Conjugations

The xatu-paQ (dhātu-patha) is a lexicon of Sanskrit verbal roots subservient to the AòaXyayI grammar by Panini. It is organized by the ten present classes of Sanskrit, i.e. the roots are grouped by the form of their stem in the present tense. The ten present classes of Sanskrit are - The following table lists the 10 g[a> (groups) of the roots, their g[ivkr[m! and the first root of each. Conjugation # Sanskrit Name I II

_vaidg[> bhūv-ādaya

English Name

Root

thematic presents

ÉU

Adaidg[>

root presents

ad-ādaya

Ad œ

g[ivkr[m

Approx.

!

# of Roots

zp!

1200

zp! *

juhaeTyaid III

g[>

reduplicated presents

÷

zp! *

yathematic presents

idv!

Zyn!

nu presents

su

îu

ju-ho-ti-ādaya IV V

VI

VII

idvaidg[> div-ādaya Svaidg[> su-ādaya tudaidg[> tuda--ādaya éxaidg[> rudh-ādaya

50

t thematic presents

ud

z

50

œ n-infix presents

éx!

îm!

no presents

tn!

%

ni presents

³I

îa

cur

zp!

tnaeTyaidg[ VIII

> tan-ādaya

IX X

³(aidg[> krī-ādaya curaidg[>

aya presents,

cur-ādaya

causatives

450

About the xatu and xatu-paQ 1.

Syllable is that which has a vowel in it

2.

Most of the xatu are @kac! (mono-syllabic)

3.

A vowel at the end will mostly be an #t! (indicatory or tag letter), where the root ends in a consonant & vice-versa. There are very few exceptions to this rule

Identification of prSmEpdI,AaTmnepdI, %ÉypdI roots And some rules governing the them 1.

If the %daÄ of - A Aa # $ % ^ \ ¤ @ Aae are the #t! letters, then the root is an prSmEpdI root

2.

If the AnudaÄ of - A Aa # $ % ^ \ ¤ @ Aae are the #t! letters or the consonant 'kar is the #t! letter, then the root is an AaTmnepdI root

3.

If - Svirt of - A Aa # $ % ^ \ ¤ @ Aae are the #t! letters or the consonant |kar is the #t! letter, then the root is both an prSmEpdI & AaTmnepdI root i.e. an %ÉypdI root

4.

Roots having Aakar or $kar as the #t! letter and followed by a inóa-s<}k àTyy (´-´vtU inóa 1.1.26) get only a num! augment, not get an #qœ augment File : 8643394.doc

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5.

Roots having %kar as the #t! letter and followed by a ´va-àTyy optionally get an #qœ augment. If followed by inóa àTyy they do not take #qœ augment

6.

Roots having ^kar has an #t! letter and followed by an AaxRxatuk àTyy optionally get an #qœ augment. If followed by inóa àTyy they do not take #qœ augment

7.

The %pxa (penultimate) of the roots having \kar as an #t! letter and followed by c'œ prk i[c! %pxa do not become ÿSv

8.

Roots having ¤kar as an #t! letter, followed by iCl àTyy , then the iCl is replaced by A'œ

9.

Roots having @kar as an #t! letter and followed by #faid isc! , in the prSmEpd, do not undergo v&iÏ

10. Roots having Aaekar as an #t! letter and followed by inóa àTyy - the tkar of the inóa àTyy is replaced by nkar 11. Roots having i| as an #t! letter, in the present tense, take the ´ àTyy 12. Roots having qu has an #t! letter take the Awuc! àTyy 13. Roots having fu as an #t! letter take the iKÇ àTyy 14. Roots having ;kar as an #t! , related to the feminine, take the A'œ àTyy 15. Roots having kkar & 'kar as #t! letters and followed by àTyy , the A¼ does not undergo gu[ or v&iÏ 16. Roots beginning with vic, Svip etc. undergo sMàsar[m! and the last vowel is an %dat 17. Roots beginning with g&h! etc. followed by ikt! or i't! àTyy undergo sMàsar[m! 18. The %pxa Akar of the A¼ of the roots ending with A followed by i|t! or i[t! àTyy 19. ……… ?? --20. If the #t! letter is an AnudaÄ or a mkar it is an AaTmnepd root 21. If the #t! letter is a Svirt or an |kar it is an AaTmnepdI root 22. All other roots are prSmEpdI roots --- ??

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#t! letters for the dhātus in the xatu-paQ -

AnudaÄ

dI"R c 1.3.12

Svirt

ivÉa;a k«i| 1.3.72

%daÄ

àXv< bNxne 1.3.78

Aa

7.2.16

#

7.1.58

#r!

#irtae va 3.1.57

$

7.2.14

%

7.3.56

^

7.2.44

\

7.4.2

¤

pu;aid-*uta*!¤idt> prSmepde;u 3.1.55

@

7.2.5

Aae

8.2.45

'œ

dI"R c 1.3.12

|!

ivÉa;a k«i| 1.3.72

i|

\It> ´> 3.2.187

qu

iqœvtae=wuc! 3.3.89

fu

ifœvt> iKÇ> 3.3.88

;!

i;iÑdaid_yae='œ 3.3.104

lkar (No Panini Sutra for this) A lkar (l!) is a àTyy representing ktaR, kmR or Éav-AwR of the action that is added to a root and Panini codes these lkar into 10+1 modes of conjugation of a root. He uses the vowels added to the lkar as #t! letters to denote the different modes and uses two consonants – qœ & 'œ to divide these lkar into two groups – iqt! lkara> and i't! lkara> to facilitate his method of deriving the ivk«it-it'œ affixes to denote the different modes. The lkar are iqt! lkara> 1

Present Tense

vÄRman-kal>

l~qœ

2

Remote Past Perfect Tense

prae] ÉUtkal>

il~qœ

Periphrastic Future /

An*tn Éiv:yt!-

3 4

kal>

First Future Tense General / Second / Simple Future

Éiv:yt!-kal>

Tense

5

Vedic Subjunctive Tense

6

Imperative Mood

Past tense not witnessed by the speaker

l~uqœ l&~qœ le ~qœ

Aa}awR>

lae ~qœ

i't! lkara> 7

Imperfect Past Tense

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An*tn ÉUtkal>

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l~'œ

Past Tense - not of today

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:02 Hrs.

ivXywR>

il'œ

8.a Potential Mood 8. b 9

ivixil' œ AazIilR

Benedictive Mood

'œ samaNy

Simple Past Tense

ÉUtkal>

l~u'œ

General past tense

Conditional Past Mood 10

General / Second / Simple Future

l&~'œ

Tense

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xatu - ÉU → sÄayam! → to be; to live; to be born → haena xatu - ÉU → àaÝaE → to attain; to detain

1CP-S

10C A - S

Description - This is the first xatu in the xatu-paQ, It also means Brahman, so it is also a m¼lacr[m! (benediction, prayer for the success of anything, pronouncing a blessing, wishing joy) Derivation of - ÉU

1

ÉU

sÄayam! xatae> ktRir prSmEpdI lqœ àwmpué;>-@kvcne ÉUvady>,1,3, xatv>,1,3,

this sūtra defines the word ÉU as a

1.3.1

xatu

xatae>,5,1, 3.1.91

2

àTyy

,1,1,

,1,1,

pr>

c

s<}a

all affixes will be placed ,0,0,

Aixkar

immediately after the root affixes, other than it'œ are called

k«dit'œ 3.1.93

3

k«t! (this applies to a particular section of the sUÇ-paQ only)

vtRmane lqœ 3.2.123

4

xatae>

,5,1,

The affix lqœ comes after a verb

ivix

when denoting a present action

s<}a +

5

àTyy,1,1, 3.1.1

6

pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2

Aixkar Aixkar+ pirÉa;a lkar can be added to roots denoting

7

ÉU+lqœ

l> c

,1,3,

,0,0,

kmRi[

,7,1,

c

,0,0,

AkmRke_y>

Éave

,5,3,

3.4.69

ktaR & kmR in the case of

s<}a

skmRk roots And ktaR & Éav in the case of AkmRk roots

8

hlNTym!

1.3.3*

,1,1,

hl!

ANTym!

,1,1,

9

tSy laep> 1.3.9*

10

AdzRn< laep> 1.1.60

11

lSy,6,1, 3.4.77

In the %pdez, the final consonant

this sūtra does

of roots etc. is #t!

not apply here

The #t! letter is elided

ivix

The substitution of a blank (laep) signifies disappearance In the place of l, will be substituted the affixes

itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-wimp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H12

was!-Aawam!-Xvm!-#qœvih-mih'œ 3.4.78 lSy,6,1, xatae,5,1, àTyy>,1,1,

These 18 affixes, the itp! ...mih'œ are placed immediately following the root, in place of the lkar

pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 13 14

l> prSmEpdm! 1.4.99*

The substitutes of l are called prSmEpd

confirms that ÉU is prSmEpdI

ze;aTkÄRir prSmEpdm!

To The verbs not falling under The

ÉU to get

1.3.78

rules of AaTmnepd i.e. 1.3.12-

prSmEpd

1.3.77, the terminations of the

affixes

prSmEpd are employed in marking File : 8643394.doc

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s<}a

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the agent i.e. active voice Of the 18 àTyahar - it'œ, each set

it'ôIi[ ÇIi[ àwm-mXym-

of three get the name of

%Äma> 1.4.101

15

,6,1,

it'>

ÇIi[

,1,3,

ÇIi[

,1,3,

àwm-

,1,3,

mXym-%Äma>

pué;> (Second Person) and %Äm Of them in each triplet, each àTyy is

,1,3,

b÷vcnain

called Singular, Dual and Plural,

@kz>,0,0,1.4.102

respectively, in that order

selecting the person

selecting the number

When the pronoun yu:mdœ (you),

yu:mid,7,1, %ppde,7,1,

is related to the verb and is in

smanaixkr[e,7,1,

17

pué;> (Third Person), mXym pué;> (First Person)

tain,1,3, @kvcn-iÖvcn16

àwm

smanaixkr{ym! with the verb,

Swainin,7,1, Aip,0,0,

mXym pué; (àTyy) is used, even

mXym>,1,1,1.4.105

if the pronoun 'you' is not mentioned When the pronoun ASmdœ "I", is

Asmid

,7,1,

%Äm>>

1.4.107 %Smid

18

%ppde

,7,1,

Swainin

,1,1,

related to the verb and the verb

,7,1,

denotes it, %Äm pué;> (àTyy) ,7,1,

smanaixkr[e

,7,1,

(first person) is used, even if the pronoun

'I'

is

not

expressly

mentioned When any other word (noun or ze;e àwm> 1.4.108 ze;e 19

ÉU+itp!

%ppde

,7,1,

Swainin

,7,1,

smanaixkr[e

,7,1,

pronoun), other than the pronouns "You" and "I" are denoted (by the verb), then the àwm-pué;> (third person), is used

ySmat!,5,1, àTyyivix>,1,1, tdaid,1,1, àTyye,7,1, A¼m!,1,1,

20

1.4.13

23

savRxatukm!,1,1, 3.4.113 xatae>,5,1, àTyy>,1,1,

ÉU+zp!!

ktRir,7,1, zp!,1,1,3.1.68

+itp! →

xatae>,5,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1,

ÉU+z+it

àTyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, c,0,0,

àTyySy Aaid> %pdeze #t!

7.3.84 A¼Sy,6,1, gu[>,1,1, #k>,6,1, File : 8643394.doc

defines A¼

have zkar as #t! letter (i.e. izt ψTyy) that are ordained to come immediately after a xatu are called by the name savRxatukm! When

a

savRxatuk

àTyy the #t! letters

denoting the ktaR follows a root, are identified the àTyy zp! is ordained to come & dropped, after zp!

immediately after the root The lkar & zkar and the gutturals

lzKvtiÏte 1.3.8*

savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 24

precedes that àTyy is called the A¼ The àTyy of it'œ and those that

pr>,1,1, c,0,0, xatae>,5,1,

22

whatever (collection of letters) that for that àTyy

it'œ-izt!,1,1, 21

Whenever a àTyy is ordained,

(kœ o! g! "! 'œ) of all the affixes, except tiÏt are indicatory When

a

savRxatuk

or

a

AaxRxatuk àTyy follows, the final letter of an #gNt-A¼ is replaced with a gu[

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For the vowels @ , @e , Aae & 25

@c>

,6,1,

,1,3,

Ayvayav ,7,1,

s
Aic

6.1.78

,7,1,

AaE are respectively substituted by Ay! , Aay! , Av! & Aav! when a vowel follows The final dental consonants, and the

26

final skar & mkar are not #t! in

n ivÉ´aE tuSma 1.3.4

affixes

called

ivÉi´

(inflective

affixes) For the final skar and for the ;kar 27

ssju;ae é> 8.2.66*

& sju;! is substituted é, at the end of a word

28 29 30

%pdeze=jnunaisk

#t! The nasalised letters are #t! letters in in %pdez (original enunciation)

1.3.2* orvsanyae>

ivsjRnIy>

8.3.15* ANt is substituted for the H of an

Hae=Nt> 7.1.3

affix The A¼ ending in an Akar is

31

At>

,6,1,

dI"R>

,1,1,

yi|

,7,1,

replaced by a dI"R

when a

savRxatuk àTyy beginning with a

7.3.101

y|! (y v r l) letter follows

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