Dd Methodology Notes

THE METHODOLOGY OF WRITING A SCIENTIFIC PAPER

Students’ Notes prepared by Bro. Banzelao Teixeira SDB and Fr. Kenneth Pereira SDB

for a course in METHODOLOGY

DIVYADAAN Salesian Institute of Philosophy Nashik, Maharashtra

June 2004

CHAPTER 1 HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER A scientific paper is not a paper written on a scientific topic. Rather, it is a paper done according to a certain rigorous methodology. Term papers, dissertation papers and theses have to be done in such a manner. Hence they are called scientific papers. How does one go about writing a scientific paper?

1.1 Choose an appropriate topic. (a) Choose a topic of your interest… one which will also be of interest to your readers. You could choose a topic that will help you in your profession, or a topic that may help you in your personal growth. Do not get stuck with topics that are of passing interest. (b) The choice of your topic has to be within the confines of the general subject under consideration. So, for example, if you are attending a seminar on The Dialogues of Plato, or a seminar on Communication then your topic will have to be within the scope of this subject/issue. Again if you are completing your philosophical degree, the topic will have to be within the confines of philosophy. (c) The topic should be within the limits of available time. Do not choose a topic which is too vast or vague or cannot be completed within the given time. (d) Choose a topic on which the necessary material is easily available. This implies that the books necessary for the particular study are available in the library of your institute. Though not impossible, it is difficult to consult books from other libraries.

1.2 Make a broad outline of the paper. Once you have chosen your topic, you may put down on paper some of the main points that you want to deal with in your paper. This will give you a broad outline of your work. It is like the initial skeleton that one begins to work with. In the course of the paper, it may be modified, elaborated or changed. At this stage it is also advisable to put down all the questions that you want to have answered in your work. Not all of your questions may be answered, but it is good to ask questions so that your study may have a clear direction and become an enriching one.

1.3 Draw up a basic bibliography. Make a list of the primary and secondary sources. 1.3.1 Primary sources are those books or that material that would form the main source of your paper. Primary sources comprise those books and articles that contain seminal and original ideas. If your topic is limited to a particular author, then your primary sources will be all books by that particular author. If you are writing a paper on the Bhagavad-Gita, then the primary source will be the Bhagavad-Gita. If your paper is on the dialogues of Plato, then your primary sources will comprise the works of Plato. 1.3.2 Secondary sources are those books written by others, which help you to understand the topic or the thought of the original author. Works that popularise or further study the views of seminal thinkers would be counted as secondary sources. In the above case, the secondary sources for the BhagavadGita would be the commentaries and studies on the Gita by various scholars. 1.3.3 A few guidelines for drawing up the Bibliography * Make a list of all the books available on your topic of study. * Choose original sources. Avoid spurious and doubtful sources. * Use the most authoritative editions and preferably the latest ones. * Consult your guide and those people who are competent in the particular field or topic. Show 2

o.)

Author’s full name, Title of book

(Abbreviation of the Book)

them the list and ask their advice. They may be able to help you with the choice of your books. * After all this, consult your dissertation guide or seminar professor and get your bibliography Content? either inapproved. summary form or as a direct quotation * Finally, from among the many books in your bibliography, identify the most important ones. This can be done by glancing through the table of contents of each book and by seeking the help of some well-informed persons. Soon you will be able to trace the important books. All this is a matter of practice. We learn by trial and error.

1.4 Read actively and take notes. 1.4.1 What to read. To get a good orientation towards the topic of your study, begin by reading an article from some authoritative encyclopaedia or other journals. The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy is a good way to get acquainted with the topic of your study. Then begin by reading the primary sources. Skim through the table of contents, the introduction and conclusion of each book. It is not advisable to begin with secondary sources, as these tend to limit your scope of understanding. So begin with the primary sources, allowing the text to speak to you. Read the primary sources with concentration. Some of the primary sources may have to be read several times in order to grasp the thoughts therein.... And of course, do not forget to take notes while reading. Once you have read and understood the primary sources, move on to the secondary sources. In these books, read only those parts of the text which pertain to your study. Do not waste your time reading unnecessary things. For this, the table of contents and the index can be of great help. They help to locate those parts of the book that may be important to you. 1.4.2 How to read. Follow the movement of the book. Read the book in its proper order. Do not jump from page to page or scan through the book. One should then be able to put in one’s own words what the author is saying in the text. This shows that one has understood and assimilated the text. Be slow in making any critical judgments on the author. Instead re-read the book and you will understand what the author intends to say. Remember, reading is a dialogue with the author, and more especially, with the book. 1.4.3 Note-taking. Do not rely on your memory. The best way to save time is by taking notes. Follow a systematic way of taking notes. One of the best ways of taking notes for a scientific paper is by making schede sheets. Schede are especially helpful when one is referring to many sources. Secondly, they preserve the material for future use. Schede could be of a postcard size or slightly bigger. One can conveniently use the blank side of A4 sheets (cut in two halves or four quarters) that have been used up on one side. On the next page, you can see what a scheda looks like. 1.43.1 Schede should include the following details: Author’s complete name, title of the book, main heading of classification, summary notes with an indication of the page number of the text.

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Schede could be used to copy direct quotes, or for writing brief information about the book, or to summarise the book in one’s own words. One could also keep schede with one’s own reflections that burst forth while one is reading the text or while one is reflecting on it. Schede should be numbered in the upper left corner. They should contain the name of the author and the name/abbreviation of the book that one is reading. While writing out summaries or quotations, note down the page numbers of the original text on the left side of the schede. It will help you to refer back, when needed, and also while quoting the references in your paper. Finally the schede will have to be classified thematically. This is normally done at the end of all the reading on a particular chapter. Note-taking on the schede could be either in summary form or in detail. It is advisable to keep only one idea per scheda. And do not waste time writing unnecessary and valueless information. Most often try to summarise the particular idea. However, sometimes one may need to copy a few things word for word. In this case make sure that you copy it accurately, and use “quotation marks”.

1.5 Prepare a working outline. To prepare the working outline, one may have to re-read the notes or schede and arrange them in a thematic order. To do this, one must jot down a schematic outline of the paper, with all the subtopics noted down in their intended sequence. Let the theme unfold as logically as possible. Now arrange the schede in the same thematic sequence. Exclude the irrelevant matter. Limit your paper to the most important issues. This will help you to form the general structure of the paper. Get your working outline approved by the guide.

1.6 Prepare the first draft and submit it for correction. Work chapter by chapter. Move on to the next chapter only when the previous chapter is complete. Arrange the schede of each chapter in some sort of order. Read them again and see if the flow seems logical. Begin writing with the help of your general working outline. The beginning is always difficult, but one has to begin somewhere. Do not be unduly worried about precision and accuracy. Remember, it is only the first draft. Soon things will fall in place and you can always make changes in the course of time. While writing the draft, leave broad margins for the guide to correct and comment. Do not write the drafts on schede sheets. Rather, use foolscap sheets. Also remember to put the references in brackets wherever necessary. These references will ultimately be turned into footnotes. If it is a dissertation or a thesis, it is recommended that one should write it chapter by chapter. As far as possible write the matter in your own words. Try not to restrict yourself to the language of the text or the author. Express what you have understood in your own words. Only in case of direct quotes, stick to the words of the author. On completing the chapter, give it to your guide for corrections. After handing over the draft of the first chapter for correction, begin working on the second chapter. The guide will go through your first draft and give his comments. He may also recommend a few points for further development or may even ask you to modify the entire chapter. When you get the first draft back from the guide, try to make the recommended changes. By this time you should be able to give your next chapter for correction and while this is going on, rework on the (corrected) first draft of the first chapter.

1.7 Work through subsequent drafts to the final draft. You may have to write even two or three drafts until the chapter is finally approved. Once all the chapters have been individually approved, you may be required to give the final draft of the entire 4

ese notes. Also fill some matter in these schede along with other details such as the author’s name, book’s t

for books on this topic. Limit yourself to just 2 or 3 books and then prepare a scheme or working outline for dissertation to the guide for his final approval. For term papers or seminar papers, you may not have to submit your assignment chapter by chapter for correction. You may have to complete the whole paper and then give it for correction. Ultimately it all depends on the guide and the procedure he wants to follow. The final draft should be presented the way it will appear in the typed paper. It should include the following details:     

A good and precise title, which best summarises the theme of the paper An appropriate introduction to the topic of your study All the footnotes or the endnotes with correct references and proper methodology The bibliography in standard format A fitting conclusion.

Carefully examine your paper and correct all the grammatical and methodological mistakes. The final draft helps the guide to look at the entire paper in a single perspective and then offer his comments. Once the final draft is approved, type out your dissertation. The details for the typing of the dissertation are given in the next chapter. But before that, here are a few exercises to assimilate all that has been said in this chapter.

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CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER Our main concern in this chapter is to learn the general structure of a B.Ph. dissertation or a M.Ph. dissertation. The structure could be similar for a doctoral thesis, except for a few additions. These differences will be indicated when the need arises. Here, we are basically following Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations (sixth edition).

2.1 Parts of the Paper The paper can be basically divided into what is called the front matter, the text and the back matter. What each of these parts is made of is indicated below. Front Matter • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Title Page Copyright page * Dedication * Epigraph * Table of Contents List of Illustrations* List of Tables* Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Glossary * Editorial Method * Abstract *

Text • •

• •

Introduction Chapter 1 Sections, Subsections Chapter Conclusion Chapters 2, 3, …(in a similar manner) General Conclusion

Back Matter • • • •

Appendix * Endnotes (if there are no footnotes) Bibliography Reference list or analytic index *

NB: Those items which are marked * are not necessary for a B.Ph. / M.Ph. paper.

2.2 General Guidelines 2.2.1 Inter-Linear Spacing All the parts of the basic text of a scientific paper — be it a dissertation or a thesis — should be in double spacing. (Some guides recommend one-and-a-half spacing.) This means that there should be a wider gap than normal between any two lines in the dissertation. The following passage is in double spacing:

Thomas Aquinas was perhaps the first person to speak of analogy in a clear and distinct manner. He brought in the concept of analogy to solve the problem of religious language. Analogous terms are halfway between univocal and equivocal terms. Only direct quotes that run into more than 5 lines in the text of your paper may be presented in single spacing. In this case, they are placed in a separate paragraph that is indented by half an inch on the left side. The right indentation of half-inch is optional. In such cases, quotation marks are not used. For an example, see the box at the bottom of the next page. 6

There is single spacing within a single footnote item or bibliographical entry. However there is always double spacing between two consecutive footnotes or two consecutive bibliographical entries. For example, 1

John Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jurgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 41-42. 2

Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986) 51. 3

Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics, 44.

There is single spacing between subheadings in the table of contents. For clarification see the table of contents provided in appendix 2. In case you are using a typewriter, leave two open spaces after the use of a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Leave a single space after a colon, comma or semicolon. 2.2.2 Pagination The front matter pages — i.e., the table of contents, list of illustrations, list of tables, preface, acknowledgements and list of abbreviations — are numbered with lower case roman numerals (e.g. i, ii, v, x) that are centred at the bottom of those pages. The title page is counted in the pagination but the page number is not indicated on it. The pages of the text (chapters) and back matter are numbered with Arabic numerals (1,2, 3…) that are centred at the bottom of every page. 2.2.3 Indentation At the beginning of every paragraph there is a five-spaced indentation from the left-hand margin. See below.

Thomas Aquinas was perhaps the first person to speak of analogy in a clear and distinct manner. He brought in the concept of analogy to solve the problem of religious language. Quotations of five lines or more are indented in their entirety, five spaces or half an inch from the left margin. (Indentation from the right margin is optional.) A colon is normally used before such a quotation, to mark the break from the main text. The beginning line of these special paragraphs (direct quotes) should not be further indented. See below.

Aquinas skilfully used the concept of intrinsic analogy to explain how human words can be applied to God. Aquinas would define intrinsic analogy in the following manner: Intrinsic analogy is an analogy in which the definition of the term is verified in both the primary and the secondary analogue. But the difference between the analogues is the difference in the degree of the same attribute. An obvious example is the difference of life in God and life in human beings. The degree of life in God is in its fullness since he is infinite, while that in the case of human beings is finite.1

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Quotes of less than five lines should be integrated into the normal paragraph and should have quotation marks to differentiate them from the rest of the text. The footnote is indented in a manner similar to the paragraphs of the text. The first line of the footnote entry is indented five spaces (or half an inch) from the left margin while the subsequent lines continue directly from the left margin.

John Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jurgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 41-42. 1

In the bibliography the first line of every bibliographical entry starts at the left margin while the subsequent lines are indented five spaces (or half an inch) from the left margin. This format is known as the ‘hanging indent’.

Thompson, John. Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jurgen Habermas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2.2.4 Corrections One can be excused a maximum of six errors in a page. These include spellings, methodological and minor grammatical errors. Errors corrected with a whitener and retyped over are still considered as errors. If you have made more than six errors on a typed page, it is recommended that you retype that particular page. 2.2.5 Margins The margins are normally 1½ inch from the left, and 1 inch from the top, bottom and the right. The margin on the left is normally bigger than the other sides for binding purposes. To get a better idea of the margin settings see appendix 3, which provides a page from the text of a scientific paper. 2.2.6 Use of Italics Italics is a font-style that is used for special effect in printed matter. However on the typewriter one cannot italicise words. Hence, when using a typewriter, one underlines those words that would have been italicised. You need to italicise or underline (in case of typewriters) the titles of books, plays, pamphlets, journals, periodicals, classical works and poems. However the books of the Bible are not italicised or underlined. If the subtitle accompanies the title, this should also be italicised or underlined. A colon (:) is used to differentiate the title from the subtitle.

Contemporary Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique Or Contemporary Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique Italicise or underline words or phrases that are from other languages. E.g. bhakti, au revoir, schede. However foreign words that are accepted as part of the English vocabulary need not be italicised or underlined. E.g. par excellence, karma, maharaja, sine qua non, etc. You may also italicise or underline those words that you would like to emphasise. However do not do this too often. Also, avoid using bold print for emphasis in a running text. This is better done by the use of italics.

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2.2.7 Quotation Marks Use “quotation marks” whenever you quote verbatim from a text, unless the quote extends to more than five lines... in which case it is presented in single-spaced, indented lines (to show that it is a direct quote) and quotation marks are not used. Double inverted commas (resembling quotation marks) are also used to name parts, chapters or sections of a book. In the bibliography or footnotes, double inverted commas are used when one has taken a certain article from a book (collection of articles), journal, magazine, newspaper or internet website etc…see the bibliographical entry given below.

Dornish, Loretta. “An Introduction to Paul Ricoeur.” Theology Digest 24 (1976) 147-153. 2.2.8 Capitals Capitalise the first word and all the principal words in English titles of publications, in division of works. But articles (the, a, an), prepositions and conjunctions are not capitalized unless they are the first word of the title.

Eg.: The Hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur 2.2.9 Font Size and Style When one is using a typewriter, one has no options regarding the size or style of the font to be used in the paper. However, if one is doing his paper at a computer, the following points may be kept in mind: There should be consistency in the use of font-size and font-style. If the running matter in one chapter is done in the Times New Roman font, the same font must be used for the running matter of all the other chapters as well. A different font can be used for headings. Indeed, a variety of fonts can be used for headings of different orders. The chapter title constitutes a first order heading. Section titles are headings of the second order. Titles of subsections are headings of the third order... etc. The basic rule says: Adopt the same style and size of font for all headings of the same order. The font size for running matter (i.e. the main text) can vary from 11 to 13 points, depending on the font being used. If one is using Times New Roman, it is advisable to use a size of 12 points. If one is using Bookman Old Style, one may adopt a size of 11 points. The best tip in this regard is: take the advice of your guide.

2.3 Particular Parts of the Paper 2.3.1 Title Page The title page contains the full title of the paper, the name of the writer/student, the name of the guide, the statement regarding the educational purpose of the paper, the date and the name and address of the institute. A sample of the title page is given in Appendix 1.

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2.3.2 Table of Contents The table of contents is simply entitled CONTENTS (in full capitals). All the parts of the paper that precede the table of contents — e.g. the title page and ‘dedication’ page — are not included in it. But all that follows the table of contents — including endnotes, bibliography and analytic index (if any) — must be mentioned in the table of contents. No page number appears on any of the pages that precede the table of contents but they are counted in the pagination. There are different styles of presenting the table of contents. In some printed books, the Table of Contents gives only chapter titles, and excludes all mention of sections and subsections within each chapter. However, in dissertations one is expected to name all the headings and subheadings in the table of contents. From the front matter, the list of illustrations, list of tables, preface, acknowledgements, list of abbreviations, editorial method and abstract have to be mentioned in the table of contents if they are present in the paper. From the main body of the dissertation, chapters are listed under the generic heading CHAPTER. Chapter numbers are aligned on the left and chapter titles aligned on the first letter. The page numbers are aligned along the right margin. If the dissertation comprises parts in which several chapters are included, this fact should also be indicated in the table of contents. The back matter — i.e. the endnotes (if any), the bibliography, appendices and the reference list/index — is listed after the chapters. There is double spacing between items in the table of contents. However if an item runs to more than one line, then, the run-over lines are single-spaced. Subheadings when included in the table of contents are indented. See Appendix 2 for further details. 2.3.3 Introduction The main text of the dissertation/paper usually begins with an introduction. This introduction could alternatively be called Chapter 1. Whatever one prefers to call it — whether Introduction or Chapter 1 — its first page is marked as page 1 (Arabic numerals). 2.3.4 Chapters The body of the text is divided into chapters, each beginning on a new page. The chapters should neither be too short nor too long. The entire title of the chapter is normally centred on the page. The chapter title has to be in the upper case (block capitals), and should be in bold, if possible. For example,

CHAPTER 1 THE HERMENEUTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOLS 2.3.4.1 Numbering of Sections and Sub-Sections All subdivisions of a chapter must be numbered. This numbering is done in one of the following two styles: (a) in the style of decimal numbers (b) with multiple stops. For example: (a) 3.2.1.4 means: the fourth division of the first subsection of the second section of the third chapter. (b) 3.214 means the same thing according to the second style. Here is a typical sequencing of numbers referring to various sections and subsections in chapter 6 of a particular dissertation paper on Christian Doctrine. The chapter is titled: THE CHURCH 10

6.0 Introduction 6.1 The Pre-Paschal Community of Jesus’ Disciples 6.2 The Church the Body of Christ to the sample provided in Appendix 1. f the information given in this as chapter and according 6.2.1 A New Identity e in Divyadaan: Author: Bro. Anil Pinto. Topic: The Theistic Vision of the Bhagavad Gita, Guide: Fr. Albano Fe 6.2.2 Easter-Pentecost: the Turning Point 6.3 The Church as the Bride of Christ 6.4 The Church as the People of God 6.4.1 The Mission of the People of God 6.4.2 Four Levels of ‘Being Church’ 6.4.2.1 The Domestic Church 6.4.2.2 The Parochial Church 6.4.2.3 The Local Church (Diocese) 6.4.2.4 The Universal Church 6.5 The Four Attributes of the Church 6.5.1 The Church is One 6.5.2 The Church is Holy 6.5.3 The Church is Catholic 6.5.4 The Church is Apostolic 6.6 The ‘Communion of Saints’ 6.6.1 The Meaning of this Doctrine 6.6.2 The Implications of this Doctrine 6.7 Conclusion: The Ecclesial Vision of Vatican II

In the above example, the numbering is done according to the first method. We may observe that these notes on Methodology have also adopted the first method of numbering. The second method can be seen in Appendix 2 (Table of Contents). The headings of the sections and subsections of every chapter are usually presented in the ‘Title Case’. This means that the first letter of all the words in the heading are put in the upper case, except for articles, conjunctions, prepositions and other common words. For example, see the box above. For a better understanding of the chapter layout, refer to Appendix 3. 2.3.5 The Conclusion The conclusion is the last part of the text in which the student is expected to give a final word on the topic of his study. Besides summing up the entire paper in a few paragraphs, one should also give one’s own views and opinions on the particular theme. This is called the critical appraisal of the dissertation. Here you may state whether (and why) you agree or disagree with the author(s) you have studied. Here one could also provide a few indications for further research etc… 2.3.6 Bibliography The bibliography provides a list of all the sources one has referred to in one’s work. This will be dealt with at length in chapter 4.

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CHAPTER 3 NOTES (FOOTNOTES and ENDNOTES) In this chapter we shall study the method and the style of writing footnotes or endnotes. Now notes — whether they be footnotes or endnotes — are a must for scientific papers. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the chapter or at the end of the entire paper or dissertation. Most guides and readers prefer footnotes to endnotes, since this saves one the trouble of turning pages. Appendix 4 presents a sample page of endnotes. In a scientific paper, these endnotes would be placed immediately after the general conclusion of the entire paper, and before the bibliography. Notes have four main uses:    

to cite the authority for statements in your text. to make cross references. to make incidental comments. to make acknowledgements.

3.1 General Guidelines for Notes 3.1.1 Numbering: At the place in your text where a note is introduced, the reference number is marked with a super-scripted Arabic numeral. For example the footnote for the following text will appear at the bottom of this page:

For Heidegger, understanding consists in gaining access to the mind of the author. All texts to be interpreted must be placed in their historical context and understood in that perspective.1 A second important point concerning footnote numbering is that it can be either continuous or broken. Continuous numbering implies that the footnote numbering is carried on from one chapter into another. Broken numbering implies that the footnote numbering begins anew with each chapter. For term papers, it is quite okay to use continuous numbering. But this is not advisable for M.Ph. theses and longer works. Broken numbering of footnotes is particularly helpful because one could then store each chapter as a separate file; any changes in the footnotes would affect only that particular chapter. 3.1.2 Style of the Footnote (for Books) We now come to the most important part of this chapter: the style or method of writing footnotes/endnotes. For a book, when you are giving the reference for the first time, the following information should be included. It should be put in the order that is given below:

1 Paul Ricoeur, “The Task of Hermeneutics,” Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 45. 12

Name of the author or authors, Title and subtitle (if any), Name of the editor, compiler, translator (if any) Number or name of edition (if it is not the first edition) Name of the series in which the book appears with volume number or series number (if applicable) Facts of publication (in brackets). Thus: (Place of publication: Name of publishing agency, Year of publication) Page number(s) of the specific citation or reference The punctuation marks between items are as shown in the example below. Please note: The page number(s) stated at the end of each footnote must be preceded by a comma only if there is no other intervening closing-bracket. 1

Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986) 84.

EXERCISE 5: Go to the Library and write footnotes for (imaginary) citations from any 10 books. The footnotes should contain all the details expected, in standard format.

3.1.3 Position of the Notes The footnotes should be placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page, below a short rule/separator, like the one we have seen on the previous page. The footnote must begin on the same page where it is referenced. But a long footnote may extend into the next page. 3.1.4 Short Forms and Abbreviations The title of the book may be also shortened or abbreviated, but only after the first full reference. It is also advisable to indicate that one is shortening the name of the book in the subsequent references. For example, First full reference: 1

Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986) 84. Henceforth this book will be referred to as Rule of Metaphor. Subsequent Reference: 2

Ricoeur, Rule of Metaphor, 87.

If one is intending to use an abbreviation, this must be indicated at the end of the first full reference. For example: Henceforth this book will be referred to as RM.] Abbreviations should be used only for those books that are repeatedly cited in the paper. However for short papers it is advisable not to use abbreviations, since a short paper involves very few books and resource material. 3

Ricoeur, RM, 95. [Abbreviation]

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3.2 Details of the Footnote 3.2.1 Name of the Author The author’s name has to be given first in the footnote reference. However in cases when the authorship is not established, the reference should begin with the title of the work. Examples of such books are: Catechism of the Catholic Church and Constitutions of the Society of Saint Francis de Sales. 

When the book is by two or three authors, give the full names of the authors in the order mentioned in the title page. 1

Micheal Inwood, John Smith and Ivan Holmes, Death as Life (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987) 46. 

But if the book has more than three authors, then in the footnote reference, the name of the first author is followed by the Latin words et alii (in short et al) or the English words: ‘and others’. For example, 1

Mario Scheiner et al, eds., or

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Mario Scheiner and others, eds.,



All personal titles before or after the name are to be avoided. These include titles such as Dr., Fr., Rev., Prof., SDB, Ph.D., or any other degree or designation.



Those books or compilations which have only an editor should be cited as in the following example: 1

Max Komatose, Ira Sneed, and Sarah Swider, eds., Acting in the Off-Loop Theatres of Chicago (Toledo: Wright-Smart Press,1995) 193. 3.2.2 Title of the Book Always enter the full title of the book, and the subtitle if there is one. Always italicise or underline (for typewriters) the title. If there is a subtitle, this should also be italicised.

Idols to Die, Symbols to Live: Dynamic Interaction Between Language, Reality and the Divine. 3.2.3 Name of Editor, Translator or Compiler In cases when the works of the author have been translated or edited (or both) by others, the footnote should run as shown below: 1

Paul Ricoeur, A Ricoeur Reader: Reflection and Imagination, ed. Mario Valdes (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1991) 28. 2

August Von Haxthausen, Studies on the Interior of Russia, ed. S. Frederick Starr, trans. Eleanor Schmidt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972) 65. When the book has a foreword or introduction by somebody else: 1

Paul Ricoeur, Symbolism of Evil, with a foreword by James McCarthy (New York: New York Press, 1999) 68.

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3.2.4 Later Editions You are expected to name the edition, if the cited work is not the first edition 5

Richard Walls, Now is the Hour, 3rd edn. (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) 123.

3.2.5 Facts of Publication The facts of publication include the city, the publishing agency and the year of publication. Please note, the name of the state (e.g. Goa) or country (e.g. India) is not mentioned.

(Panjim: New Age Press, 2001) However, facts of publication can be avoided for citations from the Bible, classical works, dictionaries, general encyclopaedias like the Encyclopaedia Britannica and periodicals, magazines and journals. With regard to the place of publication, if the book lists two or three places, one need give the name of the first city only. When the name of the publisher is not given one may have to write n.p. (i.e. no place) and if the year of publication is not given then one will have to write n.d. (i.e. no date)

(Ponda: Sunrise Publishers, n.d.) 3.2.6 Page Numbers This is the last information that appears in a footnote. Once all the general information is given, one has to now provide the particular reference in the book, that is, the page number or numbers. Utmost care should be taken to give exact page references, unless one is referring to the matter in passing. For example, 1

Charles Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Works (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) 28. If you are using/summarizing the information scattered all over the book in a few lines, then use the word passim which means: ‘here and there’. For example, 1

Charles Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Works (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) 4-51 passim. 3.3 Subsequent References Once the work has been cited with full/complete information, later references should be shortened or abbreviated. One could follow either of the styles provided below. Style 1: for a subsequent reference one should give the surname of the author followed by the title of the book, and then the page number(s). For example, First reference 1

Charles Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Works (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) 4. Subsequent references 3

Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Works, 32.

Style 2: For subsequent references, the surname is directly followed by the page reference. However this style can be used when the student is using only one book of the author in his/her paper. Style 1

15

should be used when you are using two or more books by the same author in your paper. 5

Reagan, 57. [Style 2]

3.4 Footnote Style for Other Important Types of Material 3.4.1 Periodicals Periodicals are publications that are published at regular intervals. These include journals, magazines and newspapers. Journals are more scholarly and have a limited circulation. Magazines on the other hand have a wide readership and are usually of social interest. Citations from journals, magazines and newspapers are much the same, however they do differ on some minor details. 3.4.1.1 Journals For a scholarly journal the first full reference should include the following details Author(s), “Title of the article,” (in inverted commas) Title of the periodical (in italics), Volume number (in boldface) and issue number (optional) Month (optional) and Year of Publication (in brackets) Page number(s). For example, first Reference: 1

Paul Ricoeur, “Philosophical Hermeneutics and Theology,” Theology Digest, 24 (1976) 157-158. 2

Teesta Setalvad, “Communalization of Education,” Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education, 12 (April 2001) 89. For subsequent references: 3

Ricoeur, “Philosophical Hermeneutics and Theology,” 159.

4

Setalvad, “Communalization of Education,” 92.

3.4.1.2 Magazines Though magazines have volume and issue number it is better that they are identified by their date alone. Here the date takes the place of the volume number and in these cases the date is not put in brackets. Kindly note that the periodical/magazine name is followed by a comma. First full Reference 1

Lalita Iyer, “Married to the Mob,” The Week, 3 February 2002, 16.

2

John Dayal, “Poll Muck,” Indian Currents: A Voice to the Voiceless, 17 February 2002, 11. 3

Tavleen Singh, “Dangerous Delusion: America’s War against Terrorism doesn’t include India’s Battle against the Scourge,” India Today, 18 February 2002, 23.

16

For subsequent references 4

Iyer, “Married to the Mob,” 16.

5

Dayal, “Poll Muck,” 11.

6

Singh, “Dangerous Delusion,” 23.

3.4.1.3 Newspapers To acknowledge citations from newspapers and newsletters, the name of the newspaper along with the date is sufficient. However it is worthwhile to also give page number(s) because most popular newspapers nowadays have 20 to 30 pages. If the same newspaper is published in different places of the country, also give the place of publication. This is true of The Times of India, The Indian Express and other national newspapers. Given below are some examples of the same: 1

Vidya Subrahmaniam, “Terrorism means little for UP’s Hotbed of ISI Activity,” The Times of India (Mumbai), 20 February 2002, 7. 2

Anil Dubey, “Ultras take Six Hostages near Vaishno Devi,” The Indian Express (Mumbai), 22 February 2002, 1. For subsequent references 3

Subrahmaniam, “Terrorism means little for UP’s Hotbed of ISI Activity,” 7.

4

Dubey, “Ultras take Six Hostages near Vaishno Devi,” 1.

3.4.2 Encyclopaedias Well known reference books like the Bible, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and dictionaries are not listed in the Bibliography. And when they are cited in the notes, the facts of their publication are normally not given. But the edition must be acknowledged unless it is the first edition. Again the title under which the entry occurs in the encyclopaedia should be indicated. The use of s.v. (sub verbum = ‘under the word’) should be used. For example: 1

Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. “Blake, William,” by Cosyns-Carr. Or,

1

Cosyns-Carr, “Blake, William,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.

But if you are giving references to articles from less-known encyclopaedias, or if you would not like to take the risk you could offer full details. For example, 2

Micheal Inwood, “Hermeneutics,” Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, gen. ed. Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 1998) 4: 384–385. 3.4.3 Articles from the Internet Today many students access the Internet for their source material. Giving references to citations from an Internet article is quite simple. The reference should contain the name of the writer, followed by the title of the article, the website which contains the particular article and finally the date on which the material was accessed. The information regarding the date of access is very important because articles on the net are often updated. Here is an example: 1

George Boeree, “Victor Frankl.” http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html, 9/2/2001. or

17

1

George Boeree,. “Victor Frankl.” http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html, accessed on 9/2/2001. 3.4.4 Multi-Volume Works by the Same Author 1

Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951)

3: 38 As shown above, the volume number is normally highlighted in bold letters. In case of a multi-volume work where each volume has a different title, the following style could be used: 1

Gabriel Marcel, The Mystery of Being, vol. 2: Faith and Reality (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1960) 33. 3.4.5 Book-Reviews If you have referred to book reviews, then the style of citation differs. The first reference should give the name of the reviewer, followed by the phrase ‘review of’... followed by the title of the book reviewed, with the name of its author and finally the details of the journal in which this review was published. For example: 1

Ashley Miranda, review of Virtue in Diverse Traditions: An Introduction, by George Olivera, Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education, 12 (April 2001) 180181. 3.4.6 Scriptural References When referring to citations from the Bible or some other well-known scriptures, use standard abbreviations for the books, both in the text as well as in the notes. Hence the footnote includes the book name (in abbreviation), the chapter number: the verses. The names of the books of the Bible are not italicised. Besides, one could also provide the details of the version that one was reading. For example: 1

Ps. 104: 6-14 NJB.

2

Mt. 12: 1-5.

3

1 Cor 13: 1-13 RSV.

(New Jerusalem Bible) (Revised Standard Version)

3.4.7 Unpublished Material This would include theses, dissertations, letters, lectures, class notes etc. 1

Banzelao Teixeira, The Hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur (M.Ph. dissertation, Divyadaan: Salesian Institute of Philosophy, Nashik, 2001) 25-27. For class notes 2

Ivo Coelho, Philosophy of Knowing (Class Notes, Divyadaan: Salesian Institute of Philosophy, Nashik, 2001) 59. 3.4.8 Indirect Citations These are references to an author’s work that has been used in the book that you have read. In such cases, references to both the works must be given in the following manner: 18

1

Hans-Georg Gadamer, Philosophie Hermeneutic: Kliene Schriften, I (Tubingen: Mohr, 1967) 158, as cited in Paul Ricoeur, From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics, II (Evanston: North-Western University Press, 1991) 55-56. 3.4.9 Citations from Philosophical and Other Classics Philosophical classics are works by famous philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas. Other classics would include the encyclicals of the popes and other Church documents like the Catechism of the Catholic Church. For such references it is not necessary to give the page number. Rather, such works are cited by their article numbers or paragraph numbers. See for example the works of Thomas Aquinas. In this case the ‘I’ refers to the Part I, ‘13’ refers to the 13 th question and ‘5R’ refers to the 5th reply. 1

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I, 13, 5R.

2

Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, 35. [Here 35 is the article number]

In the above cases it is not necessary to give the publication details unless these are special translations with comments and annotations. Compiled/Edited Book with Articles by Different Writers Occasionally one also comes across books which contain articles by various writers but are put together into a book by an editor/editors. The citation style for such works is given below. 1

Joseph Putti, “Hermeneutics Today,” Hermeneutics: Truth or/and Meaning, ed. Jose Maliekal (Kondadaba: St. John’s Regional Seminary, 1993-94) 2-3. 3.5

Content Notes and Cross-References

What could be the use of content notes? The first thing one must remember is that content notes are not so common and even if they are, they shouldn’t be very frequent in the paper/thesis. Their primary use is to fill in some supporting information which may not be important enough to be inserted in the text of the paper. For example in a paper on hermeneutics the following information was put in the content note: 1

Hermeneutics is also related to ‘Hermes’ the divine messenger in Greek myths who is associated with the function of transmitting the divine message and communicating it to mortals in a form understandable to human intelligence. Therefore hermeneutics could mean bringing the concealed into the open. For further details see Joseph Putti, “Hermeneutics Today,” Hermeneutics: Truth or/and Meaning, ed. Jose Maliekal (Kondadaba: St. John’s Regional Seminary, 1993-94) 1. Notes are also used for cross-references. Cross-references point out the place in the text where the same matter has been discussed earlier or is going to be discussed at length at some later time. In these case the use of the words see above or see below is very essential. See above refers to the text that has preceded the particular cross-reference, while see below refers to the text that is to follow this particular reference. 1

For a detailed study on this topic see pp. 20-28 above.

2

For a detailed discussion on this matter see pp. 56-67 below.

3

The findings of this particular study have been presented in appendix 5. For further reference, see p.120 below.

19

osophical Journals, Magazines, Newspapers and Circular letters.

les, articles from edited books, unpublished matter, scriptural references.

osophical Problems in Quantum Mechanics. His methodology of doing the endnotes, however, is faulty. Pres

e World’s Great Physicists", Shambala Publishers, Boston 1985, p. 42

8, p. 75

EDWARDS Paul, Vol. 7, p. 48. (Macmillan, New York 1972)

s, 1979, p. 89

20

CHAPTER 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY There are different styles for the classification of bibliographical data. The most common style is the division of the matter into what is called Primary Sources and Secondary Sources. Each of these sections could be further divided into Books, Articles, and Manuscripts etc. However for short papers and theses the student is advised not to make such divisions. The Primary Sources should include the most authoritative books consulted and cited in the paper. For example, if one is doing a study on The Cognitional Theory According to Bernard Lonergan, the works of Lonergan will obviously be the primary source. Hence in this sense the books by the author under study could be considered as primary sources, while the books on him by other authors would be the secondary sources. The other styles that are followed are the alphabetical order (authors) of classification and the chronological one. Now if there are books by the same author then the chronological style should be followed. But care should be taken to note the year when the books were first published. The alphabetical order should simply follow the A-to-Z sequence.

4.1 How to Fill in a Bibliographical Entry The contents within a bibliographical entry are the same as those of the notes. However the arrangement style changes. Here is the general outline of it: Surname/Second name/Family Name, First name. Name of the Book (Title and Subtitle & in italics). Place of Publication: Name of the Publishing Agency, Year. For example:

Thompson, John. Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jurgen Habermas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. 4.2 Classification by Alphabetical Order Bibliographies are arranged alphabetically by author’s family names/surnames, letter by letter. If the family names of two authors are identical then arrange next by the first names. A bibliography styled according to alphabetical order may appear like this:

Bleicher, Josef. Contemporary Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. Dornish, Loretta. “An Introduction to Paul Ricoeur.” Theology Digest, 24 (1976) 147-153. Grondin, Jean. Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics. Translated by Joel Weinsheimer and foreword by Hans-Georg Gadamer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Hahn, Lewis (ed.). The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Chicago: Open Court, 1996. Ihde, Don. Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Foreword by Paul Ricoeur. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1971.

21

Inwood, Michael. “Hermeneutics.” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. London: Routledge, 1998. 4: 384-389. Pandikattu, Kuruvilla. Idols to Die, Symbols to Live: Dynamic Interaction between Language, Reality and the Divine. New Delhi: Intercultural Publications, 2000. --------. Metaphorising of Reality. Pune: Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth, 1997. Putti, Joseph. “Hermeneutics Today.” In Jose Maliekal (ed.), Hermeneutics: Truth or/and Meaning. Kondadaba: St. John’s Regional Seminary, 1993-94. In the above Bibliography you will notice that there are two works by a certain author called Kuruvilla Pandikattu. In such cases you can sequence them according to the alphabetical order of the titles, as done above.

4.3 Classification by Chronological Order But, as said earlier, if you are doing a study on a particular author, it is advisable to offer all the books by the author in a chronological order as they were first published. For example, in the box below, all the books enlisted are the works of Paul Ricoeur.

1960 [Year when the book was first published] The Symbolism of Evil. Translated by Emerson Buchanan. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969. 1965 Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. Translated by Denis Savage. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. 1969 The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics. Edited and introduced by Don Ihde. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1979. 1973 “Ethics and Culture: Habermas and Gadamer in Dialogue.” Philosophy Today, 17 (1973) 153-165. 1975 “Biblical Hermeneutics.” Semeia: An Experiential Journal of Biblical Criticism, 4 (1975) 27-148. The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language. Translated by Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986. 1976 “History and Hermeneutics.” Journal of Philosophy, 73 (1976) 683-695.

22

*N.B. The month has to be specified if the pagination of every issue in a volume begins afresh from p

4.4 Other Cases 4.4.1 The Works of an Author Edited and Translated by Others

Ricoeur, Paul. The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur: An Anthology of His Work. Edited by Charles Reagan and David Stewart. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978. Ricoeur, Paul. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation. Edited, translated and introduced by John Thompson with a response by Paul Ricoeur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Bibliographical Entry with Editor or Compiler in place of Author

Hahn, Lewis (ed.). The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Chicago: Open Court, 1996. 4.4.2 Two or More Authors for the Same Book Books that have more than one author or editor should normally mention all the names. However only for the first name the style of ‘Surname, name,’ is followed. For the rest of the authors the first name is followed by the surname. If there are more than three authors, the Bibliographical entry simply states the surname and name of the first author followed by ‘and others’ or ‘et alii’. The examples below will explain this point:

Fernandes, Albano and others. The ‘How-To’ Book for Youth Leaders. Mumbai: TejPrasarini, 1997. Lynd, Robert, and Helen Lynd. Middletown: A Study in American Culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929. Lyon, Mary, Bryce Lyon, and Henry Lucas. The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell. Brussels: Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique, 1983. 4.4.3 Books with no Authors and Books from Institutes If the name of the author or editor of a book is not given, then the bibliographical entry begins with the title of the book. However, if the Institute takes responsibility for the compilation of a book, then the name of the institute appears first.

Catechism of the Catholic Church. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1997. Indian Social Institute. Human Rights Issues 1997. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute, 1998. 4.4.4 Journals and Magazines The Bibliographical entry for articles from Journals should have the following style: Second name of the writer, First name. “Name of the article.” Name of the Journal, Volume number Month (optional*) and Year (in brackets) Pages.

23

Ricoeur, Paul. “Biblical Hermeneutics.” Semeia: An Experiential Journal of Biblical Criticism 4 (1975) 27-148. Dornish, Loretta. “An Introduction to Paul Ricoeur.” Theology Digest 24 (1976) 147-153. Levenson, Carl Avren. “Distance and Presence in Augustine’s Confessions.” Journal of Religion 65 (1985) 500-512. Magazines and newspapers follow a similar pattern, but with slight modifications.

Iyer, Lalita, and Nistula Hebbar. “Married to the Mob.” The Week, 3 February 2002, 16-20. Dayal, John. “Poll Muck.” Indian Currents, 17 February 2002, 11-12. 4.4.5 Newspapers Signed Articles. These are articles whose authorship is indicated.

Subrahmaniam, Vidya. “Terrorism means little for UP’s Hotbed of ISI Activity.” The Times of India (Mumbai), 20 February 2002, 7. Dubey, Anil. “Ultras take Six Hostages near Vaishno Devi.” The Indian Express (Mumbai), 22 February 2002, 1. Unsigned Articles. These are articles whose authorship is not specified. The news agency takes responsibility. Most news clippings in the newspapers fall in this category.

“The Plight of America.” The Times of India (Mumbai), 26 January 2002, 12. 4.4.6 Books for Private Circulation (Books Privately Published) When books are published privately, normally the authors take responsibility for their publication; hence such an indication appears in the place where the name of the publishers should be mentioned.

Srampickal, Jacob, and Leela Joseph. Teaching Media Education. New Delhi: by the authors, 2000. 4.4.7 Book Reviews in Journals or Magazines In such cases the name of the person who has written the review of the book appears first. This is followed by the name of the book and its author and then the name of the journal in which this review appeared. Finally give details of the volume and pages of the journal.

Miranda, Ashley. Review of Virtue in Diverse Traditions: An Introduction, by George Olivera. Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education 12 (2001) 179-183. 4.4.8 M.Ph. Dissertations, Ph.D. Theses and Other Unpublished Material The Bibliographical entry for dissertations and theses should follow the pattern given below.

Teixeira, Banzelao. The Hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur (M.Ph. diss.) Nashik: Divyadaan, Salesian Institute of Philosophy, 2001.

24

The bibliographical entry for class notes and other unpublished material received at seminars and other such occasions could be put in the following manner:

Coelho, Ivo. Philosophy of Knowing (class notes), Nashik: Divyadaan, Salesian Institute of

ks which should include books with a single author, books having editors and translators. Philosophy, 2001.

ach of the following types of published works: philosophical journals, magazines and newspapers.

Rozario, Jackson. Postmodernism: A New Way of Living. Seminar held at Kings College,

e following types of works: matter, Internet articles, book reviews and privately published work London,unpublished 2001. her bibliographical details — that were used by a student while writing a scientific paper. Present them in the

ooks, New York, 4.4.91963). Internet Articles

ERG, in Ken WILBER (ed.), Quantum Questions: Mystical Writings of the World’s Great Physicists, (Shambala

Boeree, George. “Victor Frankl.” http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html,

WILBER (ed.) Quantum Questions... etc. 9/2/2001.

NDL-RAST, (Harper-Collins, San Francisco, 1991).

RG, translated by Arnold POMERANS, (Scientific Book Guild, London, 1958).

by Norwood Russell HANSON, in The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul EDWARDS, Vol. 7, p. 46-49

n The Modern Schoolman, volume 38 (January 1961), p. 33-50.

tholic Encyclopaedia, (McGraw Hill, New York 1967), volume 12, p. 10-13.

ume I, (second edition), by Prof. Hilary PUTNAM, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979).

ONERGAN, (Darton, Longman and Todd, London 1958).

25

Appendix 1

AQUINAS’ SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE

by K.P. Vincent

Under the Guidance of Rev. Fr. Amalraj Susai, SDB

A Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy

June 2004

The Retreat Jnanodaya Salesian Institute of Philosophy Yercaud – 636 601, India

26

Appendix 2

CONTENTS CHAPTER

Page

INTRODUCTION

1

1. THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE— A BASIC OUTLINE

3

1.1. Why and For Whom was the Summa Written? 1.2. The Structure of the Summa 4 1.3. The Exitus-Reditus Scheme in the Summa 5

3

2. THE DOCTRINE OF ANALOGY

7

2.1. The Three Ways of Pseudo-Dionysius 2.2. The Doctrine of Analogy 2.2.1. A Basic Distinction of Terms 2.2.1.1. Univocal Terms 2.2.1.2. Equivocal Terms 2.2.1.3. Analogous Terms 2.2.2. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Analogy 2.2.2.1. Intrinsic Analogy 2.2.2.2. Extrinsic Analogy 2.2.3. Simple and Mixed Perfections 2.2.3.1. Mixed or Specific Perfections 2.2.3.2. Simple or Analogous Perfections 2.2.4. Perfection Signified and the Manner of Signification 2.2.5. Negative Attributes and Imperfections

7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12

3. CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE

14

3.1. The Falsification Debate 3.1.1. Anthony Flew 3.1.2. Richard M. Hare 3.1.3. Basil Mitchell 3.2. Ian M. Crombie

14 15 15 15 16

4. CONCLUSION

18

4.1. The Necessity of Religious Language 4.2. Differentiation of Religious Language According to Lonergan 4.3. Similarities Between Aquinas and Crombie

27

18 19 19

Appendix 3

ENDNOTES

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY

24 CHAPTER 1

THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE — A BASIC OUTLINE

Thomas Aquinas, the ‘angelic doctor’ of the church was born in 1225 in Aquino, near Naples. He joined the Dominican order and excelled in his intellectual pursuit. Two of his works the Summa Theologiae, and the Summa Contra Gentiles are accepted as masterpieces of the heritage of the world. He began writing the Summa in 1267 and it was never finished because Thomas passed away in 1274. The work remained incomplete, and was completed by one of his close associates. 1.1 Why and for Whom was the Summa Written? In 1226, Thomas Aquinas was sent to Paris to start a studentate and to instruct young scholastics into theology.1 One of the reasons for beginning a new task was because the prescribed texts weren’t satisfactory. Thus the aim of the Summa was to provide a brief, synthetic and well-grounded collection of teachings in Christian Doctrine. In the opening words of the Prologue to the Summa, Thomas Aquinas clearly states the target group of his work—for whom it is meant: The doctor of Catholic truth not only has to teach the advanced student; his business is also to enlighten those who are just starting to learn. Hence it is my aim to treat of what pertains to the Christian Religion in a manner suitable for the instruction of beginners.2

Thus we see that the Summa was meant for beginners, not for scholars. Perhaps Thomas overrated the intelligence of his students, because even scholars of our age James A. Weisheipl, Frair Thomas De Aquino: His Life, Thought and Works. (New York: Doubleday, 1974) 245. 1

2 Thomas Aquinas,

Prologue to the Summa Theologiae. 28

Appendix 4

NOTES Chapter 1 Joseph Putti, “Hermeneutics Today,” Hermeneutics: Truth or/and Meaning, ed. Jose Maliekal (Kondadaba: St. John’s Regional Seminary, 1993-94) 1. 2 Michael Inwood, “Hermeneutics,” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, gen. ed. Edward Craig (New York: Routledge, 1998) 4, 384-385. 3 Paul Ricoeur, “The Task of Hermeneutics,” Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation, ed. and trans. John B. Thompson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) 45-46. 4 Ricoeur, “The Task of Hermeneutics,” 47. 5 Hans-Georg Gadamer, Philosophie Hermeneutic: Kleine Schriften, I (Tubingen: Mohr, 1967) 158, as cited in Ricoeur, “The Task of Hermeneutics,” 60. 6 Charles Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) 4-51 passim. Also refer to Paul Ricoeur, “Intellectual Autobiography,” The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, ed. Lewis Edwin Hahn, The Library of Living Philosophers, vol. 23 (La Salle: Open Court, 1996) 3-53 passim. 7 Don Ihde, a leading scholar in Ricoeurian hermeneutics, did his doctoral thesis on Ricoeur in 1964 entitled: Paul Ricoeur’s Phenomenological Methodology and Philosophical Anthropology. The book Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1986) which he has edited, has become a standard reference book on Ricoeur. 8 Don Ihde, “Paul Ricoeur’s Place in the Hermeneutic Tradition,” Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, 64-67 passim. 9 The other works by Ricoeur in the early period include: Karl Jaspers et la Philosophie du Paradox (1947), Gabriel Marcel et Karl Jaspers: Philosophie du Mystére et Philosophie du Paradox (1948), History and Truth (1955). 10 John B. Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 41-42. 11 Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics, 43. 12 Reagan, Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Work, 19. 1

Chapter 2 A. P. Martinich, “Metaphor,” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward Craig (New York: Routledge, 1998) 6, 335. 2 Kuruvilla Pandikattu, Idols to Die, Symbols to Live: Dynamic Interaction Between Language, Reality and the Divine (New Delhi: Intercultural Publications, 2000) 90. 3 Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986) 84. 4 Paul Ricoeur, “Biblical Hermeneutics,” Semeia: An Experimental Journal for Biblical Criticism, 4 (1975) 76. 5 Ricoeur, “Biblical Hermeneutics,” 75-76. 6 Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, 175. 7 Pandikattu, Idols to Die, Symbols to Live, 104. 8 Dabney Townsend, “Metaphor, Hermeneutics, and Situations,” Hermeneutic 1

29

Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, 197.

30

1 2 3

1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2

1 1 1 2 3