Development Banking In India
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Development Banking In India as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 2,620
- Pages: 39
DEVELOPMENT BANKING IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION: The concept of Development Banks is of recent origin. These banks were mostly set up after World War II in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The role of development banks is more pronounced in developing countries where governments have taken upon themselves the task of accelerating the pace of economic development. Development banks do not mobilise savings like other banks but invest the resources in productive manner.
DEFINITION OF A DEVELOPMENT BANK Development banks are the institutions engaged in promotion and development of industry, agriculture and other key sectors. According to D.M. Mithani, “A development bank may be defined as a financial institution concerned with providing all types of financial assistance (medium as well as long-term) to business units in the form of loans, underwriting, investment and guarantee operations and promotional activities economic development in general and industrial development in particular.
FEATURES OF A DEVELOPMENT BANK A development bank does not accept deposits from the public like commercial banks and other financial institutions who entirely depend upon saving mobilisation. It is a specialised financial institution which provides medium term and long term lending facilities. It is a multipurpose financial institution. It helps enterprise from planning to operational level.
It provides financial assistance to both private as well as public sector institutions. The role of a development bank is of gap filler. It helps industrialisation in specific and economic development in general. The objective of these banks is to serve public interest rather than earning profits. Development banks react to the socioeconomic needs of development.
DEVELOPMENT BANKING IN INDIA The foreign rulers in India did not take much interest in the industrial development of the country. The Government did not show any interest for setting up institutions needed for industrial financing. The recommendation for setting up industrial financing institutions was made in 1931 by Central Banking Enquiry Committee but no concrete steps were taken.
In 1948, the first development bank that Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) was established. IFCI was assigned the role of a gap-filler and it was not expected to compete with existing channels of industrial finance. In 1951, Parliament passed State Financial Corporation Act. Under this Act state governments could establish financial corporations for their respective regions. At present there are 28 State Financial Corporations (SFC’s) in India.
National Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC) was established in 1954. It restricted itself to be financial agency for modernisation and rehabilitation of cotton and jute textile industries. The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd. (ICICI) was established in 1955 as a Joint Stock Company. ICICI was supported by Govt. of India, World Bank, Common wealth development finance corporation and other foreign institutions. It provides term loans and take an active part in underwriting of and direct investments in the shares of industrial units.
Refinance Corporation for Industry Ltd. (RCI) was set up in 1958 by Reserve Bank of India, LIC and Commercial Banks. The purpose of RCI was to provide refinance to commercial banks and SFC’s against term loans granted by them to industrial concerns in private sector. In 1964, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was set up as an apex institution in the area of industrial finance. RCI was merged with IDBI. IDBI was a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and was expected to co-ordinate the activities of the institutions engaged in financing, promoting or developing industry.
State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDC’s) were established in the sixties to promote medium scale industrial units. At present there are 28 SIDC’s in the country. The State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDC’s) were also set up to cater to the needs of industry at state level. These corporations manage industrial estates, supply raw materials, run common service facilities and supply machinery on hirepurchase basis.
The Unit Trust of India (UTI) established in 1964, Life Insurance Corporation of India (1956) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) set up in 1973 also finance industries activities at all India level. Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India Ltd. (IRCI) was set up in 1971 for the rehabilitation of sick units. In 1982 the Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) was established to provide financial assistance to exporters and importers.
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up in 1982 for short term, medium term and long-term financing of agriculture and allied activities. Film Finance Corporation, Tea Plantation Finance Scheme, Shipping Development Fund, Newspaper Finance Corporation, Handloom Finance Corporation, Housing Development Finance Corporation also provide financial and other facilities in various areas.
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS The major objectives of Development banks are as follows: 1) The major objective of development banks is to quicken the industrial development in the country. The industrial development will help in alleviating the problems of poverty and unemployment in the country. 2) Another objective of development banks is economic growth with almost simultaneous and just distribution of its benefits. In an economy like ours, where the resources are
scarce, this requires not only the investment of all available investible resources but their qualitative composition and geographical distribution. Development banks have to adapt their lending and investment strategies and activities to the realisation of national objectives. They have to decide about the various trade offs between the likely benefits and the costs involved and must involve a delicate blend of objectives.
a) b) c) d)
e)
The development banks have to translate the social objectives of the country into action. They have to define their objectives within the territory of their statute in such a manner so as to serve these social objectives. Today the priority areas in the country are: Projects in the backward areas. Projects in the small scale sector. Projects promotes by new and technical entrepreneurs. Projects producing goods of mass consumption. Projects in the nature of export promoting and import substituting industrial units.
In addition to the long term objectives, the development banks have to work with some short term objectives also. They have to adjust their lending strategies to the changing circumstances so as not to create inflationary conditions or not to create idle capacity in certain sectors where demand is slack or where critical raw materials or utilities are not easily available or not to create a situation of shortages of certain commodities at some future dates. Development banks should also help in
optimising the resources. The mere creation of finance without a corresponding creation of goods and services within a reasonable time would be inflationary. A development bank cannot be merely a lending agency. It has to take into account certain factors so that it may command all the maximum benefit of the nation. These banks should also support promotional activities in the country. These banks can assume the responsibility for developing infrastructure and social utilities in the country.
These should help in developing the key sectors like agriculture, industry and trade. These banks should organise consultancy services for the benefit of potential entrepreneurs and training programmes for new entrepreneurs with a view to widening the entrepreneurial base.
FUNCTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives the development banks perform a variety of functions which are discussed as follows: The development banks help in setting up basic and key industries in the initial stages of development. The basic industries like coal, iron and steel, aluminium, cement etc. further help in the development of other industries These banks provide medium and long term
financial assistance at comparatively cheap rates to the industries in response to the emerging requirements of industrial and economic growth. Along with providing financial assistance, the development banks have been continuously enlarging the scope of their operations. These operations include identification of industrial opportunities, identification and training of entrepreneurs, provision of techo-economic consultancy facilities, industrial research and other promotional activities.
Development banks provide facilities of refinancing to commercial banks and several other state level institutions. These banks accommodate the industrial units by directly subscribing or underwriting their securities so that market prices of these securities are not unduly fluctuating. The development banks assist the small scale industries by providing a credit guarantee in their taking credit facility from different financial credit institutions. They also help small industries in the procurement of raw materials and marketing their products. They also operate hire purchase schemes for the purchase of machinery and equipment.
In our country, after independence, balanced regional growth became a goal of economic policy. The development banks have been encouraging the flow of assistance to industrially backward areas by offering concessional interest rates and liberal financing norms such as lower promoter’s contribution, higher debt-equity ratio etc. Some of these banks have also started inviting public investment through the sale of their bonds or debentures or through mutual fund scheme. Through such activities, these banks mobilise considerable amount of community savings and make the public at large to participate in the industrial and development activities of the nation.
The development banks take a number of measures to identify and train the potential entrepreneurs. The basic objective of these promotional activities is to provide the entrepreneurs a package of services such as preparation of feasibility studies and project reports, providing technical and management services for sorting out operational problems etc. They also sponsor appropriate entrepreneur development programmes from time to time. They also extend assistance to new technicians and professional entrepreneurs who have necessary ability to run and manage projects but lack the necessary financial resources. These banks take up a substantial portion of the equity of the new projects.
As all the development banks are directly or indirectly managed and controlled by the central or the state government, they perform in general, all those functions which seek to fulfill the goals of general economic development of the country.
LENDING PROCEDURES OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS (OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES) Project Appraisal & Eligibility of Applicant Every financial institution serves a particular area of activity or there are certain limits prescribed beyond which they cannot go. The second aspect is to determine whether the enterprise has fulfilled various conditions prescribed by the Government Discussions are held with the promoters and clarifications sought on various points.
The bank/institution considers financial institutions in the light of i. Guidelines for assistance to industries issued by the Government or others concerned from time to time. ii. Guidelines issued by the bank iii. Policy decisions of the Board of Directors of the bank. Technical Appraisal i. Feasibility and suitability of technical process in Indian conditions. ii. Location of the project
iii. The scale of operations and its suitability for the planned project. iv. The technical soundness of the projects v. Sources of purchasing plant and machinery and the reputation of suppliers etc. vi. Arrangement for the disposal of factory affluents and use of bye- products, if any vii. The estimated cost of the project and probable selling price of the product. viii. The programme for completing the project.
ix. The sources of supplying various inputs and marketing arrangements. x. Details of any technical collaboration and its practical aspects. The technical appraisal determines the suitability of the project. Economic Viability The economic appraisal will consider the national and industrial priorities of the project, export potential of the product, employment potential, study of market.
Assessing Commercial Aspects The examination of commercial aspects relates to the arrangements for the purchase of raw materials and sale of finished products. Financial Feasibility The assessment for a new concern will involve: i. The needs for fixed assets, working capital and preliminary expenses will be estimated to find out its needs. ii. The financing plans will be studied in relation to capital structure, promoters contribution, debt equity ratio.
iii. Projected cash flow statements both during the construction and operation periods iv. Projected profitability and the likely dividend in near future. Managerial Competence A lending institution would see the background, qualifications, business experience of promoters and other associated with management. The persons forming Board of Directors should have adequate technical, financial and business expertise.
National Contribution The role of the project in the national economy and its benefits to the society in the form of good quality products, reasonable prices, employment generation, helpful in social infrastructure etc should be assessed. Balancing of Various Factors The circumstances of the individual project will help in weighing various factors. Weaknesses in certain areas may be off set by the good points in the other.
Loan Sanction If the Advisory Committee is satisfied by the proposal then it recommends the case to the Managing Director or Board of Directors alongwith its own report. When the assistance is sanctioned then a letter to this effect is issued to the party giving details of conditions on which its is granted. A loan agreement is also got signed by the promoters or directors of the enterprise. Loan Disbursement The execution of documents of security or guarantee etc. should proceed the disbursement of loan. In case some property is pledged to the bank then title deeds of such property are also properly scrutinised.
Follow up Proper follow up by the bank will enable it to follow the progress of unit. It should be seen whether the revenue earned by the concern will be sufficient to meet the obligations or not.
PROMOTIONAL ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN INDIA
Surveys of Backward Areas Surveys studied the availability of resources, demand potential and availability of infrastructure facilities. In 1982, Government of India identified 83 districts in the country where no medium or large scale industrial units existed IDBI jointly with IFCI and ICICI launched a programme for identifying opportunities and the needs for.
Inter-Institutional Groups (IIG’s) With a view to provide a forum to the national and state financial institutions, IDBI constituted 23 IIG’s in various states and union territories. These groups aimed to help accelerate the process of industrial development in a state with particular emphasis on less developed areas. IDBI has been constantly reviewing the functioning of these groups so as to evolve suitable measures for making them effective.
Establishing Technical Consultancy Organisations (TCO’s) The consultancy services covered market surveys, preparation of feasibility and project reports, entrepreneurship development programmes, diagnostic studies and rehabilitation schemes for sick units etc. Financial Institutions set up 17 consultancy organisations for providing consultancy at nominal rates. TCO’s have been giving thrust to modernisation of small and medium scale sectors also.
Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP’s) The main thrust of EDP’s has been to institutionalise entrepreneurship activities, generating, sharpening and sharing knowledge through research documentation and publication, developing a cadre of professionals A major step in this area was setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Ahemdabad in 1983.
Technological Improvements IDBI has been helping small and medium sectors in developing and upgrading of their technology so that they are able to match the pace of development. These banks also encourage entrepreneurs to adopt sophisticated technology with the help of academic and research institutes and also to encourage entrepreneurship among science and technology graduates.
Conclusion Development banks have done a good job in promoting industrial activities in various parts of the country. Development banks in cooperation with private sector can certainly help in accelerating the pace of industrial development.
INTRODUCTION: The concept of Development Banks is of recent origin. These banks were mostly set up after World War II in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The role of development banks is more pronounced in developing countries where governments have taken upon themselves the task of accelerating the pace of economic development. Development banks do not mobilise savings like other banks but invest the resources in productive manner.
DEFINITION OF A DEVELOPMENT BANK Development banks are the institutions engaged in promotion and development of industry, agriculture and other key sectors. According to D.M. Mithani, “A development bank may be defined as a financial institution concerned with providing all types of financial assistance (medium as well as long-term) to business units in the form of loans, underwriting, investment and guarantee operations and promotional activities economic development in general and industrial development in particular.
FEATURES OF A DEVELOPMENT BANK A development bank does not accept deposits from the public like commercial banks and other financial institutions who entirely depend upon saving mobilisation. It is a specialised financial institution which provides medium term and long term lending facilities. It is a multipurpose financial institution. It helps enterprise from planning to operational level.
It provides financial assistance to both private as well as public sector institutions. The role of a development bank is of gap filler. It helps industrialisation in specific and economic development in general. The objective of these banks is to serve public interest rather than earning profits. Development banks react to the socioeconomic needs of development.
DEVELOPMENT BANKING IN INDIA The foreign rulers in India did not take much interest in the industrial development of the country. The Government did not show any interest for setting up institutions needed for industrial financing. The recommendation for setting up industrial financing institutions was made in 1931 by Central Banking Enquiry Committee but no concrete steps were taken.
In 1948, the first development bank that Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) was established. IFCI was assigned the role of a gap-filler and it was not expected to compete with existing channels of industrial finance. In 1951, Parliament passed State Financial Corporation Act. Under this Act state governments could establish financial corporations for their respective regions. At present there are 28 State Financial Corporations (SFC’s) in India.
National Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC) was established in 1954. It restricted itself to be financial agency for modernisation and rehabilitation of cotton and jute textile industries. The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd. (ICICI) was established in 1955 as a Joint Stock Company. ICICI was supported by Govt. of India, World Bank, Common wealth development finance corporation and other foreign institutions. It provides term loans and take an active part in underwriting of and direct investments in the shares of industrial units.
Refinance Corporation for Industry Ltd. (RCI) was set up in 1958 by Reserve Bank of India, LIC and Commercial Banks. The purpose of RCI was to provide refinance to commercial banks and SFC’s against term loans granted by them to industrial concerns in private sector. In 1964, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was set up as an apex institution in the area of industrial finance. RCI was merged with IDBI. IDBI was a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and was expected to co-ordinate the activities of the institutions engaged in financing, promoting or developing industry.
State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDC’s) were established in the sixties to promote medium scale industrial units. At present there are 28 SIDC’s in the country. The State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDC’s) were also set up to cater to the needs of industry at state level. These corporations manage industrial estates, supply raw materials, run common service facilities and supply machinery on hirepurchase basis.
The Unit Trust of India (UTI) established in 1964, Life Insurance Corporation of India (1956) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) set up in 1973 also finance industries activities at all India level. Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India Ltd. (IRCI) was set up in 1971 for the rehabilitation of sick units. In 1982 the Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) was established to provide financial assistance to exporters and importers.
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up in 1982 for short term, medium term and long-term financing of agriculture and allied activities. Film Finance Corporation, Tea Plantation Finance Scheme, Shipping Development Fund, Newspaper Finance Corporation, Handloom Finance Corporation, Housing Development Finance Corporation also provide financial and other facilities in various areas.
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS The major objectives of Development banks are as follows: 1) The major objective of development banks is to quicken the industrial development in the country. The industrial development will help in alleviating the problems of poverty and unemployment in the country. 2) Another objective of development banks is economic growth with almost simultaneous and just distribution of its benefits. In an economy like ours, where the resources are
scarce, this requires not only the investment of all available investible resources but their qualitative composition and geographical distribution. Development banks have to adapt their lending and investment strategies and activities to the realisation of national objectives. They have to decide about the various trade offs between the likely benefits and the costs involved and must involve a delicate blend of objectives.
a) b) c) d)
e)
The development banks have to translate the social objectives of the country into action. They have to define their objectives within the territory of their statute in such a manner so as to serve these social objectives. Today the priority areas in the country are: Projects in the backward areas. Projects in the small scale sector. Projects promotes by new and technical entrepreneurs. Projects producing goods of mass consumption. Projects in the nature of export promoting and import substituting industrial units.
In addition to the long term objectives, the development banks have to work with some short term objectives also. They have to adjust their lending strategies to the changing circumstances so as not to create inflationary conditions or not to create idle capacity in certain sectors where demand is slack or where critical raw materials or utilities are not easily available or not to create a situation of shortages of certain commodities at some future dates. Development banks should also help in
optimising the resources. The mere creation of finance without a corresponding creation of goods and services within a reasonable time would be inflationary. A development bank cannot be merely a lending agency. It has to take into account certain factors so that it may command all the maximum benefit of the nation. These banks should also support promotional activities in the country. These banks can assume the responsibility for developing infrastructure and social utilities in the country.
These should help in developing the key sectors like agriculture, industry and trade. These banks should organise consultancy services for the benefit of potential entrepreneurs and training programmes for new entrepreneurs with a view to widening the entrepreneurial base.
FUNCTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives the development banks perform a variety of functions which are discussed as follows: The development banks help in setting up basic and key industries in the initial stages of development. The basic industries like coal, iron and steel, aluminium, cement etc. further help in the development of other industries These banks provide medium and long term
financial assistance at comparatively cheap rates to the industries in response to the emerging requirements of industrial and economic growth. Along with providing financial assistance, the development banks have been continuously enlarging the scope of their operations. These operations include identification of industrial opportunities, identification and training of entrepreneurs, provision of techo-economic consultancy facilities, industrial research and other promotional activities.
Development banks provide facilities of refinancing to commercial banks and several other state level institutions. These banks accommodate the industrial units by directly subscribing or underwriting their securities so that market prices of these securities are not unduly fluctuating. The development banks assist the small scale industries by providing a credit guarantee in their taking credit facility from different financial credit institutions. They also help small industries in the procurement of raw materials and marketing their products. They also operate hire purchase schemes for the purchase of machinery and equipment.
In our country, after independence, balanced regional growth became a goal of economic policy. The development banks have been encouraging the flow of assistance to industrially backward areas by offering concessional interest rates and liberal financing norms such as lower promoter’s contribution, higher debt-equity ratio etc. Some of these banks have also started inviting public investment through the sale of their bonds or debentures or through mutual fund scheme. Through such activities, these banks mobilise considerable amount of community savings and make the public at large to participate in the industrial and development activities of the nation.
The development banks take a number of measures to identify and train the potential entrepreneurs. The basic objective of these promotional activities is to provide the entrepreneurs a package of services such as preparation of feasibility studies and project reports, providing technical and management services for sorting out operational problems etc. They also sponsor appropriate entrepreneur development programmes from time to time. They also extend assistance to new technicians and professional entrepreneurs who have necessary ability to run and manage projects but lack the necessary financial resources. These banks take up a substantial portion of the equity of the new projects.
As all the development banks are directly or indirectly managed and controlled by the central or the state government, they perform in general, all those functions which seek to fulfill the goals of general economic development of the country.
LENDING PROCEDURES OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS (OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES) Project Appraisal & Eligibility of Applicant Every financial institution serves a particular area of activity or there are certain limits prescribed beyond which they cannot go. The second aspect is to determine whether the enterprise has fulfilled various conditions prescribed by the Government Discussions are held with the promoters and clarifications sought on various points.
The bank/institution considers financial institutions in the light of i. Guidelines for assistance to industries issued by the Government or others concerned from time to time. ii. Guidelines issued by the bank iii. Policy decisions of the Board of Directors of the bank. Technical Appraisal i. Feasibility and suitability of technical process in Indian conditions. ii. Location of the project
iii. The scale of operations and its suitability for the planned project. iv. The technical soundness of the projects v. Sources of purchasing plant and machinery and the reputation of suppliers etc. vi. Arrangement for the disposal of factory affluents and use of bye- products, if any vii. The estimated cost of the project and probable selling price of the product. viii. The programme for completing the project.
ix. The sources of supplying various inputs and marketing arrangements. x. Details of any technical collaboration and its practical aspects. The technical appraisal determines the suitability of the project. Economic Viability The economic appraisal will consider the national and industrial priorities of the project, export potential of the product, employment potential, study of market.
Assessing Commercial Aspects The examination of commercial aspects relates to the arrangements for the purchase of raw materials and sale of finished products. Financial Feasibility The assessment for a new concern will involve: i. The needs for fixed assets, working capital and preliminary expenses will be estimated to find out its needs. ii. The financing plans will be studied in relation to capital structure, promoters contribution, debt equity ratio.
iii. Projected cash flow statements both during the construction and operation periods iv. Projected profitability and the likely dividend in near future. Managerial Competence A lending institution would see the background, qualifications, business experience of promoters and other associated with management. The persons forming Board of Directors should have adequate technical, financial and business expertise.
National Contribution The role of the project in the national economy and its benefits to the society in the form of good quality products, reasonable prices, employment generation, helpful in social infrastructure etc should be assessed. Balancing of Various Factors The circumstances of the individual project will help in weighing various factors. Weaknesses in certain areas may be off set by the good points in the other.
Loan Sanction If the Advisory Committee is satisfied by the proposal then it recommends the case to the Managing Director or Board of Directors alongwith its own report. When the assistance is sanctioned then a letter to this effect is issued to the party giving details of conditions on which its is granted. A loan agreement is also got signed by the promoters or directors of the enterprise. Loan Disbursement The execution of documents of security or guarantee etc. should proceed the disbursement of loan. In case some property is pledged to the bank then title deeds of such property are also properly scrutinised.
Follow up Proper follow up by the bank will enable it to follow the progress of unit. It should be seen whether the revenue earned by the concern will be sufficient to meet the obligations or not.
PROMOTIONAL ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN INDIA
Surveys of Backward Areas Surveys studied the availability of resources, demand potential and availability of infrastructure facilities. In 1982, Government of India identified 83 districts in the country where no medium or large scale industrial units existed IDBI jointly with IFCI and ICICI launched a programme for identifying opportunities and the needs for.
Inter-Institutional Groups (IIG’s) With a view to provide a forum to the national and state financial institutions, IDBI constituted 23 IIG’s in various states and union territories. These groups aimed to help accelerate the process of industrial development in a state with particular emphasis on less developed areas. IDBI has been constantly reviewing the functioning of these groups so as to evolve suitable measures for making them effective.
Establishing Technical Consultancy Organisations (TCO’s) The consultancy services covered market surveys, preparation of feasibility and project reports, entrepreneurship development programmes, diagnostic studies and rehabilitation schemes for sick units etc. Financial Institutions set up 17 consultancy organisations for providing consultancy at nominal rates. TCO’s have been giving thrust to modernisation of small and medium scale sectors also.
Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP’s) The main thrust of EDP’s has been to institutionalise entrepreneurship activities, generating, sharpening and sharing knowledge through research documentation and publication, developing a cadre of professionals A major step in this area was setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Ahemdabad in 1983.
Technological Improvements IDBI has been helping small and medium sectors in developing and upgrading of their technology so that they are able to match the pace of development. These banks also encourage entrepreneurs to adopt sophisticated technology with the help of academic and research institutes and also to encourage entrepreneurship among science and technology graduates.
Conclusion Development banks have done a good job in promoting industrial activities in various parts of the country. Development banks in cooperation with private sector can certainly help in accelerating the pace of industrial development.
Related Documents
Development Banking In India
June 2020 9
Banking In India, Retail Banking
April 2020 24
Banking System In India
June 2020 9
Banking In India - Wikipedi..
June 2020 10
Banking Structure In India
June 2020 12
Banking In India
April 2020 10More Documents from "Joseph Anbarasu"
Strategy.docx
December 2019 9
Development Banking In India
June 2020 9
Quimica Practica 4.docx
June 2020 12
Co.mam.ugotowac
May 2020 11
Tecnolgia
May 2020 14