Computer Concepts

1. Computer Concepts StorageUse to store the data. Temporary Storage Device: The store the data only when the computer running. These are Primary Storage= RAM{ Random Access Memory} available in MB’s and GB’s Permanent Storage device: These devices can storage the data even the computer is off. These are, Main Storage device= Hard disk{ available in GB’s and TB’s} Removable Storages= CD ROM, USB{Universal Serial Bus} Memory Devices{pen drive}, Memory Sticks{Chip}. Processors: CPU: A central processing unit (CPU) or processor is an electronic circuit that can execute computer programs. Microprocessors: The introduction of microprocessors in the 1970’s. Ex: Intel: Pentium, Dual Core, Core 2Duo. AMD: Athlon, Semphron. Display: These are out devices. Types CRT Monitor: Cathode Ray Tube monitor. LCD Monitor: Liquid Crystal Display Monitor.

Mouse: It is Input Devices. Types: Mechanical Mouse: Ex: Ball Mouse, Optical Mouse: Ex: Laser Mouse. Connected through PS/2 connector or USB Connector. Ports: Used for Connecting peripherals to send and receive data. Types: Serial Ports, Parallel Ports. CD Drive: These are the devices used for the Reading and writing data form/to CD{Compact Disc}. Printer and Scanner: Printer is Output device, Scanner is Input Device. Printer: A printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most newer printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time.

Types: Ink-Jet Printer, Dot-Matrix Printer. Laser Printer. Scanners: A scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical. E-Mail: (Electronic Mail.) Electronic mail, often abbreviated as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages, designed primarily for human use. E-mail systems are based on a storeand-forward model in which e-mail computer server systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device (e.g., a personal computer) for the duration of message submission or retrieval. Rarely is e-mail transmitted directly from one user's device to another's. An electronic mail message consists of two components, the message header, and the message body, which is the email's content. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually additional information is added, such as a subject header field.

Passwords: A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication, to prove identity or gain access to a resource (Example: An access code is a type of password). The password must be kept secret from those not allowed access.

Virus: A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the owner. The term "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Ex: Win32.AutoIt Win32.Pasma. Win32.Sality etc…. Backups: Backup refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. These additional copies are typically called "backups." Backups are useful primarily for two purposes. The first is to restore a state following a disaster (called disaster recovery). The second is to restore small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or corrupted. Data loss is also very common. 66% of internet users have suffered from serious data loss.

Accessing Internet: Internet access refers to the means by which users connect to the Internet. Common methods of internet access include dial-up, landline (over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires), T- lines, Wi-Fi, satellite and cell phones.

Dial-up connections are the most common type of internet connection available from ISPs, and the slowest and (usually) the least expensive. A dial-up connection allows users to connect to the internet via a local server using a standard 56k modem, the PC literally dials (hence the name) a telephone number (provided by the Internet Service Provider) and connects to the server's modem and therefore the internet. Once connected users are free to search the web as they please, however, compared to modern speeds of broadband internet, dial-up is very slow and can only nominally transfer at 56 Kilobits per second. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (ADSL) have become a widely available broadband internet connection, providing a variety of data rates. The connections work by splitting the function of a phone line into separate channels for voice telephone calls and for data (internet). Thus, a user can talk on the phone and be connected to the internet at the same time. ADSL connection services are sold with different speed specifications, below are some common configurations: • • •

512kbit/s/128kbit/s 1 Mbit/s/256kbit/s 3 Mbit/s/768kbit/s

Cable Internet, the principal competitor to DSL, is offered at a range of prices and speeds overlapping that of DSL, but tends to concentrate more on the high end of the market. Wireless Connection: Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi-cafes, where a would-be user needs to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. The whole campus or park, or even the entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular or mobile phone networks, and fixed wireless services. These services have not enjoyed widespread success due to their high cost of deployment, which is passed on to users in high usage fees. New wireless technologies such as WiMAX have the potential to alleviate these concerns and enable simple and cost effective deployment of metropolitan area networks covering large, urban areas. There is a growing trend towards wireless mesh networks, which offer a decentralized and redundant infrastructure and are often considered the future of the Internet.

Search Engines: Used for search websites. A Web search engine is a tool designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are usually presented in a list and are commonly called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input. Ex: Google, Bing, Wiki search, Search me, Ask.com, 2.MS Excel Opening and Saving File: Opening: In the “File” menu Select “Open” (or Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+O) and Select the file from “Open Dialogue Box”. Saving: In the “File” menu and select “Save” ( Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+S) Choose the location for Saving file and Name in the “Save” Dialogue Box. Entering and Editing Data: Entering : In the Working sheet select the cell by mouse clicking or using navigation keys of key board and type the data. Editing: Select the cell for editing and press “F2” key and edit the cell. Copying and Moving Data: Copying: Select the Cell you wanna copy and click right mouse button and select “Copy”(or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+C) and select the cell where u wanna paste and Click right mouse button and select “Paste”(or Short cut Key- Ctrl+V).

Moving: Select the Cell you wanna Move the data of the cell and click right mouse button and select “Cut”(or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+X) and select the cell where u wanna paste and Click right mouse button and select “Paste”(or Short cut Key- Ctrl+V). Inserting and deleting rows and columns: Inserting: Click on the “Insert” from menu bar and select “row” or “column”. Deleting: Right Click on the single cell of the Column/Row you wanna delete and select the “delete” and select the option from the delete dialogue menu. Merging Cells: Select the cells you wanna merge by dragging them. And Click on the “merge cells” button in the standard tool bar.

Addition, subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Average, decimals, currency, percentage Addition: Using ‘+’ Symbol between first cell name and last cell name in the formula bar. Subtraction: Using ‘–‘ symbol between first cell name and last cell name in the formula bar. Multiplication: Using ‘*’ Symbol between first cell name and last cell name in the formula bar. Division: Using ‘/’ Symbol between first cell name and last cell name in the formula bar. For all above mathematical operations can also be do by using “∑” in the standard tool bar and select the operation. Selecting Print area, setting Margins and adjusting size

Selecting Printing area: Select the “Select Print area” form the “File” menu and drag over the sheet for selection and Click the Print button. Margins and adjusting size: Select “Page setup” from “File” menu.

3. MS Word Opening and saving: Opening: In the “File” menu Select “Open” (or Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+O) and Select the file from “Open Dialogue Box”. Saving: In the “File” menu and select “Save” ( Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+S) Choose the location for Saving file and Name in the “Save” Dialogue Box. Copying and moving: Copying: Select the object/word/sentence to be copy by dragging, Select “Copy” from ‘Edit’ menu (or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+C) and click on page that where you wanna paste and click “paste” from ‘Edit’ Menu (or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+V). Moving: Select the object/word/sentence to be copy by dragging, Select “Cut” from ‘Edit’ menu (or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+X) and click on page that where you wanna paste and click “paste” from ‘Edit’ Menu (or Short Cut Key= Ctrl+V). Finding and Replacing: Finding: Select the “Find” form ‘Edit’ Menu or Press Ctrl+F type the word or sentence that you wanna search in the ‘Find and Replacing’ dialogue box. And click “Find Next” Button. Replacing:

Select the “Replace” form ‘Edit’ Menu or Press Ctrl+H type the word or sentence that you wanna search and replace in the ‘Find and Replacing’ dialogue box. And click “Find Next” and “Replace” Button or “Replace All” Button. Formatting: Select the word/sentence that you wanna format and right click and Select “Font” from the list or select ‘Font’ from ‘Format’ menu. Then select the font style and size and effects and color etc from the “Font” dialogue box. Toolbar for Bold, Italics, text orientation Bold: select text and click on the ‘Bold’ Button form the standard toolbar or press Ctrl+B. Italic: select text and click on the ‘Italic’ Button form the standard toolbar or press Ctrl+I. Underline: select text and click on the ‘Underline’ Button form the standard toolbar or press Ctrl+U. Font Size, Color, Style: Select the word/sentence that you wanna format and right click and Select “Font” from the list or select ‘Font’ from ‘Format’ menu. Then select the font style and size and effects and color etc from the “Font” dialogue box. Bullets and Paragraphs Bullets: Use to entering the text by orderly. To use this tool select “Bullets and Numbering” from “Format” Menu. And select the type bulleting from bulleted tab. Paragraphs: By using this tool you can change the alignment, Spacing, Line spacing, Page Breaking and Outline level to the Page. Select “Paragraph” from “Format” menu. Margins and Page Breaks Margins: Select and “Page Setup” from the ‘File’ Menu and adjust the Margin and gutter Position from ‘Margin’ tab.

Page Break: Use to split the Page into many pages. This tool can be select from the “Paragraph” tool from “Format” menu. Inserting objects, hyperlinks and tables Inserting Objects: We can insert object like Pictures, sound file, video files or any other files into the page using ‘Object’ Tool form “Insert” menu. Hyperlinks: Here we can provide a link to the web pages or any other file by giving hyperlink. To insert Hyperlinks open “insert” menu and select “Hyperlink” or press Ctrl+K. Tables: Here we can insert Tables to enter text or objects. To insert Tables open ‘Table’ menu and select ‘Draw Table’ or ‘insert’ then ‘table’ from ‘Table’ menu. 4. MS PowerPoint Opening, entering and formatting text in different parts of a slide and saving Opening: In the “File” menu Select “Open” (or Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+O) and Select the file from “Open Dialogue Box”. Entering and Formatting Text: Click on the “Click to add Title” or “Click to add sub title” to Enter the text and format the text by selecting the text by open “Format” menu and select “font”. Saving: In the “File” menu and select “Save” ( Short-Cut Key= Ctrl+S) Choose the location for Saving file and Name in the “Save” Dialogue Box. Creating and applying a Master layout, changing theme and background Creating: Select “Slide Layout” form ‘Format’ Menu. And select the type of layout you wanna apply. Select the “Apply to the selected slides” or “Apply to all slides”.

Changing Theme: Select “Slide Design” form ‘Format’ Menu. And select the type of Themes you wanna apply. Select the “Apply to the selected slides” or “Apply to all slides”. Background: Select “Color Schemes” from “Slide design” window or insert picture from the insert menu. Inserting objects, Animation and Creating a Slide Show Objects: We can insert object like Pictures, sound file, video files or any other files into the slide using ‘Object’ Tool form “Insert” menu. Animation: This tool improve the styles of slides. By giving animation to the titles and subtitles we can create beautiful sides. Select ‘Custom Animations’ from “Slide Show” menu. Select the type of animation and time delay ‘Custom Animations’ window. Creating Slide Show: After completing the preparation of slide press ‘F5’ or select “View Show” from “Slide show” menu. Adjusting number of slides per page, printing with borders By using “Page Setup” tool from “File” menu we can alter the number of slides in the page and print the page.

6.General knowledge of computer industry Manufacturing companies HCL, IBM, Lenova, Compaq, HP, Zenith, Dell, Sony, Gigabyte, Logitech, I-Ball etc. Available main software Operating Systems: Microsoft Windows, Linux Red Hat, Linux Fedora, Sun Solaris, Macintosh etc... Application Software’s:

MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Mozilla firefox, Notepad, Photoshop, Adobe reader, Antivirus etc. Famous Net Applications: G talk, Pop Up Blocker, Flash Player, Yahoo messenger, Bit torrent , Mozilla firefox, Netscape, Google Chrome, etc. Free email providers: G-Mail.com, Yahoo.com, Rediffmail.com, Mail.com, etc…….