Da Ppt.pptx

Cohesion and Coherence Jihan Khairunisa 1613042019

Cohesion and Coherence One of the most salient phenomena of discourse is the fact that sentences/utterances are linked together. Two types of connections that tie discourse together: 1. Endophoric connections (which have their manifestation in the discourse itself) ⇒ cohesion 2. Exophoric connections (which can be made based on information/knowledge outside the discourse) ⇒ coherence

Consider the following example: “Susan got pregnant and she married." • This is an endophoric connection, which contributes to cohesion. • This is an exophoric connection, which creates coherence.

Discourse must be both cohesive and coherent. Example: “A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. My leg hurts. Hurts is a verb.” This sequence is highly cohesive, as each sentence is connected to the previous one at the level of discourse. However, it is not coherent, because no plausible connections can be made outside the discourse.

“Liverpool shot a goal. The whistle blew.” The sequence is not cohesive, since no clear connections are made at the level of discourse. Nevertheless, the sequence is coherent, as the reader/listener can draw plausible conclusions about what happened based on his/her knowledge of the context.

Cohesion Cohesion is the connections that have their manifestation in the discourse. Types of cohesion: 1. Grammatical cohesion 2. Lexical cohesion

Grammatical coherence 1. 2. 3. 4.

Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction

Reference Reference refers to how the speaker or writer introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they are in the text (Eggins, 1994:95). Types of reference: • Personal reference • Demonstrative reference • Comparative reference

Personal reference The category of personal reference includes: 1) personal pronouns, e.g I, me, you, him, she, he, her, we, us, they, them, it; 2) possessive determiners, e.g my, yours, their, its, our, his, her; 3) possessive pronouns, e.g. mine, yours, hers, theirs, ours.

Demonstrative reference Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on scale of proximity. It is essentially a form of verbal pointing. The categories of demonstrative reference: • nominative demonstrative (this, that, these, those) • circumstantial demonstrative (here, there, now, then) • definite article (the).

Comparative reference Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similiarity. With comparative reference, the identity of the presumed item is retrieved not because it has already been mentioned (or will be mentioned) in the text, but because an item with which it is being compared has been mentioned

For example: "The most tragic accident that I have ever seen was the accident happened last year." The phrase the most tragic accident in the sentence above is comparative reference (in superlative degree)

Substitution Substitution is the replacement of one or more words (typically a noun, a verb, or an entire clause) by a ‘dummy’ word, like in the examples below: a) “This pen doesn’t work. Give me another one.” b) “You asked me to call them but I haven’t done it yet.” c) “Are they still arguing in there?” - “No, it just seems so.” The main function of substitution is to make texts more economic and concise by avoiding tedious repetition.

Ellipsis Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentence/utterance. a) “These biscuits are stale. Those biscuits are fresh.” b) “He participated in the debate, but you didn’t participate.” c) “Who wants to go shopping? Do you want to go shopping?”

a) “These biscuits are stale. Those are fresh.” b) “He participated in the debate, but you didn’t.” c) “Who wants to go shopping? You?”

Conjunction Conjunction concerns the relationships between clauses or between sentences. This is usually achieved by the use of connectives. Types of conjunction: 1. Addition: “Besides being handsome, he is also clever.” 2. Temporality: “I called her before we met.” 3. Causality: “He didn’t come because he’s sick.” 4. Condition: “I will do that if you are nice to me.” 5. Adversative/Contrast: “We agree on the principle but disagree on the method.”