Curso De Seguranca Em Redes Linux (pt_br)

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ËQGLFH 1 SEGURANÇA: FUNDAMENTOS ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Segurança: o conceito .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Segurança e as ferramentas de rede......................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Nosso objetivo .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 0 FIREWALL: DUAS SOLUÇÕES EM AMBIENTE LINUX...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Uma palavra inicial sobre firewalls ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Firewalls e acesso remoto: o Secure Shell ............................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Firewalls: solução Linux ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.4 A filtragem de pacotes ............................................................................................................................................ 16 2.5 IPCHAINS (The Enhanced IP Firewalling Chains Software for Linux) ................................................................ 17 2.6 The SINUS Firewall - a TCP/IP packet filter for Linux ......................................................................................... 32 3 MONITORAÇÃO DA REDE ............................................................................................................................................... 56 3.1 Os scanners de rede................................................................................................................................................ 56 3.2 Saint: Security Administrator's Integrated Network Tool....................................................................................... 72

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O]^£ ^OX^KXNY Z\Y^OQO\ ]O K^KMKNY Y [_O O]^£ OW TYQY @OTKWY] OX^ÁY$ *O risco é a possibilidade que um intruso possa ter sucesso ao tentar invadir seus computadores. Um intruso pode, ao acessar seus arquivos, danificar dados críticos? Não se esqueça, também, que ao possuir uma conta de sua rede, o intruso pode se passar por você.

*As ameaças serão sempre no sentido de se obter acesso não-autorizado em sua rede ou computador. Há portanto vários tipos de intrusos e, então, diferentes tipos de ameaça a sua rede.

*Há o curioso: esse tipo de intruso se interessa pelo tipo de dado e sistema você possui.

*Há o malicioso: esse quer em síntese derrubar o seu sistema, destruir dados, destruir os documento publicados no seu Web server, etc. É o chamado cracker.

*Há o intruso de “alto-nível” (High-Profile): ele quer obter popularidade mostrando suas habilidades ao invadir seu sistema.

*Há o competidor: esse que conhecer seus dados para obter algum ganho com isso.

*Por fim, “vulnerabilidade” descreve o quão bem protegido é seu computador, e o que se perderá se alguém obter acesso não-autorizado a algum(ns) computador(res).

Portanto, crie uma política de segurança para sua rede que seja simples e genérica e que todos os usuários possam prontamente compreender e seguir. Você pode proteger dados tanto quanto respeitar a privacidade dos usuários

1.4 Nosso objetivo /W]_WKXY]]KSX^OX^Y¤WY]^\K\MYWYT£NS]]OWY]K]PO\\KWOX^K] XOMO]]£\SK] ZK\K K MYX]^\_”ÁY O QO\ XMSK NO _WK ZYV´^SMK NO ]OQ_\KX”KOWKWLSOX^O6SX_b>YNY]]ÁY]YP^aK\O] KLO\^Y] O MYLO\^Y] ZOVK1:61OXO\KV:_LVSM6SMOX]ONK18?K]]SWMYWYKNYM_WOX^K”ÁY NS]ZYX´`OV:K\K^KX^YXY]]YMKWSXRYXÁYMYWO”K\£NK]OQ_\KX”KVYMKV 1

RFC é o acrônimo de Request for Comments, um enorme conjunto de documentos organizados pela INTERNIC reunindo &XUVR GH 6HJXUDQoD HP 5HGHV /LQX[



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informações sobre TCP/IP e outros protocolos, assim como Redes, segurança, correio eletrônico, etc. &XUVR GH 6HJXUDQoD HP 5HGHV /LQX[



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Âhttp://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ (PuTTY é uma versão livre para telnet e SSH).

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2.3 Firewalls: solução Linux 8ÁYNS]M_^S\OWY]K[_SKSWZVOWOX^K”ÁYP´]SMKNO_WPS\OaKVV8Y]]Y¤ YLTO^S`Y¤WY]^\K\K]PO\\KWOX^K]NS]ZYX´`OS]XY6SX_b9KV_XY^OW [_O^O\OWWOX^O^KWL¤W[_OXÁYObS]^O_WK]YV_”ÁY¦XSMKOW^O\WY] NO PS\OaKVV @YM  ^OW [_O MYXROMO\ K] PO\\KWOX^K] O OX^ÁY KNKZ^£ VK]§]XOMO]]SNKNO]O]ZOM´PSMK]NO]_K\ONOWYX^K\]_KZYV´^SMKNO ]OQ_\KX”K O KNKZ^£VK K _W PS\OaKVV @YM  ^O\£ _WK SX^\YN_”ÁY O NOZYS] ^O\£ [_O ZO][_S]K\ ]_K] NOWKXNK] O]ZOM´PSMK] =ÁY ^KX^Y] Y] MOX£\SY] ZY]]´`OS] [_O Y ^OWK ^Y\XK]O SXO]QY^£`OV$ _WK ZO[_OXK \ONO NYW¤]^SMY Y_ _W ZO[_OXY O]M\S^¥\SY [_O ]O MYXOM^K K 3X^O\XO^ `SK ZZZ% _WK \ONO MYW _W \Y^OKNY\ MYXOM^KNY K 3X^O\XO^% _WK \ONO W¤NSK MYW NYS] PS\OaKVV] O^M O^M .K\OWY] K[_S Y] MYXMOS^Y] Z\SXMSZKS]NK]PO\\KWOX^K]]O_]MYWKXNY]YZ”ÉO]O_^SVSdK”ÁY ?W PS\OaKVV ¤ SWZVOWOX^KNY XY 6SX_b OW X´`OV NO UO\XOV ZY\ S]]Y ^YNY Y ^Ob^Y ]YL\O Y ^OWK MYWO”K MYW K] YZ”ÉO] ZK\K \OMYWZSVK\ Y UO\XOV=OWN¦`SNKZK\K^O\WY]_WPS\OaKVVXY6SX_bXOMO]]S^KWY]NO ]_KRKLSVS^K”ÁYXYUO\XOV7K]S]]YXÁY]OPKdXOMO]]£\SYZYS]Y ATIVO

Em 'networking options': 1. turn network firewalls => ATIVO 4

O Linux IPCHAINS-HOWTO por exemplo apresenta 4 diferentes cenários possíveis. &XUVR GH 6HJXUDQoD HP 5HGHV /LQX[



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2. turn TCP/IP networking => ATIVO 3. turn IP forwarding/gatewaying => ATIVO 4. turn IP firewalling => ATIVO 5. turn IP firewall packet logging => ATIVO 6. turn IP masquerading => ATIVO 7. turn IP accounting => ATIVO 8. turn IP tunneling => DESATIVO 9. turn IP aliasing => ATIVO (pode-se optar por seu uso modular...) 10. turn IP (PC/TCP mode) => DESATIVO 11. turn IP (reverse ARP) => DESATIVO 12. turn drop source routed frames => ATIVO

Em 'network device support': 1. turn network device support => ATIVO 2. turn net driver support => ATIVO 3. turn ethernet (10/100 mbit.) => ATIVO

2.4 A filtragem de pacotes +] SXPY\WK”ÉO] [_O K^\K`O]]KW _WK \ONO ]ÁY NO]WOWL\KNK] O OX`SKNK] XK PY\WK NO ZKMY^O] Y_ NK^KQ\KWK] >KS] ZKMY^O] ^ W _W PY\WK^Y [_O SXMV_S _W MKLO”KVRY O _W MY\ZY NO NKNY] 8Y MKLO”KVRY NY ZKMY^O 3: OXMYX^\KWY]KVQ_WK]SXPY\WK”ÉO]^KS]MYWY$ KOXNO\O”YNOY\SQOW LOXNO\O”YNONO]^SXY :Y\MYX]OQ_SX^O_WPSV^\YNOZKMY^O]€ZY]]_SKRKLSVSNKNONOYVR£ VY] [_KXNY OVO] ZK]]KW O K]]SW NOMSNS\ Y ]O_ NO]^SXY :YNOXNY O]MYVRO\ ZY\ XOQK\ NOXc _W ZKMY^O NO]MK\^KXNYY ^Y^KVWOX^O KMOS^K\KMMOZ^YZKMY^ONOSbKXNYYZK]]K\Y_ ZY\ PSW\OTOS^K\ \OTOM^ Y ZKMY^O ZY\¤W \O^Y\XKXNY _WK WOX]KQOW KY OXNO\O”Y NO Y\SQOW /S] K´ ^\ ] MYXMOS^Y] P_XNKWOX^KS] OW [_KV[_O\ ]YP^aK\O NO PS\OaKVV

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2.5 IPCHAINS (The Enhanced IP Firewalling Chains Software for Linux) O Ipchains5, escrito por Rusty Russel ([email protected]), tem a habilidade de filtrar os pacotes que passam pelo kernel. Não é um software simples, mas conhecendo o seu mecanismo e seus conceitos o administrador de rede pode escolher a política de segurança de sua rede. A versão trabalhada aqui será a 1.3.8 (ipchains-1.3.8-3.i386.rpm). Para lidar com um pacote o kernel do Linux possui três regras principais, que o Ipchains chama de firewall chains ou chains - não usaremos tradução para a palavra chains/chain, iremos portanto conservá-la em inglês. São elas:

IP INPUT CHAIN: quando um pacote entra ... IP OUTPUT CHAIN: quando um pacote sai ... IP FORWARD CHAIN: quando um pacote é roteado para outra máquina ...

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Uma questão terminológica: o aluno não deve confundir ipchains com o antigo ipfwadm: o primeiro está em distribuições com o kernel 2.2.x e o último no kernel 2.0.x; os parâmetros são essencialmente diferentes, portanto não servem os scripts feitos para o ipfwadm. &XUVR GH 6HJXUDQoD HP 5HGHV /LQX[



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ssh

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telnet

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finger

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No Firewall... Desligamos os serviços desnecessários, deixando o SSH para conexão remota com o servidor somente. E vamos proteger nossa intranet... ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 172.16.0.0 -j DENY ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 192.168.0.1/10 -j DENY ipchains -A input -p tcp -s ! 200.255.210.2 ssh -j DENY

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No Servidor... Como nosso servidor irá ter serviços da Internet públicos precisamos liberálos... ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 255.210.02 www -j ACCEPT ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0.0.0.0/0- -d 255.210.02 ftp -j ACCEPT Inclua aqui todos os serviços que serão oferecidos... ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 192.168.0.1/10 -j DENY (Fechando nossa intranet...) ipchains -A input -p tcp -i lo -j ACCEPT (Abrindo interface 'lo'...) ipchains -P forward DENY ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.0.1/10 -d 200.255.210.2 -j MASQ (Usando a técnica do mascaramento de IPs...)

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Ø NÍVEL 900 Se as circunstâncias ocorrem 10 vezes DESLIGUE A INTERFACE ETH0!

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EXEC: Declaração bastante poderosa. Pois pode abrir um shell local e executar um comando. Assim, na certeza de um ataque efetivo podemos desligar a nossa interface de rede (eth0, eth1, etc.) com a seguinte declaração 'exec':

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José Luiz Nunes Poyares Diretor Administrativo

Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Guimarães Diretor Institucional

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