Evaluation of construction or implementation budgets with explicit consideration of uncertainties Simplified determination of the probability of exceeding construction/implementation budgets
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
ost as the
generally 150300%
selected structure proved
Exceeding of budgets may arise from quantities and other uncertainties construction/implementation hazards Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
The application discussed herein is a subset of the Comparative Decision Analysis (CDA, © Riskope International, 2007*) presented in the book “Improving Sustainability through Reasonable Risk & Crisis Management” by F. & C. Oboni, 2007 Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
Example/Case study: a company has 110M$ budget available to build a facility Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
The classic approach would be: To design the facility (may be in several staged refinement steps) To estimate its costs based on quantities Evaluate contingencies (generally a lump sum amount, let’s say 15%) Check if that estimate fits within the budget Decide to go ahead or redesign. Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
…and a typical result would be, for example: Cost estimate 90M$ with possible: 5% economy 15% increases
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
Which translates into the following forecasted costs: Min cost=
900.05*90=
Average cost=
85.5 M$ 90.0 M$
Max cost= 90+0.15*90= 103.5 M$ Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
It is very difficult to: Take these numbers and integrate them into a coherent risk management approach because we do not know the probabilities of occurrence of those costs, and risk tolerability cannot be checked Understand what the real variability of the project cost could be. These difficulties can be overcome by using the Riskope’s application Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
To use the Riskope’s application a simple table of potential overcosts (+,) is built for a predesigned list of potential construction hazards
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
NB: Potential over costs are entered as positive values, Potential undercosts as negative values (M$)
Min (M$) Ave (M$) Max (M$)
Some materials may be:
available in abundance when needed, thus cheaper
OR they may be in high demand, thus costlier than foreseen
3
7
21
Some elements of the system may prove:
easier than foreseen OR more difficult to to build (thus build (increasing cheaper) the costs)
1
3
7
The economy may be
down, thus labor prices will be lower
OR high, thus labor prices will be higher
1
6
16
Environmental Soundness may prove to
good, thus no or little overcosts due to compliance
OR bad, thus generating over costs for construction
0
1
2
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
As soon as the values are entered, the application computes: The probability that the budget will be overcome The min and the max cost values The Monte Carlo simulation, loaded with hazardous assumptions is not used! Assumptions are of course made to keep this approach as simple as possible.
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
In the example the result is that the probability of exceeding the initial budget of 110M$ is 22.5% approximately 1/5, i.e. a little more than getting a specific number when rolling a dice (1/6)) Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
Translated into graphic for our example: The budget is the blue vertical line. The probability of exceedance of
the budget is the area underneath the orange cost function to the right of the blue line. 0.16 Construction Analysis Construction Budget ($)
0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
As it can be seen the min and max values of the project cost cover a very wide range, but the probabilities of occurrence of the extremes are negligible.
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
Let's examine: Three construction/implementation alternatives for the same object: Alpha; Beta; Gamma each one using different techniques, contractors etc. Thus each one with a different set of uncertainties and risks.
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Cost Distribution and Probability of Passing the Budget for the "Alpha" construction method, or construction company, or ....
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Cost Distribution and Probability of Passing the Budget for the "Beta" construction method, or construction company, or ....
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Cost Distribution and Probability of Passing the Budget for the "Gamma" construction method, or construction company, or ....
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Did you notice that all the three had a probability of overbudget of ~22.50%? At first sight one could conclude they are equivalent proposals/methods/ alternatives, but are they really? If they weren't how can you justify the selection of one to your company? Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
p,C Diagram with Overbudget Forecasts for each construction method, or construction company, or ....
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Objective vs Perceived Tolerability
We humans often tend to overstimate our tolerability (overconfidence bias) for a given range of losses. The shaded area depicts the interval where the particular client of this example will be overconfident in term of tolerability of their risks
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
p,C Diagram with Overbudget Forecasts for each construction method, or construction company, or ....and Objective, Perceived Tolerability.
Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
Plotted on a non Log/log Graph the alternatives can be “weighted” to understand which one should be adopted taking in account uncertainties, risks and company's own tolerabilities
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With this analysis the company can decide: 1) whether they can tolerate the risk to go ahead with Alpha or Beta, or Gamma by comparing the risks posed by each one with their tolerability criteria, 2) how much money should be spent to refine the project and reduce uncertainties But more importantly: Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com
This application is the starting point for using the CDA alternative comparison system which: Overcomes the well known NPV fallacies Allows long term financial comparison of design alternatives Sheds a lucid and transparent light on alternatives potential flaws. Riskope International SA © 2009 www.riskope.com