Complete Project For Printing.pdf

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

INDEX: Contents

Page Number

Preface

3

Introduction

5-7

Literature Survey

8-11

Theoretical Overview

12-22

Work Done

23-43

Conclusion

44

Reference

45-47

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

PREFACE: The project ‘WIND POWER INTEGRATION WITH THERMAL POWER PLANT’ highlights the incorporation of the use of a non conventional energy resource with a conventional one. Presently in India a greater percentage of the energy demand is fulfilled by the thermal power. This demand is going to increase by several folds in the subsequent years. From this relation it can be correctly estimated that the production of thermal power has to be increased and hence there will a severe crunch in the supply of the conventional fuels in the forthcoming years. Moreover majority of the conventional fuels produce pollutants of various kinds which affect the atmosphere as well as the biotic and the abiotic components of the environment. Therefore it is very much needed that we must enhance the use of renewable sources of energy. However in the initial years it is not possible to replace every conventional source with a non conventional one. Hence integration or partial incorporation of renewable fuels is utmost required. This integration if utilized properly along with the initiative of the respective bodies can easily find a major area of usage in the subsequent years. Through this project we have tried to emphasize the integration of wind power with thermal power. It is not however claimed that integration of a renewable source with a non renewable one will always yield positive and satisfactory results if all the respective fields are considered. But keeping aside very minimum number of fallacies this integration will definitely yield better results in maximum aspects.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

ABSTRACT: From the view point of modern energy requirement and the load demand, the limit of generation of power by a thermal power plant is increasing. So if we can integrate one of the renewable energy sources with a thermal plant to a permissible limit, we can reduce the usage of conventional energy sources .To analyze the above problem we initiate a load flow analysis procedure through MI POWER software using Newton- Raphson method . As the power output from the wind turbine is much smaller, we need to use several wind turbines for getting the output equal to one generator in thermal power plant. Here after using conventional thermal generators and obtaining the corresponding results we replace some of the generators by wind turbine and then derive the result of the same system through MI POWER. Then we make a comparison of both results and start relating those with the economical advantage. By this we can make an impact in the usage of non-conventional energy sources in integration with conventional resource.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

INTRODUCTION: The ever increasing demand of electrical energy all over the world involves scientists and engineers to think about renewable energy sources. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical energy. The economic and environmental problems in the power generation have received considerable attention. The apparition of the energy crisis and the excessive increase of the consumption have obliged production companies to implant renewable sources. However, this production poses many technical problems for their integration in the electric system. The economic dispatch is a significant function in the modern energy system. Economic dispatch is the short-term determination of the optimal output of a number of electricity generation facilities, to meet the system load, at the lowest possible cost, subject to transmission and operational constraints. Also generation of electrical power by coal based steam power plant or nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in future due to large generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this respect. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, bio energy, hydropower etc are becoming popular day by day because they are plentiful, inexhaustible and non-polluting. One of the major benefits of wind energy is that, after the initial land and capital costs, there is essentially no cost involved in the production of power from wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Drawbacks of wind power are the unwieldy size, high structural area and quite large finance requirement. Also varying wind speed creates problem in the case of wind mills employed for electric power generation (ac output). Due to this the speed of the wind mill will vary resulting in fluctuating voltage and frequency. In particular, optimal selection of On-line units (unit commitment) and optimal output levels of committed units (dispatch procedures) for conventional generation need to be revised. With increasing fuel price and environmental concern the government of all over the world has commissioned research and application on renewable energy and a huge number of wind farms are going to be connected to the existing network in the near future. One of the problems that wind energy will create in electrical power systems is the dependence of the injected power on the wind speed. Other major problem in wind generator output power 5|Page Techno India, Salt Lake

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

smoothing is setting of the reference output power. But as seen, the amplitude of the wind power variation at current wind power grid penetration and the load variations are not much different. However there are two major aspects of wind power variations which make it complicated to manage than fluctuation in load; the unpredictability and irregularity. Since the total load variations are predictable, it is possible to plan the scheduling of the thermal units to compensate for the load variations. If the sharing of renewable energies in gross domestic energy consumption is to be achieved, efforts should be directed to the power quality related problems when fluctuating power from renewable sources is tapped into the power network. Power system operators are reluctant to accept the fluctuating & largely undispatchable generating resource of renewable in their pool because of their concern about the quality of power. Voltage quality is one of the technical problems to be faced when high amounts of renewable sources are penetrating the power network. Recently voltage-source or current-source inverters based flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as static VAR compensator (SVC), static reactive compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) have been use for flexible power flow control, secure loading and damping of power oscillation of grid connected wind wound rotor generator. For the thermal units it is obviously the aggregated impact of the wind power and the total load which is of importance. The load on the thermal units ( i.e. the total load reduced by the wind power generation) will become less predictable and less regular as wind power is introduced in the system. The Economic Dispatch (ED) of electric power generation is one of the most important optimization problems in power system. Its task is to allocate load over the set of dispatch able units so that the required power is generated at the least cost. Since wind power does not consume fossil fuel, hence adoption & variation of high penetration wind power will have notable impact to economic dispatch of power system. Variations in load in a wind-thermal power system that uses no active strategy for management can be managed in three different ways; 

By part load operation of thermal units ,



By starting/stopping thermal units or



By curtailing wind power.

The choice of variation management strategy depends on the properties of the thermal units which are available for management and the duration of the variation. In a power system where 6|Page Techno India, Salt Lake

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

cost is minimized, the variation management strategy associated with the lowest cost is obviously chosen. If the output of wind power and some large base load unit exceeds demand for an hour, curtailment of wind power (or possibly some combination with part load of the thermal unit) might be the solution associated with the lowest total system cost. If the same situation lasts for half a day, stopping the thermal unit might be preferable from a cost minimizing perspective. To be able to take variation management decisions into account in the dispatch of units, knowledge of the start up and part load properties of the thermal unit is necessary. Induction Generator (I.G) is widely used as wind generator due to its simple, rugged & maintenance free construction. But it has some stability problem. In this project at first we have done the load flow analyses of a typical electrical system consisting of 5 thermal generators units. Further we will replace the generators with the wind turbine and do load flow analysis and compare the two system in terms of cost, advantages and disadvantages.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

LITERATURE SURVEY: By surveying about the different facts we find the following details on the works done on wind energy conversion system , Weibull PDF, fuzzy logic, wind turbine specification, dynamic economic dispatch:

The reduction in the influence of wind power generations on thermal power plant i.e. the possibility to reduce variations by means of a moderator, such as a storage unit or import/export capacity will help in minimizing the costs and other complications.[1] The proposed models of generations and control system analyze the deviation of power exchange at the western DanishGerman border,

taking into account the

fluctuating nature

of wind

power.

[2]

There has been proposed works of celebrated scientists on detailed recommendations and suggestions for complying wind integration studies on power system operation (scheduling and dispatch) and power system (resource) adequacy from which we get notions about the importance of wind power integration [3]. [4] Illustrates the options for the development of large scale wind power integration in Norway. We start this project work after assessing the wind power’s impact on thermal generation unit commitment and dispatch is, therefore, a fundamental issue when integrating more wind power into power systems [5]. The voltage recovery after the network disturbance can be assisted by dynamic slip control & Pitch control in a Wound rotor I.G based Wind power generation system (WPGS) [6]. In solving the electrical power systems economic dispatch (ED) problem, the goal is to find the optimal allocation of output power among the various generators available to serve the system load. With the continuing search for alternatives to conventional energy sources, it is necessary to include wind energy conversion system (WECS) generators in the ED problem. [7] The primary problem associated with the incorporation of wind power into the ED model is the fact that the future wind speed, which is the power source for the WECS, is an unknown at any given time. Several investigations have looked at the prediction of wind speed for use in determining the available wind power. These investigations have been based on such foundations as fuzzy logic [8], neural networks [9], and time series [10]. When the focus is on the ED problem and not

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

on wind power forecasting, fuzzy logic or similar theories to develop the wind speed profile will not be used, but a known probability distribution function (PDF) for the wind speed will be assumed, and then, transformed to the corresponding wind power distribution for use in the ED model. This PDF is named as Weibull PDF. The two parameters of Weibull density distribution function were calculated for 3 different locations, a city area, an extremely exposed area in a city centre and an open sea area in Hong Kong. [11]

A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system. The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops. A fuzzy controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power. A second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study. Performances have then been evaluated in detail [12].

Since the existing surveys on wind turbine condition monitoring cover the literatures up to 2006, to report the most recent advances in the past three years, with primary focus on gearbox and bearing, rotor and blades, generator and power electronics, as well as system-wise turbine diagnosis. There are several major trends observed through the survey. Due to the variable-speed nature of wind turbine operation and the unsteady load involved, time-frequency analysis tools such as wavelets have been accepted as a key signal processing tool for such application. Acoustic emission has lately gained much more attention in order to detect incipient failures because of the low-speed operation for wind turbines. There has been an increasing trend of developing model based reasoning algorithms for fault detection and isolation as cost-effective approach for wind turbines as relatively complicated system. The impact of unsteady aerodynamic load on the robustness of diagnostic signatures has been notified. Decoupling the wind load from condition monitoring decision making will reduce the associated down-time cost [13].

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

In order to maintain the stability and security of the power system, the uncertainty and intermittency of wind power must be taken into account in economic dispatch (ED) problems. Dynamic economic dispatch (DED), which determines the optimal generation scheme to meet the predicted load demand over a time horizon satisfying the constraint such as ramp-rate limits of generators between time intervals, is crucial for power system operation [14–16]. A dynamic economic dispatch (DED) model is based on chance constrained programming and an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has received increased attention in many research fields recently in the area of electric power systems and its potential theoretical studies.[17] Many areas in power systems require solving one or more nonlinear optimization problems. While analytical methods might suffer from slow convergence and the curse of dimensionality, heuristics-based swarm intelligence can be an efficient alternative. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), part of the swarm intelligence family, is known to effectively solve large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. [18]

The economic and environmental problems in the power generation have received considerable attention. The apparition of the energy crisis and the excessive increase of the consumption have obliged production companies to implant renewable sources. However, this production poses many technical problems for their integration in the electric system. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is one of the important issues in Power system operation. The goal of ELD is to obtain the optimal allocation of various generating units available to meet the system load. Due to the popularity of renewable resources, it is necessary to include them in ELD problem.[19] The economic dispatch [20, 21] is a significant function in the modern energy system. It consists in programming correctly the electric production in order to reduce the operational cost [22, 23, 24, 25].

In the discussion of Weibull PDF and its importance we have found that the two Weibull parameters of the wind speed distribution function, the shape parameter k (dimensionless) and the scale parameter c (ms−1), were computed from the wind speed data for İzmir. Wind data, consisting of hourly wind speed records over a 5-year period, 1995–1999, were measured in the Solar/Wind-Meteorological Station of the Solar Energy Institute at Ege University [26].

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

As wind power penetrations increase in current power systems, its impacts to conventional thermal unit should be investigated. Development of better wind-thermal co- ordination economic dispatch is necessary to determine the optimal dispatch scheme that can integrate wind power reliably & efficiently. The paper named in reference [27] proposes co-ordination of Synchronous Generator (SG) and Induction Generator (IG) by a simulation method that can fully assess the impacts of large-scale wind power on system operations from cost, reliability & environmental perspectives.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

THEORITICAL OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW OF LOAD FLOW STUDIES:Load flow studies are one of the most important aspects of power system planning and operation. The load flow gives us the sinusoidal steady state of the entire system - voltages, real and reactive power generated and absorbed and line losses. Since the load is a static quantity and it is the power that flows through transmission lines. Through the load flow studies we can obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in the steady state. This is rather important as the magnitudes of the bus voltages are required to be held within a specified limit. Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are computed using the load flow, the real and reactive power flow through each line can be computed. Also based on the difference between power flow in the sending and receiving ends, the losses in a particular line can also be computed. Furthermore, from the line flow we can also determine the over and under load conditions.

Real And Reactive Power Injected in a Bus :For the formulation of the real and reactive power entering a b us, we need to define the following quantities. Let the voltage at the i th bus be denoted by

(1)

Also let us define the self admittance at bus- i as

(2)

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

Similarly the mutual admittance between the buses i and j can be written as

(3)

Let the power system contains a total number of n buses. The current injected at bus- i is given as

(4)

It is to be noted we shall assume the current entering a bus to be positive and that leaving the bus to be negative. As a consequence the power and reactive power entering a bus will also be assumed to be positive. The complex power at bus- i is then given by

(5)

Note that

(5a)

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

Therefore substituting in (5) we get the real and reactive power as

(6)

(7)

Load Flow By Newton Raphson Method

Load Flow Algorithm: Let us assume that an n -bus power system contains a total np number of P-Q buses while the number of P-V (generator) buses be ng such that n = np + ng + 1. Bus-1 is assumed to be the slack bus. We shall further use the mismatch equations of ΔPi and ΔQi given in equations given below respectively. The approach to Newton-Raphson load flow is similar to that of solving a system of nonlinear equations using the Newton-Raphson method: The net real power injected in bus-i is (8) the injected power calculated by the load flow program be Pi, calc

(9)

the reactive power injected

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(10)

For the load flow problem, this equation is of the for (11)

where the Jacobian matrix is divided into submatrices as

(12)

It can be seen that the size of the Jacobian matrix is ( n + np − 1) x ( n + np −1). The dimensions of the submatrices are as follows: J11: (n - 1) ´ (n - 1), J12: (n - 1) ´ np, J21: np ´ (n - 1) and J22: np ´ np The submatrices are

(13)

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(14)

(15)

(16)

ADVANTAGES OF NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN LOAD FLOW STUDY:-



The first advantage of this method is that this method is the best fastest convergences to the root. This feature makes the Newton Raphson method to stand upfront from the other known methods.



The second advantage is that apart from the fast convergences, it also converges on the quadratic root. This advantages show that this method also deals with the higher degree of variable involved.



Next third advantage that in this method, the number of significant digits doubles with each step approximately (near a root). So one can understand clearly that how advantageous this method is. Apart from this important advantage still we have lot of advantages of this method. 16 | P a g e

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant



Fourth unique advantage of Newton Raphson method is that this method leads to basically ‘polish’ a root from the other convergence techniques.



Fifth advantage of this method is that it is flexible; it means that it is easier to convert this method to multiple dimensions.

Wind Turbine Overview: Constructional Features: Wind turbines are classified as horizontal axis wind turbines or the vertical axis wind turbines depending upon the orientation of the axis of rotation of their rotors. A wind turbine operates by slowing down the wind and extracting a part of its energy in the process. For a horizontal axis wind turbine, the rotor axis is kept horizontal and aligned parallel in the direction of the wind stream. In a vertical axis wind turbine, the rotor axis is vertical and fixed, and remains perpendicular to the wind stream. In general the wind turbines have blades, sails or buckets fixed to the central shaft. The extracted energy causes the shaft to rotate. This rotating shaft is used to drive a pump, to generate electric power. The horizontal axis wind turbine has the following body parts: 1. Blade: Need to be lightweight and possess adequate strength and hence require to be fabricated with aircraft industry techniques. The blades are made of glass fiber reinforced polyester with a suitable structural geometrical shape to create lift as the air flows over them. 2. Nacelle: It houses the generator, the gear box hydraulic system and the yawing mechanism.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

3. Power transmission system: Mechanical power developed in the rotor blades is transmitted to the generator through the two-stage gear box. From the gear box, the transmission shaft rotates the generator with a built-in clutch. The gear box is provided to increase the generator speed to 1500rpm. 4. Generator: Generally the large ones used with the grid connected systems, have induction generators. They use the reactive power from the grids and feed the generated power to boost the grid supply. 5. Yaw control: Done by two yawing motors, which mesh with a big- toothed wheel mounted on the top of the tower. Yaw control tracks and keeps the rotor axis in the wind direction. 6. Brakes: Braking is done by full feathering. An emergency stop activates the hydraulic disc brakes fitted to the high-speed shaft of the gear box: 7. Controllers: Wind generators are controlled and monitored by a microprocessor-based control unit. A controller monitors the parameters in the nacelle besides controlling the operation of the pitch system. 8. Tower: Modern wind turbine generators are installed on tubular towers. Large turbines use lattice towers designed to withstand gravity loads and wind loads. The parts of the vertical axis wind turbine that are present extra over blades, tower, generator and gear box are: guy rope, bearing and cross arm. To start the load flow then we have to specify some of the wind generator data. They can be the number of turbines used and the reactive and active power designation. To represent a wind turbine following data are really required to know: 1. Average wind speed: Throughout the year in any particular area if wind turbine is installed then there will be certain average speed of it depending on the geographical region in which it is situated. In the load flow we have to give a certain available wind speed in the datasheet. 18 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

2. Cut-in speed: It is the minimum speed of the wind required to get a output from the plant below which the output cannot be gettable. 3. Cut-out speed: It is the maximum speed above which the turbine blades are not able to generate the thrust to get output that is the turbine is cut out of the supply. 4. Turbine diameter: The axial thrust or torque depends upon the turbine diameter so we have to specify it even with the software to find the load flow of a system. 5. Air density: the output of the wind turbine depends very much on the wind density so we have to specify during the representation of a wind turbine. 6. Poles: There is a specification also for the number of poles for the wind generators to get a suitable system. 7. Synchronous speed: There is also a mention for the synchronous speed for the wind generators to have a suitable system. Principle: Wind turbines extract energy from wind stream by converting the kinetic energy of the wind to rotational motion required to operate an electric generator. By virtue of the kinetic energy, the velocity of the flowing wind decreases. It is assumed that the mass of the air which passes through the rotor is only affected and remains separate from the air which does not pass through the rotor. Accordingly, a circular boundary surface is drawn showing the affected air mass and thus boundary is extended upstream as well as downstream. As the free wind (stream) interacts with the turbine rotor, the wind transfers part of its energy into the rotor and the speed of the wind decreases to a minimum leaving a trail of the disturbed wind called wake. The variation in velocity is considered to be smooth from far upstream to far downstream. The kinetic energy of the wind passing through the turbine rotoris KE=MVb2/2= Ptotal Vb= velocity of wind at the blades and M=the mass flow rate of wind=dAVb d=density of air, A= area of blades KE=dAVb3/2 The above relation shows that the energy in the wind stream striking the blades increases with velocity as varies with the cube of the velocity at the blades. So, greater wind velocity is required for more kinetic energy of the wind stream.

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Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

Through the Bernoulli's equation we can prove that the power output of wind turbine as P=dA(Vu+Vd)(Vu2-Vd2) Vu and Vd are the velocities of wind upstream and downstream respectively. For maximum power transfer it can be proved that Vu=3Vd and the max power output is Pmax=8dAVu3/27=.593 Ptotal The factor .593 is called the Bitz limit or power coefficient. Available efficiency is 60% of the Bitz limit which is very low. That is why we cannot rely fully in a system toi generate power from the wind turbine and hence comes the fact of integration with the normal thermal plant by replacing some generators by wind generators.

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH--- THEORITICAL OVERVIEW Economic dispatch is the method of determining the most efficient, low-cost and reliable operation of a power system by dispatching the available electricity generation resources to supply the load on the system. The primary objective of economic dispatch is to minimize the total cost of generation while honoring the operational constraints of the available generation resources. In static economic dispatch, the objective is to calculate, for a single period of time, the output power of every generating unit so that all the demands are satisfied at the minimum cost, while satisfying different technical constraints of the network and the generators. Economic Dispatch emphasizes the process of determination of the output power generated by the unit or units to supply the specified load in a manner that will minimize the total cost of fuel. Each generating unit has a unique production cost defined by its fuel cost coefficients (a, b, c of a+bp+cp2). Economic dispatch is also defined as the coordination of the production costs of all the participating units in supplying the total load. The purpose of economic dispatch is to determine the optimal power generation of the units participating in supplying the load. The sum of the total power generation should equal to the load demand at the station. In a simplified case, the transmission losses are neglected. This makes the task of solution procedure easier. In actual 20 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

practice, the transmission losses are to be considered. The inclusion of transmission losses makes the task of economic dispatch more complicated. A different solution procedure has to be employed to arrive at the solution.

The transmission losses can be expressed as the form of B-coefficients and the generation of individual plants as follows PL=[PG1...PGm]1xm[Bmn]mxn[PG1… PGn]nx1 If we consider

(18)

the line losses then the economic load dispatch equation will change as in equation 18 . The Lagrangian multiplier here is of the following form, Here fT is similar to the fuel cost mentioned before as Cn and the term Ln is the penalty factor for nth unit which is the inverse of the difference of unity and incremental loss. By economic load dispatch we can achieve the following: 1. The operation of each unit is done very economically. 2. Idea about the affection of the line losses on the load dispatch equations. 3. Can have an idea of unit commitment i.e. which unit is to run at which time. 4. Can get the idea of penalty factor. 5. Successful maintenance of a power system can be done using the load dispatch results.

The fuel cost function or input-output characteristic of the generator maybe obtained from design calculations or from heat rate tests. The fuel cost function of generator that usually used in power 21 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

system operation and control problem is represented with a second-order polynomial. Fi(Pi) = ai + biPi + ciPi 2 where ai , bi and ci are non-negative constants of the i th generating unit. For some generator such as large steam turbine generators, however, the input-output characteristic is not always smooth. Large steam turbine generators will have a number of steam admission values that are opened in sequence to obtain ever-increasing output of the unit. This kind of unit’s input-output curve is shown in Fig. 1. The fuel cost function of this kind of unit can be expressed as 2

Fi(Pi) = ai + biPi + ciPi + ei sin( fi(Pi min− Pi))

The economic dispatch problem assumes that the amount of power to be supplied by a given set of units is constant for a given interval of time and attempts to minimize the cost of supplying this energy subject to constraints on the static behavior of the generating units. However, plant operators, to avoid shortening the life of their equipments, try to keep thermal gradients inside the turbine within safe limits. This mechanical constraint is usually translated into a limit on the rate of increase/decrease of the power output. Such ramp rate constraints distinguish the dynamic economic dispatch from the traditional, static economic dispatch. Since these ramp rates constraints involve the evolution of the output of the generators, the dynamic economic dispatch cannot be solved for a single value of the load. Instead it attempts to minimize the cost of producing a given profile of demand.

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WORK DONE: At first, we design a standard system which is compatible with a generalized practical power system network. The design however is obtained by utilizing the principles of single line diagram consisting of synchronous generators, bus-bars, loads, etc. The total no of generators taken is 5, the total no of bus- bars is 5, and the total no of transmission lines is 6. The total load demand for the given system is 150 MW. After this we perform economic load dispatch of the above system using MI POWER incorporating NewtonRaphson method. The process yields results in a definite number of iterations giving the individual result parameters of each bus and of each generator. After this operation we replace some of the thermal generators with wind turbines so as to achieve our motive. After that we again perform load flow using Newton-Raphson method. The load flow yields results of the individual buses and both of replaced wind turbines and the replaced thermal generators. Then we go for mutual comparison in terms of the result parameters between the first and second result. System description Load flow simulation of a typical electrical system consisting of 5 thermal generators units feeding the power to four load centre’s with MIpower simulation technique. Though the project asks us to integrate the wind turbines to the thermal generators units, we have to study the load flow of a system consisting of thermal generation before we introduce the wind power along with it. Besides we have to analyze the load scheduling of typical thermal system for the sake of optimal operation. In the load flow analysis we have taken 5 thermal generating units system dispatching the power to 4 load centre shown in the figure below.

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MI POWER SIMULATION:

Figure 1 for depicting the diagram for load flow result using only thermal generators.

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Thermal Generators = Gi (i=1, 2, 3…) Loads = Li (i=1, 2, 3…) Buses = Bi (i=1, 2, 3…)

Figure 2 depicting the diagram obtained after load flow of integrated system with wind tuebines

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Load Flow Simulation Results: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date and Time : Tue Nov 17 11:59:53 2015 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD CASE NO : 1

CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0

CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case

RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

------------------------------------------------------------------------------VERSION NUMBER: 8.1 %% First Power System Network Largest Bus Number Used

:

Actual Number of Buses

5

:

5

Number of 2 Wind. Transformers : Number of Transmission Lines :

0 Number of 3 Wind. Transformers : 7 Number of Series Reactors

:

0

Number of Series Capacitors

:

0

Number of Circuit Breakers

:

0

Number of Shunt Reactors

:

0

Number of Shunt Capacitors

:

0

:

5

Number of Shunt Impedances Number of Loads

:

: 4

0

Number of Generators

Number of Load Characteristics :

Number of Under Frequency Relay: Number of Filters

:

Number of Convertors

0 :

0

0

Number of dc Links

Number of Shunt Connected Facts:

0

Number of Gen.Capability Curves:

Number of Tie Line Schedules : :

0

0 Power Forced Lines

:

0

:

0

Number of SPS Connected

:

0

Number of UPFC Connected

:

0

Number of Wind Generators

:

0

0

Number of wtg Detailed Curves :

:

0

0

Number of TCSC Connected

Number of wtg Curves

0

0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Load Flow With Newton Raphson Method Number of Zones

:

:

6

1

Print Option

:

3 - Both Data and Results Print

Plot Option

:

1 - Plotting with p.u. Voltage

No Frequency Dependent Load Flow, Control Option: Base MVA

: 100.0

Nominal System Frequency (Hz) Frequency Deviation (Hz) Flows in MW and MVAr, Option

0

: 50.0 :

0.0 :

0 26 | P a g e

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Slack Bus

:

1

Transformer Tap Control Option

:

0

Q Checking Limit (Enabled)

:

4

Real Power Tolerance (p.u.)

:

0.00100

Reactive Power Tolerance (p.u.)

:

Maximum Number of Iterations

0.00100 : 15

Bus Voltage Below Which Load Model is Changed : Circuit Breaker Resistance (p.u.)

:

Circuit Breaker Reactance (p.u.)

0.00000 :

Transformer R/X Ratio

:

0.75000

0.00010 0.05000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Annual Percentage Interest Charges

: 15.000

Annual Percent Operation & Maintenance Charges : Life of Equipment in Years

4.000

: 20.000

Energy Unit Charge (KWH)

:

Loss Load Factor

:

Cost Per MVAr in Lakhs

2.500 Rs

0.300 :

5.000 Rs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD

P GEN

Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------0

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUS DATA

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS kV VMIN (p.u.) VMAX (p.u.)

NAME

-------- ---- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- -------1

1

1

220.000 0.950

1.050

Bus1

2

1

1

220.000 0.950

1.050

Bus2

3

1

1

220.000 0.950

1.050

Bus3

4

1

1

220.000 0.950

1.050

Bus4

5

1

1

220.000 0.950

1.050

Bus5

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STA CKT

FROM

FROM

TO

TO

LINE PARAMETER

RATING

KMS 27 | P a g e

Techno India, Salt Lake

NODE

NAME*

NODE NAME* R(p.u.) X(p.u.) B/2(p.u.) MVA

--- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----3

1

1

Bus1

2

Bus2

0.00017 0.00050 0.00000

3

1.00

3

1

2

Bus2

3

Bus3

0.00002 0.00006 0.00000

2

1.00

3

1

4

Bus4

5

Bus5

0.00008 0.00025 0.00000

2

1.00

3

1

1

Bus1

4

Bus4

0.00004 0.00012 0.02387

7

1.00

3

1

4

Bus4

2

Bus2

0.00012 0.00037 0.00000

7

1.00

3

1

4

Bus4

3

Bus3

0.00012 0.00037 0.00000

3

1.00

3

1

5

Bus5

3

Bus3

0.00017 0.00050 0.00000

3

1.00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Line Charging Susceptance (in p.u.)

:

0.04774

Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage

: 4.774

Number of Lines Opened on Both the Ends

: 0

Total Line charging susceptance of Existing Lines (in p.u.) :

0.04774

Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage of Existing Lines:

4.774

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Capacitive Susceptance

:

0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr

Total Inductive Susceptance

:

0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------GENERATOR DATA

Sl.No*

FROM

FROM

REAL

NODE

NAME*POWER(MW)

Q-MIN

Q-MAX

MVAr

MVAr

V-SPEC CAP. p.u.

MVA

STAT

CURV RATING

------ -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ---1

1

Bus1

120.0000

0.0000

74.9820 1.0000

0

100.00

3

2

2

Bus2

55.0000

0.0000

83.5160

1.0000

0

100.00

3

3

3

Bus3

21.0000

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0

10.00

3

4

4

Bus4

27.0000

0.0000

96.2860

1.0000

0

100.00

3

5

5

Bus5

15.0000

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0

10.00

3

------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOAD DATA

Sl.No.

FROM

FROM

*

NODE

NAME*

REAL REACTIVE MW

MVAr

COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR F/V MVAr

MIN

MAX

STEP

NO.

NO.

STAT

28 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ---1

2

3

4

2

Bus2

3

Bus3

4

Bus4

5

Bus5

50.000

20.000

50.000

30.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0

0

3

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

3

0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Specified MW Generation

: 238.00000

Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator :

0.00000

TOTAL Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 254.78400 Total Specified MW Load

: 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000

Total Specified MVAr Load

:

0.00000 Changed to

Total Specified MVAr Compensation

:

0.00000

0.00000 Changed to

0.00000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (Including Out of Service Units) Total Specified MW Generation

: 238.00000

TOTAL Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator :

0.00000

Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 254.78400 Total Specified MW Load

: 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000

Total Specified MVAr Load

:

Total Specified MVAr Compensation

0.00000 Changed to :

0.00000

0.00000 Changed to

0.00000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO*

FROM

FROM P-RATE

NODE

NAME*

MW

P-MIN MW

P-MAX

%DROOP PARTICI

MW

BIAS

FACTOR SETTING C0

C1

C2

------ -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------1

2

3

1

2

3

Bus1

Bus2

Bus3

120.000

55.000

21.000

0.0000 120.0000

0.0000 55.0000

0.0000 21.0000

4.0000 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

4.0000 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

4.0000 0.0000

0.0000 29 | P a g e

Techno India, Salt Lake

4

4

5

5

Bus4

27.000

0.0000 27.0000

Bus5 15.000 0.0000 15.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

4.0000 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

4.0000 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 0 maxp 0.230000 maxq 0.000000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000002 maxq 0.000000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000 Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000 Iteration count 4 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.050002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 5 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE

FROM V-MAG ANGLE

MW

MVAr

NO.

NAME

GEN

GEN

p.u.

DEGREE

MW

MVAr

MVAr

LOAD LOAD

COMP

-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------1

Bus1

1.0000

0.00

32.001

-13.206

0.000 0.000

0.000 <

2

Bus2

1.0000

-0.00

55.000

0.000

50.000 0.000

0.000

3

Bus3

1.0000

-0.00

21.000

-0.000

20.000 0.000

0.000 <

4

Bus4

1.0000

-0.00

27.000

8.433

50.000 0.000

0.000

5

Bus5

1.0000

-0.00

15.000

0.000

30.000 0.000

0.000 >

------------------------------------------------------------------------------NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) :

0

NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) :

0

NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) :

2 1 30 | P a g e

Techno India, Salt Lake

------------------------------------------------------------------------------LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS

FROM

FROM

NODE

NAME

TO

TO

FORWARD

NODE NAME

MW

LOSS

MVAr

MW

%

MVAr LOADING

---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------1

1

1

Bus1

2

Bus2

4.643

-1.700

0.0000 0.0001 141.8!

2

1

2

Bus2

3

Bus3

6.687

-1.009

0.0000 0.0000 288.6!

3

1

4

Bus4

5

Bus5

9.095

0.309

0.0001 0.0002 492.4!

4

1

1

Bus1

4

Bus4

27.358 -11.505

0.0003 -4.7727 438.8!

5

1

4

Bus4

2

Bus2

-2.929

0.773

0.0000 0.0000

43.3^

6

1

4

Bus4

3

Bus3

-1.814

0.605

0.0000 0.0000

54.8$

7

1

5

Bus5

3

Bus3

-5.908

0.299

0.0001 0.0002 169.7!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%

:

5

@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% :

0

# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% :

0

$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% :

1

^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% :

1

& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% :

0

* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% :

0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1) ------ --------- ----------- -----------1 50.00000

1

1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Summary of results TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD)

:

0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : GENERATION p.f.

:

150.001 MW

-4.772 MVAr

0.999

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND)

:

0.000 MW 31 | P a g e

Techno India, Salt Lake

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND)

:

0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR)

:

0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR)

:

0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION

:

-0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION

:

-0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION

:

-0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION

:

-0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL

:

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL

0.000 MVAr

:

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION

:

0.000 MVAr

-0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION

:

0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL

:

0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD

:

150.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD LOAD p.f.

:

: :

0.000 MW 0.000 MVAr

1.000

TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER

: :

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS

0.000 MVAr 0.000 MVAr

: 0.000536 MW ( 0.000536+ 0.000000) :

0.000

: -4.772085 MVAr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zone wise distribution Description

Zone # 1

---------------- ---------MW generation

MVAr generation

MW wind gen.

150.0005

-4.7721

0.0000 32 | P a g e

Techno India, Salt Lake

MVAr wind gen.

0.0000

MW solar gen.

0.0000

MVAr solar gen.

MW load

0.0000

150.0000

MVAr load

0.0000

MVAr compensation

0.0000

MW loss

0.0005

MVAr loss

-4.7721

MVAr - inductive

0.0000

MVAr - capacitive

0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve) Zone # 1 MW & MVAr ------ -------- -------1

-----

Area wise distribution Description

Area # 1

---------------- ---------MW generation

MVAr generation

MW wind gen.

MVAr wind gen.

150.0005

-4.7721

0.0000

0.0000

33 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

MW solar gen.

0.0000

MVAr solar gen.

MW load

0.0000

150.0000

MVAr load

0.0000

MVAr compensation

0.0000

MW loss

0.0005

MVAr loss

-4.7721

MVAr - inductive

0.0000

MVAr - capacitive

0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date and Time : Tue Nov 17 11:59:53 2015 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANALYSIS OF LOAD FLOW RESULT



From the load flow result it is understood that generator at node 4 will deliver more current to fulfill the same demand as required by other generators.



Thus it implies that the current delivered by the generator at node 4 will contribute more resistive losses and thus there will be more voltage drop and poor regulation.



The

individual generator efficiency if considered will be the least for the

generator at node 4

34 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake



Thus due to more transmission losses there will be additional burden on the supply of fuel and thus fuel cost may increase to meet the same demand.



Thus from the above viewpoint the incremental transmission losses as well as the incremental fuel cost will also increase.



The maximum rated MW generated is 238 MW while the load demand is only 150MW



The generator at bus 1 is delivering the maximum rated active power while the generator at bus 5 generates the least.



From the load-frequency data it is observed that the droop percentage is same for all the generators.



From the above two points it can be concluded that if load demand is increased by a definite amount then any of generators at buses 1 , 2 , 3 can be overloaded to compensate the demand. However generator at bus 4 can also be overloaded but since its contributing losses are more so its not a good option.

Next we have done the economic load dispatch of the same system and take the values as following: Quantity

Unit1

Unit2

Unit3

Unit4

Unit5

Pmax(MW)

85

80

70

10

10

Pmin(MW)

10

10

10

1

1

Gamma(Rs.)

.008

.009

.007

.006

.005

Beta(Rs./MW)

7

6.3

6.8

6.6

6.7

180

140

160

170

Alpha(Rs./MW2) 200

We simulate it through MIPOWER and get the following results ---------------------------------------------------------Date and Time : Fri Jan 15 11:46:04 2016

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RESULTS --------------------------------------------------------

35 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

GENERATOR NO. GENERATION COST SCHEDULED POWER RS MW ------------- --------------- ---------------1 10070.0000 10.00000 2 9063.0000 10.00000 3 7068.0000 10.00000 4 86.6000 1.00000 5 91.7000 1.00000 -------------------------------------------------------FINAL TOTAL GENERATION COST : 26379.2988 RS ----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions made from the above results up to 100th iteration and the 1000th iteration's result of the load dispatch of the system are as follows: 1. We have seen that the total loss in each of the above iterations is 0, so with our taken value of the constants we can assure no loss in the system. 2. Value of Lambda is changed from 1 in the first iteration to 100.899 in the 1000th iteration. 3. The total generation is constant 32 MW with load constant at 150 MW and the delta power at -118 MW. 4. With the given data the generation cost of the 4th generator is least and that of the 1st generator is largest. 5. Total generation cost is more affected by the first 3 generators and less by the last two. 6. As most of the generators' cost are much higher so there is the requirement of maintaining the cost effectiveness of the system. 7. We have to provide a suitable way to have the betterment of the system either by changing the rating of the generators or by integration with some other power generation system. Here comes our decision of integrating with wind power the thermal power generation system by replacing two of the thermal generators by wind generators. The diagram of the new system is as follows:

Then we find out the load flow result of the above system by Newton-Raphson method through MIPOWER software by giving the necessary data to the system components and the result of the load flow is as follows: 36 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date and Time : Wed Jan 20 12:40:53 2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0 CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------VERSION NUMBER : 8.1 %% First Power System Network Largest Bus Number Used : 5 Actual Number of Buses : 5 Number of 2 Wind. Transformers : 0 Number of 3 Wind. Transformers : 0 Number of Transmission Lines : 7 Number of Series Reactors : 0 Number of Series Capacitors : 0 Number of Circuit Breakers : 0 Number of Shunt Reactors : 0 Number of Shunt Capacitors : 0 Number of Shunt Impedances : 0 Number of Generators : 3 Number of Loads : 4 Number of Load Characteristics : 0 Number of Under Frequency Relay: 0 Number of Gen.Capability Curves: 0 Number of Filters : 0 Number of Tie Line Schedules : 0 Number of Convertors : 0 Number of dc Links : 0 Number of Shunt Connected Facts: 0 Power Forced Lines : 0 Number of TCSC Connected : 0 Number of SPS Connected : 0 Number of UPFC Connected : 0 Number of Wind Generators : 2 Number of wtg Curves : 1 Number of wtg Detailed Curves : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Load Flow With Newton Raphson Method : 6 Number of Zones : 1 Print Option : 3 - Both Data and Results Print Plot Option : 1 - Plotting with p.u. Voltage No Frequency Dependent Load Flow, Control Option: 0 Base MVA : 100.0 Nominal System Frequency (Hz) : 50.0 Frequency Deviation (Hz) : 0.0 Flows in MW and MVAr, Option : 0 Slack Bus : 0 (Max. Generation Bus) Transformer Tap Control Option : 0 Q Checking Limit (Enabled) : 4 Real Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100 Reactive Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100 Maximum Number of Iterations : 15 Bus Voltage Below Which Load Model is Changed : 0.75000 Circuit Breaker Resistance (p.u.) : 0.00000 Circuit Breaker Reactance (p.u.) : 0.00010 Transformer R/X Ratio : 0.05000 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Annual Percentage Interest Charges : 15.000 Annual Percent Operation & Maintenance Charges : 4.000 Life of Equipment in Years : 20.000 Energy Unit Charge (KWH) : 2.500 Rs Loss Load Factor : 0.300 Cost Per MVAr in Lakhs : 5.000 Rs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUS DATA BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS kV VMIN(p.u.) -------- ---- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- -------1 1 1 400.000 0.950 2 1 1 400.000 0.950 3 1 1 400.000 0.950 4 1 1 400.000 0.950 5 1 1 400.000 0.950

VMAX(p.u.) 1.050 1.050 1.050 1.050 1.050

NAME Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

37 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(p.u.) X(p.u.) B/2(p.u.) --- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00005 0.00015 0.00000 3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00001 0.00002 0.00000 3 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 3 1 3 Bus3 5 Bus5 0.00005 0.00015 0.00000 3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 0.00003 0.00007 0.00000 3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.00004 0.00011 0.00000 3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.00004 0.00011 0.00000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Line Charging Susceptance (in p.u.) : 0.00000 Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage : 0.000 Number of Lines Opened on Both the Ends : 0 Total Line Charging susceptance of Existing Lines (in p.u.) : 0.00000 Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage of Existing Lines : 0.000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Capacitive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr Total Inductive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr

RATING KMS MVA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------GENERATOR DATA Sl.No*

FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT NODE NAME*POWER(MW) MVAr MVAr p.u. CURV RATING ------ -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ---1 1 Bus1 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3 2 2 Bus2 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3 3 4 Bus4 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3

Wind Generator Data: SL.NO*

FROM FROM Model No. of MVA Spec P-MIN P-MAX NODE NAME* No. Turbines Rating p.f. p.u. p.u. ------ -------- -------- ----- -------- ------ ------ ------ ------1 3 Bus3 WT1 1 1.1000 0.9000 0.0000 1.0000 Q-MIN Q-MAX COMP No. of Syns. Gear Avg.Wind Air p.u. p.u. STEPS Poles Speed Ratio Speed Density ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----- ------- -------0.0000 1.0000 100 4 16.8000 90.0000 12.0000 1.0000

Turbine Cut in Cut out PC Set Power Mech.Pow Vs Mech. Pow Vs Diameter Speed Speed Variable Curve No. Slip Cur No. Wind Speed Cur ------- ------ ------- -------- --------- ------------ -------------95.4470 3.0000 20.0000 1 1 0 0 Induction Machine Data: Rs Xs Rr Xr ------ ------ ------ ------ -----0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Xm 0.0000

SL.NO* FROM FROM Model No. of MVA Spec P-MIN P-MAX NODE NAME* No. Turbines Rating p.f. p.u. p.u. ------ -------- -------- ----- -------- ------ ------ ------ ------2 5 Bus5 WT1 1 1.1000 0.9000 0.0000 1.0000

38 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

Q-MIN Q-MAX COMP No. of Syns. Gear Avg.Wind Air p.u. p.u. STEPS Poles Speed Ratio Speed Density ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----- ------- -------0.0000 1.0000 1 4 16.8000 90.0000 12.0000 1.0000 Turbine Cut in Cut out PC Set Power Mech.Pow Vs Mech. Pow Vs Diameter Speed Speed Variable Curve No. Slip Cur No. Wind Speed Cur ------- ------ ------- -------- --------- ------------ -------------95.4470 3.0000 20.0000 1 1 0 0 Induction Machine Data: Rs Xs Rr Xr Xm ------ ------ ------ ------ -----0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOAD DATA Sl.No. FROM * NODE

FROM REAL REACTIVE NAME* MW MVAr

COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR MVAr MIN MAX STEP NO. STAT ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ---1 2 Bus2 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 3 2 4 Bus4 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 3 3

5

Bus5 30.000 0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

4

3

Bus3 20.000 0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0 3 0.000 0 3

F/V NO.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Specified MW Generation : 450.00000 Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000 TOTAL Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 3.00000 Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000 Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000 Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (Including Out of Service Units) Total Specified MW Generation : 450.00000 TOTAL Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000 Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 3.00000 Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000 Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000 Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE NODE NAME* MW

P-MIN MW

P-MAX %DROOP MW C0 ------ -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------1 1 Bus1 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 2 2 Bus2 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 3 4 Bus4 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PARTICI BIAS FACTOR SETTING C1 C2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Wind Turbine Curves Data -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Power Curve No. 1

Given in Formula 1 Format

39 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

b c d a0 a1 ----------------------------------------------------------0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS IN THE GIVEN SYSTEM : 1 TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS HAVING ATLEAST ONE GENERATOR : 1 SLACK BUSES CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY ISLAND NO. SLACK BUS NAME SPECIFIED MW ---------- --------- -------- -----------1 1 Bus1 150.000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 0 maxp 1.000000 maxq 0.000000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000009 maxq 0.000004 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000 Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000 Iteration count 4 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.253310 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iteration count 5 maxp 0.000001 maxq 0.000005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP -------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------1 Bus1 1.0000 0.00 -149.997 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 Bus2 1.0000 0.00 150.000 0.001 50.000 0.000 0.000 3 Bus3 1.0000 0.00 0.000 0.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 4 Bus4 1.0000 0.00 150.000 0.000 50.000 0.000 0.000 5 Bus5 1.0000 0.00 0.000 0.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0 NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0 NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0 NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES SLNO CS

FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS % NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING ---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 -39.856 0.002 0.0008 0.0024 1143.1! 2 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 43.714 0.000 0.0001 0.0004 1253.8! 3 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 -110.141 0.005 0.0015 0.0045 3159.0! 4 1 3 Bus3 5 Bus5 14.571 0.000 0.0001 0.0003 417.9! 5 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 15.429 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 442.5! 6 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -16.428 0.000 0.0001 0.0003 471.2! 7 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -9.143 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 262.2! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 7 @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0 # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 0 $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 0 ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 0 & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 0 * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

40 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

DETAILED WIND TURBINE MODEL RESULTS -----------------------------------SLNO BUS BUS MODEL WIND PITCH REAL REACTIVE COMP. NUMB NAME NO. SPEED ANGLE(DEG) POWER(MW) POWER(MVAr) STEPS ---- -------- -------- ----- ----- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----1 3 Bus3 WT1 12.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 2

5

Bus5

WT1 12.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1) ------ --------- ----------- -----------1 50.00000 1 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Summary of results TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 300.000 MW TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 0.008 MVAr GENERATION p.f. : 1.000 TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MW TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION

: :

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL

:

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL TOTAL UPFC INJECTION TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL

: :

-0.000 MW -0.000 MVAr 0.000 MVAr 0.000 MVAr

-0.000 MVAr : :

0.000 MVAr 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 150.000 MW TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 149.997 MW TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 0.000 MVAr LOAD p.f. : 1.000 TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS

: 0.002728 MW ( 0.002728+ 0.000000) : 0.001 : 0.008185 MVAr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zone wise distribution Description Zone # 1 ---------------- ---------MW generation 150.0027 MVAr generation MW wind gen.

0.0000

MVAr wind gen. MW solar gen.

0.0000 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. MW load

0.0082

0.0000

150.0000

41 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

MVAr load

0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000 MW loss

0.0027

MVAr loss

0.0082

MVAr - inductive

0.0000

MVAr - capacitive

0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve) Zone # 1 MW & MVAr ------ -------- -------1 ----Area wise distribution Description Area # 1 ---------------- ---------MW generation 150.0027 MVAr generation

0.0082

MW wind gen.

0.0000

MVAr wind gen.

0.0000

MW solar gen.

0.0000

MVAr solar gen. MW load

0.0000

150.0000

MVAr load

0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000 MW loss

0.0027

MVAr loss

0.0082

MVAr - inductive

0.0000

MVAr - capacitive

0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date and Time : Wed Jan 20 12:40:53 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

During wind power integration we replace thermal generators by wind generators at bus 3 and bus 5 of ratings 1.1mva.Then we start the load flow simulation through MI-POWER by Newton- Raphson method. The results conclude that

We find that for 400kV bus system wind generator generates very low real power which tends to nearly 0.000 MW, although the real power generation before integration is 300mw.

42 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake



Total real power loss after integration is 2728 watts and reactive power loss is 8185 VAR.



In the results the –ve sign indicates power transfer between the buses in opposite directions as in given in the tables.



Injected real power is 0.000 MW.



Total real power load is 150 MW and total real power drawn is nearly 150 MW that is why the real power generation is 300 MW.



The load is operating at good pf after wind generator integration with the system. Now we compare the load flow results after integration with that before integration. After comparison we conclude that: 

Using the wind generator power flow between bus3 & bus 5 is 14.571 MVAR, reactive power is 0.0000 MVAR and loss is 0.0001 MW while the reactive power loss is 0.0003 MVAR. % loading is 417.9.in case of using thermal generators only the real power flow for bus3 to bus 5 is 5.908MW, reactive power flow is 0.299 MVAR, loss is 0.0001 MW ,reactive power loss is 0.0002 MVAR and %loading is 169.7.so we see that much more real power flow occurs if we replace the thermal generators at bus3 and bus 5 by wind generators.



Total real power loss before integration is 536watt which is much less than 2728watt value after wind power integration.



Power factor if more or less similar for systems before and after integration (1). As there is increased power flow and reduced percent loading between the selected buses where we do the integration preference for wind power integration is more.

43 | P a g e Techno India, Salt Lake

CONCLUSION We have done the load flow analysis of both the systems (with and without wind turbine). The load flow results of both the non integrated and the integrated systems enumerate out some significant differences between them. A very interesting fact is that in the load flow result of the integrated system is that if the demand of the system is not significantly high then the wind turbine yelds relatively low power. It is thus clearly understood that load sharing is more prevalent among the thermal generators. So we need to develop this particular standard. This can be effectively done if we develop the requisite cost equations of the integrated system and compare it with the non integrated one. From cost equation we can easily go for unit commitment which can further help us to analyse the situation better. However due to shortage of time we were unable to develop the cost equations of the wind turbine integrated system and we have to stop after the load flow results. But definitely we be putting our efforts to extend our work so that our motive and goal is properly reached.

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