1460.16dB

ATMOSPHERIC LOSS:

0.15

0.25

WATER VAPOR LOSS:

0.1

0.017

RAIN ATTENUATION:

11.0038 dB

7.2653 dB

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

FADE MARGINS THERMAL FM:

LBF

UBF 32.3188 dB

32.1136dB 24.9288 dB

FLAT FM: EFFECTIVE FM:

24.9107 dB 32.3188 dB

PATH RELIABILiTY

LBF

HBF

K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS: Hop 1: Hop 2:

99.99999866% 𝟗𝟗.99999875% 𝟗𝟗.99999615% 𝟗𝟗.9999964%

K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS W/TERRAIN ROUGHNESS Hop 1: Hop 2:

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

99.9999621%

99.99988%

99.9999645%

99.999895%

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Microwave link design is a specific sort of engineering in the broader field of communications. Most installers know that clear line of sight is required between two antennas, but there is a lot more to it than that. To have some certainty as to whether your wireless link will be reliable, an RF path analysis needs to be performed.

A clear understanding of the microwave network build-out process is essential for the successful implementation of a project, whether it is a new system or an upgrade/expansion of an existing one.

Upon the completion of this design, we were able to meet the needed outcomes and conditions regarding the design. We were able to make a Point – to –Point Cellular. Link System design having a 99.99999% reliability.

Due to the importance of a design like this, we highly recommend this paper to the students who are interested in microwave communications system design and to those who are required to take the subject Microwave Engineering and make their own link design.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

CHAPTER 8 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS A. Antenna Transport costs are also reduced dramatically thanks to small packaging volumes. The robust design has been verified in tests and during service since 1998. LEAX Arkivator Telecom antennas are the product of research at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. Our antenna design is based upon a patent from Professor Per-Simon Kildal, who was also a founder of Comhat AB and the former representative to LEAX Arkivator Telecom, see www.kildal.se. The patented design principle, called the Hat antenna design, is a combination of excellent side lobe suppression, low cross polarization, and high antenna gain with small dimensions and low weight. The main advantages are less wind load, reduced weight load on the tower, easy handling and low transportation costs. Our antennas are ideal both for direct installation on RF devices outdoors and as self-contained units. There are a large number of different interfaces, directly mounted couplers, and all types of IEC or EIA flanges can be provided. Customer unique options can be supplied with very short lead times. Only materials of high quality are used, with surface treated aluminum, stainless steel and galvanized steel. Our primary goal is to provide the most cost-effective microwave antennas on the market when it comes to reliability and service life. LEAX Arkivator Telecom provides antennas in common frequency bands for radio links from 6 to 80 GHz. LEAX Arkivator Telecom antennas are available as 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.0 m, 2.4 m, 3.0 m and 3.7 m.

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

B. Waveguide

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

C. Tower

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN

Microwave Link Design ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN