Comparison Of Financing Decisions Of Bank Of Tanzania, Tanzania Breweries Limited, And Twiga Bancorp Ltd.

Comparison of Financing Decisions of the Bank Of Tanzania (BOT), Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL), and Twiga Bancorp Ltd.

By: GABRIEL BYABATO BAKILANA

Table of Contents Pg. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 2 Background of the Organisations …………………………………………….. 2 -

Bank of Tanzania (BOT) ………………………………………………. 2

-

Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) …………………………………… 6

-

TWIGA Bancorp ………………………………………………………… 7

Financing Decisions…………………………………………………………….. 9 Factors influencing Financing Decisions ……………………………………… 11 Summarized Comparison of financing Decisions of BOT, TBL and Twiga Bancorp ……………………………………………………………… 12 References ………………………………………………………………………..15 Appendix 1 ……………………………………………………………………….. 16 Appendix 2 ……………………………………………………………………….. 17 Appendix 3 ……………………………………………………………………….. 18 Appendix 4 ……………………………………………………………………….. 19 Appendix 5 ……………………………………………………………………….. 20 Appendix 6 ……………………………………………………………………….. 21 Appendix 7 ……………………………………………………………………….. 22 Appendix 8 ……………………………………………………………………….. 23 Appendix 9 ……………………………………………………………………….. 24 Appendix 10………………………………………………………………………. 25

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1. Introduction Financial Management, essentially studies how entities, business or otherwise, make financing and investment decisions. On top of that, Financial Managers do anticipate, analyze and administer the use of funds within the organization. This paper analyses the financing decisions made by the Bank of Tanzania (BOT), Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) and Twiga Bancorp; observing if there are any similarities or differences among the organizations’ financing decisions. 2. Background of the Organisations 2.1 Bank of Tanzania (BOT) Bank of Tanzania (BOT) was established by the act of Parliament following the decision to establish separate Central Banks in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda back in 1965. The Bank of Tanzania Act, 1966, was passed by the National Assembly in December 1965, and the Bank was opened by the first President of Tanzania J. K. Nyerere on June 14, 1966. The Act empowered the BOT to perform all the inherent central banking functions, but within eight months of its establishment (in February 1967), the Arusha Declaration was proclaimed, and, with it, BOT had to readjust its policies. Most of the traditional instruments of indirect monetary policy stipulated in the Act became inoperative due to non-competitive nature of the economy. The Government devised the Annual Finance and Credit Plan (AFCP), supported by a system of administered interest rates, as the main instrument of monetary policy from 1971-72. At the same time, the Foreign Exchange Plan (FEP) was devised to control the use of foreign exchange in accordance with national priorities. The plans were formulated in the Ministry of Development Planning, in consultation with the Bank. However, the Bank and the banking system were responsible for their implementation. A system of direct controls was used for this purpose, as stipulated in the Exchange Control Ordinance and the Import Control Ordinance. Operational Features of BOT: The Bank of Tanzania is a body corporate and in its corporate name, the bank:    

has perpetual succession and a common seal; is capable of suing and being sued; and in the pursuit of its objectives and performance of its tasks, the Bank is autonomous and independently accountable. Is capable of acquiring, holding and alienating any movable or immovable property.

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Functions of BOT: In the wake of new developments in the world economies and the macroeconomic challenges caused by inflation over the years, it is generally taken that Central Bank's most significant function is to develop a monetary policy which is geared towards the pursuit of general and long term price stability. This will contribute greatly to the achievement of maximum growth for a nation's economic prosperity. Apart from the primary function, the Bank of Tanzania has important subsidiary central banking functions. These include: 

The Bank of Issue

The Bank has the sole right to issue notes and coins in Tanzania for the purpose of directly influencing the amount of currency in circulation outside banks, thereby providing the economy with sufficient, but if possible, non-inflationary liquidity. 

The Bankers' Bank

This function includes the acceptance of deposits to act as prudential reserves for these banks (i.e., the Minimum Reserves), the willingness to discount commercial and government paper, and the commitment to act as lender of last resort to these banks. It also involves the provision of central clearance facilities for interbank transactions. 

The Governments' Bank

The Bank is the banker and the fiscal agent for the Governments, and may be the depository of the Governments. The Bank may make temporary advances to the Governments through its overdraft facility, subject to repayment within 180 days and through purchases (direct or rediscounting) of treasury bills issued by the Governments, which mature not later than 12 months from the date of issue. The total amount outstanding at any time of advances made in this manner shall not exceed one eighth of the average budgeted revenues (average of the actual collected revenues of the previous three fiscal years, excluding loans, grants, other forms of economic aid, and all borrowing, whether short-or long-term) of each Government. 

The Advisor to the Governments

The Bank may advise the Governments on any matter relating to its functions, powers, and duties. The Bank may also be requested to advise the Governments on any matter related to its functions, powers, duties, the credit conditions in Tanzania, or any proposal, measures, and transactions relating thereto. 

The Guardian of the Country's International Reserves

The Bank is the depository of the official external assets of Tanzania, including gold and foreign currency reserves. Guarding international reserves may imply 4

the determination of buying and selling rates of gold and foreign exchange in foreign exchange markets and/or the buying and selling of reserve assets for the purpose of sustaining the national currency's external value. It also includes reserve management, with a view to the prudential investment of the funds, with due regard to safety, liquidity, and profitability, and external debt management. 

Supervision of Banks and Financial Institutions

In general, this activity involves ensuring that commercial banks and other financial institutions conduct their business on a sound prudential basis and according to the various laws and regulations in force. It includes the supervision of banking conduct and the licensing of financial institutions. According to the Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1991, and the new BOT Act, the main responsibilities of the Bank of Tanzania are: (a) implementation of prudential controls concerning capital adequacy, liquidity, concentration of credit and risk diversification, asset classification and provisioning, and prohibited activities; (b) licensing of banks and financial institutions; (c) facilitation and monitoring of a Deposit Insurance Fund, the purpose of which is the protection of small depositors; and (d) modification and monitoring of the Minimum Reserve Requirements and foreign exchange exposure. 

Promotion of Financial Development

This refers to the establishment of an effective financial system, with the aid of which financial transactions necessary for the smooth functioning of the economy can be carried out with a minimum amount of cost and time involved. In this connection, the Bank has to be a facilitator of advanced clearing and transfer systems. It also implies that the necessary banking services, as, for example, deposit facilities and loan facilities, are made available. Included here is also the availability of certain specialized institutions, which could be represented, for example, by an industrial development bank and/or an agricultural development bank and micro-finance institutions, and the facilitation of a money market, a capital market, and a foreign exchange market. The Current Institutional Framework of the Bank of Tanzania: 

Relations with the Government

It has been generally accepted by now that there is quite a valid case for Central Bank independence, since price stability is an important public good, like peace and civil rights, and politicians in a multi-party system, who have to work within the constraints of an electoral timetable, will always be tempted to engineer preelectoral booms (vote-maximizing behavior), regardless of the longer-run inflationary consequences. Politicians tend to prefer monetary expansion to 5

monetary contraction, since the following short-term trade-off exists between inflation and production and employment: (a) monetary expansion first results in a stimulation of production and increased employment, and only later there is an increase in the rate of inflation, and (b) Monetary contraction first results in reduced production and less employment, and only after some time there is a reduction in the rate of inflation. Within the framework outlined above, there is also a tendency among politicians to avoid expenditure cuts and tax increases by borrowing from the Central Bank, which is the most inflationary method of financing government deficits. It is, therefore, very important to separate the powers of spending from those creating money. Experiences the world over in the past decades unambiguously suggest that countries, in which Central Banks enjoyed considerable autonomy in monetary policy, recorded low inflation, while the opposite was the case in countries where Central Banks were under government influence. However, it has also been generally recognized that the Central Bank has to be accountable. Accountability relates to the responsibility of the Central Bankers to explain to the Public (Government, Parliament, and the General Public) what they are doing and why, i.e., there should be a genuine two-way communication (close consultations) between the Public and the Central Bank. This also implies educating the public on economic principles, i.e., the harmful effects of inflation have to be explained, in order to maintain public support. Concerning day-to-day monetary policy operations, the Bank of Tanzania is autonomous. However, commensurate with the accountability postulate, regular consultations shall be held between the Governor and the Governments on monetary policy. Furthermore, twice a year, prior to the commencement of the new fiscal year, and not more than six months, thereafter, the Governor has to present to the Union Minister of Finance the Monetary Policy Statement, for submission to the National Assembly, giving an indication of monetary and economic developments at present and the recent past, and expected economic developments and the monetary policy stance during the next 12 months. In the case of irreconcilable differences between the Governor and the Union Minister of Finance, the Governor can be directed to formulate and implement Monetary Policy for a period not exceeding 12 months, as specified by the Minister. The directive shall be published in the Gazette. The Board of Directors, the Bank's top decision making body, consists of the Governor and the Deputy Governor, who are appointed by the President for a period of five years (they shall not hold office for more than two terms), one representative each for the Governments (Principal Secretaries to the respective Ministries of Finance), and six other Directors. The latter are appointed by the Union Minister of Finance for a term of three years; they shall not hold office for more than three terms. In order to keep Government borrowing from the Central 6

Bank within reasonable limits, borrowing benchmarks have been established for the Governments on the basis of revenue collected. As indicated already, the Bank of Tanzania is the advisor to the Governments on matters relating to finance. 2.2 Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) is a Tanzania-based company principally engaged in production, distribution and sale of malt beer and alcoholic fruit beverages (AFBs) in Tanzania. It operates breweries in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza and thirteen depots throughout the country. On top of that, the company also farms barley, which is used to produce malt at its malting plant in Moshi. The Company operates in three segments: clear beer, wines and spirits, and traditional beer. The brands offered by the Company include Safari Lager, 49er, Balimi Extra, Bia Bingwa, Castle Lager, Ndovu, Redds Premium Gold, Pilsner Ice, Kibo Gold, Trophy Lager, and Kilimanjaro Premium Lager (in the clear beer category), Konyagi and Konyagi Ice (in the wines and spirits category), and Kibuku (in the traditional beer category). Its subsidiaries include Tanzania Distilleries Limited, Mountainside Farms Limited and Kibo Breweries Limited. The Company produces and distributes Castle Lager, Castle Milk Stout and Redds Premium Cold under licence from SABMiller Plc. The company further manufactures and distributes certain East African Breweries (EABL) brands under licence, the most notable being Tusker Lager, Pilsner Lager and Guinness. Konyagi Ice is manufactured and distributed under licence from Tanzania Distillers Limited. The subsidiary undertaking, Tanzania Distilleries Limited, also distributes Amarula and various other international brands of wines and spirits under licence from Distell (Pty) Limited of South Africa. The company was listed on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) on 9th September, 1998. Tanzania Breweries Limited is a subsidiary of SABMiller, a South African Company which bought the company after the Government’s decision to privatize the then called Tanzania Breweries Corporation. TBL Vision Statement To be the most admired Company in the beer industry in East Africa, i.e. • The investment of choice • The employer of choice • The partner of choice TBL Mission Statement To own and nurture local and international brands which are the first choice of the consumer.

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2.3 TWIGA Bancorp History: Twiga Bancorp Ltd., formerly known as National Bureau de Change Ltd., was established in 1992 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the then National Bank of Comemerce. In 1998 The National Bureau De Change was transformed into a non-bank financial institution, empowered to handle all banking transactions with the exception of taking deposits on current accounts. In January 2005, the then National Bureau de Change changed its name to TWIGA BANCORP LIMITED. The official launching the Bank's new name took place on the 14th January 2005 and graced by the then Deputy Minister for Finance Dr. Festus Limbu (MP), who represented the then Minister for Finance Hon. Basil P. Mramba (MP). Operations: Twiga Bancorp Limited operates in the three major cities of Tanzania namely Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza. The head office is located at Twiga House, 54/55 Samora Avenue in Dar es Salaam. The Bank also has sub-branches at the Julius Kambarage Nyerere International Airport (JKNIA) in both terminals, i.e. JKNIA Terminal I (also known as Cargo) and JKNIA Terminal II where services are full time (24 Hrs every day). All the branches are connected together with a Wide Area computer Network (WAN) using modern technologies. Products: 

Savings Account

With a savings account, a customer can make deposits and withdrawals at any of Twiga Bancorp's branches in Dar es Salaam: at Twiga House along Samora Avenue, at Julius Kambarage Nyerere International Airport; Mlimani City, in Arusha along Sokoine Road; and in Mwanza along Liberty Street. 

Instant Access Accounts (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)



Personal Instant Access Accounts Accounts for Limited Companies Joint Accounts Partnership Accounts Accounts for Clubs, Societies and Associations

Fixed Deposit Accounts 8

This form of account offers competitive rates, higher rates for longer durations. Fixed Deposit Receipt is offered to the depositor. 

Twiga Bancorp’s Insurance Premium Financing (IPF)

Twiga Bancorp’s IPF product provides for individuals and companies seeking or on insurance cover with the option to pay at their insurance premiums in monthly installments up to a maximum of 10 months an affordable interest rate. Features of the IPF product: o The product is suitable for both retail and corporate entities. o The product only covers insurance policies issued by reputable insurance companies. List of acceptable insurance companies are available at Twiga Bancorp. o To qualify, the insured parties are required to provide a deposit of a quarter or 15% of the premium amount payable as collateral. o Twiga will open for each IPF customer an account through which the IPF facility will be serviced. o Twiga Bancorp will then provide loans to the insured parties and pay their insurance premium obligations in lump sum amounts to the insurance companies. o The insured party will service the loan on monthly basis over a period which will range from 3 to 10 months depending on the time period agreed with the bank. o In the event that an insured party defaults, Twiga Bancorp will recover the interest and principal amounts due by liquidating the collateral and by canceling the policy and collecting from the insurance company, the unutilized portion of the insurance premium. Benefits provided by IPF To the Insured: o Assists the insured party, manage their cash-flow better by providing them with the option to pay insurance premiums monthly as opposed to hefty yearly lump-sum amounts payments. o Due to the reduced payment burden, the insured party can increase policy amount or take additional insurance cover i.e. increased protection of the insured party. o General improvement in quality of life through increased security for business and personal property. 9

Interest and Charges o Flat rate of TShs 20,000/= processing fees regardless of the loan amount. o Interest rate on IPF Loan depends on the repayment period, as detailed below o Maximum repayment period will be 10 months while minimum period is 3 months: 3 Months 5% 6 Months 8% 10 Months 10% 

International Banking Operations o International Money Transfers (a) Telegraphic Transfers (b) Drafts (b) MoneyGram® o Trade bills financing o Other Services



Credit Facilities: Loans to Individuals and Companies.

3. Financing Decisions 3.1 Financing Financing refers to the act of providing funds for business activities, making purchases, investing, or covering operational costs. Financial institutions and banks are in the business of financing as they provide capital to businesses, consumers and investors to help them achieve their goals. There is a large variety of financing techniques that businesses and consumers can use to receive financing; these techniques range from IPOs to bank loans. The use of financing is vital in any economic system as it allows consumers to purchase products out of their immediate reach, like houses, and businesses to finance large investment projects. 3.2 Forms of Financing There are three main forms of financing used by Organisations. These are Debt Financing, Equity financing, and Venturing (Venture Capital). 10



Debt Financing

This is when the company borrows money (obtaining Loans which can be secured or non-secured) from Financial Institutions or from other sources (Public or private), and Issuing of Debentures. Debt Financing can be long-term or short spanned. When a firm raises money for working capital or capital expenditures by selling bonds, bills, or notes to individual and/or institutional investors, this is also some form of Debt Financing. In return for lending the money, the individuals or institutions become creditors and receive a promise that the principal and interest on the debt will be repaid. Companies can also obtain short-term loans through accruals and short term IOUs. This also forms part of Debt Financing.



Equity Financing

The other way of raising capital is to issue shares of stock. This is called equity financing. It is actually the act of raising money for company activities by selling common or preferred stock to individual or institutional investors. In return for the money paid, shareholders receive ownership interests in the corporation. Also known as "share capital". Equity Financing can be done privately (In House Financing – from within the Organisation through Rights Issue) or publicly through Initial Public Offering (IPOs).



Venture Capital

This is a type of private equity capital typically provided to early-stage, highpotential, growth companies in the interest of generating a return through an eventual realization event such as an IPO or trade sale of the company. Venture capital investments are generally made as cash in exchange for shares in the invested company. Venture capital typically comes from institutional investors and high net worth individuals and is pooled together by dedicated investment firms. 3.3 Capital Structure This is a mix of a company's long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity. The capital structure shows how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. Debt comes in the form of bond issues or long-term notes payable, while equity is classified as common stock, preferred stock or retained earnings. Shortterm debt such as working capital requirements is also considered to be part of the capital structure. 11

A company's proportion of short and long-term debt is considered when analyzing capital structure. When people refer to capital structure they are most likely referring to a firm's debt-to-equity ratio, which provides insight into how risky a company is. Usually a company more heavily financed by debt poses greater risk, as this firm is relatively highly levered. 3.4 Examples of Financing Decisions Financing decisions are those which have an impact on the capital structure of an Organisation. Examples of such decisions are Repayment of Long-term loan, issuance of long-term debt (debentures/notes/etc.), issuance of share capital (common or preference stock), Payment of cash dividends, and any net change in other borrowings or long term financing.

4. Factors influencing Financing Decisions When making corporate financing decisions, one needs to consider many factors. One must think about the type of Organisation and its objectives, Organisation’s affairs in the short and long term, and the potential implications of the decisions to the employees and stockholders. Looking at the situation from several different angles better equips the analyst to make good financing decisions. An Organisation has to spend money to make money. This is one theory that many business owners have a hard time coming to terms with, but it's a valuable one to consider. Often, it's better to overspend one quarter to beef up your inventory or marketing efforts, knowing that the investment will show a return over the course of a year or a few years. Shareholders are the toughest to please with corporate financing decisions, but without them, management will be “dead in the water”. Shareholders’ wealth should be the first priority of management. With this in mind, the type of owners can be seen to influence greatly the kind of financing decisions the firm will make. E.g. Private Individual and corporate shareholders will most definitely have a different inclination compared to a Government owned corporation. Furthermore, the availability of Capital from Internal sources, also affects the kind of financing decisions a company makes. If it is possible to raise funds from within the company, say through rights issue, then the company can decide to take that route instead of taking a loan. Availability of Capital from the Banks/other financial Institutions also affects how a company makes its financing decisions. If the banks are on a tight money system, then however deserving or needy a company might be, taking a loan might not be feasible. Cost of Capital (Interest) charged on loans affect the company’s inclination towards opting for debt as a financing method. When interest rates and other 12

costs associated with borrowing are high, then most companies will be discouraged from borrowing; different from when interest rate is low. Profitability of the company and the Dividend Policy of the Company also affect the financing decisions of a company. Some companies resort to the system of ploughing back the retained profits and increase the capital of the company, or to finance further investment. Only a profitable company can do this, if the dividend policy allows for such action to be taken at that time. All in all, the choice of the financing method to be adopted is at the discretion of the owners of the company. Whatever they decide will be adopted, after considering the options at their disposal, the availability of such financing options, and the benefits to be reaped. 5. Summarized Comparison of financing Decisions of BOT, TBL and Twiga Bancorp. The following data has been summarized from the Financial Statements of the three Institutions for the respective financial years ending at different dates in 2008, with the exception of Bank of Tanzania (BOT) for which both 2005 and 2008 financial statements have been used. (All amounts in TShs. M)

CAPITAL ITEM

ORGANISATION TBL

BOT Equity: Share Capital Reserves - Share Premium - Capital Reserve - Special Reserve Debentures Short Term Financing - Accts Payable /Accruals - Deferred Taxes - Other Short Term Loans Repayment of Long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of long term debt Proceeds from issuance of share capital Payment of cash dividends Net change in other borrowings Increase in Inter-group

TWIGA

10,000

29,493

2,500

66,262 -

45,346 -

224 -

11,722.53 9.79 -

65,981 9,691 57,899

665 211

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(60,649)

-

-

-

-

13

indebtedness Other-Long term Financing

-

8,173 -

-

6. Observation 

Share Capital:

These three establishments have different groups of shareholders, the Government for BOT and Twiga Bancorp and private investors (Corporate & Individuals) in the case of TBL. All have issued shares, but only those of TBL can be traded in the Stock Exchange. Since their inception, the share capital are constant, except for TBL whose share capital increased when in went public.  Payment of Dividends: TBL’s most financing decisions and movements are around the payment of dividends to group shareholders and the minority interest groups. This dividend policy is greatly determined by the company’s profitability and the fact that TBL has been listed at the DSE, and not paying dividends would spell disaster for the company share value. Most other financing decisions were done by the company at its inception and at the time of going public, effects of which still seen on the Balance sheet as the figures of Authorized, Issued and paid up Share capital and Premium. BOT, on the other hand, is a Government Institution, solely owned by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania. BOT is a non-profit, Government Institution. Its financing decisions differ from those of other trading concerns. Whatever profit/gain obtained from its operations (e.g. foreign exchange gains, or interest income from foreign operations) is not for distribution. Therefore all Financing decisions made are not backed up by profit motive, but rather the attainment of macro-economic stability in Tanzania. There are cases when the Bank issues Treasury Bills/Bonds is or the attainment of macro-economic stability (for influencing the economy, not financing its operations) although these operations occasionally result into gains. Profits recorded by BOT also include net unrealized exchange gains. In accordance with the Bank of Tanzania Act, 2006, Section 18 (5), both realized and unrealized gains and losses shall be included in the profit calculation but only the residual of any net realized profits of the Bank shall be paid, within three months of the close of each financial year, into the Consolidated Fund; subject to the condition that if at the end of any financial year any of the Governments is indebted to the Bank, the Bank shall first apply the remainder of its net realized profits to the reduction or discharge of the indebtedness and thereafter such amount as relates to the net realized profits of the Bank in the relevant financial year shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund to the Treasury of the Government of the United Republic and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar in accordance with the formula agreed upon by the Governments. 

Reserves: 14

BOT also maintains a Capital reserve. At 30th June 2005, The Capital Reserve Account stood at 66,262,617,000/=, and this formed part of the Reserves depicted on the Balance Sheet as on that day. The Capital Reserve was established back in 2001/2002. On an annual basis the amount spent to finance capital projects from the Reserve for Projects account is transferred to this reserve. The reserve is permanent in nature and can only be available for enhancement of Share Capital when need arises. 

Liabilities:

BOT liabilities are mainly made of Deposits from Banks and non-bank financial institutions, Government deposits, foreign currency financial liabilities, Repurchase agreements (REPOs), BOT liquidity papers, IMF related liabilities and Special Drawing Rights allocations. (See Appendix 2) However, as is the case with other trading companies like TBL and Twiga Bancorp, BOT also uses Accruals (Payables) as a form of short term financing. The “Other Liabilities” for TBL (which include the accounts payable and deferred taxes) have grown from 6,476,735,000/= in June 2004, to 12,985,342,000/= in June 2005, to 16,971,881,000 in May 2008/=. Twiga Bancorp’s Accounts Payable and Accruals amounted to 665 Million at the end of June 2008, rising from 128 Million in December 2007. All three firms try greatly to avoid the use of long term debt financing. This could be due to high borrowing interest rates, or sufficiency n other sources of financing like Equity financing. Contrary to this, the three establishments greatly use the opportunity of short term financing from creditors deferred expenses such as deferred Corporate Tax and PAYE. 7. Concluding Remarks Financing decisions form a basic pillar of any organization’s survival. Adequacy of financing options determines the survival and investment risk for the companies. The responsibility of making financing decisions lies with the owners. If they make a mistake in this aspect, it would spell disaster for the future of the company. Financing decisions also form part of the strategic decisions of any Organisation, for they have a long-lasting impact.

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References 1. Bank of Tanzania Act, 2006 2. Tanzania Breweries Limited Annual Report and Accounts 2008 3. Bank of Tanzania Balance Sheet as on 30th May 2008 4. Bank of Tanzania Financial Statements for the year ended on 30th June 2005 5. Twiga Bancorp, Financial Report for the Quarter ended on 30th June 2008 6. Baisi M.D., Corporate Financial Management, University of Dar es Salaam

Web Resources 7. http://www.bot-tzorg/ 8. http://finance.google.com/finance?q=DAR:TBL 9. www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debtfinancing.asp 10. http://www.ehow.com/how_4454747_make-corporate-financingdecisions.html

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Appendix 1: BANK OF TANZANIA: BALANCE SHEET AS ON 30TH MAY 2008

17

Appendix 2: BANK OF TANZANIA: BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30TH JUNE 2005

18

Appendix 3: BANK OF TANZANIA INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30TH MAY 2008 19

Appendix 4: Tanzania Breweries Limited 20

Cash Flow Statements For the year ended 31 March 2008 (All amounts in TShs. M) Notes Cash flows from operating activities: Operating Profit Adjusted for: Depreciation, amortisation, impairment and adjustments Movement on provisions Profit on disposal of fixed assets Profit on disposal of subsidiary Other non-cash items Changes in working capital Net cash inflow from operating activities Interest paid Taxation paid

24(i) 24(ii)

Net cash inflow from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of property, plant and equipment Purchase of intangible assets Proceeds from disposals Proceeds from disposal of subsidiary Net cash used in investing activities

Cash flows from financing activities: Dividend paid to group shareholders Dividend paid to minority interests Increase in intergroup indebtedness Net cash used in financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at the start of year Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year (Note 17)

13 26

Group 2008 2007

Company 2008 2007

12,712

97,582

102,395

92,233

13,794 502 (143) (9,192) 117,673 (3,544) (30,662 ) 83,467

10,708 577 (156) (229) (628) 609 108,463 (1,979) (27,473 ) 79,011

13,519 509 (143) (6,988) 109,292 (3,095) (27,421 ) 78,776

10,437 603 (59) (229) (221) 18 102,782 (1,832) (24,600)

(58,72 3) (73) 152 (58,644 )

(30,475 ) (195) 293 952 (29,425 )

(57,186 ) (73) 152 (57,107 )

(29,811)

(59,268) (1,381) 8,173 (52,476)

(58,534) (1,777) 3,932 (56,379)

(58,171) 8,865 (49,306)

(58,534) 4,245 (54,289)

(27,653 ) (19,674 )

(6,793)

(6,934)

(12,881 )

(27,637 ) (20,860 )

(47,327 )

(19,674 )

(48,497 )

76,350

(195) 59 952 (28,995)

(13,926) (20,860)

Notes and related statements forming part of these financial statements appear on pages 26 to 47 of the Annual Report

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Appendix 5: Tanzania Breweries Limited

Profit & Loss Accounts For the year ended 31 March 2008 (All amounts in TShs. M) Note s Sales Cost of sales Gross profit Selling and distribution costs Administrative expenses Other income

Profit before income tax Income tax expense Profit for the year Attributable to: Minority interests Equity holders of the Company Basic earnings per share (TShs) Diluted earning per share (TShs) Dividend per Share (TShs)

2007

Company 2008 2007

383,181 (205,722) 177,459 (44,537) (21,062) 852

314,878 167,948) 146,930 (31,663) (18,110) 425

346,771 (186,418) 160,353 (41,896) (19,473) 3,411

287,144 (152,968) 134,176 (30,646) (16,088) 4,791

112,71 2

97,582

102,395

92,233

9

(3,544)

(1,979)

(3,095)

(1,832)

10

109,168 (34,973) 74,195

95,603 (31,690) 63,913

99,300 (31,453) 67,847

90,401 ) (28,925) 61,476

6 6 6 8

Operating profit Finance costs

Group 2008

11 11 12

2,763 71,432

2,248 61,665

242.2 242.2 200.0

209.1 209.1 200.0

Notes and related statements forming part of these financial statements appear on pages 26 to 47 of the Annual Report

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Appendix 6: Tanzania Breweries Limited

Balance Sheets For the year ended 31 March 2008 (All amounts in TShs. M) Notes

Group 2008 2007

Company 2008 2007

ASSETS Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Investments

13 26 14

137,737 40,017 369 178,123

92,652 40,108 369 133,129

134,840 387 45,388 180,615

91,017 478 45,388 136,883

Current assets: Inventories Accounts receivable Bank and cash balances

15 16 17

49,874 21,766 10,572 82,212 260,335

32,843 13,512 17,100 63,455 196,584

44,250 23,329 8,940 76,519 257,134

29,817 14,806 14,691 59,314 196,197

23

29,493 45,346 46,379 121,218 2,041 123,259

29,493 45,346 33,933 108,772 659 109,431

29,493 45,346 46,529 121,368 121,368

29,493 45,346 37,668 112,507 112,507

20 27

9,691 417 10,108

7,594 401 7,995

9,405 417 9,822

7,430 401 7,831

18 19

65,981 57,899 3,088 126,968

41,510 36,774 874 79,158

65,669 57,437 2,838 125,944

39,527 35,551 781 75,859

Total liabilities

137,076

87,153

135,766

83,690

Total equity and liabilities

260,335

196,584

257,134

196,197

Total assets EQUITY Capital and reserves attributable to the Company’s equity holders: Share capital Share premium Retained earnings Minority interests Total equity LIABILITIES Non-current liabilities: Deferred income tax Provisions Current liabilities: Trade and other payables Borrowings Income tax payable

Notes and related statements forming part of these financial statements appear on pages 26 to 47 of the Annual Report

23

Directors approved the financial statements on pages 21 to 47 on 4 June 2008 and they were signed on their behalf by:…………………… Hon. C. D. Msuya

Appendix 7: Tanzania Breweries Limited

Statement of Changes in Equity (All amounts in TShs. M) Group Balance at 1 April 2006 Profit for the year Dividend paid Sale of Subsidiary Balance at 31 March 2007 Balance at 1 April 2007 Profit for the year Dividend paid Balance at 31 March 2008

Attributable to equity holders of the Group Share Capital Share Retained Minority Premium Earnings Interest 29,493 45,346 31,254 1,032 61,665 2,248 (58,986) (2,228) (393) 29,493 45,346 33,933 659 29,493 29,493

45,346 45,436

33,933 71,432 (58,986) 46,379

659 2,763 (1,381) 2,041

Total 107,125 63,913 (61,214) (393) 109,431 109,431 74,195 (60,367) 123,259

Balance at 1 April 2006 Profit for the year Dividends Balance at 31 March 2007

Attributable to equity holders of the Company Share Retained Minority Premium Earnings Interest 29,493 45,346 35,178 61,476 (58,986) 29,493 45,346 37,668

-

110,017 61,476 (58,986) 112,507

Balance at 1 April 2007 Profit for the year Dividends Balance at 31 March 2008

29,493 29,493

-

112,507 67,847 (58,986) 121,368

COMPANY

Share Capital

45,346 45,346

37,668 67,847 (58,986) 46,529

Total

Notes and related statements forming part of these financial statements appear on pages 26 to 47 of the Annual Report

24

Appendix 8: TWIGA BANCORP CASHFLOW STATEMENT FOR THE QUARTER ENDED 30TH JUNE 2008 Particulars Current Quarter Previous Quarter 30th June 2008 31st March 2008 Cash from operating activities Net Operating Income/(Loss) Adjustment for non cash items: Depreciation Provision for impairement(for bad debts) Net change in Loan & Advances Net change in deposits Investment in Government securitities Net change in Short term negotiable securities Net change in Other Liabilities Net change in Other Assets Tax paid Gain /Loss on sale of assets

128

258

70 0 -1,987 3,220 -990 0 6,174 294 0 0

70 0 -495 1220 2246 0 -93 -843 0 0

6,909

2,363

-37

` -14

-37

-14

0

0

Net Increase/ (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalent

6,872

2,349

Cash and Cash equivalents at the beginning of the period

21,977

19,628

Cash and Cash equivalents at the end of the period

28,849

21,977

Net cash provided(used) by Operating activities Cash Flow from Investment activities Dividend Received Purchase of fixed Assets Proceeds from sale of fixed Assets Purchase of non-dealing securities Proceeds from sale of non-dealing securities Proceeds from maturity of treasury Bills Net cash provided (used) by investing activities Cash Flow from financing activities Repayment of Long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of long term debt Proceeds from issuance of share capital Payment of cash dividends Net change in other borrowings Other-Long term Financing Net cash provided(used) by financing activities Cash and Cash Equivalents:

…………………………….

`

………………………………

25

H.H.MBULULO General Manager

F.N.NGUNGO Head of Finance, Planning & Admin.

We the undersigned directors, attest to the correctness of the above statements. We declare that the statements have been examined by us, and to the best of our knowledge and belief have been prepared in conformance with the institutions and are true and correct.

………………………………… DR. ABDALLAH O. KIGODA Chairperson

………………………………. HON. HULDA S. KIBACHA Director

Appendix 9: TWIGA BANCORP INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE QUARTER ENDED 30TH JUNE 2008 Particulars

Interest Income Interest Expense Net Interest Income Bad Debts Written off Provision for Bad ans Doubtful debts Non Interest Income Exchange profit Commissions and fees Other Income Non Interest Expenses Operating Income/Loss before tax and extra ordinary items Extra Ordinary Items Net Income/Loss before Tax Income Tax Provision Net Income/Loss After Tax Prior Year Adjustment Net Profit Carried Forward Number of Employees Performance Indicators Return on Average Total Assets Return on Ordinary Shareholders' Fund Non Interest Expense to Gross Income Interest Margin to Average earning Assets

Current Quarter

Previous Quarter

Current Year

Previous Year

30th June 2008

31st March 2008

30th June 2008

30th June 2007

TShs (million)

TShs (million)

TShs (million)

TShs (million)

606

605

1211

1221

-185

-175

-360

-219

421

430

851

1002

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

128

245

373

240

394

286

680

655

274

287

561

311

-1089

-990

-2079

-1637

128

258

386

571

0

0

0

0

128

258

386

571

0

0

0

0

128

258

386

571

0

0

0

0

128

258

386

571

96

96

96

80

0.30%

1.00%

0.9%

2.0%

2.91%

6.00%

8.8%

14.0%

77.67%

69.50%

73.6%

67.4%

1.70%

1.90%

3.5%

7.0%

26

Appendix 10: TWIGA BANCORP BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH 2008 PARTICULARS

ASSETS Cash

PREVIOUS CURRENT QUARTER QUARTER 31st March 2008 31st December 2007 TShs (Million) TShs (Million) 653

914

Balances with Bank of Tanzania

1,271

478

Balances with Other Banks Cheques and Items for Clearing

20,053 0

18,236 0

Investment in Government Securities Investment in Other Securities

0 0

2,246 0

Loans, Advances and Overdraft (Net) Accounts Receivable Bills Negotiated Equity Investments Customers Liabilities on Acceptance Fixed Assets (Less Depreciation)

11,266 96 0 300 0 1,037

10,771 84 0 300 0 1,091

1,491 1,783

1,388 1,301

TOTAL ASSETS

37,950

36,809

LIABILITIES Customer Deposits Deposits from Other Banks

28,947 0

27,727 0

Cash Letters of Credit Bills Payable Bankers Cheques and Drafts Issued Accounts Payable Accrued Expenses Acceptances Outstanding Inter Branch Accounts (Net) Other Liabilities

3,849 0 0 393 272 0 0 211

4,545 0 0 62 66 0 0 145

TOTAL LIABILITIES

33,672

32,545

NET ASSETS/(LIABILITIES)

4,278

4,264

2,500 0

2,500 0

Inter Branch Accounts (Net) Other Assets

CAPITAL AND RESERVES Paid up Share Capital Capital Reserve

27

Special Reserve

224

224

Retaining Earnings/ (Loss) Net Profit /(Loss) Year to date

1,296 258

997 543

TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' FUND

4,278

4,264

Contingent Liabilities Contingent Liabilities

8,197

6,560

Non performing Loans & Overdrafts

1,193

1,192

309

329

11.27% 10.59% 39.98% 29.69% 1.07:1

11.58% 11.16% 39.71% 29.26% 1.09:1

Allowance for Probable Loss Other Non Performing Assets PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Total Capital to Total Assets Non performing Assets to Total Loans and Advances Gross Loans & Advances to Total deposits Loans and Advances to Total Assets Current Ratio

28