D11

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺷﻜﻮﺭﻱ – ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ phd‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ “ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ” ‪ “ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ” ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ “ ﻧﻮﮔﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ” ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼـﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻧﻈـﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ “ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ” ‪ “ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ” ﻭ “ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫)ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ(” ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ “ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ” ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ “ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ” ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ “ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ” ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ؛ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕـﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﺤـﺮﻙ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ‪ “ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ” ‪ “،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ”‪ ،‬ﻭ “ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ( ” ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ “ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ” ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ“ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩﻱ” ‪ “ ،‬ﻫﻤﮕﻨـﻲ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭﻱ” ‪ ،‬ﻭ “ ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳـﻲ” ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ “ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ” ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺷـﺶ ﮔـﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٥٠-٨٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻼﻱ ﺑﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺩ ؛ ﺯﻳـﺮﺍ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺸـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ … ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻔـﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘـﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳـﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸـﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺎﺭﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻨﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻳﻚ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻫﮕﺬﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻬﻨﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ؛ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﻭﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺯﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﻚ ﻭ ﮊﻳﻮﭘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﺔ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺻـﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟـﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫـﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺖ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ؛ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲ ﺭﻓـﺖ )‪ . (Rundinelli,١٩٧٥‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺪﮔـﺎﻩ “ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ” ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ؛ ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ)ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ(‪،‬ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟـﻲ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘـﻲ( ﻭ ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑـﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻭﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺨﺸـﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ)ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ(‪،‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬ ‫)‪. (Friedmann.١٩٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺗـﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪(١ .‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺯﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ‪ (٢‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ؛‪ (٣‬ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕـﺮﺵ ﺑﺨﺸـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ . (Honjo,١٩٨١‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳـﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫)‪. (Lakshmanan,١٩٨١‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ “ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ )ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ( ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ) ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ( ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ )ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ(” ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳـﻪ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩ )‪ . (Misra,١٩٨٢‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ )‪ . (Gruchman,١٩٨٢‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ )ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ( ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪. (Casstella,١٩٨٣‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻳـﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ )‪ . (Boisier.١٩٩٨-A‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻒ(ﺑـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻥ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛـﺰ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑـﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻥ ) ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ( ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺯﻱ )‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧـﻲ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ )ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ( ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ )ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻲ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ؛ ﺏ(‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﭘـﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ )ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ( ﻭ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ )ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻲ( ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ‪،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ؛ ﺝ( ﻧﻮﮔﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﻣﻠﺖ – ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ) ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻠﻲ()‪. (Boisier,١٩٩٨-A‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﻮﻧـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗـﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳـﻲ ﺗﺴـﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺳـﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻫﮕﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻨﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﭘـﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫)‪ . (Cooke,Extebarria,١٩٩٨‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ -١‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻮﮔﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺖ ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺪﻭﻳـﻦ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺶ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ؟ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ؟‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻫﺎﻳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؟ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻣـﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؟ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﺍﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﻨﻨﺪ ؟ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ؟ )ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ( )‪. campbell,fainsten,١٩٩٦‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺔﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـﻪ “ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ” ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ )‪ (Amin,Thrift,١٩٩٤‬ﻭ “ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ” ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ )‪ . (Stroper,١٩٩٥‬ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫؛ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ “ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ” ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ )‪ . (Stroper,Scott,١٩٩٥‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )‪ . (Kratke,١٩٩٩‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧـﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺷـﺶ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻤﺮﻧﺪ ‪(Boisier,١٩٩٨-‬‬ ‫)‪. B‬‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻭﻗـﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻏـﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ )‪. (Biehl,١٩٩١‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﻲ ﻧﻬـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ “ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ” ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺄﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ؛ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ؛ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ؛ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ “ﭘﻮﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ” ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧـﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧـﻲ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ )‪ . (Biehl,١٩٩١‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ -٢‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮ ﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋــﻪ ﺿــﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻘــﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠــﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ – ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻯ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫)ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ(‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺎ ﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬

‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ “ ﻓﻀـﺎ ” ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪﻱ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛـﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻀـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻭﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ )‪. (Hilhorst,١٩٧١‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﮔــﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻈــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳــﺰﻱ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﻬــﻮﻡ ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﻲ ﺩﺭﻙ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ “ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ” ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـــــﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـــــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻗﺎﺑـــــﺖ ﺑـــــﺎ ﺩﻳﮕـــــﺮ ﻣـــــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫـــــﺎ ﺑـــــﺮﺍﻱ ﺟـــــﺬﺏ ﻣـــــﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـــــﺖ ﻫـــــﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ “ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ” ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈـﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ؛ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )‪. (So,Hand,Mcdowell,١٩٨٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻓـﻮﻕ ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑـﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺵ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ ﻋــﺎﻣﻞ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ “ ﺍﺻــﻞ ﻫﻤﮕﻨــﻲ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭﻱ” “ ﺍﺻــﻞ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩﻱ ” ﻭ“ ﺭﻭﻳﻜــﺮﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳــﻲ”ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫)‪ . (Lim,١٩٨٣‬ﺑــــﺮ ﭘﺎﻳــــﻪ ﺍﺻــــﻞ ﻫﻤﮕﻨــــﻲ ‪،‬ﻣــــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫــــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣــــﻴﻪ ﻫــــﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕــــﻦ ﺍﺳــــﺖ ﻛــــﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔــﻲ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳــﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋــﻲ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﻬــﻮﻡ ﺍﺻــﻞ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣــﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻳــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤــﺎﻅ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩﻱ ﺑــﻪ ﻳــﻚ ﻛــﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰﻱ ﻣــﺘﺤﺪ ﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺗــﺒﻂ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ؛ ﻳــﻚ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺷــﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﻤﮕـﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ . (Hall,١٩٨٦‬ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﻭ… ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ…‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳـﺖ ﻗﻮﻣـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻫـﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺯﺑـﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸـﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ… ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩﻱ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻣﺒــﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﻌــﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻀــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘــﻲ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺗﻔــﺎﻕ ﻣــﻲ ﺍﻓــﺘﺪ‬ ‫)‪. (Triedmann,١٩٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـــﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗـــﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﻗـــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـــﻲ ﻛﻨـــﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣـــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻛـــﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺣﺴـــﺐ ﺑـــﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻛـــﺎﺭ ﺷـــﻬﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺣـــﻮﺯﺓ ﻧﻔـــﻮﺫ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌـــﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻼﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩﻱ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ “ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ” ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ؛ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼـﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﻼﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ؛ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ؛ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺮﺩ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣــﻴﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕــﻦ ﺑــﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ؛ ﻭ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠــﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜــﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧــﺮﺩ ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‬ ‫)‪ . (Misra,١٩٨٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ – ٣‬ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬

‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬

‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫• ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻋـــﺪﻡ ﻫﻤﮕﻨـــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﭼﺸـــﻤﮕﻴﺮ‬

‫• ﺗﺠﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻼﻥ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬

‫ ﺧﺮﺩ‬‫‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﭘـﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔـﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﺁﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠـﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ؛ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـــــﻬﻴﻞ ﺑـــــﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔـــــﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫـــــﺎﻱ ﻣـــــﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟـــــﺮﺍﻱ ﺿـــــﺎﺑﻄﻪ ﻫـــــﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘـــــﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺳـــــﻌﻪ ﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫؛ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳـﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤـﻮﻉ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

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