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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e (tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku] l`tukRed ys[ku] O;kogkfjd ys[ku) d{kk 11 vkSj 12 osQ fy, ¯gnh (vk/kj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe) dh ikB~;iqLrd
ISBN 81-7450-604-7
çFke laLdj.k tqykbZ 2006 Jko.k 1927 iqueqZnz.k tuojh 2010 ek?k 1931 uoEcj 2010 dk£rd 1932 tuojh 2011 ek?k 1932 fnlacj 2012 vxzgk;.k 1934 vizSy 2013 pS=k 1935 ekpZ 2014 iQkYxqu 1935 fnlacj 2014 ikS"k 1936 fnlacj 2015 vxzgk;.k 1937 vizSy 2017 oS'kk[k 1939 PD 25T RSP © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2006
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,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okWVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,eisij ij eqfnzrA çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkS j çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] Jh vjfoa n ekxZ ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk tujy vkWI-kQlsV fizafVax izSl] 42] baMfLVª;y dkWyksuh] uSuh] bykgkckn (m-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA
lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl çdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVª kWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksçfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% ç;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok çlkj.k oftZr gSA q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; çdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA q bl çdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA q
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy; ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil Jh vjfoan ekxZ u;h fnYyh 110 016
iQksu % 011&26562708
108] 100 iQhV jksM gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs cuk'kadjh III LVst csaxyq# 560 085
iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014
iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh dksydkrk 700 114
iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl ekyhxkao xqokgkVh 781021
iQksu % 0361&2674869
çdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] çdk'ku izHkkx eq[; laiknd eq[; O;kikj çca/d eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh (izHkkjh) lgk;d laiknd
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,e- fljkt vuoj 'osrk mIiy xkSre xkaxqyh v#.k fprdkjk
mRiknu lgk;d
% eqosQ'k xkSM+
% 'kf'k pM~Mk
vkoj.k ,oa lTtk 'osrk jko fp=k bjI+kQku
vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSaA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSaA geas ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud ¯”knxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruh okf"kZd oSQysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku o vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr o cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr osQ vè;{k izksI+ksQlj ukeoj ¯lg vkSj bl iqLrd osQ eq[; lykgdkj izksI+ksQlj iq#"kksÙke vxzoky dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkuksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u
iv
fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksIks+ Qlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) }kjk ukfer Jh v'kksd oktis;h vkSj izksI+ksQlj lR;izdk'k feJ dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA u;h fnYyh 20 fnlacj 2005
funs'kd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
;g iqLrd fo|kfFZk;ksa dh lgt Hkk"kk vfHkO;fDr dk rkdroj ”kfj;k cusA LowQyh thou ls gh os ckgj dh fo'kky nqfu;k esa >k¡osaQ] thou&txr osQ vusd :iksa dks le>s&cw>sa] jax&fcajxs liuksa dk rkuk&ckuk iSQykuk lh[ksa] eqf'dyksa dks igpkusa vkSj mldk lkeuk dj losaQ ;kuh viuh jkg ryk'kus esa ;k cukus esa os [kqn l{ke gks losaQA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) esa bu fcanqvksa ij [kklk cy gSA bUgha dks è;ku esa j[kdj u, ikB~;Øe osQ rgr mPprj ekè;fed Lrj ij fganh i<+us okys fo|kfFZk;ksa osQ fy, ,d ,slh iqLrd dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ ] tks vfHkO;fDr os Q vyx&vyx ekè;eks a ij os a Q fnz r gks A vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e uked bl iqLrd dh rhu bdkb;k¡ gSaµ tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku] l`tukRed ys[ku vkSj O;kogkfjd ys[kuA ;s rhuksa gh ekè;e ,d fo'ks"k fcanq ij ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj O;kid :i ls lapkj osQ gh vyx&vyx :i gaSA i=kdkfjrk dk lkfgR; ls] lkfgR; dk O;ogkj ls vkSj bu lcdk lapkj ls D;k lacaèk gS\ ;g crkus dh vko';drk ughaA iqLrd dh igyh bdkbZ osQ :i esa tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku lacèa kh lkexzh ik¡p vè;k;ksa esa nh xbZ gSA vius le;] lekt vkSj ns'k osQ izfr tkx:d cukus esa tulapkj ekè;e lcls l'kDr ekè;e osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa Økafr&lh vkbZ gSA lekpkj ekè;eksa dk foLrkj gqvk gS vkSj turk dk blls tqMk+ o c<+k gSA ehfM;k Økafr us tgk¡ ,d vksj iwjs fo'o ls tqMu+ s dk volj fn;k gS ogha nwljh vksj ck”kkj osQ ncko esa vke vkneh] mlosQ lq[k&nq[k] mldh ¯prk,¡] mlosQ ljksdkj] mldh mEehnksa dks gkf'k;s ij j[k fn;k gSA osQa nz esa lsfyfczVh”k gSa vkSj fcdkÅ [kcjsa gSAa ;qok gksrs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g tkuuk gh gksxk fd osQa nz vkSj gkf'k;s dk lary q u r; djus esa mudh dye D;k Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gS\ mUgas ;g le>uk gh gksxk fd ,d [kq'kgky ns'k osQ fuekZ.k vkSj izxfr esa Hkk"kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\ bu lcls vutku vkt osQ cPpksa dks Vsyhfo”ku] jsfM;ks] v[kckj] baVjusV vkSj if=kdk,¡ vkÑ"V rks djrh gS_a tSl]s dgk¡ ls vkrh gaS [kcjs]a oSQls Nirs gSa v[kckj] oSQls tqMs+ gSa vkil esa iwjh nqfu;k osQ rkj\ oxSjgA ysfdu bu lokyksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mUgsa ;g Hkh crk;k tkuk ”k:jh gS fd iwjh nqfu;k osQ rkj tksMu+ s okyh ehfM;k dh tkunkj nqfu;k mudh lfØ; vkSj lpsr igy osQ fcuk fdruh cstku gSA lgh ek;uksa esa lapkj dk ;gh vFkZ gSA ;g iqLrd tulapkj dh nqfu;k dks tkuus] le>us vkSj cPpksa ls mudk rkj tksMu+ s dh fn'kk esa ,d igy dj ldrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd vPNh i=kdkfjrk vPNk lkfgR; gS] mlh rjg ls ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd vPNk lkfgR; vPNh i=kdkfjrk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;kuh nksuksa dk y{; ,d gSA bl iqLrd dh nwljh bdkbZ esa l`tukRed ys[ku lacaèkh vkB vè;k; 'kkfey gSaA lkfgR; futhZo ph”kksa esa Hkh Lianu Hkj nsrk gSA ;g Lianu Hkjuk gh l`tukRedrk gSA bl izfØ;k ls tqM+uk osQoy unh] igkM+] iwQy] rkjs] ckny] [ksr vkfn dks gh ugha cfYd [kqn
vi
dks Hkh u, Lianu ls Hkjuk gSA bldh igpku osQ lgkjs cPps fu'p; gh ,d ltho nqfu;k jpus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSaA vkt dyk vkSj lkfgR; cPpksa osQ fy, vokLrfod vkSj vewrZ dYiuk cudj jg x;k gSA mUgsa ;g tkudkjh nsuk ”k:jh gS fd gj jpuk dh vk/kjHkwfe Hkko gksrk gS ftldh tMa+s ;FkkFkZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA jpukRed izfØ;k ls gksdj xq”kjuk mudh vewrZ dYiuk dks ;FkkFkZ vkSj fo'okl ls tksM+us esa leFkZ gks ldrk gSA ;w¡ rks ys[ku ls cPpksa dk laioZQ vkSj laca/ LowQyh nqfu;k esa izos'k osQ lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA ysfdu l`tu D;k gS\ ;g bu cPpksa dks ugha irk gksrkA elyu oSQls curh gS dfork\ miU;kl] dgkuh vkSj ukVd vkfn dk ys[ku oSQls gksrk gS\ l`tukRedrk dh cqukoV dh igpku tgk¡ muesa ,d vksj jpuk'khyrk osQ izfr yyd iSnk dj mUgsa jpuk'khy cukrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;sRkj ys[ku dks tkuus&le>us esa Hkh ennxkj gks ldrh gSA i=kdkfjrk vkSj lkfgR; tgk¡ ,d vksj fo|kFkhZ dks f”kEesnkj ukxfjd vkSj jpukRed O;fDrRo ns ldus esa lgk;d gksaxs] ogha O;kogkfjd ys[ku dh tkudkjh bl f”kEesnkjh osQ fuokZg esa ennxkj gksxhA lkFk gh ;g iz;kstuewyd ¯gnh osQ fo'kky iQyd dks tkuus dk ”kfj;k cu ldrh gSA iqLrd dh rhljh bdkbZ esa O;kogkfjd ys[ku laca/h rhu vè;k; 'kkfey gSaA blh osQ rgr 'kCndks'k dk ifjp; Hkh j[kk x;k gSA bldh izLrqfr dgkuh osQko tksMu+ s esa vkils lapkj lgk;d gksxkA
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr ukeoj flag] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh eq[; lykgdkj iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] iwoZ izksI+ksQlj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh eq[; leUo;d jketUe 'kekZ] iwoZ izkIs k+ Qs lj ,oa vè;{k] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh lnL; vrqy flUgk] iwoZ lykgdkj izksIk+ sQlj] tkxj.k baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ eSustesaV ,aM ekl oQE;wfuosQ'ku] uks,Mk vferkHk JhokLro] Lora=k jaxdehZ] u;h fnYyh vlxj otkgr] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh vkuan iz/ku] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh xksfoan flag] iwoZ laiknd] vej mtkyk] u;h fnYyh nsosUnz jkt vaoqQj] iwoZ funs'kd] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh /hjatu ekyos] fo'ks"k dk;Z vf/dkjh] izlkj Hkkjrh] u;h fnYyh fiz;n'kZu] lekpkj laiknd] ,u-Mh-Vh-oh- bafM;k] u;h fnYyh e/qdj mikè;k;] iwoZ laiknd] yksder] ukxiqj egsUnziky 'kekZ] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh latho oqQekj] ofj"B izoDrk] ns'kca/q dkWyst] dkydkth] u;h fnYyh lqHkk"k /wfy;k] izksI+ksQlj] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh gseUr tks'kh] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh lnL;&leUo;d laè;k flag] izksI+ksQlj] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
Hkkjr dk la fo/ku mísf'kdk 1
ge] Hkkjr osQ yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d ¹la iw.kZ izHkqRo&la iUu lektoknh ia Fkfujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;º cukus osQ fy,] rFkk mlosQ leLr ukxfjdksa dks % lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /eZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora =krk] izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djkus osQ fy,] rFkk mu lc esa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj 2 ¹jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[ka Mrkº lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/qrk c<+kus osQ fy, n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/ku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj] 1949 bZ- dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafo/ku dks vaxhÑr] vf/fu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA 1- lafo/ku (c;kyhloka la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1976 dh /kjk 2 }kjk (3-1-1977 ls) ^^izHkqRo&laiUu yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;** osQ LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA 2- lafo/ku (c;kyhloka la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1976 dh /kjk 2 }kjk (3-1-1977 ls) ^^jk"Vª dh ,drk** osQ LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA
vkHkkj bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr vkse xqIrk] i=kdkj] u;h fnYyh] m"kk 'kekZ] ofj"B izoDrk] MkbV] eksrh ckx] u;h fnYyh_ uhyoaQB oqQekj] vè;kid] izfrHkk fodkl fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh_ vuqjkèkk] vè;kfidk] ljnkj iVsy fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh_ uwru >k] vè;kfidk] ehjkafcdk fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh osQ ge vkHkkjh gSaA bZnxkg lacaèkh js[kkadu osQ fy, vt; eksgarh] lkexzh lap;u osQ fy, usg: Lekjd iqLdky;] u;h fnYyh ,oa ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh osQ ge ÑrK gSaA bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, daI;wVj LVs'ku (Hkk"kk foHkkx) osQ izHkkjh] ij'kjke dkSf'kd] Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj t; izdk'k jk;] lfpu oqQekj rFkk fot; oqQekj_ dkWih ,fMVj izeksn frokjh] lehuk mLekuh] lqfiz;k xqIrk] lrh'k >k_ izwiQ jhMj] deys'k oqQekjh osQ izfr ge vkHkkjh gSaA
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku Hkkx 4d
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120
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128
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134
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147
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26
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i=kdkfjrk osQ fofo/ vk;ke
ysfdu vxj f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ;k ,slh fdlh vU; ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa vkt Hkh dksbZ u;h tkudkjh feyrh gS ftlosQ ckjs esa gekjs ikBdksa dks igys tkudkjh ugha Fkh rks fu'p; gh ;g muosQ fy, lekpkj gSA nqfu;k osQ vusd LFkkuksa ij cgqr&lh ,slh ph”ksa gksrh gSa tks o"kks± ls ekStwn gSa ysfdu ;g fdlh vU; ns'k osQ fy, dksbZ u;h ckr gks ldrh gS vkSj fu'p; gh lekpkj cu ldrh gSA oqQN ,slh ?kVuk,¡ Hkh gksrh gSa tks jkrksja kr ?kfVr ugha gksrh cfYd ftUgsa ?kVus esa o"kks± yx tkrs gSAa elyu fdlh xk¡o esa fiNys 20 o"kks± esa yksxksa dh thou'kSyh esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu vk, vkSj bu ifjorZuksa osQ D;k dkj.k Fksµ;g tkudkjh fu'p; gh ,d lekpkj gSA ysfdu ;g ,d ,slh lekpkjh; ?kVuk gS] ftls ?kVus esa chl o"kZ yxsA Li"V gS fd ?kVuk dk rk”kk gksuk gh ”k:jh ugha gSA uohurk osQ rÙo u gksus ij Hkh mlosQ lekpkj cuus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA fudVrk fdlh Hkh lekpkj laxBu esa fdlh lekpkj osQ egÙo dk ewY;kadu vFkkZr mls lekpkji=k ;k cqyfs Vu esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xk ;k ugha] bldk fuèkkZj.k bl vkèkkj ij Hkh fd;k tkrk gS fd og ?kVuk mlosQ dojst {ks=k vkSj ikBd @ n'kZd @ Jksrk lewg osQ fdrus djhc gqbZ gS\ gj ?kVuk dk 33 lekpkjh; egÙo dkI+kQh gn rd mldh LFkkuh;rk ls Hkh fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA ”kkfgj gS lcls djhc okyk gh lcls fiz; Hkh gksrk gSA ;g ekuo LoHkko gSA LokHkkfod gS fd yksx mu ?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esa tkuus osQ fy, vfèkd mRlqd gksrs gSa tks muosQ djhc gksrh gSAa ysfdu ;g fudVrk HkkSxksfyd u”knhdh osQ lkFk&lkFk xfrfofèk lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd u”knhdh ls Hkh tqMh+ ,d LFkkuh; lekpkji=k esa vius 'kgj ;k f”kYks] iM+kl s h jkT;ks]a nwj&njk”k gqbZ gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ge vius 'kgj osQ jkT;ksa vkSj fons'kksa dh [kcjksa dh vkSj vklikl osQ {ks=kksa osQ vykok vius lwph cukb, vkSj nsf[k, fd oqQy jkT; vkSj ns'k osQ vanj D;k gqvk] ;g [kcjksa esa fdruh LFkkuh;] fdruh tkuus dks mRlqd jgrs gSAa ge vius ikl&iM+kl s osQ jkT;ksa dh vkSj fdruh ns'kokfl;ksa ls lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd :i [kcjsa fons'kksa dh gSa\ D;k v[kckj ls tqMs+ gq, gS]a pkgs os gels lSdM+kas ehy LFkkuh; [kcjksa dks ”;knk izkFkfedrk nsrs gSa\ LFkkuh; [kcjksa vkSj nwj cSBs gksAa fons'kh [kcjksa dk vuqikr D;k gS\ D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd vkiosQ ;gh ugha] bl lkaLÑfrd fudVrk lekpkji=k esa fons'kksa dh vkSj [kcjsa gksuh pkfg,\ D;k vkidks osQ dkj.k ge fons'kksa esa cls Hkkjrh;ksa ls yxrk gS fd lekpkji=k esa vkiosQ 'kgj vkSj f”kys dks NksM+dj tqMh+ ?kVukvksa dks Hkh tkuuk pkgrs gSAa vklikl osQ f”kyksa] 'kgjksa ;k jkT;ksa dh [kcjsa de gSa\ D;k ,slh [kcjksa dk vuqikr c<+uk pkfg,\ bl ij vius f'k{kd vkSj lkFkh ysfdu ,d tSlh egÙo dh nks ?kVukvksa Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ dhft,A esa ls LFkkuh; lekpkji=k esa ml ?kVuk osQ [kcj cuus dh laHkkouk ”;knk gS tks
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
i=kdkfjrk osQ ewY; i=kdkfjrk ,d rjg ls ^nSfud bfrgkl* ys[ku gSA i=kdkj jks”k dk bfrgkl v[kckj osQ iUuksa esa ntZ djrk pyrk gSA mldk dke Åijh rkSj ij cgqr vklku yxrk gS ysfdu og bruk vklku gksrk ughaA ml ij dbZ rjg osQ ncko gks ldrs gSaA viuh iwjh Lora=krk osQ ckotwn i=kdkfjrk lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ls tqM+h jgrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lkaiznkf;d naxksa dk lekpkj fy[krs le; i=kdkj iz;kl djrk gS fd mlosQ lekpkj ls vkx u HkM+osQA og lpkbZ tkurs gq, Hkh naxksa esa ekjs x, ;k ?kk;y yksxksa 34 osQ leqnk; dh igpku Li"V ugha djrkA cykRdkj osQ ekeyksa esa og efgyk dk uke ;k fp=k ugha izdkf'kr djrk rkfd mldh lkekftd izfr"Bk dks dksbZ èkDdk u igqp ¡ As i=kdkjksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os i=kdkfjrk dh vkpkj la fgrk dk ikyu djsa rkfd muosQ lekpkjksa ls csotg vkSj fcuk Bksl lcwrksa osQ fdlh dh O;fDrxr izfr"Bk dks uqdlku u gks vkSj u gh lekt esa vjktdrk vkSj v'kkafr iSQysA
mlosQ ikBdksa osQ ”;knk djhc gqbZ gSA bldk ,d dkj.k rks djhc gksuk gS vkSj nwljk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd mldk vlj mu ij Hkh iM+rk gSA elyu fdlh ,d [kkl dkWyksuh esa pksjh&MoSQrh dh ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa ogk¡ osQ yksxksa dh #fp gksuk LokHkkfod gSA #fp blfy, fd ?kVuk muosQ djhc gqbZ gS vkSj blfy, Hkh fd bldk lacèa k Lo;a mudh viuh lqj{kk ls gSA izHkko fdlh ?kVuk osQ izHkko ls Hkh mldk lekpkjh; egÙo fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA fdlh ?kVuk dh rhozrk dk vank”kk bl ckr ls yxk;k tkrk gS fd mlls fdrus lkjs yksx izHkkfor gks jgs gSa ;k fdrus cM+s Hkw&Hkkx ij mldk vlj gks jgk gSA fdlh ?kVuk ls ftrus vfèkd yksx izHkkfor gksxa ]s mlosQ lekpkj cuus dh laHkkouk mruh gh c<+ tkrh gSA ”kkfgj gS ftu ?kVukvksa dk ikBdksa osQ thou ij lhèkk izHkko iM+ jgk gks] mlosQ ckjs esa tkuus dh muesa LokHkkfod bPNk gksrh gSA tSls ljdkj osQ fdlh fu.kZ; ls vxj flIk+ QZ lkS yksxksa dks ykHk gks jgk gks rks ;g mruk cM+k lekpkj ugha gS ftruk fd mlls ykHkkfUor gksus okys yksxksa dh la[;k vxj ,d yk[k gksA ljdkj vusd uhfrxr I+kQS lys ysrh gS ftudk izHkko rkRdkfyd ugha gksrk ysfdu nh?kZdkfyd izHkko egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrs gSa vkSj blh n`f"V ls blosQ lekpkjh; egÙo dks vk¡dk tkuk pkfg,A tu#fp fdlh fopkj] ?kVuk vkSj leL;k osQ lekpkj cuus osQ fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd yksxksa dh mlesa fnypLih gksA os mlosQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gksAa dksbZ Hkh ?kVuk lekpkj rHkh cu ldrh gS] tc ikBdksa ;k n'kZdksa dk ,d cM+k rcdk mlosQ ckjs esa tkuus esa #fp j[krk gksA gj lekpkj laxBu dk viuk ,d y{; lewg (VkxsVZ vkWfM,al) gksrk gS vkSj og lekpkj laxBu vius ikBdksa ;k Jksrkvksa dh #fp;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj lekpkjksa dk p;u djrk gSA ysfdu gky osQ o"kks± eas yksxksa dh #fp;ksa vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa esa Hkh rksM&+ ejksM+ dh izfØ;k dkIk+ Qh rs”k gqbZ gS vkSj ;g Hkh lp gS fd yksxksa dh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu Hkh vk jgs gSAa dg ldrs gSa fd #fp;k¡ dksbZ fLFkj ph”k ugha gS]a xfr'khy gSAa dbZ ckj buesa ifjorZu vkrs gSa rks ehfM;k esa Hkh ifjorZu vkrk gSA ysfdu vkt ehfM;k yksxksa dh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu ykus esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gSA
Vdjko ;k la?k"kZ fdlh ?kVuk esa Vdjko ;k la?k"kZ dk igyw gksus ij mlosQ lekpkj osQ :i esa p;u dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS D;ksafd yksxksa esa Vdjko ;k la?k"kZ osQ ckjs esa tkuus dh LokHkkfod fnypLih gksrh
i=kdkfjrk osQ fofo/ vk;ke
gSA bldh otg ;g gS fd Vdjko ;k la?k"kZ dk muosQ thou ij lhèkk vlj iM+rk gSA os mlls cpuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blfy, mlosQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;q¼ vkSj lSfud Vdjko osQ ckjs esa tkuus dh yksxksa esa lokZfèkd #fp gksrh gSA ysfdu Vdjko dk vFkZ osQoy [kwu&[kjkck ;k [kwuh la?k"kZ gh ugha gS cfYd [ksyksa esa tc nks Vhesa vkil esa eqdkcyk djrh gSa ;k pqukoksa esa jktuhfrd nyksa osQ chp jktuhfrd la?k"kZ gksrk gS rks mls Hkh tkuus esa yksxksa dh mruh gh fnypLih gksrh gSA egÙoiw.kZ yksx e'kgwj vkSj tkus&ekus yksxksa osQ ckjs esa tkuus dh vke ikBdksa] n'kZdksa vkSj Jksrkvksa esa LokHkkfod bPNk gksrh gSA dbZ ckj fdlh ?kVuk ls tqM+s yksxksa osQ egÙoiw.kZ gksus osQ dkj.k Hkh mldk lekpkjh; egÙo c<+ tkrk gSA tSls vxj izèkkuea=kh dks ”kqdke Hkh gks tk, rks ;g ,d [kcj gksrh gSA blh rjg fdlh fI+kQYeh flrkjs ;k fozQosQV f[kykM+h dk fookg Hkh [kcj cu tkrh gS tcfd ;g ,d furkar futh vk;kstu gksrk gSA njvly] yksx ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd e'kgwj yksx ml eqdke rd oSQls igq¡ps] mudk thou oSQlk gksrk gS vkSj fofHkUu eqíksa ij muosQ D;k fopkj gaSA ysfdu dbZ ckj lekpkj ekè;e egÙoiw.kZ yksxksa dh [kcj nsus osQ yksHk esa muosQ futh thou dh lhek,¡ yk¡?k tkrs gSAa ;gh ugha] egÙoiw.kZ yksxksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus osQ uke ij dbZ ckj lekpkj ekè;e vI+kQokgsa vkSj dksjh xi izdkf'kr&izlkfjr djrs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSAa
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tc ge lekpkjksa esa fu"i{krk dh ckr djrs gSa rks blesa U;k;laxr gksus dk rÙo vfèkd vge gksrk gSA vkt ehfM;k ,d cgqr cM+h rkdr gSA ,d gh >VosQ esa og fdlh dh b””kr ij cêðk yxkus dh rkdr j[krh gSA blfy, fdlh osQ ckjs esa lekpkj fy[krs oDr bl ckr dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dgha fdlh dks vutkus esa gh fcuk lquokbZ osQ iQk¡lh ij rks ugha yVdk;k tk jgk gSA larqyu (cSysal) fu"i{krk dh vxyh dM+h larqyu gSA vkerkSj ij ehfM;k ij vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd lekpkj dojst larqfyr ugha gS ;kuh og fdlh ,d i{k dh vksj >qdk gSA vkerkSj ij lekpkj esa larqyu dh vko';drk ogha iM+rh gS tgk¡ fdlh ?kVuk esa vusd i{k 'kkfey gksa vkSj mudk vkil esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa Vdjko gksA ml fLFkfr esa larqyu dk rdk”kk ;gh gS fd lHkh lac¼ i{kksa dh ckr lekpkj esa vius&vius lekpkjh; o”ku osQ vuqlkj LFkku ik,A lekpkj esa larqyu dk egÙo rc dgha vfèkd gks tkrk gS tc fdlh ij fdlh rjg osQ vkjksi yxk, x, gksa ;k blls feyrh&tqyrh dksbZ fLFkfr gksA ml fLFkfr esa gj i{k dh ckr lekpkj esa vkuh pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g ,drjI+kQk pfj=k guu dk gfFk;kj cu ldrk gSA O;fDrxr fdLe osQ vkjksiksa esa vkjksfir O;fDr osQ i{k dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A ysfdu ;g fLFkfr rHkh laHko gks ldrh gS tc vkjksfir O;fDr lkoZtfud thou esa gks vkSj vkjksiksa osQ i{k esa iDosQ lcwr ugha gksa ;k mudk lgh lkfcr gksuk dkI+kQh lafnXèk gksA ysfdu ?kksf"kr vijkfèk;ksa ;k xaHkhj vijkèk osQ vkjksfi;ksa dks larqyu osQ uke ij lI+kQkbZ nsus dk volj nsus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA larqyu osQ uke ij lekpkj ehfM;k bl rjg osQ rÙoksa dk eap ugha cu ldrkA
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+ u ij ckr djosQ I+kQksu&buµblosQ ckn [kcj dk foLrkj gksrk gS vkSj ,adj fjiksVZj ls IkQks lwpuk,¡ n'kZdksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA bleas fjiksVZj ?kVuk okyh txg ij ekStwn gksrk gS vkSj ogk¡ ls mls ftruh ”;knk ls ”;knk tkudkfj;k¡ feyrh gSa] og n'kZdksa dks crkrk gSA ,adj&fotqvyµtc ?kVuk osQ n`'; ;k fotqvy fey tkrs gSa rc mu n`';ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kcj fy[kh tkrh gS] tks ,adj i<+rk gSA bl [kcj dh 'kq#vkr Hkh izkjafHkd lwpuk ls gksrh gS vkSj ckn esa oqQN okD;ksa ij izkIr n`'; fn[kk, tkrs gSaA ,adj&ckbVµckbV ;kuh dFkuA Vsyhfo”ku i=kdkfjrk esa ckbV dk dkI+kQh egÙo gSA Vsyhfo”ku esa fdlh Hkh [kcj dks iq"V djus osQ fy, blls lacafèkr ckbV fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA fdlh ?kVuk dh lwpuk nsus vkSj mlosQ n`'; fn[kkus osQ lkFk gh bl ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa izR;{knf'kZ;ksa ;k lacafèkr O;fDRk;ksa dk dFku fn[kk vkSj lqukdj [kcj dks izkekf.kdrk iznku dh tkrh gSA ykboµykbo ;kuh fdlh [kcj dk ?kVukLFky ls lhèkk izlkj.kA lHkh Vh-oh- pSuy dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd fdlh cM+h ?kVuk osQ n`'; rRdky n'kZdksa rd lhèks igq¡pk, tk losaQA blosQ fy, ekSosQ ij ekStwn fjiksVZj vkSj oSQejkeSu vks-ch- oSu osQ ”kfj;s ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa lhèks n'kZdksa dks fn[kkrs vkSj crkrs gSaA ,adj&iSoQs tµiSoQs t fdlh Hkh [kcj dks lai.w kZrk osQ lkFk is'k djus dk ,d ”kfj;k gSA blesa + osQ ”kfj;s ”k:jh lwpuk,¡ vkfn gksrh gSAa lacfa èkr ?kVuk osQ n`';] blls tqMs+ yksxksa dh ckbV] xzkfIkQd Vsyhfo”ku ys[ku bu reke :iksa dks è;ku eas j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ tSlh ”k:jr gksrh gS] ogk¡ oSls okD;ksa dk bLrseky gksrk gSA 'kCn dk dke n`'; dks vkxs ys tkuk gS rkfd og nwljs n`';ksa ls tqM+ losQ] mlesa fufgr vFkZ dks lkeus ykuk gS] rkfd [kcj osQ lkjs vk'k; [kqy losaQA vdlj Vh-oh- ij [kcj fy[kus dh ,d izpfyr 'kSyh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA igyk okD; n`'; osQ o.kZu ls 'kq: gksrk gSA tSlsµfnYyh osQ jkeyhyk eSnku esa gks jgh ;s lHkk---A ;k fIkQj >hy esa Nykax yxkrs cPPks---A bl izpfyr 'kSyh esa vklkuh ;g gS fd fcuk fdlh dYiuk'khyrk osQ Vh-oh- fjiksfV±x dk cqfu;knh vuq'kklu] ;kuh n`'; ij ys[ku fuHk tkrk gS] ysfdu blesa 'kCnksa dh Hkwfedk csekuh gks tkrh gSA n'kZd tks viuh vk¡[k ls ns[k jgk gS] mls nqgjkus dk dksbZ I+kQk;nk ugha gSA dksbZ dYiuk'khy fjiksVZj bUgha n`';ksa dks vius 'kCnksa ls ”;knk cM+s ek;us ns ldrk gSA tSlsµfnYyh osQ jkeyhyk eSnku esa gks jgh bl lHkk esa yksx yk, ugha x, gSa] viuh e”khZ ls vk, gSa ;k fIkQj >hy esa Nykax yxkrs cPPkksa osQ 'kkWV~l osQ lkFk fy[kk tk ldrk gSµbu fnuksa rs”k xjeh ls futkr ikus dk ,d rjhdk ;s Hkh gS---A vxj osysaVkbu Ms lsfycsz'ku dh [kcj ysuh gks vkSj ,d&nwljs dks cèkkbZ nsus dk dksbZ 'kkWV gks rks bls dbZ rjhosQ ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bls izpfyr rjhosQ esa bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS fd osysaVkbu Ms ij ,d&nwljs dks cèkkbZ nsrs ;s Nk=k---A nwljk rjhdk bldks fdlh vFkZ ls tksM+us dk gSA ;gha ls fjiksVZj dh n`f"V lfØ; gksrh gS vkSj mldh viuh le> Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og fy[k ldrk gSµHkkjrh; lekt esa vk, bl u, pyu ls yksx [kq'k Hkh gSa vkSj nq[kh Hkh--- ;k fIkQj ;g u;h vkèkqfudrk ijaijkokfn;ksa dks jkl ugha vk jgh---A
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py tkrk gS fd ,d ehy nwj ij Hkh dgha dksbZ MoSQrh oxSjg iM+ jgh gS rks os bls viuk O;fDrxr ekeyk ekurs gq, ykBh MaMk ysdj nkSM+ iM+rs gSaA eSaus vkt rd fdlh fcjgksj dks vijkèk djrs gq, ugha ns[kkA >cgj osQ yksx fcjgksjksa osQ izfr vlkèkkj.k :i ls mnkj gSaA cs'kd] iykew vkSj g”kkjhckx osQ vykok bu yksxksa dks vkerkSj ij mis{kk dk gh f'kdkj gksuk iM+k gSA tgk¡ rd ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dh ckr gS] buesa ls ”;knkrj csdkj gh lkfcr gq, gSaA bls vki ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dks Hkz"V ra=k ys mM+rk gSA vkokl ;kstuk,¡ fouk'kdkjh lkfcr gqb± D;ksafd ftu okLrqdkjksa us buosQ fy, edkuksa dh ;kstuk rS;kj dh Fkh] mUgksaus dHkh fcjgksj yksxksa dks ns[kk gh ugha FkkA mUgsa budh O;kogkfjd fof'k"Vrkvksa dh Hkh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha FkhA bu vkfnokfl;ksa dh LokLF; lacaèkh ¯prktud fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj us oqQN ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj dha ysfdu vI+kQljksa vkSj muosQ nykyksa us bu ;kstukvksa osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr jde dks gM+i fy;kA >cgj xk¡o osQ ,d fuoklh us g¡lrs gq, dgk fd ¶;gk¡ rd fd buosQ ikl rhljh I+kQly Hkh ugha igq¡p ldhA¸ eSaus mRlqdrko'k iwNkµ rhljh iQly dk D;k eryc\ eq>s rks vHkh rd osQoy nks gh I+kQlyksa dh tkudkjh gSA eSaus xkSj fd;k fd mls bl loky dh mEehn FkhA mlus
crk;kµ¶bl bykosQ esa rhljh iQly gS] lw[kk jkgrA blosQ fy, cgqr ”;knk iSlk feyrk gS ysfdu bl I+kQly dks vkerkSj ls Cykd Lrj osQ viQlj vkSj muosQ BsoQs nkj nksLr dkV ys tkrs gSAa osQoy ekewyh lk fgLlk turk rd ig¡qprk gSA vc ml ekewyh ls fgLls esa ls fcjgksj yksxksa dks D;k feys\ os rks taxy esa oaQnewy vkSj csj] ekSleh iQy vkfn [kkdj f”kank jgrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks dbZ&dbZ fnuksa rd Hkw[ks gh jg tkrs gSaA¸ tc geus jkeo`{k fcjgksj dks ^ns'kt yksxksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ (1993)* osQ ckjs esa crk;k rks mls cgqr vk'p;Z gqvkA ¶D;k lpeqp ;g geyksxksa osQ fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk\¸ mlus loky fd;kA fiQj oqQN nsj lkspus osQ ckn mlus dgkµ ,slk ugha gks ldrkA vxj ,slk gksrk rks ge vHkh rd bl gkyr esa ugha iMs+ jgrsA mlus viuk lkeku mBk;k vkSj pqipki ogk¡ ls pyk x;kA pkScs us dgkµtgk¡ rd eq>s tkudkjh gS] bl {ks=k esa dHkh fdlh fcjgksj dk uke ernkrk lwph esa ugha jgkA ;g lewg Hkkjrh; lekt osQ lcls fupys fgLls esa jgrk gSA [kjxks'k idM+uk] jfLl;k¡ cquuk] rS;kj gksus ij oqQN Mksyfp;k¡ csp nsukµ bu xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns[krs gq, yxrk gS fd fcjgksj yksx vHkh fdlh nwljs ;qx esa jg jgs gSaA muosQ vanj tek iw¡th j[kus dh izo`fÙk ugha gS vkSj mudk thou vkRelEeku ls Hkjk jgrk gSA
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100
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
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pkfg, rks ;g Fkk fd esjh igyh dgkuh izse&dgkuh gksrhA mez osQ ,rckj ls Hkh ;gh equkflc Fkk vkSj vnc osQ ,rckj ls HkhA ij izse osQ fy, (vkSj izse dgkuh osQ fy, Hkh) vuqowQy ifjfLFkf;k¡ gksa rc dke cusA eSaus ogh fy[kk tks esjs tSls ekgkSy esa iyus okys lHkh Hkkjrh; ;qod fy[krs gSµ a vcyk ukjh dh dgkuhA ¯gnh osQ vf/dka'k ys[kdksa dk rks lkfgR; esa inkiZ.k vcyk ukjh dh dgkuh ls gh gksrk gS vkSj ;g nq[kkar gksuh pkfg,A eSua s Hkh oSlk gh fd;kA cM+h cseryc] csrd q h dgkuh Fkh] u flj] u iSj vkSj 'kq: ls vkf[kj rd eux<ar+ ] ij pwf¡ d vcyk ukjh osQ ckjs esa Fkh vkSj nq[kkar Fkh] blfy, okuizLFkh th dks Hkh dksbZ ,rjk”k ugha gks ldrk Fkk] vkSj firkth dks Hkh ugha] blfy, dgkuh] dkfyt if=kdk esa LFkku ik xbZA ij blosQ oqQN gh nsj ckn ,d izsedgkuh lpeqp dye ij vk gh xbZA u[k&f'k[k ls izes &dgkuh gh Fkh] ij fdlh nwljh nqfu;k dh dgkuh] ftlls eSa ifjfpr ugha FkkA rc eSa dkfyt NksM+ pqdk Fkk] vkSj firkth osQ O;kikj esa gkFk c¡Vkus yxk FkkA dkfyt osQ fnu ihNs NwVrs tk jgs Fks] vkSj vkxs dh nqfu;k cM+h mQViVk¡x vkSj csrd q h&lh u”kj vk jgh FkhA
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eksVs xÙks dh ftYn okyh ml uksVcqd ls vki lHkh ifjfpr gksaxs] ftlosQ iUuksa ij lky osQ 365 fnuksa dh frfFk;k¡ Øe ls lth gksrh gSa vkSj gj frfFk osQ lkFk ,d ;k vkèks i`"B dh [kkyh txg NksM+h tkrh gSA ;g [kkyh txg ml frfFk fo'ks"k osQ lkFk lac¼ lwpukvksa ;k futh ckrksa dks ntZ djus osQ fy, gksrh gSA elyu] vkusokys fdlh [kkl fnu osQ fy, r;'kqnk nkf;Ro vkSj dk;Z&;kstuk,¡ mlesa fy[k dj NksM+h tk ldrh gSa] rkfd Mk;jh ml frfFk osQ vkus ij gesa gekjs ladYi dh ;kn fnyk nsA blh rjg geus dHkh dksbZ ,slk dke fd;k ;k fdlh ,sls vuqHko ls xq”kjs] ftls ge ;kn j[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks mls Mk;jh esa ml frfFk fo'ks"k osQ iUus ij ntZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk djosQ ge vius dke ;k vuqHko dks fyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lqjf{kr fBdkus ij igq¡pk nsrs gSa vkSj lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd og foLe`fr dk f'kdkj u gksA
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,suh izSaQd (1929&1945) teZuh esa iSnk gqbZ ,d ;gwnh yM+dh FkhA teZuh esa tc ukf”k;ksa dh lÙkk dk;e gqbZ vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ij vR;kpkj 'kq: gq,] rks og ifjokj lesr ,ELVMZe pyh xbZA fiQj uhnjySaM~l ij Hkh ukf”k;ksa dk dC”kk gqvk vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ij vR;kpkj dk nkSj ogk¡ Hkh 'kq: gks x;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa tqykbZ] 1942 esa mldk ifjokj ,d nÝ+rj osQ xqIr dejs esa Nqi dj jgus yxk] tgk¡ nks lky fcrkus osQ ckn os ukf”k;ksa dh idM+ esa vk x, vkSj mUgsa ;kruk&oSaQi esa igq¡pk fn;k x;kA ;gk¡ iQjojh ;k ekpZ 1945 esa ,suh dh e`R;q gks xbZA ;gh ugha] mlosQ firk dks NksM+ dj ifjokj dk dksbZ izk.kh thfor ugha cpkA f}rh; egk;q¼ lekIr gksus ij mlosQ firk okil ,ELVMZe igq¡psA ogk¡ mUgksaus ,suh dh Mk;jh dh ryk'k dh vkSj la;ksx ls liQy jgsA ;s Mk;jh ,suh dks mlosQ rsjgosa tUefnu ij feyh Fkh vkSj twu] 1942 ls vxLr] 1944 rd og mlesa viuh [kkl&[kkl ckrsa vkSj uk”kh vkrad osQ vuqHkoksa dks fy[krh jgh FkhA mlosQ firk us eglwl fd;k fd ,suh dh Mk;jh bfrgkl osQ ml Hk;kog nkSj dk ,d vizfre nLrkos”k gSA mUgksaus mls izdkf'kr djokus dh nkSM+&èkwi 'kq: dhA 1947 esa ewyr% Mp esa fy[kh xbZ ;g Mk;jh vaxzs”kh esa ^n Mk;jh vkWIkQ v ;ax xyZ* osQ uke ls izdkf'kr gqbZA ;g chloha lnh dh lokZfèkd i<+h xbZ iqLrdksa esa ls gSA dbZ txg bls ikB~;Øe esa Hkh j[kk x;k gSA bY;k bgjucqxZ us ,d okD; esa bl iqLrd dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSµ¶;g lkB yk[k yksxksa dh rjI+kQ ls cksyus okyh ,d vkok”k gSµ,d ,slh vkok”k] tks fdlh lar ;k dfo dh ugha] cfYd ,d lkèkkj.k yM+dh dh gSA¸
Mk;jh fy[kus dh dyk
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eq[; fVIi.k (uks¯Vx)
168
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(Kku izdk'k) lgk;d
è;ku nsus dh Ckkrsa 4 fdlh Hkh fopkjkèkhu i=k vFkok izdj.k dks fuiVkus osQ fy, ml ij tks jk;] earO;] vkns'k vFkok funsZ'k fn;k 4 4 4 4 4 4
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4 4 4 4 4 4
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Jh Kku izdk'k th osQ Kku ls izdkf'kr gksus osQ ckn I+kQkby vc 'kadju th osQ ikl vk xbZA os rks igys ls gh Hkjs cSBs FksA Kku izdk'k th dh fVIi.kh dks i<+us osQ ckn mudh ckNsa f[ky xb±A Kku izdk'k th dh eq[; fVIi.kh osQ uhps mUgksaus viuh vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh oqQN bl izdkj ls ntZ dhµ
169
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mifuns'kd (iz'kklu)
è;ku nsus dh Ckkrsa 4 lgk;d] vkjafHkd ;k eq[; fVIi.kh dks tc lacafèkr vfèkdkjh osQ ikl Hkstrk gS rks og vfèkdkjh fVIi.kh i<+us osQ
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e 4 vxj vf/dkjh vius vèkhuLFk dh fVIi.kh ls iwjh rjg lger gS exj mls vkSj l'kDr ,oa roZQlaxr cukus osQ
fy, viuh vksj ls Hkh oqQN tksMu+ k pkgrk gS rks og viuk earO; vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh osQ :i esa ntZ dj nsrk gSA 4 ;fn vfèkdkjh iw.kZr% vlger gS ;k vkaf'kd :i ls lger gS rks og vius roZQ vkSj dkj.kksa osQ lkFk viuh vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh djrk gSA 4 vfèkdkjh dks vèkhuLFk dh fVIi.kh dks dkVus] cnyus ;k gVkus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA og osQoy viuh lgefr] vkaf'kd lgefr ;k vlgefr O;Dr dj ldrk gSA 4 vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh izk;% laf{kIr gksrh gS ysfdu vlgefr dh fLFkfr esa dbZ ckj bl izdkj dh fVIi.kh cM+h Hkh gks ldrh gSA
vc I+kQkby ,d vkSj lh<+h p<+dj jktoqQekj 'kekZ th dh es”k ij vk xbZ tks mifuns'kd (iz'kklu) gSaA dkedkt dks os cM+h gh n{krk vkSj IkqQrhZ ls fuiVkrs gSa] os fu;eksa osQ ikcan gSa vkSj mlesa dksrkgh mUgsa ilan ughaA tc Hkh dksbZ I+kQkby mu rd igq¡prh gS] rks os mlesa fdlh xksrk[kksj dh rjg Mqcdh yxkrs gSa vkSj eksrh fudky ykrs gSaA bl I+kQkby dh xgjkbZ esa Hkh os oqQN blh izdkj mrjsA fopkj osQ tks eksrh fudys mls mUgksaus I+kQkby ij bl izdkj tM+kµ 170
eSa lgk;d ls lger gw¡A lkFk gh ;g Hkh tksM+uk pkgw¡xk fd 23 uoacj] 2004 dks tc ifji=k tkjh fd;k x;k Fkk rc dkWy dh njsa ”;knk Fkha tks vc dkI+kQh fxj pqdh gSaA ,sls esa ;g lkI+kQ gS fd izdkjkarj ls fuèkkZfjr O;; lhek vius vki gh c<+ xbZ gSA bls vkSj ?kVk fn;k tk, rks laLFkk osQ [kpZ esa deh vk,xh tks yksdfgr esa gksxkA eaS vuqHkkx vfèkdkjh osQ bl lq>ko ls lger ugha gw¡ fd lhek ls vfèkd dh èku jkf'k funs'kd osQ osru ls olwyh tkuh pkfg,A ysfdu muls foLrkj esa Li"Vhdj.k ek¡xk tk ldrk gSA fopkjkFkZ (jkt oqQekj 'kekZ) miegkfuns'kd (iz'kklu) mifuns'kd (iz'kklu) I+kQkby vc xqI+kQjku vgen] mi egkfuns'kd (iz'kklu) osQ ikys esa FkhA mUgksaus I+kQkby dks i<+us osQ ckn lgefr Lo:i gLrk{kj dj fn,A I+kQkby dk vxyk iM+ko egkfuns'kd osQ ikl FkkA ef.kdkar eaMy] egkfuns'kd FksA viuh iwjh O;Lrrk osQ ckotwn os gj I+kQkby iwjh xgjkbZ ls i<+rs FksA nÝ+rj esa nl ?kaVs cSBus ij Hkh dke dk cks> cuk jgrk Fkk vkSj tc os nsj jkr ?kj ykSVrs rks I+kQkbyksa dk xêòj lkFk&lkFk tkrkA ?kj vkbZ I+kQkbysa mudh iRuh dks lkSr dh rjg yxrha exj og Hkh Fkd&gkjdj le>kSrk dj pqdh FkhaA eaMy th ,d vuqHkoh vkSj lqy>s balku FksA I+kQkby i<+dj mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd uhps osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa us fu;ekuqlkj lgh fVIi.kh fy[kh gSA ysfdu os eqacbZ dk;kZy; osQ funs'kd osQ i{k ls Hkh lger FksA nkSjs ij eqacbZ vkrs&tkrs mUgsa ogk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku FkkA mUgksaus lksp&fopkj osQ ckn viuh fVIi.kh bl izdkj fy[khA
dk;kZy;h ys[ku vkSj izfozQ;k
iz'kklu foHkkx osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa us fu;ekuqlkj lgh fVIi.kh fy[kh gSA exj funs'kd us [kpZ dh lhek osQ vfrØe.k osQ tks dkj.k fn, gSa mUgsa Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vius nkSjksa esa eSaus ;g ik;k fd fiNys Ng eghuksa osQ nkSjku osaQnz dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa tks c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS mUgsa è;ku esa j[krs gq, eksckby I+kQksu ij gqvk [kpZ mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA [kpZ dh lhek lacaèkh ifji=k rS;kj djus osQ Øe esa vyx&vyx osaQnzksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk x;k gSA eqacbZ dh rqyuk vU; LFkkuksa ls ugha gks ldrhA vr% eqacbZ osQ fy, [kpZ dh lhek c<+k dj Ng g”kkj #i, izfrekl djuk ;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA p¡wfd ekfld O;; lacaèkh fiNyk ifji=k cksMZ dh vuqefr osQ ckn tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA vr% cksMZ dh vxyh cSBd esa bl iwjs elys dks izLrqr dj mudh vuqefr yh tkuh pkfg,A
miegkfuns'kd (iz'kklu)
(ef.kdkar eaMy) egkfuns'kd
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Loo`Ùk (ck;ksMsVk) ys[ku vkSj jkstxkj laca/h vkosnu i=k
ujasnz us loky fd;k i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ ;k vuqHko dh ppkZ rks Bhd gS exj dk;sZrj xfrfofèk;ksa dh ppkZ D;ksa ”k:jh gSA pkpk th lksI+ksQ ij cSBs&cSBs FkksM+s cksj gks jgs FksA os [kM+s gksdj dejs esa pgydneh djus yxs vkSj f[kM+dh osQ ikl [kMs+ gksdj dgus yxs] ¶tc fu;ksDrk fdlh mEehnokj dks pquus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gS rks mlosQ laiw.kZ O;fDrRo dks è;ku esa j[krk gSA dk;sZrj xfrfofèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls mEehnokj osQ O;fDrRo osQ ckjs esa vPNh tkudkfj;k¡ feyrh gaS vkSj in osQ fy, mldh ;ksX;rk dks r; djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA elyu ;fn dksbZ mEehnokj vPNk iqQVckWy f[kykM+h gS rks ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd mlesa Vhe Hkkouk vo'; gh gksxhA vxj fdlh dks Hkk"k.k ;k okn&fookn esa <sjksa iqjLdkj fey pqosQ gSa rks blls mldh oko~QiVqrk vkSj laHkk"k.k dyk dk irk pyrk gSA ;fn rqEgkjh ,slh dksbZ xfrfofèk ;k gkWch gks] tks rqEgkjh mEehnokjh dks lcy cukrs gksa rks mudh ppkZ djuk er HkwyukA¸ ujsanz cksy iM+k] ¶pkpkth eq>s rks Hkk"k.k vkSj okn&fookn esa cgqr lkjs iqjLdkj feys gSaA i;ZVu dk Hkh eq>s 'kkSd gSA D;k eq>s vius Loo`Ùk esa budh ppkZ djuh pkfg, FkhA¸ ¶pkpk th FkksM+k xqLlk fn[kkrs gq, cksys] D;k vc rd rqe budh ppkZ djuk Hkwy tkrs Fks\ vxj rqe ekosZQfVax ,D”kD;wfVo dk in ikuk pkgrs gks rks rqEgkjh bl izdkj dh xfrfofèk;k¡ rqEgsa vU; mEehnokjksa ls ehyksa vkxs ys tk ldrh gSaA ekosZQfVax ,D”kD;wfVo osQ :i esa oSls yksx liQy lkfcr gksrs gSa tks oko~QiVq gksa vkSj ftUgsa ?kweuk&fiQjuk vPNk yxrk gksA¸ pkpk th dks vpkud ,d vkSj ckr ;kn vkbZA Loo`Ùk esa nks&rhu oSls yksxksa osQ uke irs Hkh fn, tk ldrs gSa tks mEehnokj osQ fj'rsnkj u gksa exj mldh ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa {kerkvksa ls ifjfpr gksAa ftu yksxksa dk fooj.k fn;k tk, os izfrf"Br O;fDRk gksAa ;fn os mlh {ks=k osQ tkus&ekus yksx gksa ftl {ks=k esa mEehnokj vkosnu dj jgk gS rks ;g lksus ij lqgkxk okyh ckr gSA ¶exj pkpk th! tks mEehnokj igys ls dgha dke dj jgs gSa os rks bl izdkj dk fooj.k vklkuh ls tqVk ysaxs] exj os D;k djsa tks dkWyst ls rqjar fudys gSa vkSj lacafèkr m|ksx ;k {ks=k osQ yksxksa ls ftudk ifjp; ugha gSA¸ pkpk th dk mÙkj Fkkµ¶tks dkWyst ls rqjar fudys gSa mUgsa vius ¯izfliy ;k izksI+ksQljksa osQ uke&irs nsus pkfg,A dkyst ls rqjar fudys Nk=kksa osQ ekeys esa fu;ksDrk] ¯izfliy ;k izksI+ksQljksa dh jk; dks egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gSa D;ksafd bu yksxksa us mEehnokj dks fo|kFkhZ :i eas dbZ o"kks± rd u”knhd ls ns[kk&ij[kk gksrk gSA¸ ujsanz dh lHkh 'kadkvksa dk lekèkku gks x;k FkkA pkpk th dks èkU;okn nsrs gq, cksyk] ¶pkpkth vkius bruh cgqewY; tkudkfj;k¡ nhaA vc 'kk;n Loo`Ùk dh otg ls eSa [kkfjt ugha fd;k tkm¡QxkA 'kk;n vxyh ckj eSa ”k:j liQy gks tkm¡QxkA¸ pkpk th eqldjkrs gq, cksys] ¶èkU;okn bl izdkj ughaA igys eEeh dks pk; osQ fy, cksyks vkSj vkt dk v[kckj ysdj vkvksA eSaus vc rd v[kckj ugha ns[kk gSA vkSj gk¡! tc rd eSa v[kckj dk nSfud ikjk;.k laiUu djrk gw¡ rc rd rqe eq>s viuk ,d Loo`Ùk cukdj fn[kykvksA eSa Hkh rks ns[kw¡ fd esjh ckrksa dk rqe ij D;k vlj iM+k gSA¸
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
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Loo`Ùk (ck;ksMsVk) ys[ku vkSj jkstxkj laca/h vkosnu i=k
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ISBN 81-7450-604-7
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fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksIks+ Qlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) }kjk ukfer Jh v'kksd oktis;h vkSj izksI+ksQlj lR;izdk'k feJ dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA u;h fnYyh 20 fnlacj 2005
funs'kd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
;g iqLrd fo|kfFZk;ksa dh lgt Hkk"kk vfHkO;fDr dk rkdroj ”kfj;k cusA LowQyh thou ls gh os ckgj dh fo'kky nqfu;k esa >k¡osaQ] thou&txr osQ vusd :iksa dks le>s&cw>sa] jax&fcajxs liuksa dk rkuk&ckuk iSQykuk lh[ksa] eqf'dyksa dks igpkusa vkSj mldk lkeuk dj losaQ ;kuh viuh jkg ryk'kus esa ;k cukus esa os [kqn l{ke gks losaQA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) esa bu fcanqvksa ij [kklk cy gSA bUgha dks è;ku esa j[kdj u, ikB~;Øe osQ rgr mPprj ekè;fed Lrj ij fganh i<+us okys fo|kfFZk;ksa osQ fy, ,d ,slh iqLrd dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ ] tks vfHkO;fDr os Q vyx&vyx ekè;eks a ij os a Q fnz r gks A vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e uked bl iqLrd dh rhu bdkb;k¡ gSaµ tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku] l`tukRed ys[ku vkSj O;kogkfjd ys[kuA ;s rhuksa gh ekè;e ,d fo'ks"k fcanq ij ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj O;kid :i ls lapkj osQ gh vyx&vyx :i gaSA i=kdkfjrk dk lkfgR; ls] lkfgR; dk O;ogkj ls vkSj bu lcdk lapkj ls D;k lacaèk gS\ ;g crkus dh vko';drk ughaA iqLrd dh igyh bdkbZ osQ :i esa tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku lacèa kh lkexzh ik¡p vè;k;ksa esa nh xbZ gSA vius le;] lekt vkSj ns'k osQ izfr tkx:d cukus esa tulapkj ekè;e lcls l'kDr ekè;e osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa Økafr&lh vkbZ gSA lekpkj ekè;eksa dk foLrkj gqvk gS vkSj turk dk blls tqMk+ o c<+k gSA ehfM;k Økafr us tgk¡ ,d vksj iwjs fo'o ls tqMu+ s dk volj fn;k gS ogha nwljh vksj ck”kkj osQ ncko esa vke vkneh] mlosQ lq[k&nq[k] mldh ¯prk,¡] mlosQ ljksdkj] mldh mEehnksa dks gkf'k;s ij j[k fn;k gSA osQa nz esa lsfyfczVh”k gSa vkSj fcdkÅ [kcjsa gSAa ;qok gksrs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g tkuuk gh gksxk fd osQa nz vkSj gkf'k;s dk lary q u r; djus esa mudh dye D;k Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gS\ mUgas ;g le>uk gh gksxk fd ,d [kq'kgky ns'k osQ fuekZ.k vkSj izxfr esa Hkk"kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\ bu lcls vutku vkt osQ cPpksa dks Vsyhfo”ku] jsfM;ks] v[kckj] baVjusV vkSj if=kdk,¡ vkÑ"V rks djrh gS_a tSl]s dgk¡ ls vkrh gaS [kcjs]a oSQls Nirs gSa v[kckj] oSQls tqMs+ gSa vkil esa iwjh nqfu;k osQ rkj\ oxSjgA ysfdu bu lokyksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mUgsa ;g Hkh crk;k tkuk ”k:jh gS fd iwjh nqfu;k osQ rkj tksMu+ s okyh ehfM;k dh tkunkj nqfu;k mudh lfØ; vkSj lpsr igy osQ fcuk fdruh cstku gSA lgh ek;uksa esa lapkj dk ;gh vFkZ gSA ;g iqLrd tulapkj dh nqfu;k dks tkuus] le>us vkSj cPpksa ls mudk rkj tksMu+ s dh fn'kk esa ,d igy dj ldrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd vPNh i=kdkfjrk vPNk lkfgR; gS] mlh rjg ls ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd vPNk lkfgR; vPNh i=kdkfjrk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;kuh nksuksa dk y{; ,d gSA bl iqLrd dh nwljh bdkbZ esa l`tukRed ys[ku lacaèkh vkB vè;k; 'kkfey gSaA lkfgR; futhZo ph”kksa esa Hkh Lianu Hkj nsrk gSA ;g Lianu Hkjuk gh l`tukRedrk gSA bl izfØ;k ls tqM+uk osQoy unh] igkM+] iwQy] rkjs] ckny] [ksr vkfn dks gh ugha cfYd [kqn
vi
dks Hkh u, Lianu ls Hkjuk gSA bldh igpku osQ lgkjs cPps fu'p; gh ,d ltho nqfu;k jpus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSaA vkt dyk vkSj lkfgR; cPpksa osQ fy, vokLrfod vkSj vewrZ dYiuk cudj jg x;k gSA mUgsa ;g tkudkjh nsuk ”k:jh gS fd gj jpuk dh vk/kjHkwfe Hkko gksrk gS ftldh tMa+s ;FkkFkZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA jpukRed izfØ;k ls gksdj xq”kjuk mudh vewrZ dYiuk dks ;FkkFkZ vkSj fo'okl ls tksM+us esa leFkZ gks ldrk gSA ;w¡ rks ys[ku ls cPpksa dk laioZQ vkSj laca/ LowQyh nqfu;k esa izos'k osQ lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA ysfdu l`tu D;k gS\ ;g bu cPpksa dks ugha irk gksrkA elyu oSQls curh gS dfork\ miU;kl] dgkuh vkSj ukVd vkfn dk ys[ku oSQls gksrk gS\ l`tukRedrk dh cqukoV dh igpku tgk¡ muesa ,d vksj jpuk'khyrk osQ izfr yyd iSnk dj mUgsa jpuk'khy cukrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;sRkj ys[ku dks tkuus&le>us esa Hkh ennxkj gks ldrh gSA i=kdkfjrk vkSj lkfgR; tgk¡ ,d vksj fo|kFkhZ dks f”kEesnkj ukxfjd vkSj jpukRed O;fDrRo ns ldus esa lgk;d gksaxs] ogha O;kogkfjd ys[ku dh tkudkjh bl f”kEesnkjh osQ fuokZg esa ennxkj gksxhA lkFk gh ;g iz;kstuewyd ¯gnh osQ fo'kky iQyd dks tkuus dk ”kfj;k cu ldrh gSA iqLrd dh rhljh bdkbZ esa O;kogkfjd ys[ku laca/h rhu vè;k; 'kkfey gSaA blh osQ rgr 'kCndks'k dk ifjp; Hkh j[kk x;k gSA bldh izLrqfr dgkuh osQ
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr ukeoj flag] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh eq[; lykgdkj iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] iwoZ izksI+ksQlj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh eq[; leUo;d jketUe 'kekZ] iwoZ izkIs k+ Qs lj ,oa vè;{k] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh lnL; vrqy flUgk] iwoZ lykgdkj izksIk+ sQlj] tkxj.k baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ eSustesaV ,aM ekl oQE;wfuosQ'ku] uks,Mk vferkHk JhokLro] Lora=k jaxdehZ] u;h fnYyh vlxj otkgr] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh vkuan iz/ku] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh xksfoan flag] iwoZ laiknd] vej mtkyk] u;h fnYyh nsosUnz jkt vaoqQj] iwoZ funs'kd] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh /hjatu ekyos] fo'ks"k dk;Z vf/dkjh] izlkj Hkkjrh] u;h fnYyh fiz;n'kZu] lekpkj laiknd] ,u-Mh-Vh-oh- bafM;k] u;h fnYyh e/qdj mikè;k;] iwoZ laiknd] yksder] ukxiqj egsUnziky 'kekZ] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh latho oqQekj] ofj"B izoDrk] ns'kca/q dkWyst] dkydkth] u;h fnYyh lqHkk"k /wfy;k] izksI+ksQlj] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh gseUr tks'kh] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh lnL;&leUo;d laè;k flag] izksI+ksQlj] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
Hkkjr dk la fo/ku mísf'kdk 1
ge] Hkkjr osQ yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d ¹la iw.kZ izHkqRo&la iUu lektoknh ia Fkfujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;º cukus osQ fy,] rFkk mlosQ leLr ukxfjdksa dks % lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /eZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora =krk] izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djkus osQ fy,] rFkk mu lc esa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj 2 ¹jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[ka Mrkº lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/qrk c<+kus osQ fy, n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/ku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj] 1949 bZ- dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafo/ku dks vaxhÑr] vf/fu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA 1- lafo/ku (c;kyhloka la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1976 dh /kjk 2 }kjk (3-1-1977 ls) ^^izHkqRo&laiUu yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;** osQ LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA 2- lafo/ku (c;kyhloka la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1976 dh /kjk 2 }kjk (3-1-1977 ls) ^^jk"Vª dh ,drk** osQ LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA
vkHkkj bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr vkse xqIrk] i=kdkj] u;h fnYyh] m"kk 'kekZ] ofj"B izoDrk] MkbV] eksrh ckx] u;h fnYyh_ uhyoaQB oqQekj] vè;kid] izfrHkk fodkl fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh_ vuqjkèkk] vè;kfidk] ljnkj iVsy fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh_ uwru >k] vè;kfidk] ehjkafcdk fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh osQ ge vkHkkjh gSaA bZnxkg lacaèkh js[kkadu osQ fy, vt; eksgarh] lkexzh lap;u osQ fy, usg: Lekjd iqLdky;] u;h fnYyh ,oa ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh osQ ge ÑrK gSaA bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, daI;wVj LVs'ku (Hkk"kk foHkkx) osQ izHkkjh] ij'kjke dkSf'kd] Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj t; izdk'k jk;] lfpu oqQekj rFkk fot; oqQekj_ dkWih ,fMVj izeksn frokjh] lehuk mLekuh] lqfiz;k xqIrk] lrh'k >k_ izwiQ jhMj] deys'k oqQekjh osQ izfr ge vkHkkjh gSaA
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku Hkkx 4d
ukxfjdksa osQ ewy drZO; vuqPNsn 51 d ewy drZO; & Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og & (d) lafo/ku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlosQ vkn'kks±] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djs_ ([k) Lora=krk osQ fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks± dks ân; esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djs_ (x) Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djs vkSj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ks_ (?k) ns'k dh j{kk djs vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djs_ (Ä) Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks /eZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij vkèkkfjr lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djs tks efgykvksa osQ lEeku osQ fo#n~/ gkas_ (p) gekjh lkekfld laLd`fr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egRRo le>s vkSj mldk ifjj{k.k djs_ (N) izkd` frd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSj mldk laoèkZu djs rFkk izkf.kek=k osQ izfr n;kHkko j[ks_ (t) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs_ (>) lkoZtfud laifRr daaks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgs_ (×k) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~ iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"Vª fujarj c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/ dh ubZ m¡Qpkb;ksa dks Nw losQ_ vkSj (V) ;fn ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd gS] Ng o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ rd dh vk;q okys vius] ;FkkfLFkfr] ckyd ;k izfrikY; dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djsA
fo"k;&Øe vkeq[k
iii
;g iqLrd
v
bdkbZ ,d
1–102
tulapkj ekè;e vkSj ys[ku 1-
tulapkj ekè;e (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
3
2-
i=kdkfjrk osQ fofoèk vk;ke (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
28
3-
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
47
4-
i=kdkjh; ys[ku ds fofHkUu :i vkSj ys[ku izfØ;k (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
67
5-
fo'ks"k ys[kuµLo:i vkSj izdkj (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
87
bdkbZ nks
103–162
l`tukRed ys[ku 6-
oSQls curh gS dfork (d{kk 12 osQ ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
105
7-
ukVd fy[kus dk O;kdj.k (d{kk 12 osQ ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
114
8-
oSQls fy[ksa dgkuh (d{kk 12 osQ ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
120
9-
Mk;jh fy[kus dh dyk (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
128
10- dFkk&iVdFkk (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
134
xii
11- oSQls djsa dgkuh dk ukV~; :ikarj.k (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
140
12- oSQls curk gS jsfM;ks ukVd (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
147
13- u, vkSj vizR;kf'kr fo"k;ksa ij ys[ku (d{kk 12 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
155
bdkbZ rhu
163–208
O;kogkfjd ys[ku 14- dk;kZy;h ys[ku vkSj izfØ;k (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
165
15- Loo`Ùk ys[ku vkSj jkstxkj lacaèkh vkosnu i=k (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj vkSj ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
182
16- 'kCndks'k] lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh mi;ksxh fof/ vkSj ifjp; (d{kk 11 osQ vkèkkj ikB~;Øe osQ fy,)
193
ifjf'k"V&1
203
ifjf'k"V&2
205
ifjf'k"V&3
206
ifjf'k"V&1
vFkZ gS og [kkyh txg Hkh tks 'kCnksa osQ chp gksrh ftlesa mTToyrk Hkjrs gh 'kCn txexkus yxrs µoaqQoj ukjk;.k ¯gnh dfo
(d) u, 'kCn viMsfVaxµfofHk osclkbVksa ij miyCèk lkexzh dks le;≤ ij la'kksf/r vkSj ifjofèkZr fd;k tkrk gSA bls gh viMs¯Vx dgrs gSaA vkWfM,alµtulapkj ekè;eksa osQ lkFk tqM+k ,d fo'ks"k 'kCnA ;g tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ n'kZdksa] Jksrkvksa vkSj ikBdksa osQ fy, lkewfgd :i ls bLrseky gksus okyk 'kCn gSA vkWi&,Mµlekpkji=kksa esa laikndh; i`"B osQ lkeus izdkf'kr gksus okyk og iÂk ftlesa fo'ys"k.k] I+kQhpj] LraHk] lk{kkRdkj vkSj fopkjiw.kZ fVIif.k;k¡ izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA fganh osQ cgqr de lekpkji=kksa esa vkWi&,M i`"B izdkf'kr gksrk gS ysfdu vax”sz kh osQ fganw vkSj bafM;u ,Dlizl s tSls v[kckjksa esa vkWi&,M i`"B ns[kk tk ldrk gSA MsMykbuµlekpkj ekè;eksa esa fdlh lekpkj dks izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr gksus osQ fy, igqp ¡ us dh vkf[kjh le;&lhek dks MsMykbu dgrs gSaA vxj dksbZ lekpkj MsMykbu fudyus osQ ckn feyrk gS rks vkerkSj ij mlosQ izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr gksus dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA MsLdµlekpkj ekè;eksa esa MsLd dk vk'k; laiknu ls gksrk gSA lekpkj ekè;eksa esa eksVs rkSj ij laikndh; d{k MsLd vkSj fjiksfV±x esa c¡Vk gksrk gSA MsLd ij lekpkjksa dks laikfnr fd;k tkrk gSa mls Nius ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gSA U;w”kisxµU;wtisx dk vFkZ gS fdlh eqís ij fy[ks tk jgs ys[k ;k I+kQhpj esa ml rk”kk ?kVuk dk mYys[k] ftlosQ dkj.k og eqík ppkZ esa vk x;k gSA tSls vxj vki ekè;fed cksMZ dh ijh{kkvksa esa ljdkjh LowQyksa osQ csgrj gks jgs izn'kZu ij ,d fjiksVZ fy[k jgs gSa rks mldk U;w”kisx lhch,lbZ dk rk”kk ijh{kk ifj.kke gksxkA blh rjg 'kgj esa efgykvksa osQ f[kykI+kQ c<+ jgs vijkèk ij I+kQhpj dk U;w”kisx lcls rk”kh og ?kVuk gksxh ftlesa fdlh efgyk osQ f[kykI+kQ vijkèk gqvk gSA ihr i=kdkfjrk (;syks tuZfy”e)µbl 'kCn dk lcls igys bLrseky mUuhloha lnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa vesfjdk esa oqQN izeq[k lekpkji=kksa osQ chp ikBdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ fy, fNM+s la?k"kZ osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ml le; osQ ize[q k lekpkji=kksa us ikBdksa dks yqHkkus osQ fy, >wBh vI+kQokgks]a O;fDrxr vkjksiµizR;kjksiks]a izes lacèa kks]a HkaMkiQksM+ vkSj fI+kQYeh xi'ki dks lekpkj dh rjg izdkf'kr fd;kA mlesa luluh iSQykus dk rÙo vge FkkA ist Fkzh i=kdkfjrkµist Fkzh i=kdkfjrk dk rkRi;Z ,slh i=kdkfjrk ls gS ftlesa I+kSQ'ku] vehjksa dh ikfVZ;ksa] egfI+kQyksa vkSj tkus&ekus yksxksa (lsyhfczVh) osQ futh thou osQ ckjs esa crk;k tkrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij lekpkji=kksa osQ i`"B rhu ij izdkf'kr gksrh jgh gSA blfy, bls ist Fkzh i=kdkfjrk dgrs gSAa gky¡kfd vc ;g ”k:jh ugha gS fd ;g i`"B rhu ij gh izdkf'kr gksrh gks ysfdu bl i=kdkfjrk osQ rgr vc Hkh ”kksj mUgha fo"k;ksa ij gSA izQhDosalh ekWM~;wys'ku (,I+kQ-,e-)µjsfM;ks izlkj.k dh ,d fo'ks"k rduhd ftles izQhDosalh dks ekWM~;wysV fd;k tkrk gSA jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k nks rduhdksa osQ ”kfj;s gksrk gS ftlesa ,d rduhd ,eIyhP;wM ekWM~;wys'ku (,-,e-) gS vkSj nwljk izQhDosalh ekWM~;wys'ku (,I+kQ-,e-)A ,I+kQ-,e- rduhd vis{kko`Qr u;h gS vkSj bldh izlkj.k dh xq.koÙkk cgqr vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA ysfdu ,-,e- jsfM;ks dh rqyuk esa ,I+kQ-,e- osQ izlkj.k dk nk;jk lhfer gksrk gSA
203
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8
tSls dHkh vki vius fe=k dks b'kkjs ls cqykrs gSaA ”kkfgj gS fd ;g b'kkjk Hkh lapkj gSA bls lkaosQfrd lapkj dgrs gSaA tc ge vius ls cM+ksa dks lEeku ls iz.kke djrs gSa rks mlesa ekSf[kd lapkj osQ lkFk&lkFk nksuksa gFksfy;k¡ tksM+dj iz.kke dk b'kkjk Hkh djrs gSaA bl rjg ,d gh lkFk ekSf[kd vkSj vekSf[kd lapkj gksrk gSA tSls ge fdlh ls ckrsa djrs gq, viuh vk¡[kksa] psgjs] gkFk dh xfr vkSj Loj osQ mrkj&p<+ko osQ ”kfj;s ekSf[kd lapkj dh vekSf[kd fØ;kvksa dh enn dj jgs gksrs gSaA ekSf[kd lapkj dh liQyrk esa vekSf[kd lapkj dh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA gekjs thou dh oqQN lcls egÙoiw.kZ Hkkouk,¡ ekSf[kd ls dgha ”;knk vekSf[kd lapkj osQ ”kfj;s O;Dr gksrh gSa tSlsµ[kq'kh] nq[k] izse] Mj] vkfnA lapkj osQ fofHkUu :iksa dks ge ,d vkSj rjg ls ns[k ldrs gSaA ;kn dhft,] tc vki vosQys esa gksrs gSa rks D;k dj jgs gksrs gSa\ vki oqQN lksp jgs gksrs gSa] oqQN ;kstuk cuk jgs gksrs gSa ;k fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh ,d lapkj gSA bl lapkj&izfØ;k esa lapkjd vkSj izkIRkdrkZ ,d gh O;fDr gksrk gSA ;g lapkj dk lcls cqfu;knh :i gSA bls var%oS;fDrd (baVªkilZuy) lapkj dgrs gSaA ge tc iwtk] bcknr ;k izkFkZuk djrs oDr è;ku esa gksrs gSa rks og Hkh var%oS;fDrd lapkj dk mnkgj.k gSA fdlh Hkh lapkj dh 'kqjQvkr ;gha ls gksrh gSA ge igys lksprs gSa] fiQj fdlh vkSj ls laokn djrs gSaA Li"V gS fd fdlh fo"k; ;k eqís ij lksp&fopkj djuk ;k fopkj&eaFku Hkh lapkj dk gh ,d :i gSA ysfdu tc nks O;fDr vkil esa vkSj vkeus&lkeus lapkj djrs gSa rks bls varjoS;fDrd (baVjilZuy) lapkj dgrs gSaA bl lapkj esa I+kQhMcSd rRdky izkIRk gksrk gSA varjoS;fDrd lapkj dh enn ls gh ge vkilh lacaèk fodflr djrs gSa vkSj viuh jks”kejkZ dh ”k:jrsa iwjh djrs gSaA lapkj dk ;g :i ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd fj'rksa dh cqfu;kn gSA vius O;fDrxr thou esa liQyrk osQ fy, gekjk varjoS;fDrd lapkj dk dkS'ky mUur vkSj izHkkoh gksuk pkfg,A bl dkS'ky dh ”k:jr gesa dne&dne ij iM+rh gSA ukSdjh vkSj nkf[kys osQ fy, gksus okys baVjO;w esa vkiosQ blh dkS'ky dh ij[k gksrh gSA lapkj dk rhljk izdkj gSµlewg lapkjA blesa ,d lewg vkil esa fopkj&foe'kZ ;k ppkZ djrk gSA tSls vkidh d{kk lewg lapkj dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA bl lapkj esa ge tks oqQN Hkh dgrs gS]a og fdlh ,d ;k nks O;fDr osQ fy, u gksdj iwjs lewg osQ fy, gksrk gSA lewg lapkj dk mi;ksx lekt vkSj ns'k osQ lkeus mifLFkr leL;kvksa dks ckrphr vkSj cgl&eqckfgls osQ ”kfj;s gy djus osQ fy, gksrk gSA laln esa tc fofHkUu eqíksa ij ppkZ gksrh gS rks ;g Hkh lewg lapkj dk gh ,d mnkgj.k gSA blh rjg xk¡o dh iapk;r ;k fdlh lfefr dh cSBd Hkh lewg lapkj dk mnkgj.k gS] tgk¡ xk¡o osQ yksx ;k lfefr osQ lnL; vkil esa ppkZ dj fdlh fu.kZ; rd igqp ¡ rs gSAa lapkj dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ vkSj vkf[kjh izdkj gSµtulapkj (ekl dE;qfuosQ'ku)A tc ge O;fDr;ksa osQ lewg osQ lkFk izR;{k laokn dh ctk; fdlh rduhdh ;k ;kaf=kd ekè;e osQ ”kfj;s lekt osQ ,d fo'kky oxZ ls laokn dk;e djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa rks bls tulapkj dgrs gSAa
tulapkj ekè;e
blesa ,d lans'k dks ;kaf=kd ekè;e osQ ”kfj;s cgqxqf.kr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mls vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa rd igq¡pk;k tk losQA blosQ fy, gesa fdlh midj.k ;k ekè;e dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSµelyu v[kckj] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh-] flusek ;k baVjusVA v[kckj esa izdkf'kr gksus okys lekpkj ogh gksrs gSa ysfdu izsl osQ ”kfj;s mudh g”kkjksa&yk[kksa izfr;k¡ izdkf'kr djosQ fo'kky ikBd oxZ rd igq¡pkbZ tkrh gSaA
tulapkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ tulapkj esa I+kQhMcSd rqjar ugha izkIr gksrk gSA tulapkj osQ Jksrkvksa] ikBdksa vkSj n'kZdksa dk nk;jk cgqr O;kid gksrk gSA lkFk gh mudk xBu Hkh cgqr iapesy gksrk gSA tSls fdlh Vsyhfo”ku pSuy osQ n'kZdksa esa vehj oxZ Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj xjhc oxZ Hkh] 'kgjh Hkh vkSj xzkeh.k Hkh] iq#"k Hkh vkSj efgyk Hkh] ;qok rFkk o`¼ HkhA blosQ vykok mueas dksbZ fnYyh esa cSBk gks ldrk gS vkSj dksbZ iVuk esaA ysfdu lHkh ,d gh le; Vh-oh- ij viuh ilan dk dk;ZozQe ns[k jgs gks ldrs gSaA blh ls tqM+h tulapkj dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ ”kfj;s izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr lans'kksa dh izÑfr lkoZtfud gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd varjOkS;fDrd ;k lewg lapkj dh rqyuk esa tulapkj osQ lans'k lcosQ fy, gksrs gSaA tulapkj dk lapkj osQ vU; :iksa ls ,d I+kQoZQ ;g Hkh gS fd blesa lapkjd vkSj izkIrdrkZ osQ chp dksbZ lhèkk lacaèk ugha gksrk gSA izkIrdrkZ ;kuh ikBd] Jksrk vkSj n'kZd lapkjd dks mldh lkoZtfud Hkwfedk osQ dkj.k igpkurk gSA lapkj osQ vU; :iksa dh rqyuk esa tulapkj osQ fy, ,d vkSipkfjd laxBu dh Hkh ”k:jr iM+rh gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu osQ fcuk tulapkj ekè;eksa dks pykuk eqf'dy gSA tSls lekpkji=k fdlh u fdlh laxBu ls izdkf'kr gksrk gS ;k jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k fdlh jsfM;ks laxBu dh vksj ls fd;k tkrk gSA tulapkj ekè;eksa dh ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd muesa <sj lkjs }kjiky (xsVdhij) dke djrs gSaA }kjiky og O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS tks tulapkj ekè;eksa ls izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr gksus okyh lkexzh dks fu;af=kr vkSj fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA fdlh tulapkj ekè;e esa dke djus okys }kjiky gh r; djrs gSa fd ogk¡ fdl rjg dh lkexzh izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr dh tk,xhA tSls fdlh lekpkji=k esa laiknd vkSj mlosQ lgk;dµlekpkj laiknd] lgk;d laiknd] milaiknd vkfn ;g r; djrs gSa fd lekpkji=k esa D;k Nisxk] fdruk Nisxk vkSj fdl rjg NisxkA blh rjg Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks esa Hkh }kjiky gksrs gSa tks mlls izlkfjr gksus okyh lkexzh dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA tulapkj ekè;eksa esa }kjiky dh Hkwfedk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh gSA ;g mudh gh f”kEesnkjh gS fd os lkoZtfud fgr] i=kdkfjrk osQ fl¼karksa] ewY;ksa vkSj vkpkj lafgrk osQ vuqlkj lkexzh dks laikfnr djsa vkSj mlosQ ckn gh muosQ izlkj.k ;k izdk'ku dh btk”kr nsaA
9
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
lapkj osQ dk;Z vki vius jks”kejkZ osQ thou esa lapkj dk [kwc bLrseky djrs gSaA fu'p; gh vki mlosQ mi;ksx vkSj dk;ks± ls cgqr gn rd ifjfpr gSaA lapkj fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj lapkj osQ dbZ dk;Z gSaA buesa ls oqQN dk;ks± dks ge ;gk¡ js[kkafdr dj ldrs gSaµ 1- lapkj dk iz;ksx ge oqQN gkfly djus ;k izkIr djus osQ fy, djrs gSaA tSls vius nksLr ls fdrkc ek¡xus osQ fy,A
10
3- lwpukµoqQN tkuus osQ fy, ;k oqQN crkus osQ fy, Hkh ge lapkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
2- fu;a=k.kµlapkj osQ ”kfj;s ge fdlh osQ O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa ;kuh mls ge ,d [kkl rjhosQ ls O;ogkj djus osQ fy, dgrs gSAa tSls d{kk esa f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSAa 4- vfHkO;fDrµlapkj dk mi;ksx ge viuh Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, ;k vius dks ,d [kkl rjg ls izLrqr djus osQ fy, Hkh djrs gSAa
5- lkekftd laioZQµ lapkj dk iz;ksx ge ,d lewg esa vkilh laidks± dks c<+kus osQ fy, Hkh djrs gSaA 6- lapkj dk iz;ksx vdlj ge viuh leL;kvksa ;k fdlh ¯prk dks nwj djus osQ fy, djrs gSaA 7- lapkj dk ç;ksx ge viuh #fp dh fdlh oLrq ;k fo"k; osQ izfr izfrfozQ;k O;Dr djus osQ fy, Hkh djrs gSaA
8- blosQ lkFk gh lapkj dk iz;ksx ge viuh fdlh Hkwfedk dks iwjk djus osQ fy, djrs gSa D;ksfa d ;gh ifjfLFkfr dh ek¡x gksrh gSA tSls vki ,d fo|kFkhZ osQ :i esa ;k ,d MkWDVj ;k ,d tt osQ :i esa viuh Hkwfedk osQ vuqlkj lapkj djrs gSAa
tulapkj ekè;e
tulapkj osQ dk;Z ftl izdkj lapkj osQ dbZ dk;Z gSa] mlh rjg tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ Hkh dbZ dk;Z gSaA muesa ls oqQN izeq[k dk;Z bl izdkj gSaµ 4 lwpuk nsukµtulapkj ekè;eksa dk ize[ q k dk;Z lwpuk nsuk gSA geas muosQ ”kfj;s gh nqfu;kHkj ls
lwpuk,¡ izkIr gksrh gSAa gekjh ”k:jrksa dk cM+k fgLlk tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ ”kfj;s gh iwjk gksrk gSA 4 f'kf{kr djukµtulapkj ekè;e lwpukvksa osQ ”kfj;s geas tkx:d cukrs gSAa yksdra=k esa tulapkj ekè;eksa dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk turk dks f'kf{kr djus dh gSA ;gk¡ f'kf{kr djus ls vk'k; mUgsa ns'k&nqfu;k osQ gky ls ifjfpr djkus vkSj mlosQ izfr ltx cukus ls gSA 4 euksjatu djukµtulapkj ekè;e euksjatu osQ Hkh izeq[k lkèku gSaA flusek] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks] laxhr osQ Vsi] ohfM;ks vkSj fdrkcsa vkfn euksjatu osQ izeq[k ekè;e gSaA 4 ,tsaMk r; djukµtulapkj ekè;e lwpukvksa vkSj fopkjksa osQ ”kfj;s fdlh ns'k vkSj lekt dk ,tsaMk Hkh r; djrs gSaA tc lekpkji=k vkSj lekpkj pSuy fdlh [kkl ?kVuk ;k eqís dks izeq[krk ls mBkrs gSa ;k mUgsa O;kid dojst nsrs gSa rks os ?kVuk,¡ ;k eqís vke yksxksa esa ppkZ osQ fo"k; cu tkrs gSAa fdlh ?kVuk ;k eqís dks ppkZ dk fo"k; cukdj tulapkj ekè;e ljdkj vkSj lekt dks ml ij vuqoQw y izfrfozQ;k djus osQ fy, ckè; dj nsrs gSAa 4 fuxjkuh djukµfdlh yksdrkaf=kd lekt esa tulapkj ekè;eksa dk ,d vkSj izeq[k dk;Z ljdkj vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ dkedkt ij fuxjkuh j[kuk Hkh gSA vxj ljdkj dksbZ Xkyr dne mBkrh gS ;k fdlh laxBu @ laLFkk esa dksbZ vfu;ferrk cjrh tk jgh gS rks mls yksxksa osQ lkeus ykus dh f”kEesnkjh tulapkj ekè;eksa ij gSA 4 fopkj&foe'kZ osQ eapµtulapkj ekè;eksa dk ,d dk;Z ;g Hkh gS fd os yksdra=k esa fofHkUu fopkjksa dks vfHkO;fDr dk eap miyCèk djkrs gSaA blosQ ”kfj;s fofHkUu fopkj yksxksa osQ lkeus igq¡prs gSaA tSls fdlh lekpkji=k osQ laikndh; i`"B ij fdlh ?kVuk ;k eqís ij fofHkUu fopkj j[kus okys ys[kd viuh jk; O;Dr djrs gSaA blh rjg laiknd osQ uke fp_h LraHk esa vke yksxksa dks viuh jk; O;Dr djus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA bl rjg tulapkj ekè;e fopkj&foe'kZ osQ eap osQ :i esa Hkh dke djrs gSaA
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11
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i=kdkfjrk vius jks”kejkZ osQ thou osQ ,d vke fnu dh dYiuk dhft,A nks yksx vklikl jgrs gSa vkSj yxHkx jks”k feyrs gSaA dHkh ck”kkj esa] dHkh jkg pyrs vkSj dHkh ,d&nwljs osQ ?kj ijA HksaV ls igys osQ oqQN feuV dh mudh ckrphr ij è;ku nhft,A gj fnu mudk igyk loky D;k gksrk gS\ ^D;k gkypky gS\* ;k ^oSQls gSa\* ;k fiQj ^D;k lekpkj gS\* jks”kejkZ osQ bu lgt iz'uksa esa Åijh rkSj ij dksbZ fo'ks"k ckr ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA bu iz'uksa dks è;ku ls lqfu, vkSj lksfp,A blesa vkidks ,d bPNk fn[kkbZ nsxhA u;k vkSj rk”kk lekpkj tkuus dhA fiNys oqQN ?kaVs dk gky tkuus dhA ;k chrh jkr dh [kcjsaA dy ls vkt osQ chp ;k oqQN ?kaVksa osQ varjky esa vk, cnyko dh tkudkjhA ;kuh ge vius fe=kksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSj lgd£e;ksa ls ges'kk mudk oqQ'ky{kse ;k muosQ vklikl dh ?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gSaA dgus dh ”k:jr ugha gS fd vius vklikl dh ph”kksa] ?kVukvksa vkSj yksxksa osQ ckjs esa rk”kk tkudkjh j[kuk euq"; dk lgt LoHkko gSA mlesa ftKklk dk Hkko cgqr izcy gksrk gSA ;gh ftKklk lekpkj vkSj O;kid vFkZ esa i=kdkfjrk dk ewy rÙo gSA ftKklk ugha jgsxh rks lekpkj dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha jgsxhA i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl blh lgt ftKklk dks 'kkar djus dh dksf'k'k osQ :i esa gqvkA og vkt Hkh blh ewy fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj ij dke djrh gSA 29
i=kdkfjrk D;k gS\ ge lwpuk,¡ ;k lekpkj D;ksa tkuuk pkgrs gSa\ njvly] lwpuk,¡ vxyk dne r; djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrh gSaA blh rjg ge vius ikl&iM+ksl] 'kgj] jkT; vkSj ns'k&nqfu;k osQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gSaA ;s lwpuk,¡ gekjs nSfud thou osQ lkFk&lkFk iwjs lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA vkt ns'k&nqfu;k esa tks oqQN gks jgk gS] mldh vfèkdka'k tkudkjh gesa lekpkj ekè;eksa ls feyrh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd gekjs izR;{k vuqHko ls ckgj dh nqfu;k osQ ckjs esa gesa vfèkdka'k tkudkjh lekpkj ekè;eksa }kjk fn, tkus okys lekpkjksa ls gh feyrh gSA
xfrfofèk vius 'kgj ;k ikl osQ 'kgj ls izdkf'kr gksus okys nks lekpkji=kksa osQ eq[ki`"B dks è;ku ls if<+,A mu nksuksa lekpkji=kksa osQ eq[ki`"B ij izdkf'kr lekpkjksa dh
lekpkj ge gj fnu lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa ;k Vsyhfo”ku vkSj jsfM;ks ij lekpkj lqurs gSa ;k fiQj baVjusV ij lekpkj ns[krs vkSj i<+rs gSaA bu fofHkUu lekpkj ekè;eksa osQ ”kfj;s nqfu;kHkj osQ lekpkj gekjs ?kjksa esa igq¡prs gSaA lekpkj laxBuksa esa dke
vyx&vyx lwph cukb,A blosQ ckn nsf[k, fd dkSu&ls lekpkj nksuksa lekpkji=kksa esa Nis gSa vkSj dkSu&ls lekpkj ,sls gSa tks nksuksa lekpkji=kksa esa vyx&vyx gSa\ ,slk D;ksa gS] bl ij vius f'k{kd osQ lkFk ppkZ dhft,A
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
djus okys i=kdkj ns'k&nqfu;k esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa dks lekpkj osQ :i esa ifjofrZr djosQ ge rd igq¡pkrs gSaA blosQ fy, os jks”k lwpukvksa dk ladyu djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lekpkj osQ izk:i esa
izsjd vkSj mÙksftr dj nsus okyh gj lwpuk lekpkj gSA le; ij nh tkus okyh gj lwpuk lekpkj dk :i /kj.k dj ysrh gSA fdlh ?kVuk dh fjiksVZ gh lekpkj gSA lekpkj tYnh esa fy[kk x;k bfrgkl gS\
lekpkj D;k gS\
30
bruk rks vki tku gh x, gksaxs fd gj lwpuk lekpkj ugha gS ;kuh gj lwpuk lekpkj ekè;eksa esa izdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr ugha gksrh gSA ,slk D;ksa gSa\ vkf[kj gj ?kVuk] lekpkj D;ksa ugha gS\ og gj ckr lekpkj D;ksa ugha gS ftlosQ ckjs esa gesa igys tkudkjh ugha Fkh\ D;k ,d&nwljs dk gkypky vkSj [kkst&[kcj ysuk lekpkj ugha gS\ D;k og lc lekpkj ugha gS ftlosQ ckjs esa yksx tkuuk pkgrs gSa ;k ftlosQ ckjs esa yksxksa dks tkuuk pkfg,\ ;k fiQj lekpkj ogh gS ftls ,d i=kdkj lekpkj ekurk gS\ fu'p; gh] fe=kksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSj lgd£e;ksa ls vkilh oqQ'ky{kse vkSj gkypky dk vknku&iznku lekpkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, lekpkj ugha gSA bldh otg ;g gS fd vkilh oqQ'ky{kse gekjk O;fDrxr ekeyk gSA gekjs u”knhdh yksxksa osQ vykok vU; fdlh dh mlesa fnypLih ugha gksxhA njvly] lekpkj ekè;e oqQN yksxksa osQ fy, ugha cfYd vius g”kkjks&a yk[kksa ikBdks]a Jksrkvksa vkSj n'kZdksa osQ fy, dke djrs gSAa LokHkkfod gS fd os lekpkj osQ :i esa mUgha ?kVukvks]a eqíksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks pqurs gSa ftUgsa tkuus esa vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dh #fp gksrh gSA ;gk¡ gekjk vk'k; ml rjg osQ lekpkjksa ls gS ftudk fdlh u fdlh :i esa lkoZtfud egÙo gksrk gSA ,sls lekpkj vius le; osQ fopkj] ?kVuk vkSj leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa fy[ks tkrs gSAa ;s lekpkj ,slh le&lkef;d ?kVukvks]a leL;kvksa vkSj fopkjksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa ftUgsa tkuus dh vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa esa fnypLih gksrh gS vkSj ftudk vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa osQ thou ij izHkko iM+rk gSA blosQ ckotwn ,slk dksbZ i+Qkewy Z k ugha gS ftlosQ vkèkkj ij ;g dgk tk, fd ;g ?kVuk lekpkj gS vkSj ;g ughaA i=kdkj vkSj lekpkj laxBu gh fdlh Hkh lekpkj osQ p;u] vkdkj vkSj mldh izLrqfr dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSAa ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekpkji=kksa vkSj lekpkj pSuyksa esa lekpkjksa osQ p;u vkSj izLrqfr esa bruk I+kQoZQ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ,d lekpkji=k esa ,d lekpkj eq[; lekpkj (yhM LVksjh) gks ldrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; lekpkji=k esa ogh lekpkj Hkhrj osQ i`"Bksa ij dgha ,d dkWye dk lekpkj gks ldrk gSA ,d Vsyhfo”ku pSuy osQ fy, vferkHk cPPku osQ tUefnu dk lekpkj igyk eq[; lekpkj gks ldrk gS rks laHko gS fd dksbZ vU; pSuy bjkd esa ;q¼ dks ;k vkfFkZd fodkl dks ysdj fn, x, izèkkuea=kh osQ c;ku dks viuh eq[; [kcj cuk,A
i=kdkfjrk osQ fofo/ vk;ke
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tc ge lekpkjksa esa fu"i{krk dh ckr djrs gSa rks blesa U;k;laxr gksus dk rÙo vfèkd vge gksrk gSA vkt ehfM;k ,d cgqr cM+h rkdr gSA ,d gh >VosQ esa og fdlh dh b””kr ij cêðk yxkus dh rkdr j[krh gSA blfy, fdlh osQ ckjs esa lekpkj fy[krs oDr bl ckr dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dgha fdlh dks vutkus esa gh fcuk lquokbZ osQ iQk¡lh ij rks ugha yVdk;k tk jgk gSA larqyu (cSysal) fu"i{krk dh vxyh dM+h larqyu gSA vkerkSj ij ehfM;k ij vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd lekpkj dojst larqfyr ugha gS ;kuh og fdlh ,d i{k dh vksj >qdk gSA vkerkSj ij lekpkj esa larqyu dh vko';drk ogha iM+rh gS tgk¡ fdlh ?kVuk esa vusd i{k 'kkfey gksa vkSj mudk vkil esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa Vdjko gksA ml fLFkfr esa larqyu dk rdk”kk ;gh gS fd lHkh lac¼ i{kksa dh ckr lekpkj esa vius&vius lekpkjh; o”ku osQ vuqlkj LFkku ik,A lekpkj esa larqyu dk egÙo rc dgha vfèkd gks tkrk gS tc fdlh ij fdlh rjg osQ vkjksi yxk, x, gksa ;k blls feyrh&tqyrh dksbZ fLFkfr gksA ml fLFkfr esa gj i{k dh ckr lekpkj esa vkuh pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g ,drjI+kQk pfj=k guu dk gfFk;kj cu ldrk gSA O;fDrxr fdLe osQ vkjksiksa esa vkjksfir O;fDr osQ i{k dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A ysfdu ;g fLFkfr rHkh laHko gks ldrh gS tc vkjksfir O;fDr lkoZtfud thou esa gks vkSj vkjksiksa osQ i{k esa iDosQ lcwr ugha gksa ;k mudk lgh lkfcr gksuk dkI+kQh lafnXèk gksA ysfdu ?kksf"kr vijkfèk;ksa ;k xaHkhj vijkèk osQ vkjksfi;ksa dks larqyu osQ uke ij lI+kQkbZ nsus dk volj nsus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA larqyu osQ uke ij lekpkj ehfM;k bl rjg osQ rÙoksa dk eap ugha cu ldrkA
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+ u ij ckr djosQ I+kQksu&buµblosQ ckn [kcj dk foLrkj gksrk gS vkSj ,adj fjiksVZj ls IkQks lwpuk,¡ n'kZdksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA bleas fjiksVZj ?kVuk okyh txg ij ekStwn gksrk gS vkSj ogk¡ ls mls ftruh ”;knk ls ”;knk tkudkfj;k¡ feyrh gSa] og n'kZdksa dks crkrk gSA ,adj&fotqvyµtc ?kVuk osQ n`'; ;k fotqvy fey tkrs gSa rc mu n`';ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kcj fy[kh tkrh gS] tks ,adj i<+rk gSA bl [kcj dh 'kq#vkr Hkh izkjafHkd lwpuk ls gksrh gS vkSj ckn esa oqQN okD;ksa ij izkIr n`'; fn[kk, tkrs gSaA ,adj&ckbVµckbV ;kuh dFkuA Vsyhfo”ku i=kdkfjrk esa ckbV dk dkI+kQh egÙo gSA Vsyhfo”ku esa fdlh Hkh [kcj dks iq"V djus osQ fy, blls lacafèkr ckbV fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA fdlh ?kVuk dh lwpuk nsus vkSj mlosQ n`'; fn[kkus osQ lkFk gh bl ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa izR;{knf'kZ;ksa ;k lacafèkr O;fDRk;ksa dk dFku fn[kk vkSj lqukdj [kcj dks izkekf.kdrk iznku dh tkrh gSA ykboµykbo ;kuh fdlh [kcj dk ?kVukLFky ls lhèkk izlkj.kA lHkh Vh-oh- pSuy dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd fdlh cM+h ?kVuk osQ n`'; rRdky n'kZdksa rd lhèks igq¡pk, tk losaQA blosQ fy, ekSosQ ij ekStwn fjiksVZj vkSj oSQejkeSu vks-ch- oSu osQ ”kfj;s ?kVuk osQ ckjs esa lhèks n'kZdksa dks fn[kkrs vkSj crkrs gSaA ,adj&iSoQs tµiSoQs t fdlh Hkh [kcj dks lai.w kZrk osQ lkFk is'k djus dk ,d ”kfj;k gSA blesa + osQ ”kfj;s ”k:jh lwpuk,¡ vkfn gksrh gSAa lacfa èkr ?kVuk osQ n`';] blls tqMs+ yksxksa dh ckbV] xzkfIkQd Vsyhfo”ku ys[ku bu reke :iksa dks è;ku eas j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ tSlh ”k:jr gksrh gS] ogk¡ oSls okD;ksa dk bLrseky gksrk gSA 'kCn dk dke n`'; dks vkxs ys tkuk gS rkfd og nwljs n`';ksa ls tqM+ losQ] mlesa fufgr vFkZ dks lkeus ykuk gS] rkfd [kcj osQ lkjs vk'k; [kqy losaQA vdlj Vh-oh- ij [kcj fy[kus dh ,d izpfyr 'kSyh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA igyk okD; n`'; osQ o.kZu ls 'kq: gksrk gSA tSlsµfnYyh osQ jkeyhyk eSnku esa gks jgh ;s lHkk---A ;k fIkQj >hy esa Nykax yxkrs cPPks---A bl izpfyr 'kSyh esa vklkuh ;g gS fd fcuk fdlh dYiuk'khyrk osQ Vh-oh- fjiksfV±x dk cqfu;knh vuq'kklu] ;kuh n`'; ij ys[ku fuHk tkrk gS] ysfdu blesa 'kCnksa dh Hkwfedk csekuh gks tkrh gSA n'kZd tks viuh vk¡[k ls ns[k jgk gS] mls nqgjkus dk dksbZ I+kQk;nk ugha gSA dksbZ dYiuk'khy fjiksVZj bUgha n`';ksa dks vius 'kCnksa ls ”;knk cM+s ek;us ns ldrk gSA tSlsµfnYyh osQ jkeyhyk eSnku esa gks jgh bl lHkk esa yksx yk, ugha x, gSa] viuh e”khZ ls vk, gSa ;k fIkQj >hy esa Nykax yxkrs cPPkksa osQ 'kkWV~l osQ lkFk fy[kk tk ldrk gSµbu fnuksa rs”k xjeh ls futkr ikus dk ,d rjhdk ;s Hkh gS---A vxj osysaVkbu Ms lsfycsz'ku dh [kcj ysuh gks vkSj ,d&nwljs dks cèkkbZ nsus dk dksbZ 'kkWV gks rks bls dbZ rjhosQ ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bls izpfyr rjhosQ esa bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS fd osysaVkbu Ms ij ,d&nwljs dks cèkkbZ nsrs ;s Nk=k---A nwljk rjhdk bldks fdlh vFkZ ls tksM+us dk gSA ;gha ls fjiksVZj dh n`f"V lfØ; gksrh gS vkSj mldh viuh le> Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og fy[k ldrk gSµHkkjrh; lekt esa vk, bl u, pyu ls yksx [kq'k Hkh gSa vkSj nq[kh Hkh--- ;k fIkQj ;g u;h vkèkqfudrk ijaijkokfn;ksa dks jkl ugha vk jgh---A
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py tkrk gS fd ,d ehy nwj ij Hkh dgha dksbZ MoSQrh oxSjg iM+ jgh gS rks os bls viuk O;fDrxr ekeyk ekurs gq, ykBh MaMk ysdj nkSM+ iM+rs gSaA eSaus vkt rd fdlh fcjgksj dks vijkèk djrs gq, ugha ns[kkA >cgj osQ yksx fcjgksjksa osQ izfr vlkèkkj.k :i ls mnkj gSaA cs'kd] iykew vkSj g”kkjhckx osQ vykok bu yksxksa dks vkerkSj ij mis{kk dk gh f'kdkj gksuk iM+k gSA tgk¡ rd ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dh ckr gS] buesa ls ”;knkrj csdkj gh lkfcr gq, gSaA bls vki ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dks Hkz"V ra=k ys mM+rk gSA vkokl ;kstuk,¡ fouk'kdkjh lkfcr gqb± D;ksafd ftu okLrqdkjksa us buosQ fy, edkuksa dh ;kstuk rS;kj dh Fkh] mUgksaus dHkh fcjgksj yksxksa dks ns[kk gh ugha FkkA mUgsa budh O;kogkfjd fof'k"Vrkvksa dh Hkh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha FkhA bu vkfnokfl;ksa dh LokLF; lacaèkh ¯prktud fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj us oqQN ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj dha ysfdu vI+kQljksa vkSj muosQ nykyksa us bu ;kstukvksa osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr jde dks gM+i fy;kA >cgj xk¡o osQ ,d fuoklh us g¡lrs gq, dgk fd ¶;gk¡ rd fd buosQ ikl rhljh I+kQly Hkh ugha igq¡p ldhA¸ eSaus mRlqdrko'k iwNkµ rhljh iQly dk D;k eryc\ eq>s rks vHkh rd osQoy nks gh I+kQlyksa dh tkudkjh gSA eSaus xkSj fd;k fd mls bl loky dh mEehn FkhA mlus
crk;kµ¶bl bykosQ esa rhljh iQly gS] lw[kk jkgrA blosQ fy, cgqr ”;knk iSlk feyrk gS ysfdu bl I+kQly dks vkerkSj ls Cykd Lrj osQ viQlj vkSj muosQ BsoQs nkj nksLr dkV ys tkrs gSAa osQoy ekewyh lk fgLlk turk rd ig¡qprk gSA vc ml ekewyh ls fgLls esa ls fcjgksj yksxksa dks D;k feys\ os rks taxy esa oaQnewy vkSj csj] ekSleh iQy vkfn [kkdj f”kank jgrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks dbZ&dbZ fnuksa rd Hkw[ks gh jg tkrs gSaA¸ tc geus jkeo`{k fcjgksj dks ^ns'kt yksxksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ (1993)* osQ ckjs esa crk;k rks mls cgqr vk'p;Z gqvkA ¶D;k lpeqp ;g geyksxksa osQ fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk\¸ mlus loky fd;kA fiQj oqQN nsj lkspus osQ ckn mlus dgkµ ,slk ugha gks ldrkA vxj ,slk gksrk rks ge vHkh rd bl gkyr esa ugha iMs+ jgrsA mlus viuk lkeku mBk;k vkSj pqipki ogk¡ ls pyk x;kA pkScs us dgkµtgk¡ rd eq>s tkudkjh gS] bl {ks=k esa dHkh fdlh fcjgksj dk uke ernkrk lwph esa ugha jgkA ;g lewg Hkkjrh; lekt osQ lcls fupys fgLls esa jgrk gSA [kjxks'k idM+uk] jfLl;k¡ cquuk] rS;kj gksus ij oqQN Mksyfp;k¡ csp nsukµ bu xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns[krs gq, yxrk gS fd fcjgksj yksx vHkh fdlh nwljs ;qx esa jg jgs gSaA muosQ vanj tek iw¡th j[kus dh izo`fÙk ugha gS vkSj mudk thou vkRelEeku ls Hkjk jgrk gSA
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100
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
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pkfg, rks ;g Fkk fd esjh igyh dgkuh izse&dgkuh gksrhA mez osQ ,rckj ls Hkh ;gh equkflc Fkk vkSj vnc osQ ,rckj ls HkhA ij izse osQ fy, (vkSj izse dgkuh osQ fy, Hkh) vuqowQy ifjfLFkf;k¡ gksa rc dke cusA eSaus ogh fy[kk tks esjs tSls ekgkSy esa iyus okys lHkh Hkkjrh; ;qod fy[krs gSµ a vcyk ukjh dh dgkuhA ¯gnh osQ vf/dka'k ys[kdksa dk rks lkfgR; esa inkiZ.k vcyk ukjh dh dgkuh ls gh gksrk gS vkSj ;g nq[kkar gksuh pkfg,A eSua s Hkh oSlk gh fd;kA cM+h cseryc] csrd q h dgkuh Fkh] u flj] u iSj vkSj 'kq: ls vkf[kj rd eux<ar+ ] ij pwf¡ d vcyk ukjh osQ ckjs esa Fkh vkSj nq[kkar Fkh] blfy, okuizLFkh th dks Hkh dksbZ ,rjk”k ugha gks ldrk Fkk] vkSj firkth dks Hkh ugha] blfy, dgkuh] dkfyt if=kdk esa LFkku ik xbZA ij blosQ oqQN gh nsj ckn ,d izsedgkuh lpeqp dye ij vk gh xbZA u[k&f'k[k ls izes &dgkuh gh Fkh] ij fdlh nwljh nqfu;k dh dgkuh] ftlls eSa ifjfpr ugha FkkA rc eSa dkfyt NksM+ pqdk Fkk] vkSj firkth osQ O;kikj esa gkFk c¡Vkus yxk FkkA dkfyt osQ fnu ihNs NwVrs tk jgs Fks] vkSj vkxs dh nqfu;k cM+h mQViVk¡x vkSj csrd q h&lh u”kj vk jgh FkhA
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eksVs xÙks dh ftYn okyh ml uksVcqd ls vki lHkh ifjfpr gksaxs] ftlosQ iUuksa ij lky osQ 365 fnuksa dh frfFk;k¡ Øe ls lth gksrh gSa vkSj gj frfFk osQ lkFk ,d ;k vkèks i`"B dh [kkyh txg NksM+h tkrh gSA ;g [kkyh txg ml frfFk fo'ks"k osQ lkFk lac¼ lwpukvksa ;k futh ckrksa dks ntZ djus osQ fy, gksrh gSA elyu] vkusokys fdlh [kkl fnu osQ fy, r;'kqnk nkf;Ro vkSj dk;Z&;kstuk,¡ mlesa fy[k dj NksM+h tk ldrh gSa] rkfd Mk;jh ml frfFk osQ vkus ij gesa gekjs ladYi dh ;kn fnyk nsA blh rjg geus dHkh dksbZ ,slk dke fd;k ;k fdlh ,sls vuqHko ls xq”kjs] ftls ge ;kn j[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks mls Mk;jh esa ml frfFk fo'ks"k osQ iUus ij ntZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk djosQ ge vius dke ;k vuqHko dks fyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lqjf{kr fBdkus ij igq¡pk nsrs gSa vkSj lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd og foLe`fr dk f'kdkj u gksA
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,suh izSaQd (1929&1945) teZuh esa iSnk gqbZ ,d ;gwnh yM+dh FkhA teZuh esa tc ukf”k;ksa dh lÙkk dk;e gqbZ vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ij vR;kpkj 'kq: gq,] rks og ifjokj lesr ,ELVMZe pyh xbZA fiQj uhnjySaM~l ij Hkh ukf”k;ksa dk dC”kk gqvk vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ij vR;kpkj dk nkSj ogk¡ Hkh 'kq: gks x;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa tqykbZ] 1942 esa mldk ifjokj ,d nÝ+rj osQ xqIr dejs esa Nqi dj jgus yxk] tgk¡ nks lky fcrkus osQ ckn os ukf”k;ksa dh idM+ esa vk x, vkSj mUgsa ;kruk&oSaQi esa igq¡pk fn;k x;kA ;gk¡ iQjojh ;k ekpZ 1945 esa ,suh dh e`R;q gks xbZA ;gh ugha] mlosQ firk dks NksM+ dj ifjokj dk dksbZ izk.kh thfor ugha cpkA f}rh; egk;q¼ lekIr gksus ij mlosQ firk okil ,ELVMZe igq¡psA ogk¡ mUgksaus ,suh dh Mk;jh dh ryk'k dh vkSj la;ksx ls liQy jgsA ;s Mk;jh ,suh dks mlosQ rsjgosa tUefnu ij feyh Fkh vkSj twu] 1942 ls vxLr] 1944 rd og mlesa viuh [kkl&[kkl ckrsa vkSj uk”kh vkrad osQ vuqHkoksa dks fy[krh jgh FkhA mlosQ firk us eglwl fd;k fd ,suh dh Mk;jh bfrgkl osQ ml Hk;kog nkSj dk ,d vizfre nLrkos”k gSA mUgksaus mls izdkf'kr djokus dh nkSM+&èkwi 'kq: dhA 1947 esa ewyr% Mp esa fy[kh xbZ ;g Mk;jh vaxzs”kh esa ^n Mk;jh vkWIkQ v ;ax xyZ* osQ uke ls izdkf'kr gqbZA ;g chloha lnh dh lokZfèkd i<+h xbZ iqLrdksa esa ls gSA dbZ txg bls ikB~;Øe esa Hkh j[kk x;k gSA bY;k bgjucqxZ us ,d okD; esa bl iqLrd dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSµ¶;g lkB yk[k yksxksa dh rjI+kQ ls cksyus okyh ,d vkok”k gSµ,d ,slh vkok”k] tks fdlh lar ;k dfo dh ugha] cfYd ,d lkèkkj.k yM+dh dh gSA¸
Mk;jh fy[kus dh dyk
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eq[; fVIi.k (uks¯Vx)
168
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(Kku izdk'k) lgk;d
è;ku nsus dh Ckkrsa 4 fdlh Hkh fopkjkèkhu i=k vFkok izdj.k dks fuiVkus osQ fy, ml ij tks jk;] earO;] vkns'k vFkok funsZ'k fn;k 4 4 4 4 4 4
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4 4 4 4 4 4
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Jh Kku izdk'k th osQ Kku ls izdkf'kr gksus osQ ckn I+kQkby vc 'kadju th osQ ikl vk xbZA os rks igys ls gh Hkjs cSBs FksA Kku izdk'k th dh fVIi.kh dks i<+us osQ ckn mudh ckNsa f[ky xb±A Kku izdk'k th dh eq[; fVIi.kh osQ uhps mUgksaus viuh vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh oqQN bl izdkj ls ntZ dhµ
169
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mifuns'kd (iz'kklu)
è;ku nsus dh Ckkrsa 4 lgk;d] vkjafHkd ;k eq[; fVIi.kh dks tc lacafèkr vfèkdkjh osQ ikl Hkstrk gS rks og vfèkdkjh fVIi.kh i<+us osQ
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e 4 vxj vf/dkjh vius vèkhuLFk dh fVIi.kh ls iwjh rjg lger gS exj mls vkSj l'kDr ,oa roZQlaxr cukus osQ
fy, viuh vksj ls Hkh oqQN tksMu+ k pkgrk gS rks og viuk earO; vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh osQ :i esa ntZ dj nsrk gSA 4 ;fn vfèkdkjh iw.kZr% vlger gS ;k vkaf'kd :i ls lger gS rks og vius roZQ vkSj dkj.kksa osQ lkFk viuh vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh djrk gSA 4 vfèkdkjh dks vèkhuLFk dh fVIi.kh dks dkVus] cnyus ;k gVkus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA og osQoy viuh lgefr] vkaf'kd lgefr ;k vlgefr O;Dr dj ldrk gSA 4 vkuq"kafxd fVIi.kh izk;% laf{kIr gksrh gS ysfdu vlgefr dh fLFkfr esa dbZ ckj bl izdkj dh fVIi.kh cM+h Hkh gks ldrh gSA
vc I+kQkby ,d vkSj lh<+h p<+dj jktoqQekj 'kekZ th dh es”k ij vk xbZ tks mifuns'kd (iz'kklu) gSaA dkedkt dks os cM+h gh n{krk vkSj IkqQrhZ ls fuiVkrs gSa] os fu;eksa osQ ikcan gSa vkSj mlesa dksrkgh mUgsa ilan ughaA tc Hkh dksbZ I+kQkby mu rd igq¡prh gS] rks os mlesa fdlh xksrk[kksj dh rjg Mqcdh yxkrs gSa vkSj eksrh fudky ykrs gSaA bl I+kQkby dh xgjkbZ esa Hkh os oqQN blh izdkj mrjsA fopkj osQ tks eksrh fudys mls mUgksaus I+kQkby ij bl izdkj tM+kµ 170
eSa lgk;d ls lger gw¡A lkFk gh ;g Hkh tksM+uk pkgw¡xk fd 23 uoacj] 2004 dks tc ifji=k tkjh fd;k x;k Fkk rc dkWy dh njsa ”;knk Fkha tks vc dkI+kQh fxj pqdh gSaA ,sls esa ;g lkI+kQ gS fd izdkjkarj ls fuèkkZfjr O;; lhek vius vki gh c<+ xbZ gSA bls vkSj ?kVk fn;k tk, rks laLFkk osQ [kpZ esa deh vk,xh tks yksdfgr esa gksxkA eaS vuqHkkx vfèkdkjh osQ bl lq>ko ls lger ugha gw¡ fd lhek ls vfèkd dh èku jkf'k funs'kd osQ osru ls olwyh tkuh pkfg,A ysfdu muls foLrkj esa Li"Vhdj.k ek¡xk tk ldrk gSA fopkjkFkZ (jkt oqQekj 'kekZ) miegkfuns'kd (iz'kklu) mifuns'kd (iz'kklu) I+kQkby vc xqI+kQjku vgen] mi egkfuns'kd (iz'kklu) osQ ikys esa FkhA mUgksaus I+kQkby dks i<+us osQ ckn lgefr Lo:i gLrk{kj dj fn,A I+kQkby dk vxyk iM+ko egkfuns'kd osQ ikl FkkA ef.kdkar eaMy] egkfuns'kd FksA viuh iwjh O;Lrrk osQ ckotwn os gj I+kQkby iwjh xgjkbZ ls i<+rs FksA nÝ+rj esa nl ?kaVs cSBus ij Hkh dke dk cks> cuk jgrk Fkk vkSj tc os nsj jkr ?kj ykSVrs rks I+kQkbyksa dk xêòj lkFk&lkFk tkrkA ?kj vkbZ I+kQkbysa mudh iRuh dks lkSr dh rjg yxrha exj og Hkh Fkd&gkjdj le>kSrk dj pqdh FkhaA eaMy th ,d vuqHkoh vkSj lqy>s balku FksA I+kQkby i<+dj mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd uhps osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa us fu;ekuqlkj lgh fVIi.kh fy[kh gSA ysfdu os eqacbZ dk;kZy; osQ funs'kd osQ i{k ls Hkh lger FksA nkSjs ij eqacbZ vkrs&tkrs mUgsa ogk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku FkkA mUgksaus lksp&fopkj osQ ckn viuh fVIi.kh bl izdkj fy[khA
dk;kZy;h ys[ku vkSj izfozQ;k
iz'kklu foHkkx osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa us fu;ekuqlkj lgh fVIi.kh fy[kh gSA exj funs'kd us [kpZ dh lhek osQ vfrØe.k osQ tks dkj.k fn, gSa mUgsa Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vius nkSjksa esa eSaus ;g ik;k fd fiNys Ng eghuksa osQ nkSjku osaQnz dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa tks c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS mUgsa è;ku esa j[krs gq, eksckby I+kQksu ij gqvk [kpZ mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA [kpZ dh lhek lacaèkh ifji=k rS;kj djus osQ Øe esa vyx&vyx osaQnzksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk x;k gSA eqacbZ dh rqyuk vU; LFkkuksa ls ugha gks ldrhA vr% eqacbZ osQ fy, [kpZ dh lhek c<+k dj Ng g”kkj #i, izfrekl djuk ;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA p¡wfd ekfld O;; lacaèkh fiNyk ifji=k cksMZ dh vuqefr osQ ckn tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA vr% cksMZ dh vxyh cSBd esa bl iwjs elys dks izLrqr dj mudh vuqefr yh tkuh pkfg,A
miegkfuns'kd (iz'kklu)
(ef.kdkar eaMy) egkfuns'kd
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Loo`Ùk (ck;ksMsVk) ys[ku vkSj jkstxkj laca/h vkosnu i=k
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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
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