Chronicle Of National Development

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Published by the Ministry of Information.

Second Printing March, 2006 1000 copies

Photographs Provided by ministries

Printed by Printing and Publishing Enterprise

Our Three Main National Causes * Non-disintegration of the Union

-Our Cause

* Non-disintegration of national solidarity

-Our Cause

* Perpetuation of sovereignty

-Our Cause

People’s Desire * Oppose those relying on external elements, acting as stooges, holding negative views * Oppose those trying to jeopardize stability of the State and progress of the nation * Oppose foreign nations interfering in internal affairs of the State * Crush all internal and external destructive elements as the common enemy

Four political objectives * Stability of the State, community peace and tranquillity, prevalence of law and order * National reconsolidation * Emergence of a new enduring State Constitution * Building of a new modern developed nation in accord with the new State Constitution

Four economic objectives * Development of agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of the economy as well * Proper evolution of the market-oriented economic system * Development of the economy inviting participation in terms of technical know-how and investments from sources inside the country and abroad * The initiative to shape the national economy must be kept in the hands of the State and the national peoples

Four social objectives * Uplift of the morale and morality of the entire nation * Uplift of national prestige and integrity and preservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage and national character * Uplift of dynamism of patriotic spirit * Uplift of health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation

Contents

1. Towards a New Modern State

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a

2. The Union of Myanmar

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3

3. History of Myanmar

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5

4. Tradition of the Tatmadaw

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8

5. Towards new golden land of unity and amity

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10

6. Kachin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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17

7. Kayah State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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41

8. Kayin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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57

9. Chin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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77

10. Mon State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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95

11. Rakhine State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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113

12. Shan State marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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129

13. Sagaing Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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149

14. Taninthayi Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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171

15. Bago Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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193

16. Magway Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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217

17. Mandalay Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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243

18. Yangon Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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269

19. Ayeyawady Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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297

20. Myanmar marching to new golden land of unity and amity

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324

a

Towards A New Modern State Myanmars have founded a strong nation through national unity since thousands of years ago. The drive was more visible in the times of Myanmar kings - Anawrahta, Bayintnaung and Alaungphaya. Such a fine tradition has helped Myanmar national races enhance the spirit of living harmoniously through thick and thin. This spirit gave birth to the nationalistic fervour, nationalistic vigour and the spirit or the will to live independently of the people. Myanmar faced many evil experiences subsequent to the global changes after the feudal era. Fully equipped with unflinching spirit, the national people constantly exerted all-out efforts to repel the western nations that resorted to various means to invade and then colonize the nation. Thanks to the strong spirit and vigour of the national people who love freedom and justice, the patriotic forces hand in hand with the people were able to quell the fascists who got into the nation during the World War. The absolute unity and strenuous efforts of the entire national people culminated in regaining independence. However, the nation lost national solidarity due to the adverse effects of the cold war and the instigations and intervention of neo-colonialists. Then, patriotic national forces made combined endeavours to ensure prevalence of law and order, to regain national unity, and to raise the socio-economic life of the people. The Tatmadaw, born of the national people, which has been one with the people throughout the nation’s history, has been lending itself to the nation-building tasks in diversified sectors, while remedying the weaknesses of the nation. In the process, the Government has been working with added momentum day in, day out under the farsighted leadership so as to complete the infrastructures needed for building up a modern nation. The drive thoroughly covers physical or socio-economic requirements including agriculture, transport, trade and administration sectors and spiritual or cultural need such as education, health and knowledge sectors. The Government’s efforts have yielded marked and fruitful results in one and a half decades.

Well convinced that to uphold “Our Three Main National Causes” is the bounden duty of the entire national people of the Union of Myanmar, all the national races have been participating in the nation-building undertakings. At the same time, the State is effectively nurturing and training new generation youths for the development of human resources to maintain the already-achieved momentum. The ultimate goal of the national people is emergence of a discipline-flourishing modern developed democratic nation, in which all the national races desire to live keeping egg and nest intact and to enjoy equal rights and a better living standard. The Government has been striving steadfastly for achieving the goal, while overcoming the destructive acts that pose harm to it. Therefore, tangible results have justified the efforts the Government has been making with added momentum. Discarding the outmoded view and methods, the Union of Myanmar has been able to maintain friendly relations with the world nations. Now, the Government is playing a leading role in convening the National Convention, the first step of the State’s seven-point Road Map, on a grand scale to draft an enduring State Constitution in line with the wishes of the national people. The delegates of political parties, delegates of representative-elect, delegates of national races, delegates of peasants, delegates of workers, delegates of intellectuals and intelligentsia, delegates of State service personnel, and other invited delegates representing the entire nation and the people are holding discussions in the National Convention to lay down basic principles to shape the brighter future of Myanmar. Now, the eight groups of delegates have unanimously adopted the basic principles for the legislative sector out of the three branches of State Constitution – legislative,executive and judicial sectors. Before 31 March 2005 when the National Convention was adjourned temporarily, respective groups of delegates submitted their frank proposals and papers to the National Convention for completion of the executive and judicial sectors. This book features firm evidences, correct data and figures and documentary photos sector-wise that reflect the success in building the infrastructures according to the political, economic and social objectives for the brighter future of the State in conformity with the historic developments.

Ministry of Information

Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe cordially converses with trainees of B.Ed Course No 36 of University for Development of National Races at the dinner.

The Union of Myanmar Location Located in the Southeast Asia region, Myanmar lies between north latitude 9 degrees 32 minutes and 28 degrees 31 minutes and between longitudes 92 degrees 10 minutes East and 101 degrees 11 minutes East. Its neighbours are China to the north and northeast; Laos to the east; Thailand to the south east; and India and Bangladesh to the west and bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Its capital Yangon lies at 96 degrees 13 minutes east longitude and 16 degrees 45 minutes north latitude. The east longitude 97 degrees 30 minutes is designated for Myanmar standard time and the MST is 6 hours and 30 minutes earlier than GMT.

Area With a total land area of 261228 sq miles (677,000 sq km), the country stretches over 1275 miles (2051 km) from north to south and 582 miles (936 km) east to west. The country’s border line stretches about 5200 miles and sharing 3808 miles with neighbouring countries— 1357 miles with China, 1314 miles with Thailand, 857 miles with India, 152 miles with Bangladesh and 128 miles with Laos. It has a 1385 miles long coastline from Nat River to Kawthoung.

Topography Roughly, the topographic condition of Myanmar can be divided into three parts— western ranges, central plains and eastern hilly regions. Myanmar is adjacent to Himaliyan ranges which lie in the western part of the country. The Khakaborazi Mountain with the height of 19296 feet is a part of the western ranges and the Saramayti Mountain is 12553 feet high. The western ranges divide India and Myanmar as a wall. In the central plains, the Ayeyawady delta region is the largest one and it is divided into three parts— first part of the region is from the upper reaches to Mandalay, the second part from Mandalay to Pyay and the third part from Pyay to its end. Sittoung basin and Chindwin basin are included in the central plain. In the central plain, there also exist Zeebyu mountain range, Minwon mountain range, Hmankin mountain range and Gangaw mountain range. Bago Mountain range lies from north to south in the region. Shan Plateau is called the eastern mountain range which has an average height of 3000 to 4000 feet.

The Union of Myanmar Although it is called a plateau, there exists mountains with high slopes. Across the plateau Thanlwin river flows from north to south— Shan Plateau to Taninthayi coastal region. Zawgyi, Myitnge and Panlaung rivers originate in the Shan Plateau and enter the River Ayeyawady. Population The Union of Myanmar is home to various national races and the main stocks are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. According to the data in 1998-99, the population of the country has reached 47.25 million and the increase rate is 1.84 per cent. The number of man reaches 23.46 million (49.66 per cent) and woman 23.79 (50.34 per cent). According to the estimate of 31-12-2005, the population of Myanmar totalled over 54.7 million. Climate Generally, Myanmar has three seasons. The summer is from March to May, the rainy season from middle of May to end of October, and the cold season from November to end of February. Myanmar enjoys a tropical monsoon climate. However, climatic conditions differ widely from place to place due to widely diverse topographical conditions. For instance, Central Myanmar has an annual rainfall of less than 40 inches while the Rakhine Coast gets about 200 inches. The temperature of Central Myanmar is about 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43.3 degrees Centigrade) in the months of March and April. During the period, the temperature of the northern part of Myanmar reaches 97 degrees Fahrenheit (36.1 degrees Centigrade) and in Shan Plateau it is about 85 to 95 degree Fahrenheit (29.4 to 35 degrees Centigrade). Temperature of towns vary according to their location and elevation. In some years past, severe storms occurred causing damages in coastal regions. In order to bring about the favourable climatic conditions, the State has given priority to Central Myanmar Greening Project. Religion Myanmar enjoys religious tolerance and since the ancient times, there has been full freedom of worship for followers of different religions. So, different religions can be practised in Myanmar. The religious edifices and religious orders have been in existence and religious festivals can be held on a grand scale. The majority of the population embraces Buddhism with 89.3 per cent but other religions can be practised freely. In the country, Christian occupies 5.06 per cent of the population, Islam 3.8 per cent, Hindu 0.5 per cent and Animist 0.2 per cent.

History of Myanmar With a long 2000 years of History, Myanmar experienced various kinds of events such as stability in the country and rapid changes. The following are chronicles of the country— AD 1st Century

…

1044-1297* (406-659)**

…

1552-1599 (914-961)

…

1752-1885 (1114-1247)

…

1824-26 (1186-1188) 1852-54 (1214-1216) 1885 (1247)

… … …

1906 (1268)

…

1919 (1281) 1920 October (1282)

… …

1920 December 1282

…

1930 May (1292) 1930 December (1292) 1923-37 (1285-1299) 25-2-36 (1297) 1-4-37 to 10-12-42 8-1-38* (1299)

… … … … … …

26-12-41 (1303) 27-7-42 (1304)

… …

** Myanmar Era * AD

The Pyus founded city states in Beikthanoe, Hanlin, Tagaung,Thayekhittaya regions. Thaton or Suvanabonmi was also founded. The first Myanmar empire was founded by King Anawrahta (1044-1047) in Bagan period. King Bayintnaung (1552-1581) established the second Myanmar empire in Toungoo period. King Alaungmintaya (1752-1760) founded the third Myanmar empire in Kongboung period. First Anglo-Myanmar war broke out. Second Anglo-Myanmar war broke out. After the third Anglo-Myanmar war, Myanmar fell under the servitude of British colonialists. Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) was founded with the aim of promoting the standard of race and religion. On 18 December 1918, the British government issued Cradock Plan. Myanmar Women Konmayi Association was formed. The 8th meeting of YMBA decided to change its name to GCBA. The first students strike against the colonial education occurred. Doe Bamar Asiayon was formed. Peasants uprising broke out. The period of Diarchy Administration. The second students strike broke out. 91 departments administration system practised. Chauk oilfield strike started. 1300 revolution broke out. Burma Independence Army (BIA) was formed. BIA changed its name to Burma Defence Army (BDA).

History of Myanmar 1-8-43 27-3-45 (1307) 1945-47 (1306-1308) 1947 (1309) 12-2-47 (1308)

… … … … …

4-1-48 (1309) 1948-50 (1310-11) 1958-59 (1320-21)

… … …

2-3-62 (1323) 1962-74 (1323-35)

… ...

1974-88

…

18-9-88

…

27-5-90 9-1-93 30-3-96 15-11-97 (1359)

… … … …

30-8-2003 17-5-2004

… …

Japanese granted a sham independence. Anti-fascist revolution started. White paper administration of British government. Soranto Villa Rehabilitation Programmes were introduced. National consolidation built through the Panglong Agreement. Myanmar regained her independence. Parliamentary democracy was practised in the country. The Tatmadaw shouldered the responsibility of the State as a Caretaker Government. Revolutionary Council assumed the State power. Launched a Socialist Revolution under the leadership of the Burma Socialist Programme Party. Pyithu Hluttaw and various levels of People’s Council were formed and representatives of the people performed the administrative and legislative duties. Demonstrations broke out due to general discontent. Anarchy reigned the country as a result of internal and external instigations. The rule of law and stability deteriorated and a wave of panic swept the country. Therefore, the Tatmadaw had to take the responsibility and safeguard the nation. Multiparty general elections took place. The National Convention was convened. The National Convention was temporarily adjourned. The State Peace and Development Council was formed, 12 political, economic and social objectives laid down and efforts have been made for emergence of a peaceful, modern and developed nation. The seven-point Road Map was announced. The National Convention that was temporarily adjourned resumed.

Tradition of the Tatmadaw Throughout the independence struggle of Myanmar history, the national races fought against the colonialists, political groups tried hard for national cause, and efforts made in various forms for regaining independence. With the concept that political means only would not be able to regain independence but armed struggle might sweep the colonialists out of the soil of the country, Myanmar political leaders secretly planned to form a Tatmadaw. World War II broke out on 3 September 1939. The Thirty Comrades formed with patriotic politicians made contact with Japanese and left for Hainang in southern China to undergo military training. They had to take vigorous military training there. After the Japanese entered the war, the Thirty Comrades arrived in Bangkok together with the Japanese troops. From 26 December 1941 to 2 January 1942 Burma Independence Army was formed in Bangkok. Initially, the BIA was formed with 200 men and hand in hand with Japanese troops they fought against the colonialist troops. Without holding self-interests in the fore and with the aim of regaining independence, the patriotic national youth joined BIA. In this way, the number of BIA had reached up to 30,000 from 23,000 within a short period. But Japanese were displeased with the increase in the number of BIA. Therefore, they abolished the BIA on 27 July 1942 and formed Burma Defence Army with 3,000 troops. Although the BDA members had to discharge their duty under the command of Japanese as a subordinate, the BDA was mobilized and it underwent military training systematically and troops were efficient ones with strong patriotism. On 1 August 1943 Japanese granted a sham independence to Myanmar. The Defence Council meeting held on 15 September 1943, changed the name of BDA to Burma National Army (BNA). On 27 March 1945, the Tatmadaw, hand in hand with the people, launched anti-fascist resistance. From that day on the Tatmadaw has been in oneness with the people. The Tatmadaw has become endowed with the features of national armed forces serving the interests of the nation and its people. British colonialists who entered the country again did not want to acknowledge the Tatmadaw as a national Tatmadaw representing the nation and the people. They tried to abolish Patriotic Burma Force and transform it into Burma Army. But, the Tatmadaw and the people did not accept their scheme. Therefore, the British had to acknowledge the Tatmadaw as Patriotic Burma Force (PBF).

Tradition of the Tatmadaw The British had to give up the plan of abolishing PBF and admitting only those who had met their standard to Burma Army. In accord with the Kandy Treaty signed in Kandy in Sri Lanka on 6 September 1945, the British allowed all the 5200 other ranks, 200 officers and 200 reserved officer from PBF to merge with Burma Army. The Tatmadaw launched the anti-fascist movement and as a hard-core force fought against the colonialists hand in hand with the people to regain independence. The day of resistance on which the Tatmadaw and the people drove out the fascists has been designated as the Armed Forces Day and parade has been held yearly on that day and the 60th anniversary of Armed Forces Day was held in 2005. According to historical demand, the Tatmadaw had to take part in national political leading role apart from national defence role in 1948-49 when the internal insurgency was at its peak and in 1950 when the Tatmadaw was engaged in fighting against the foreign intruders. The Tatmadaw had to unavoidably take the responsibility of the State on 2 March 1962 when the nation faced with the danger of disintegration of national unity and the Union and loss of sovereignty. Again in 1988, the country experienced chaos, which broke out due to discontent among the people. During the period, anarchy reigned the country and thus for the sake of peace and stability the Tatmadaw had to bear the full brunt of the shock as there was no way to solve the problem. Nowadays, the Tatmadaw as the State Peace and Development Council is serving the interests of the State dutifully. Thanks to the earnest efforts of the Tatmadaw for national reconsolidation 17 national race armed groups had returned to the legal fold. It can be seen that there are specific events in the history of the Tatmadaw that is in parallel with the history of the State. The Tatmadaw with good traditions is endowed with military, organizing and administration capabilities. Holding the four oaths in the fore, the Tatmadaw, from its birth, has discharged its national duties successfully and is also discharging the duties at the risk of its lives and will discharge the national duties unwaveringly. As the Tatmadaw is a consolidated national force the leading role of the Tatmadaw can be seen in independence struggle and in the national political sector.

Towards new golden land of unity and amity Myanmar is a Union made up of seven states and seven divisions. Over 100 national races have been living together in unity and amity through thick and thin throughout consecutive eras of history. A glance at the course of history will indicate that Myanmar had stood as an independent and sovereign State under its own monarch in the international community for years countable by the thousand. From that time onwards, the national brethren came together to eliminate all the dangers posed to the country and protected their motherland. The colonialists waged an aggressive war on Myanmar in 1824. After three wars, Myanmar was colonized in 1885. Like a saying that goes "a real ruby does not lose its brightness even in the mire", national compatriots armed themselves with Union Spirit and showed bravery and determination throughout the independence struggle. The colonialists made wicked schemes to break up national solidarity by introducing the "divide and rule" policy so that they could enslave Myanmar for a long time. Yet, national people unanimously made it known to the colonialists at Panglong on 12 February 1947 that their unity had been hardened into "family spirit". After witnessing the united strength of national people, the colonialists eventually granted independence to Myanmar. On the other hand, the conspirators hatched wicked schemes to hold sway over Myanmar and to make her dance to their tune. As an emerging independent nation, Myanmar should have kept pace with neighbouring countries in terms of development. Instead, the country suffered the impact of internal insurgency. The country had lived under the colonial servitude for over 123 years, subject to all kinds of exploitation. The country was not able to rise from a 40-year knockout engulfed in the flame of internal insurgency. Under such circumstances, the country was close to collapse in 1988 as a result of subversive as well as provocative acts of the internal and external destructive elements. The Tatmadaw thus saved the country from imminent disintegration in the nick of time by assuming the State duty. The Tatmadaw Government that came into existence as an answer to the call of historical need worked hard to put the country in order by improving the socio-economic life of national people after drawing lessons from the past events and analysing the prevailing conditions. Now, the government is taking measures for reforms to improve all the sectors across the country through a calculation of development paces slower than

others. Geographically, Myanmar shares borders with India in the west, with China in the north, and with Laos and Thailand in the east. To the far south of Myanmar lies the Bay of Bengal linking to the Indian Ocean. The Union of Myanmar is 1,275 miles in length from north to south and 582 miles from east to west. The total area of the country is 261,228 square miles. Myanmar has a population of over 53 million. The forest area of the country constitutes 57 percent of the land, 149528 square miles. The cultivable land as a whole totalled 45 million acres when compared with over 24.8 million acres in 1988. At present, Myanmar is an agro-based country, with its 70 percent of population living in rural areas. The transport system in the colonial era was a total failure. Even after independence, transport mainly relied on water course in delta regions, not to mention border areas. The government is making strenuous efforts day in, day out to overcome the difficulties. In line with the guidance of the Head of State, emphasis has been placed on the perpetual existence of the Union. State Peace and Development Council Chairman and also Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance on the spirit of oneness among the national brethren at University for Development of National Races on 28 January 2003. The Senior General said: "A variety of national races live in the territory of our nation Myanmar, and each and every part of the nation is like a small union where different nationalities reside. We Myanmars have been living together in unison so long that we are inseparable. And love, friendship and unity are a must for all of us". The guidance is indeed like a light that shows the way to the better future of the nation at a time when the national races, who have been living on the same land and drinking water from the same source, are striving for national progress, while sailing on the same boat. The government therefore gave the top priority to national reconsolidation and managed to clear the hatred, discord and misunderstanding among the national brethren, which were caused by the instigations and interventions of the colonialists. In consequence, a total of 17 national armed groups have returned to the legal fold. With the fruits of peace and stability in the entire nation, the Border Areas and National Races Development Project opened a new chapter of the nation's history.

map of myanmar

14

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

At the same time, the government sought all possible ways and means for food sufficiency of the entire national people. With a view to ensuring development of the agricultural sector, the artery of an agro-based nation, the government has been taking measures systematically and effectively such as extension of sown acreage, construction of dams and water pumping stations for irrigating cultivated lands, introducing all-yearround cultivable lands, launching projects for food security of respective regions, and providing encouragement and necessary assistance for ensuring success in cultivating all crops. The government also could open a new page of the agricultural sector of the nation. Furthermore, the government has been able to build a network of roads and bridges across the nation in its drive to cement the amicable relations among the national brethren with smooth and secure transport. In addition, the government has taken steps for development of the livestock breeding and fishery sector. Myanmar is rich in fresh water fish and prawn as well as sea fish and prawn. However, it is making sustained efforts with farsightedness to fulfil the fish and prawn demand of the posterity. The number of fish breeding and prawn breeding farms has increased significantly in the states and divisions which are blessed with favourable conditions for this industry. It initiated the paddy plus fish project, and the release of fingerlings of a wide range of fish species into the Ayeyawady River. It has placed emphasis on conservation of present forests as well as planting of trees to form more forests. It is implementing the project for greening of the 13 districts in the Upper Myanmar, which were once called the arid zone of the nation. Based on the success in the agriculture, livestock breeding, regional greening and transport sectors, it is putting into motion the master plan for building an agro-based industrialized country. It has also helped emerge computer-aided industrial zones and factories in the country. For the national progress, the government, under the close supervision of the Special Projects Implementation Central Committee headed by the Head of State, is doing its utmost to open a bridge in a month and 12 dams in a year in order to bring fruits of rapid development to the national people in a short time. So, a lot of new towns, roads, bridges and factories have been added to the nation's map. In addition to building of more infrastructures in various areas for the future nation, it has laid down many education promotion projects for enabling the national people to enhance their intellectual power in the knowledge age. It has broadened the scope of the education sphere by means of opening more and more basic and higher education schools

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

15

for the entire national people to enjoy equal rights in their pursuit of education and for upgrading the nation's education standard. Under the 24 Special Region Development Project, it has established new universities, colleges and 200-bed hospitals in respective regions. Simultaneously, it is implementing the five rural development tasks for elevating the living and social standards of the rural society. During the more-than-16-year period of the Tatmadaw government, the nation has been able to reach again the list of top paddy-producing nations, play a leading role in producing beans and pulses among ASEAN nations, stand as a nation, in which forests

16

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

are conserved and the environment protected well, inexhaustible gas deposits discovered, water resources effectively harnessed for the nation's power sector. It has also caught up with other ASEAN nations in the education and health spheres. Therefore, the nation is now on its way to a new state with bright prospects. The above-mentioned fruitful results well matched with the speech delivered by Head of State Senior General Than Shwe during his inspection tour of Shan State in April 2002, saying that as the national races who live in 14 states and divisions are indeed the brethren, the government is making relentless efforts to ensure equitable development of all parts of the nation. “Simultaneously, the government is taking all possible measures for progress of the national races and brighter future of the nation. All national people are the brethren of the nation, so the government really wants to see all national races enjoy fruitful results of development equally, he said. “According to the area, natural resources and population of the nation, Myanmar will become a modern and developed one before long if the national people make efforts with added momentum in harmony for national development,’’ he said. Other measures of the government for the seven states and seven divisions will be presented.

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Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Kachin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Kachin State is located in the northernmost part of the Union of Myanmar with an area of 34,379 square miles in total. It is like a small union, home to various national races such as Kachin, Chin, Bamar, Shan and Naga. Its population is 1,433,000 and so in the region, a square mile is populated with about 42 people in average. The mountainous region has Mount Khakaborazi (19296 feet) and Mount Galanyazi (19142 feet), which are higher than any other mountains in the nation. These mountains are always capped with snow. Its largest plains are Hugaung Valley in Tanaikha River basin at the top of Chindwin River, Putao plain in Malikha River basin, the surrounding regions of Myitkyina and Bhamo, Indawgyi Lake, and surrounding areas of Mogaung Creek and Kaukkway Creek. During his inspection tour of the region in April 1995, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance to the officials, saying “In the past, Kachin State lagged behind in development owing to lack of peace and stability in the region for many years. So, local people should not apply traditional methods any longer but must work hard much more than ever before for regional development. Now, peace has been restored well and it is thus the most opportune time to speed up the implementation of tasks for boosting production through effective use of the natural resources,” he added. Now, Kachin State has caught up with other states and divisions in various sectors thanks to the assistance and encouragement of the government, and united and harmonious efforts of local national race leaders and people. Local national people in Kachin State are enjoying fruits of development. The conditions before and after 1988 are compared in this article.

Agriculture The total sown acreage of Kachin State was 443,160 only in the past. At that time, altogether 275,709 acres were put under paddy and the output was 13,466 baskets. Now, the sown acreage of monsoon and summer paddy has nearly doubled with boosting per acre yield, so the paddy production has increased two times. In consequence, the region’s agricultural produce has been in surplus. The following table shows the progress of the sown acreage of paddy and other crops in the region.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

19

Development in the agriculture sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Sown acreage

acre

443160

798985

- Virgin and vacant land

acre

5182784

4806515

3

4

1

- Task completed

3

3

-

- Task under implementation

-

1

1

23837

28837

5000

River water pumping project

-

6

6

- Task completed

-

2

2

- Task to be carried out

-

4

4

- Benefited acres

-

13200

13200

Damming creek

-

46

46

- Average benefited acres

-

5253

5253

Artesian wells

-

44

44

- Benefited acres

-

266

266

23837

47556

23719

14801

144142

129341

275709

412241

136532

50.85

66.56

15.71

Land 355825

increase in cultivable land

Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain

-

- Benefited acres

Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield

basket

- Summer paddy

acre

-

7600

7600

- per acre yield

basket

-

67.00

67.00

13466

27222

13756

-

221

221

- Total production

basket in thousand

- Regional rice sufficiency per cent

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Development in the agriculture sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Sugarcane acreage Progress in maize acreage Progress in rubber acreage Oil palm Tea Pepper Coffee Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Monnyin - Niger

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

5685 9684 6045 64 1251 12 -

51116 9796 20525 7092 57 1842 542 1604

45431 112 14480 7028 57 591 530 1604

acre acre acre acre acre

24893 2959 652 10648 1297

52677 15009 11661 59894 15080

27784 12050 11009 49246 13783

*Reservoir under construction 1. Paungnet Dam, Shwegu Township, Sithaung Village, benefited acres 5000

Livestock and Fishery The government promoted livestock industry to increase production of meat. The number of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, chicken and duck has increased to nearly 3.6 million, compared to only over 1.3 million in 1988. With regard to the fish and prawn breeding sector, there were only 58 acres of breeding ponds in the past, but now the figure has surged to 868 acres accounting for 14 times. While extending paddy cultivation, the government helped the region launch the paddy plus fish project. Over 60,000 fishes were put in the paddy fields of more than 120 acres. The distribution of a variety species of fingerlings amounted to 0.144 million in 1988. A total of 183.28 million fingerlings have been distributed up to 31-12-2005. Under the guidance of the Head of State, more than 350,000 fingerlings of different species of fish were released into the Ayeyawady River for increasing the number of fish in the long run.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

21

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

142000

175000

33000

- Cattle

207000

260000

53000

13000

29000

16000

- Pig

154000

466000

312000

- Chicken

874000

3087000

2213000

- Duck

34000

157000

123000

- Turkey, goose, muscovy duck

37000

45000

8000

9684

9796

112

- Sheep/goat

Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

58.00

868.20

810.20

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

208.50

208.50

1X100000

-

1.04

1.04

- Production

1X100000

1.44

183.28

181.24

- Fingerlings released

1X100000

1.00

174.44

173.44

- Sale

1X100000

0.44

8.84

8.40

1X100000

-

50.30

50.30

- Number - Distribution of fish fries

Fish released into Ayeyawady River

Forest Conservation The government paid attention to conservation of forests in Kachin State. So the area of forests has risen nearly thirty times. The area of afforestation has surged nearly 70 times. In 1988, a total of 10,000 saplings were planted in mass activities. Now, over 7.2 million saplings have been grown in the region. Besides, the government is implementing the project for greening and long-lasting of Indawgyi Lake in Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary in Mohnyin Township. It designated 299.32 square miles including the area of the lake (14 miles long and five miles wide) as Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary.

22

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the forestry sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988 31-12-2005 Progress

Reserved Forest

sq/mile

2008

2218

210

Protected public forest

sq/mile

-

3118

3118

Natural forests

sq/mile

269.46

6276.13

6006.67

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

211

15415

15204

- Commercial plantation

acre

-

8395

8395

- Village firewood

acre

-

3020

3020

- Watershed plantation

acre

211

4000

3789

- Thitseint plantations

acre

-

900

900

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.01

7.12

7.12

(in Million)

Famous Myanmar Teak

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

23

Transport Sector In the past, with poor transport, the region had to mainly rely on railway and airway. At that time, Shwebo-Myitkyina Road was not a fine one, and the remaining roads were in poor condition. So, local people had to cross Ayeyawady River first by boat if they wanted to travel from Myitkyina to Bhamo, and to Waingmaw on the east bank of Ayeyawady, and then to Chibwe and Sawtlaw in the northern part. In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, 2,688-foot-long Bala Min Htin Bridge across Ayeyawady River in Myitkyina was opened in 1998, resulting in better transport in the region. The opening of Sinkhan Bridge on Mandalay-Tagaung-Bhamo-Myitkyina Road took place in Shwegu Township, Bhamo District, Kachin State, on 13 January 2005. It is the 178th of the bridges with 180 feet and above in length in the nation. Now, the people can choose the 350-mile-long Mandalay-Shwebo-Myitkyina Road on the west bank of Ayayawady River, or the 302-mile-long Mandalay-Mogok-Momeik-MabeinMansi-Bhamo Road on the east bank of Ayayawady River and the 115-mile-long BhamoMyitkyina Road to travel from Mandalay to Myitkyina. The government has constructed the 375-mile-long Mandalay-Myitkyina Union Highway along the east bank of Ayayawady River. The 460-foot-long Sinkhan Bridge is the 12th of the bridges with 180 feet and above built by the government in Kachin State. After 1988, Tapein, Tabetchaung, Bala Min Htin, Nantmyitkha, Maliyan, Namsanyan, Mole, Tanai, Hopin, Mogaung and Mohnyin bridges emerged in Kachin State. Now, the government is implementing, Kyundaw bridge, Kaunghmulon suspension bridge, and Namti bridge (Kanhla) projects in the region. Moreover, it is upgrading the 78-mile-long Putao-Machanbaw-Phayukha-Nawngmon Road, and the 228-mile-long Myitkyina-Namti-Tanai-Shinbweyan-Pansaung-Ledo Road. It will also upgrade Myitkyina-Putao Road, and Myitkyina-Pansauk-Ledo Road. The table shows the progress of transport sector in Kachin State.

Ayeyawady River crossing Bala Minhtin Bridge

Mogaung Bridge

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

25

Development in the transportation sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways -miles of railroad -miles of railtrack -passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road -tarred road -gravel road -hard road -earth road Bridge - Public Work - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - bridge under construction** - Under 180 feet - completed bridge

Count

1988

mile 114.75 mile 123.94 1X1000 1967.5 mile 115079.9 Ton (1x1000) 98.8

31-12-2005 Progress 122.00 131.26 2097.7 118214.6 124.6

7.25 7.32 130.2 3134.7 25.8

mile station

14344.8 21

20351.3 33

6006.5 12

field field field mile mile mile mile mile

7 4 3 1471/0 160/0 156/0 886/0 269/0

7 4 3 1644/0 315/2 408/2 675/6 244/6

173/0 155/2 252/2 upgrading upgrading

27 27 63 63

42 40 2 307 307

15 13 2 244 244

bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

* Completed two above 180 feet bridges **Three major bridges under construction 1. Bala Minhtin Bridge (across Ayeyawady river) 1. Kyundaw Bridge 2. Tanaing Bridge (Tanaing creek) 2. Kaunghmulon Bridge 3. Namti Bridge (Kanhla)

26

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communication Sector The government is taking measures for development of the communication sector of Kachin State. The following table shows progress of the communication sector of the region.

Development in the communication sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Post office

office

64

79

15

Telegraph office

office

20

29

9

Facsimile

-

48

48

Computer telegraph

-

6

6

12

56

44

1140

16250

15110

Telephone -telephone office -telephone line

office line

-exchange

exchange

12

41

29

-direct line

line

876

13133

12257

-auto/manual phone

phone

876

8134

8258

-cellular telephone

phone

-

3999

3999

-telephone density

1X1000

1.13

9.47

9.47

Microwave station

station

-

13

13

Rural telephone

phone -

17

17

-

14

14

exchange

exchange

E-mail/Internet Satellite station1 -DOMSAT

station

-

-

-

-VSAT

station

-

4

4

-iPSTAR

station

-

8

8

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

27

Electric Power The government is taking systematic measures in order to effectively tap natural resources in abundance in Kachin State. Hence, there was only a 0.168 megawatt smallscale hydel power plant (Putao) in 1988. But three medium-scale hydel power plants have emerged in the time of the Tatmadaw Government. Therefore, the consumption of electricity in Kachin State has increased from 1.371 (million) unit in the past to 17.508 (million) unit at present. In addition, two large-scale hydel power plants are under implementation to be able to consume more electricity. Upon completion, the two hydel power plants will be able to generate 34.5 megawatt. Thus, the present-hydel power plants in Kachin State will soon be able to generate 48.196 megawatt.

Kyeinkharankha hydel power plant in Myitkyina Township generates 5 kilowatts of electricity.

28

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the electric power sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Electricity consumption unit (in million) Maximum power megawatt Current installed power megawatt Power to be acquired unit (million) Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed* plant -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) plant - Medium (1to 10 megawatt) plant - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) plant Installed power megawatt - Project under implementation** plant -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) plant - Installed power megawatt Other power plants -Reclying power plant plant -Steam engine plant plant -Natural gas-powered plant plant -Coal-fired plant -Diesel-used plant plant Installed power in the future megawatt

1988 31-12-2005 Progress 1.371 4.551 5.233 5.233

17.508 15.935 13.696 48.196

16.137 11.384 8.463 42.963

1 1 0.160 -

4 3 1 8.940 2 2 34.5000

3 3 8.780 2 2 34.5000

32 5.233

50 48.196

18 42.963

*Hydel power plant completed Putao 0.160 megawatt (small size) (1988) 1. 2. Galaingchaung 1.260 megawatt (medium size) 3. Kyaingkharankha 2.520 megawatt (medium size) 4. Namkhamkha 5.000 megawatt (medium size) **Hydel power porject under implementation 1. Malichaung 10.500 megawatt (Large) 2. Tabetchaung 24.000 megawatt (Large)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

29

Industries As efforts are being made for ensuring development of agriculture as the base and allround development of other sectors of the economy as well there have been good foundations for industrial development in Kachin State. In the past, there were 601 private factories and workshops but there are now 175 private factories and workshops, 95 cottage industries and 11 State-run factories.

Development in the industrial sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of industrial power -Private industry

industry

601

776

175

-Cottage industry

industry

-

95

95

State-owned industry

industry

11

11

-

Technical Institute in Mohnyin

30

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Education The government is striving in all seriousness in order to produce more intellectuals and intelligentsia and to enhance the education standard of the whole region. More basic education schools were opened in border areas. In the process, there have emerged 137 basic education schools in border areas, where altogether over 280,000 students are pursuing education. The strength of teachers has doubled. The special 24 development regions have been designated and are being implemented to enable the national race youths to pursue education within their reach. In the past, there was only one degree college in Kachin State but there are now one university, two degree colleges and one college. Hence, there were only over 1,000 students who were able to access higher education in 1988. But there are now 18,035students who are able to do so in the region.

Bhamo Degree College

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

31

Development in the education sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers education - Education college - Number of teacher - Number of trainees School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Degree college - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

1178 30 68 1080 4873 142248

1315 77 85 150 1003 66 32 8376 281336

137 47 17 150 upgrading 66 32 3503 139088

school children

-

22 672

22 672

college teacher trainees percent percent

1 15 153 62.13 72.71

1 40 893 94.51 93.20

upgrading 25 740 32.38 20.50

percent percent

45.35 44.93

14.37 12.28

30.98 32.65

1 1 8 86 1252 -

4 2 1 35 5 55 417 18035 3

3 1 1 35 5 47 331 16783 3

32

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology In combination with the education sector, efforts are being made for the emergence of experts in science and technological sector. With this end in view, two government technological colleges and two government computer colleges have emerged in Kachin State. The four higher learning institutions in Myitkyina and Bhamo special regions are now producing technocrats and computer scientists by thousands. One government technical institute was also opened in Mohnyin.

Development in the science and technology sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Technological college

college

-

3

3

- Government Technological college (Myitkyina)

college

-

1

1

course

-

7

7

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

7

7

- Government Technological college (Monyin)

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

7

7

Number of teachers

teacher

-

172

172

Number of student (graduate)

student

-

1317

1317

Number of student (current)

student

-

876

876

-Computercolleges

college

-

2

2

- Government Computer College (Myitkyina)

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

5

5

- Government Computer College (Bhamo)

college

-

1

1

-Number of courses

course

-

3

3

-Number of teachers

teacher

-

34

34

-Number of students (graduate)

student

-

160

160

- Number of student (current)

student

-

346

346

- Number of courses - Government Technological college (Bhamo)

31-12-2005

Progress

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

33

Mining and Mineral Resources Jade, copper, gold and coal have been mined in Kachin State well-known as the jade land. After 1988, talcum and crystal were also produced in the region. With the encouragement of the government, the number of joint venture-private jade block has now increased. Jade and gold are now being mined more than ever. More private entrepreneurs are engaged in those tasks in the interest of the State.

Myanmar Gems

Health In an effort to ensure uplift of health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation the government has been providing health care services to local people in Kachin State like other states and divisions. The number of hospitals has increased from 35 in the past to 46 to date. Likewise, the strength of health staff has increased from 716 in the past to 1,130 to date. There were 121 doctors in 1988 but there are now 271. One traditional medicine hospital and five dispensaries were added for ensuring better health care services.

34

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of hospital - Specialist hospital - Teaching hospital - 300-bed - 200-bed - 150-bed - 100-bed - 50-bed - 25-bed - 16-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Supervisor 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School - Midwifery School

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital centre centre centre centre team staff doctor nurse staff midwife labour assistant assistant assistant supervisor

35 2 1 1 5 2 9 15 69 47 19 1 2 716 121 177 57 284 8 40 29

46 2 1 1 2 4 2 8 26 72 50 19 1 2 1330 271 490 62 343 26 4 18 51 65

11 1 (-1) (-1) (-1) 11 3 3 614 150 313 5 59 18 4 18 11 36

hospital clinic school school school

5 1 1

1 10 3 2 1

1 5 2 2 -

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

35

Urban and Rural Development Steps are being taken for development of urban and rural regions in Kachin State while striving for improvement of socio-economic life of the local people. The length of urban roads including tarred roads, gravel roads and laterite roads has increased from 215 miles and 3 furlongs in the past to 305 miles and 7 furlongs to date. In the past, measures were taken for ensuring water supply to two towns in Kachin State. At present, efforts are being made for ensuring water supply to another seven towns. The length of village-to-village roads has increased from 468 miles in the past to 915 miles to date for regional development. This includes 53 miles and 2 furlongs of tarred road. To ensure potable water supply to rural regions, 886 tasks for water supply were carried out in 306 villages out of 678 villages.

Kachin traditional Manaw Dance

36

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the development affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period precding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-Urban roads

mile

215/3

305/7

90/4

-Tarred road

mile

42/5

104/2

61/5

-Gravelled road

mile

99/2

94/7

(-)4/3

-Granite road

mile

7/2

-

(-)7/2

-Earth road

mile

66/2

107/6

41/4

-Urban Development

-Urban bridge

bridge

-

291

291

-Concrete

bridge

-

196

196

-Wood

bridge

-

54

54

pipe

-

32

32

bridge

-

6

6

Township where tasks to be carried out

town

18

9

9

Completed work

work

2

9

7

-Rural roads

mile

468/0

915/1

547/7

-Tarred road

mile

6/0

53/2

47/2

-Gravelled road

mile

3/0

119/7

116/7

-Granite road

mile

50/4

-

(-)50/4

-Earth road

mile

408/4

742/0

3333/4

-Rural bridge

bridge

-

105

105

-Concrete

bridge

-

38

38

-Wood

bridge

-

59

59

pipe

-

8

8

bridge

-

-

-

village

678

372

306

-Conduit -Other -Urban water supply task

Rural Development

-Conduit -Other -Rural water supply task Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work

work

-

887

887

-Rural housing

house

-

15

15

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

37

Border Areas and National Races Development With a view to bringing development to Kachin State and ensuring development of national races, the government has designated Kachin State Special Region-1 and Kachin State Special Region-2. Thanks to prevalence of peace and tranquillity in Kachin State the two special regions are enjoying the fruitful results of development. Those regions, which lagged behind in development in the pasts, are now making progress like big cities. The youth development training schools were opened in Myitkyina, Bhamo and Putao. Arrangements are being made to open vocational training schools in Bhamo, Putao, Dwonban and Daw-phoneyan.

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-Kachin special region-1

region

-

2

2

-Kachin special region-2

region

-

1

1

-Earth road

mile

-

319/6

319/6

-Gravelled road

mile

-

201/4

201/4

-Tarred road

mile

-

2/1

-Road maintenance

mile

-

216/1

bridge

-

8/196/26

hospital

-

11

11

-Clinic

clinic

-

30

30

-Rural health centre

centre

-

24

24

Development regions

Road and bridge

-Bridge(large, small,suspension)

2/1 216/1 8/196/26

Health care service -Hospital

38

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Education -Primary school school -Middle school school -High school school -Teacher teacher -Student student Agriculture -Agriculture office office -Agriculture camp camp -Dam dam -Land reclamation acre Forestry -Reserved forest Livestock breeding -Farm farm -Veterinary office office -Distribution of cattle, donkey, sheep Energy -Power station station -Towns with electricity town Public relations -TV retransmission station station Communications -Post office office -Telegraph service service -Telephone office Expenditure kyat (in million) -Funds of PBANRDA kyat (in million) -Funds of ministries kyat (in million)

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-

178 11 9 747 24055

178 11 9 747 24055

-

2 8 2 1000

2 8 2 1000

-

1

1

-

1 4 14

1 4 14

-

23 17

23 17

-

14

14

-

3 5 6 5565.66 2153.28 3412.38

3 5 6 5565.66 2153.28 3412.38

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

39

Information and Public Relations The information sector is sending news on efforts of the government serving the long-term interest of the State and the people and news on economic, social and science and technology to the people. Kachin State Information and Public Relations Department is taking the following measures for further cementing friendship among the national races.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

-TV retransmission station

station

2

20

18

-IPRD office

office

-

24

24

-IPRD library

library

14

24

10

-Rural library

library

-

733

733

-Sub-printing house (Myitkyina)

house

-

1

The photo shows Kachin national races taking part in Wunpaungneingaungsunra Manaw Dance in Myitkyina, Kachin State.

Progress

1

40

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

180-feet and above major bridges built in Kachin State after 1988 Sr

Bridge

Road

Township

1 Tapain suspension bridge Bhamo-Myitkyina Moemauk

Length

Width

(feet)

(feet)

River/Creek Tapain river

320

18

2 Tabetchaung bridge

Bhamo-Myitkyina Waingmaw Tabet creek

450

12feet-4inches

3 Bhala Minhtin bridge

Bhamo-Myitkyina Myitkyina

Ayeyawady river

2688

40

4 Nantmyitkha bridge

Mongna-Waingmaw Waingmaw

Nantmyitkha creek

260

12feet4inches

5 Maliyan bridge

Bhamo-Myitkyina

Mali creek

320

12feet4inches

6 Namsamyan bridge

Bhamo-Myitkyina Moemauk

Namsamyan creek

320

12feet4inches

7 Moepale bridge

Bhamo-Myitkyina

Moemauk

Moele creek

325

12feet4inches

8 Tanaing bridge

Namti-Tanaing-Nanyun

Tanaing

Tanaing creek

942

12feet

9 Hopin bridge

Mandalay-Shwebo-Myitkyina

Moenyin

Thayet creek

200

42

10 Mogaung bridge

Mandalay-Shwebo-Myitkyina

Mogaung

Namkaung creek

945

32

11 Monyin bridge

Shwebo-Myitkyina

Moenyin

Namyin creek

200

42

12 Sinkhan bridge

Shwebo-Myitkyina

Bhamo

Sinkhan creek

460

36

Nanyin creek

366

42

13 Kyundaw bridge

Waingmaw

Shwebo-Myitkyina

Mogaung

180-feet and above major bridges being built in Kachin State Sr

Bridge

Road

1

Kaungkhmulon suspension bridge

Putao-Naungmon

2

Namti bridge

Shwebo-Myitkyina

Township Putao Namti

Length

Width

(feet)

(feet)

River/Creek Malikha river Namti creek

700

9

300

30

42

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Kayah State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Located in the eastern part of Myanmar, the 4,530-square-mile Kayah State is home to national races including Kayah, Kayan, Mono, Kayaw, Yintale, Gekho, Geba, living together with Kachin, Kayin, Chin, Pa-O, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine, Shan and Intha. It is like a small Union with a population of 312,001. Its population density is 69 person per square-mile. Lying on a high plateau contiguous with the Shan plateau, the elevation of Kayah State is between 2,950 feet and 6,000 feet above sea level. The raging natural watercourses are flowing through the mountainous state from the north to south. The Belu Creek originates at Inlay Lake and flows through the fertile Loikaw plain where various kinds of crops are cultivated. In his message sent to the 47th Anniversary Union Day on 12 February 1994, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe states, “Since its assumption of the State duties, the Government has been giving priority to the cause of nationalities, while placing in the fore Our Three Main National Causes — Non-disintegration of the Union; non-disintegration of national solidarity; and perpetuation of sovereignty. The time is ripe for national race groups in the jungles to abandon their armed struggle line posing as an obstacle to the progress of their own races, and to return to the legal fold with honour, for energetically servi ng the interest of the Union and the race.” Peace is the foundation of progress. With sincere goodwill, Tatmadaw has extended an olive branch to all the armed groups to return to the legal fold, and its ultimate goal is for prevalence of peace and stability in the whole Union and for all the national people to enjoy harmonious progress. Soon after peace and stability has been restored in Kayah State, it is now witnessing developments in all sectors. I will now present in comparison the situation of Kayah State in 1988 and at present.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

43

Agriculture In 1988, Kayah State could not even produce enough food to feed its own people. The Tatmadaw Government has changed the agricultural patterns and water supply programmes of the state. It has built Dawtacha Dam in 1997 to irrigate 1,000 acres of crops in Bawlake Township; and Loik-nan-hpa Dam in Demawhso Township to irrigate 2,150 acres of land. In addition, it has built water pumping stations and small-scale dams to increase the sown acreage of the state. The table shows the development of agricultural sector in Kayah State:

Ngwetaung Dam in Kayah State

44

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed* - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres Damming creek - Average benefited acres Artesian wells - Benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Progress in maize acreage Rubber acreage Coffee Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Mastard - Niger

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

acre acre

105791 152743

245372 68698

-

11 11 55063 55063 2268

13 13 58213 3 2 1 4532 5 756 5 37 63538 33377

2 2 3150 3 2 1 4532 5 756 5 37 8375 31109

56007 42.38 -

97243 59.99 8620 70.00

41236 17.61 8620 70.00

2278 -

5910 125

3632 125

acre acre acre acre

1685 5026 -

40779 16928 111 596

39094 11902 111 596

acre acre acre acre acre

7360 2021 727 47 598

14603 13571 7674 305 8091

7243 11550 3047 258 7493

acre

acre acre acre acre acre acre basket acre basket basket in thousand percent

139581 increase in cultivable land

*Dam Completed 1. Dawtacha Dam, Bawlake Township, Dawtacha village, Benefited acres (1000) 2. Loinanpha Dam, Demoso Township, Loinanpha village, Benefited acres (2150)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

45

Locals in Loikaw Township, Kayah State, harvesting high yield paddy

46

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Livestock and Fisheries Thanks to the assistance of the Government, the state can double its farming sector, raising 1,136000 heads of livestock at present, up from 545,000 in 1988. The state is now raising fish in 129.18 acres, and in 1988 it had only three acres of fish farms.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

1988 31-12-2005 27000 72000 2000 48000 386000 2000 4000 9684 3.00

Progress

28000 75000 3000 82000 1114000 13000 8000 9796 232.18

1000 3000 1000 34000 728000 11000 4000 112 229.18

Forest Conservation The state grew about 90,000 saplings in 1988. But it planted over 3,810,000 saplings this year. The table shows the extent of forest conservation work in Kayah State.

Development in the forestry sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Establishment of forest plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting

Count sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million)

1988 74 200 200 0.09

31-12-2005 270 1927 7175 3280 942 2935 300 3.81

Progress 196 1927 6957 3280 942 2735 300 3.72

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

47

Road and Transport Till 1988, transport was poor in the state. Aungban-Pinlaung-Moebye-Loikaw road, Toungoo-Leiktho-Yado road and Loikaw-Hopong road served as gateways to the state in the past, but the latter facility could not be used in all weathers. The Government has upgraded the roads including the above-mentioned two facilities. Now the state has 185 miles of motor road including 155 miles and six furlongs of tarred roads. Loikaw-Ponchaung-Shardaw road, Toungoo-Mawchi-Loikaw road, BawlakeYwathit-Souppaing road, and Hpasawng-Mehsenam-Meseh-Namman road have been upgraded. The new Aungban-Loikaw railroad linking Shan and Kayan states was commissioned into service on 27 March 1993. The project covered 106.62 miles of railroad for a distance of 101.92 miles as well as 25 railway stations. The development of the transport sector of Kayah State is shown in the table.

Development in the transportation sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Railways - miles of railroad mile - miles of railtrack mile - passenger 1X1000 - passenger/mile mile - Goods Ton (1x1000) - Goods/mile mile - Station station Airways -Airfield field 1 - above 5000 ft runway airfield field 1 Extension of motor road mile 396/0 - tarred road mile 126/0 - gravel road mile 30/0 - hard road mile 142/0 - earth road mile 98/0 Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet bridge 6 - completed bridge bridge 6 - bridge to be built bridge - Under 180 feet bridge 145

31-12-2005

Progress

8.59 10.90 52.0 3611.0 4.4 229.6 3

8.59 10.90 52.0 3611.0 4.4 229.6 3

1 1 581/0 281/6 32/4 138/1 128/5

185/0 155/6 2/4 upgrading 30/5

8 6 2 151

2 2 6

48

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

180 feet and above bridges to be built in Kayah State Sr 1. 2.

Bridge

Road

Target length (feet)

Type

Hteesekha creek

300

RC

Htoo creek

300

RC

River/Creek

Hteesekha

Tongoo-Loikaw Hseseng-Hopong Htoochaung Bawlake-Hpahsaung

Communications The table shows the development of the communication sector of Kayah State.

Development in the communication sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange E-mail/Internet Satellite station -DOMSAT -VSAT -iPSTAR

office

1X1000

-

1988 31-12-2005 Progress 8 3 -

13 11 25 1

5 8 25 1

3 650 3 558 558 2.82 -

15 2293 9 1917 1917 9.04 1

12 1589 6 1358 1358 6.22 1

-

6 3

6 3

-

8

8

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

A microwave station in Loikaw

49

50

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electricity Kayah State, with many falls and rapids, had the large 168-megawatt Bilu Creek Hydel Power Plant and the small-scale 0.108-megawatt power hydel power station at Hpasawng before 1988. The Tatmadaw Government built a new 28-megawatt power plant on Bilu Creek. Power consumption of the state has risen to five times the amount it did in 1988. The table shows the development of electricity sector of the state:

Development in the electric power sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Electricity consumption

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

unit (in million)

4.405

20.950

16.545

Maximum power

megawatt

3.000

5.340

2.340

Current installed power

megawatt

168.873

196.703

27.830

Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed

plant

2

4

2

-Heavy ( above 10 megawatt)

plant

1

2

1

- Small ( up to 1 megawatt)

plant

1

2

1

168.108

196.108

28.000

- Installed power

megawatt

Other power plants -Reclying power plant

plant

-

-

-

-Steam engine plant

plant

-

-

-

-Natural gas- fired

plant

-

-

-

-Coal-fired

plant

-

-

-

-Diesel-used plant

plant

4

27

23

Completed Hydel Power Plant 1. Biluchaung-2 2. Hpahsaung 3. Biluchaung-1

168.000 megawatt 0.108 megawatt 28.00 megawatt

(heavy) (small) (heavy)

(1988) (1988)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Bilu Creek Hydel Power Plant in Kayah State

51

52

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Industrial Sector Seven State-owned industries, 33 cottage industries and 270 private industries are running in the state. The government has given priority to the further development of the sector.

Development in the industrial sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of industrial power Private industry

plant

270

270

-

-Cottage industry

plant

-

33

33

State-owned industry

plant

4

7

3

Mining and Mineral Resources Mawchi Mines is producing tin, tungsten and shale. Discovery of marble and antimony after 1988 has generated more job opportunities. The state produced 188.16 metric tons of marble and 160 tons of antimony in 2005.

Education The education promotion plans of the Government cover Kayah State. The number of students is increasing as the strength of teachers has risen. The increase in the school enrolment rate and adult literacy rate in the state is encouraging. Loikaw covered by the 24-development zone project has now an arts and science university. Thus, local youths can pursue higher education in their own region. The following table shows the sustainable developments the state has been achieving in the education sector since 1988:

Development in the education sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student

Count school school school school school room centre teacher student

1988 333 7 27 299 1259 29916

31-12-2005 388 16 31 32 309 21 13 1950 50470

Progress 55 9 4 32 upgrading

21 13 691 20554

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children

School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Primary level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college

Count

53

1988

31-12-2005

school children

-

15 334

15 334

percent percent

53.26 50.00

95.50 97.4

42.24 38.40

percent percent

37.45 39.25

6.20 8.14

31.25 22.73

-

1 1 1 1 1 40 138 3051 1

1 1 1 1 1 40 138 3051 1

- Arts and Science University - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Progress

Science and Technology Like in all other states and divisions, the science and technology development programme of Kayah State is gaining more ground. A government technological college and a government computer college are producing hundreds of technicians and computer scientists in the state. The two colleges were built after 1988.

Development in the science and technology sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological college - Government Technological college (Loikaw) -Number of courses -Number of teachers -Number of students (graduate) -Number of students (current) -Computer College - Government Computer College (Loikaw) -Number of courses -Number of teachers -Number of students (graduate) -Number of students (current)

Count college college course teacher student student college college course teacher student student

1988

31-12-2005 -

1 1 4 68 360 321 1 1 4 22 184 245

Progress 1 1 4 68 360 321 1 1 4 22 184 245

54

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Health Health services of the state are also developing as in all other states and divisions. The 150-bed hospital in Loikaw has been upgraded to a 200-bed facility, and it has been reinforced with more specialist surgeons. The state has doubled the number of doctors working in it and added hundreds of health staff of other levels to the related facilities. It has one traditional medicine hospital and nine traditional medicine dispensaries. The following table documents progress of the health sector:

Development in the health sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

15

16

1

- 200-bed - 150-bed - 25-bed - 16-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Superviser 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School

hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital centre centre centre centre team staff doctor nurse staff midwife labour assistant assistant assistant superviser

1 4 2 8 32 24 6 1 2 351 125 177 24 137 5 14 40 29

1 7 8 36 28 6 1 2 570 271 462 28 162 7 28 18 51 65

1 upgrading 3 upgrading 4 4 219 146 285 4 25 2 14 18 11 36

hospital clinic school school

4 -

1 9 1 1

1 5 1 1

Urban and Rural Development Development in economic and social sectors has helped improve the standard of towns and villages in the state. There are now 29 miles and two furlongs more urban roads and 99 more urban bridges than in 1988. There were no rural roads and bridges in the past. Now the state has 223 miles of rural roads and 65 rural bridges. Four towns have now urban water supply system. Three more towns are also covered by the urban water supply project. A total of 130 water supply works are being carried out in 39 villages.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

55

Development in the development affairs sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Earth road -Urban bridge -Concrete -Wood -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -Rural water supply tasks Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work -Rural housing

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge

50/2 18/7 10/2 21/1 -

82/4 19/6 33/5 29/1 101 59 42

32/2 -/7 23/3 8 101 59 42

town work

7 2

3 4

4 2

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

-

223/3 6/1 109/5 9/7 98/2 65

223/3 6/1 109/5 9/7 98/2 65

village work house

204 -

165 130 16

39 130 16

Border Areas and National Races Development Development is the result of peace. The development drive in Kayah State indicates the need for all the national races to constantly enjoy the fruits of peace and progress. The border areas and national races development project has provided the above-mentioned facilities for Kayah State:

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Development regions -Kayah region Road and bridge -Earth road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Bridge( small)

Count

1988

31-12-2005

region

-

1

mile mile mile bridge

-

179/3 176/1 13 29

Progress 1 179/3 176/1 13 29

56

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject Health care service -Hospital -Clinic -Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -Hight school -Teacher -Student Agriculture -Agriculture office -Agriculture camp -Dam -Canal Livestock breeding -Veterinary office -Distribution of cattle, donkey, sheep Energy -Power station -Towns with electricity Public relations -TV retransmission station Communications -Post office -Telegraph service -Telephone Expenditure -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

hospital clinic centre

-

5 3 22

school school school teacher student

-

35 8 5 322 12687

office camp dam acre

-

3 5 10 1

3 5 10 1

office

-

4 12

4 12

station town

-

34 39

34 39

station

-

5

5

-

2 3 3 1313.42 976.88 336.54

office service phone kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million)

5 3 22 35 8 5 322 12687

2 3 3 1313.42 976.88 336.54

Information and Public Relations The information sector is informing the public about the Government’s endeavours to serve the interests of the nation and the people energetically, while keeping in the fore Our Three Main National Causes. The sector has been developed for all the nationalities to unitedly march to the golden age without fail. The table indicates the sector’s improvement:

Development in the information and public relations sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Rural library -e-Library

Count station office library library library

1988

31-12-2005 3 -

7 8 8 133 1

Progress 7 8 5 133 1

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

57

58

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Kayin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity A mini Union where nationalities including Kayin, Pa-O, Mon, Bamar, Rakhine and Shan are living in unity and amity, Kayin State lies in the south-eastern sector of Myanmar. With its population of 1,653,000, the population density 11,730-square-mile is 145 per square mile in Kayin State covering 11,730 sq miles. Kayin State is a land of plains, mountains and forests. In the east are the mountain ranges running from north to south, and plains are located in the west of the mountain ranges. Major rivers flowing in the state are the Thanlwin, the Thaungyin, the Attaran and the Gyaing. At the ceremony to launch the Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) held on 3 August 1997, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “It is not for the economic profits that a large amount of funds has been used to build the Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an), but for the development of Kayin State, and for the locals, suffering from various kinds of troubles caused by insurgency, to enjoy a better life.” It is the sincere goodwill of the Tatmadaw Government to built development infrastructures in all regions with ardent efforts as soon as it achieves peace and stability. The Government is gaining ground in overcoming the backwardness the nation faced in the past, despite the riches in natural resources, with the power of the heightening development drive. The past backwardness was due to weakness in unity. Thanks to the Government’s endeavours, Kayin State has been achieving harmonious progress as a place where love and unity of the national races is prevailing. I will now present the situation of the state in 1988 and at present.

Agriculture The fertile soil, the assistance provided by the Government, and the efforts of the local people have enabled Kayin State to see a sustainable development in agriculture. Thanks to five river pumping stations and small scale dams, the state can grow 60,000 more acres of crops and put 80,000 acres of land under multiple cropping. Now the state can even grow nearly 100,000 acres of paddy in summer. In the past, summer paddy was not cultivated in the state. As the state can double its paddy production, it can now enjoy surplus food.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

59

The following table shows the sustainable development in cultivating beans and pulses, edible oil crops, rubber and coffee, in addition to paddy:

Development in the agriculture sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed* - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task under implementation - Benefited acres Damming creek - Average benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses - sugarcane acreage - maize acreage Rubber acreage Tea acreage Coffee Edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sunflower

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

acre acre

666194 370924

837466 232964

-

22 22 34202 34202 19537

23 23 34302 5 4 1 5800 35 551 40653 100469

1 1 100 5 4 1 5800 35 551 6451 80932

383069 42.97 -

492032 54.61 119240 70.00

108963 11.64 119240 70.00

16019 -

26903 119

10884 119

acre acre acre acre acre acre

7809 2923 44 9510 352 2504

90521 7459 22541 41911 2962 6923

82712 4536 22497 32401 2610 4419

acre acre

8867 257

20759 692

11892 435

acre acre basket acre basket basket in thousand per cent

171272

increase in cultivable land

*Dam Completed 1. Seinbanmyaing dam, Hlaingbwe Township, Myainggyingu, benefited acres-100, water supply

60

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Livestock and Fisheries The Government is developing the livestock and fisheries sector together with agriculture. The state has doubled its livestock from 1,413,000 heads of animals in 1988 to 2,664,000 at present. Fish-plus-paddy farming has been conducted on 240 acres of land in the state. A total 120,000 fish fries were put into the paddy fields. The state has 326.09 acres of fish farms, up from 95.95 acres in 1988 or almost tripled. It has now 80 acres of prawn breeding ponds.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

51000

72000

21000

255000

295000

40000

- Sheep/goat

29000

49000

20000

- Pig

96000

204000

108000

- Chicken

858000

2281000

1423000

- Duck

104000

212000

108000

- Turkey, goose, muscovy duck

20000

32000

12000

9684

9796

112

- Cattle

Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

95.95

326.09

230.14

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

240

240

1X100000

-

1.20

1.20

acre

-

80.00

80.00

- number Prawn breeding

Forest Conservation Kayin State is protecting and conserving its forests. It has extended the areas of reserved forests, sanctuaries and protected public forests. As a public movement, the state has grown over 600,000 saplings. It has also set up village forest plantations for fuel and economic purposes in rural areas. It has also conserved the watershed areas to maintain the waterway systems of natural watercourses. Please see the table showing the forestry sector to know the state’s forest conservation endeavours:

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

61

Development in the forestry sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved Forest

sq/mile

1633

1633

-

Protected public forest

sq/mile

-

1578

1578

Natural land area

sq/mile

115.48

115.48

-

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

400

7840

7440

-Commercial plantation

acre

400

5812

5412

-Village firewood

acre

-

743

743

-Watershed plantation

acre

-

1285

1285

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

450

450

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.01

0.81

0.80

(in Million)

Road and Transport With the conviction — the development in roads and bridges will add strength to the nation — the Government has been developing the road and transport sector of the state with greater momentum. In the past, there were no bridges across Thanlwin River. The Government commissioned into service the 2,252-foot Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) on 3 August 1997. It also built the 2,900-foot Gyaing River Bridge (Zathabyin) in Hpa-an Township and 1,200-foot Gyaing River Bridge (Kawkareik) in Kawkareik Township. In addition to the bridges, it has also built Mudon-Myawady road, Thaton-MyaingaleBakap-Hpa-an road, Thaton-Myaingale-Kawkareik road, Zathabyin-Eindu-Hpa-an road, Hpa-an-Kawkareik-Myawady road, and Thandaungyi-Thandaung road. The state now has 216 miles of road including 138 miles of tarred roads. The rail-cum-road Donthami Bridge linking Kayin and Mon States was inaugurated in 2002. The bridge is 600 feet long.The Myawady-Kawkareik-Hlaingkwet-Winka-

62

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Gyaing (Kawkareik) Bridge. Metharaw-Mudon road section and Myawady-Kawkareik-Hpa-an-Thaton road section are inclusive in the Asian highways, ASEAN highways and other transnational highways plus Mekong Basin Region highway that will pass through the nation for its development. The table shows the development of the state’s road and transport sector:

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

63

Development in the transportation sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-05

Progress

Railways -

miles of railroad

mile

16.00

16.00

-

-

miles of railtrack

mile

16.75

16.75

-

-

passenger

1X1000

-

-

-

-

passenger/mile

mile

-

-

-

-

Goods

Ton (1x1000)

-

92.27

92.27

-

Goods/mile

mile

-

14584.6

14584.6

-

Station

station

6

6

-

Airways -

Airfield

field

7

7

-

-

under 5000 ft runway airfield

field

2

2

-

Extension of motor road

mile

554/0

771/4

217/4

-

tarred road

mile

201/0

340/0

139/2

-

gravel road

mile

45/0

198/1

63/1

-

hard road

mile

178/0

117/7

(-)60/1

-

earth road

mile

130/0

205/4

75/4

- Above 180 feet

bridge

8

13

5

- completed bridge*

bridge

8

13

5

- Under 180 feet

bridge

117

274

157

Bridge - Public Works

*Three above 180 feet bridges built under special project 1. Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an)

Thanlwin River

2252 feet

steel frame

2. Gyaing (Zathabyin) Bridge

Gyaing River

2900 feet

steel frame suspension

3. Gyaing (Kawkareik) Bridge

Gyaing River

1200 feet

Bailey type suspension

64

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications The table of communication sector indicates the development of the sector in Kayin State:

Development in the communication sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -auto radio telephone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange E-mail/Internet Satellite station -DOMSAT -VSAT -iPSTAR

Count

1988

office office

27 7 1 -

33 13 22 1

6 6 21 1

5 764 5 643 643 0.65 1

24 3811 20 3495 3266 229 2.18 7

19 3047 15 2852 2623 229 1.53 6

-

6 3

6 3

-

1 4 1

1 4 1

office line exchange line phone phone 1X1000 station phone exchange

station station station

31-12-2005 Progress

Electricity The Government has been applying innovative means to fully tap the country’s rich water resources for serving the interest of Myanmar and her national races till posterity. Kayin State had only one hydel power station in Papun before 1988. It was a 0.164megawatt facility. The power consumption of the state then was only about 10 million units. The Tatmadaw Government built 10 diesel power stations and linked the electricity generated by them to the national grid. Thus, Kayin state’s power consumption has increased to nearly 180 million units. But it is only one step of development drive. The Government is implementing two major hydel power plant projects in the state to signifi-

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an)

Government Technological College (Hpa-an)

65

66

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

cantly increase its power consumption. One is the 25-megawatt Dayaing Creek (Paingkyon) Hydel Power Project and the other is the Hatgyi Hydel Power Project that will generate 400 megawatts in the first stage, and 200 megawatts in the second stage. Now, I will present the state’s electricity sector with the table.

Development in the electric power sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

unit (in million)

10.274

178.882

168.608

Maximum power

megawatt

6.500

33.000

26.500

Current installed power

megawatt

1.999

2.658

0.659

plant

1

1

-

plant

1

1

-

project

-

2

2

-

2

2

megawatt

-

625.000

625.000

-Reclying power plant

plant

-

-

-

-Steam engine plant

plant

-

-

-

-Natural gas-powered plant

plant

-

-

-

-Coal-fired

plant

-

-

-

-Diesel-used plant

plant

24

34

10

1.999

627.658

625.659

Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed* - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) -Project under implementation** - Heavy (up to 10 megawatt) Installed power Other power plants

Installed power in the future

megawatt

*Hydel Power Plant Completed 1. Hpapun 0.164 megawatt (small) 1988 ** Hydel power project under implementation 1. Dayaingchaung (Paingkyon) 25 megawatt (Heavy) 2. Hatkyi first phase 400 megawatt (Heavy) second phase 200 megawatt (Heavy)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

67

Industries The state now has 489 private industries, up from 409 in 1988. The number of cottage industries in the state is 110. Three new State-owned industries have been commissioned into services in the state to generate more job opportunities. The state already had six State-owned industries in the past.

Development in the industrial sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of industrial power -Private industry

plant

409

489

80

-Cottage industry

plant

-

110

110

State-owned industry

plant

6

9

No-3 Cement Plant (Hpa-an)

3

68

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Mining and Mineral Resources Kayin State could not produce any mineral on commercial scale in the past. But in 2004-2005, it produced 3,000 metric tons of zinc, 44 metric tons of antimony, 6,142.65 metric tons of industrial- limestone for use in industries, 103,933.33 metric tons of iron ore and 39,845 metric tons of asbestos.

Education The education policy of the Government covers developing the education sector of all states and divisions and producing human resources. Kayin State is also producing brilliant human resources that will serve its interest in the future. At present, there are 146 high, middle and primary schools in Kayin State, and over 5,000 teachers. The number of students is over 200,000. In 1988, there was only one college in Kayin State. Now the state is one arts and science university and one education college. In the past only a few hundred students pursued higher education. Now the number has increased fifty-folds. Kayin State is now enjoying significant increase in the school enrolment rate and adult literacy rate while reducing the school droput rate. The table shows the readers the development of the state’s education sector.

The main building of Hpa-an University

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

69

Development in the education sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers education - Education college - Number of teacher - Number of trainees School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

1149 20 65 1064 4116 133777

1295 55 77 122 1041 44 17 5860 216358

146 35 12 122 23 44 17 1744 82581

school children

-

48 871

48 871

college teacher trainees percent percent

1 66.28 59.15

1 34 1408 96.91 92.2

percent percent

35.6 43.86

13.15 21.13

22.45 22.73

1 1 8 47 116 -

2 1 1 2 3 40 183 5639 1

1 1 2 3 32 137 5523 1

teacher student centre

upgrading 34 1408 30.63 33.05

70

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology The State is making arrangements to increase the number of intellectuals as well as intelligentsia in Kayin State. Hpa-an, the capital of the state, now has a government computer college and a government technological college in addition to the arts and science university. The two colleges have already produced over 1000 technicians to this date. A total of 129 teachers are giving lectures to 1105 students at the two colleges.

Development in the science and technology sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Hpa-an) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of student (graduate) - Number of student (current) -Computer College - Government Computer College (Hpa-an) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current)

Count college

1988 -

31-12-2005 Progress 1 1

college course teacher student student college

-

1 7 100 484 463 1

1 7 100 484 463 1

college course teacher student student

-

1 6 29 577 642

1 6 29 577 642

Hpa-an University

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

71

Health The Government’s health care services also cover Kayin State. More hospitals have been opened and the existing ones upgraded. Under the 24-development zone project, Hpa-an has got a 200-bed hospital. Nine more hospitals and eight more health care centres have been opened in the state since 1988. The Government has been appointing more health staff including specialists to the state. In addition to the existing midwifery school, a new nursing school has been opened in the state. One traditional medicine hospital and nine dispensaries are taking care of the health of locals in the state. The table reflects the Government’s goodwill towards Kayin State concerning the health sector:

Development in the health sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of hospital - 200-bed - 150-bed - 100-bed - 50-bed - 25-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Supervisor 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School - Midwifery School

Count hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital centre centre centre centre team staff doctor nurse staff midwife labour assistant assistant assistant supervisor

1988 17 1 1 5 10 50 40 8 1 1 480 63 94 39 220 8 28 28

hospital clinic school school school

4 1 1

31-12-2005 26 1 1 2 4 18 58 48 8 1 1 814 134 199 47 283 14 4 7 38 88 1 9 2 1 1

Progress 9 1 upgrading 2 upgrading 8 8 8 334 71 105 8 63 6 4 7 10 60 1 5 1 1 -

72

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Specialists Hospital in Hpa-an

Urban and Rural Development With the belief — Towns will develop only with the rural development — the Government has extended its development drive to cover all towns and villages in the state. The state now has 50 miles of urban tarred roads and 237 urban bridges. Six towns now have clean water supply, and one more town will receive it under the project. A total of 391 waterworks have been erected in 248 villages for providing potable water to them. The state has seen the emergence of 1,084 miles (66 miles have been tarred) of new rural roads.

Development in the development affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road - Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge -Concrete -Wood -Conduit

Count mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit

1988 67/3 30/2 11/2 2/7 23/0 -

31-12-2005 115/1 52/3 33/5 29/1 237 124 111 7

Progress 44/4 22/1 22/3 upgrading upgrading 237 124 111 7

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

73

Development in the development affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -Concrete -Wood -Rural water supply tasks Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work

Count town work

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

7 1

1 6

6 5

mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge

329/5 1/0 12/5 316/0 -

1413/6 87/7 144/2 58/5 1179/6 171 21 150

1084/1 87/7 143/2 46/0 863/6 171 21 150

village work

480 -

293 401

187 401

Border Areas and National Races Development Kayin State is covered by the Tatmadaw Government’s border areas and national races development drive. The entire nation is seeing with pleasure the regional development in the state due to the harmonious efforts of the Government and the national race groups that have returned to the legal fold. In addition to opening opportunities for local youths to pursue arts and science subjects and computer science and technology of the higher learning, the Government has also opened a vocational training centre and a youth development training school in Hpa-an. The Government is gaining success in warding off the evil legacies of the past. It is reinforcing new strength for development of border areas and national races. The table shows the Government’s endeavours.

74

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Agriculture -Agriculture camp -Dam -canal - Water supply tasks Livestock breeding -Veterinary office Energy -Power station -Towns with electricity Public relations -TV retransmission station Communications -Post office -Telegraph service -Telephone Expendenture -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries Development region Kayin region Road and bridge -Earth road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Road maintenance -Bridge(large, small) Health care service -Hospital -Clinic -Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -High school -Teacher -Student

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

camp dam canal task

-

6 1 1 1

6 1 1 1

office

-

2

2

station town

-

18 15

18 15

station

-

6

6

office service kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million) region region

-

6 5 2 5626.13 2907.14 2718.99 1 1

6 5 2 5626.13 2907.14 2718.99 1 1

mile mile mile mile bridge

-

159 229/2 32/3 35/0 5/77

159 229/2 32/3 35/0 5/77

hospital clinic centre

-

4 1 26

4 1 26

school school school teacher student

-

41 8 4 363 16880

41 8 4 363 16880

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

75

Information and Public Relations The information sector is distributing the news about the Government’s endeavours to consolidate national solidarity, and to narrow the development gap between one region and another with the conviction — all the national people will join hands in the national development and modernization drive with goodwill and unity. The table shows the state’s drive towards reaching the golden land.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-TV retransmission station

station

-

6

6

-IPRD office

office

-

10

10

-IPRD library

library

6

10

4

-Departmental library

library

-

1

1

-Rural library

library

-

709

709

-e-Library

library

-

1

1

A Mobile Library in Hpa-an

A Mobile Library in Hlaingbwe

78

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Chin State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Located in the western sector of the Union of Myanmar, the 13,907-square-mile Chin State is home to Chin, Mro, Khami and Bamar national races. A union within the Union, the state has a population of about 514,000, and its population density is 37 persons per square mile. It is a mountainous region, with very few plains. Many natural watercourses are flowing among mountain ranges running from north to south forming a number valleys and gorges. Mount Victoria or Mount Khawnusoum, 10,200 feet high, is the highest peak in Chin State. The state has a lot of rivers, and the Manipura River flows through its northern territory. During his tour of the country to make arrangements for regional development in the first week of March 1994, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance, saying, “There may be difficulties and hardships in carrying out development undertakings. But our current sacrifices will bring benefits to us to a certain degree, and will contribute to improving the living standard of the people till posterity. Thus, we all need to work with conviction and goodwill.” As some regions of the nation were in backwardness, the Tatmadaw had to double or triple its efforts to develop and modernize the whole Union and to narrow the development gap among the people, with the participation of the national races. Thanks to the goodwill endeavours of the Government, Chin State is enjoying progress in all sectors. Now, I will compare the situation of the state in the past and at the present.

Agriculture The Government is making utmost efforts for the local people to utilize the land and water resources of the mountainous region, with very few plains, to the most effective degree. It built Laingva Dam in Falam Township and opened it on 6 April 1994 to irrigate 500 acres of crops. In many cases, man has the ability to accomplish, what was assumed impossible. The Government had to overcome many difficulties in building the Laingva Dam on the uneven terrain. The dam is now contributing towards progress of the state’s agriculture.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Tea plantations in Chin State

79

80

Chronicle of of National National Development Development Comparison Comparison between between Chronicle

The Government has targeted to set up over 1.1 million acres of highland farms in the mountainous regions where crop cultivation was difficult. The state itself had reclaimed 1,276 acres of highland farms. The Tatmadaw is also rendering assistance to cultivate crops that grow well in the state, and implementing the project to turn Chin State into a major tea growing region. The state can now increase tea sown acreage to 35 times from merely 158 acres in 1988 to 10010 acres at present. The Manipura Multipurpose Dam Project in Falam Township will irrigate large stretches of land and generate electricity. Annually, seven million acre-feet of water is flowing into the Manipura Dam. The table shows the sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Chin State.

Development in the agriculture sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task to be carried out* - Benefited acres Damming creek - Average benefited acres Total benefited acres Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses - cotton acreage - sugarcane acreage - maize acreage

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre

376031

220349

116405

-

2696 86781 32.52 -

2 1 1 500 68 174 674 13718 120002 66.5 315 62.00

2 1 1 500 68 174 674 11022 33221 33.99 315 62.00

2805 -

4297 81

1492 81

26787 335 64383

44314 1474 757 90037

12527 1474 422 25654

acre basket acre basket basket in thousand percent acre acre acre acre

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject - Tea acreage - Coffee Edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Mustard - Niger

Count

81

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre acre

158 -

10010 1165

9852 1165

acre acre acre acre acre

751 661 465 457

3353 7161 6341 1909 4219

2602 3626 6580 1444 3762

* Dam to be Built 1. Manipura Dam, Falam Township, Benefited acres (100000)

Livestock and Fisheries The Government has been helping Chin State to catch up with other regions in fish and meat sector. The state raises nearly 35 million heads of livestock at present, up from only about one million in 1988. In the past, there were 16.17 acres of fish ponds, but now, there are 86.37 acres of fish ponds. As the Government has given encouragement to raise native animals, Chin State can now raise 39,000 heads of mythun, and the mythun farming has become one of the main economic undertakings helping development the socio-econmy of the region.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck - Mythun Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

Count

acre

1988 31-12-2005 Progress 20000 84000 38000 139000 721000 8000 -

39000 1210000 59000 203000 1838000 22000 7000 39000

19000 37000 21000 64000 1117000 14000 7000 39000

16.17

86.37

70.21

82

Chronicle of of National National Development Development Comparison Comparison between between Chronicle

Forests Conservation Thanks to the cooperation of the Government and the local people, forest conservation and plantation in the state is gaining more progress than that in the past. Many new protected public forests have been set up and tree plantation in the state shows encouraging signs of improvement. The past mass movement managed to grow only about 50,000 saplings. At present more people are taking part in the task. The state has planted 6030,000 saplings. I would like to prove the state’s progress in the forestry sector with the table.

Development in the forestry sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area plantation -Village firewood -Industrial plantation -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting

Count

1988

sq/mile 605 sq/mile acre 1000 acre acre 200 acre acre Tree (in Million) 0.05

Green forests of Chin State

31-12-2005

Progress

696 1335 25670 20830 150 1350 300

91 1335 24670 19830 (-) 50 1350 300

6.03

5.98

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

83

Road and Transport Sector The Government has been building many new miles of roads in the mountainous region. Earth roads have been upgraded into gravel ones, and the gravel roads to tarred facilities. The 115-mile Kalay-Falam-Haka road has already completed at present. Tarred roads including 70-mile-and-four-furlong Gangaw-Haka road, 102-mile Mindat-Matupi road, 172-mile-and-seven-furlong Haka-Matupi road, 115-mile-and-one-furlong Kalay-Falam-Haka road and Kyaukhtu-Mindat road, linking Chin State and Magway Division, have been built. The sector-wise upgrading of the gateways to Chin State — Mandalay-Sagaing-MonywaGangaw-Haka road and Pakokku-Pauk-Tabyin-Kyaukhtu-Mindat road — is in progress at present. The Kyaukhtu Airport, built by Directorate of Military Engineers of the Ministry of Defence in Kyaukhtu, Saw Township, Gangaw District, Magway Division, was commissioned into service on 10 July 2004. The airport has helped develop the transport sector of southern Chin State linking Yaw and Pakokku regions in Magway Division. Cars can reach Kanpetlet, Mindat and Matupi in southern Chin State from Kyaukhtu via Saw. In 1988, the state had two over-180 feet bridges — the 270-foot Natzan Bridge in Tonzang Township and the 240-foot Lemyo Bridge in Matupi Township. The Tatmadaw Government has built the 340-foot Var Bridge across Manipura River on Kalay-Haka road in Falam Township in 1998, and 480-foot Kattel Bridge across River Manipura on Tiddim-Kattel-Reh Lake road in Tiddim Township in 2002. The 460-foot Manhsaung Bridge is being built across Manipura River on Tiddim-Reh Lake section. Significant developments in the state’s road and transport sector can be seen in the the table.

Development in the transportation sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Airways -Airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravelled road - hard road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge - bridge under construction* - Under 180 feet

Count

field field mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge bridge

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

1 1 695/0 40/0 5/0 30/0 620/0

1 1 1061/6 193/6 278/4 22/3 567/4

366/6 153/6 273/4 upgrading upgrading

2 2 37

5 4 1 47

3 2 1 10

* Bridge under construction 1. Mehsaung bridge (Manipura river) Tiddim-Reed lake road, 460 feet Bailey type suspension bridge.

84

Chronicle of of National National Development Development Comparison Comparison between between Chronicle

Tiddim Bridge

Communications The table indicates the development in the communication sector of the state including the rise in the number of telephones.

Development in the communication sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet Satellite station -VSAT -iPSTAR

Count office office

1988 58 16 1 -

31-12-2005 Progress 64 6 18 2 37 36 2 2

office line exchange line phone 1X1000 station

11 2526 11 2401 2401 1.29 -

29 8689 21 8128 7908 3.01 10

18 6163 10 5727 5507 1.72 10

exchange

-

11 4

11 4

station station

-

4

4

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

85

Electricity The effective utilization of land and water resources in the state has helped develop the power generation capacity of the state. In 1988, the state has four small scale hydel power stations — the Zarlwi in Tiddim Township, the Daungvar in Haka Township, the Ngasitvar in Falam Township, and the Paletwa in Paletwa Township. The Tatmadaw Government has built another four diesel power stations and six new hydel power plants, helping increase the power consumption of the state. The four new hydel power plants are: the 0.2-megawatt Namhlaung Creek plant in Matupi Township, the 0.6-megawatt Laingva plant in Falam Township, the 0.2-megawatt Htweehsaung plant in Tonzang Township, and the 0.2-megawatt Chichaung plant in Mindat Township. The Manipura Multipurpose Dam Project will be implemented in Chin State. The Table informs the reader about the development of the state’s electricity sector.

Development in the electric power sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

Electricity consumption Maximum power Extened generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed* -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) - Medium (1 to 10 megawatt) - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) - Installed power -Diesel-used plant -Installed power Current installed power

31-12-2005 Progress

unit (in million) megawatt

1.552 2.000

4.951 5.848

3.399 3.848

plant plant plant plant megawatt plant megawatt megawatt

4 4 1.850 19 0.859 2.709

10 10 4.210 23 4.210 3.952

6 6 3.609 4 3.351 1.243

*Completed Hydel Power Plant 1. Zalwi 2. Donghpa 3. Ngasithpa 4. Paletwa 5. Nanlaungchaung 6. Laiva 7. Htwihsaung 8. Chichaung

1988

0.400 megawatt 0.400 megawatt 1.000 megawatt 0.050 megawatt 0.200 megawatt 0.600 megawatt 0.200 megawatt 0.200 megawatt

(small) 1988 (small) 1988 (small) 1988 (small) 1988 (small) (small) (small) (small)

86

Chronicle of of National National Development Development Comparison Comparison between between Chronicle

Industrial Sector Due to the facilitation of the transport and communication sectors and increase in the power generation in the state, many new private industries have emerged in the region. The state now has 496 private industries, 153 more than 343 in 1988. The number of Stateowned industries has now reached eight from five in the past. The Government has been striving to develop the industrial sector of the state which will become a major tea-growing region in the future.

Development in the industrial sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

Upgrading of industrial power -Industrial zones -Industry

-

-

-

-

-

-

Private industry

industry

343

496

153

-Cottage industry

industry

-

6

6

State-owned industry

industry

5

8

3

Education The education sector of the state, with a population of only over 500,000, is witnessing significant progress due to the Government’s assistance and encouragement. One-fifth of the population or over 100,000 are students attending classes at basic education schools. The Government has opened 91 new schools to open more opportunities for the youths to pursue basic education. An arts and science university has been opened in the state for students to be able to pursue higher education studies in their own region. Thus, the school dropout rate goes down in the state. The table shows the development of the state’s education sector covered by the 30-year education promotion plan of the nation.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

87

Development in the education sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

1091 17 76 998 2982 62660

1182 39 86 326 731 31 16 4489 115240

90 22 10 326 upgrading 31 16 1507 52580

school children percent percent

67.97 56.87

15 837 95.13 92.2

15 837 27.16 30.58

percent percent

40.73 40.79

7.54 10.21

27.85 29.42

teacher student centre

-

1 1 1 1 40 160 9705 1

1 1 1 1 40 160 9705 1

88

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Kale University in Kale, gateway to Chin State

Haka Hospital in Chin State

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

89

Science and Technology The nation is providing assistance to Chin State to catch up with other regions in producing scientists and intelligentsia. A government technological college and a government computer college in Kalay has already produced nearly 800 intellectuals and intelligentsia. The two colleges have 853 students.

Development in the science and technology sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count 1988 31-12-2005 Progress

Technological College

college

-

1

1

- Government Technological College (Kalay)

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

7

7

- Number of teachers

teacher

-

152

152

- Number of students (graduate)

student

-

525

525

- Number of students (current)

student

-

492

492

-Computer College

college

-

1

1

- Government Computer College (Kalay)

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

5

5

- Number of teachers

teacher

-

23

23

- Number of students (graduate)

student

-

252

252

- Number of students (current)

student

-

361

361

Health The health sector of the state is developing in harmony with the population growth. A 150bed hospital has been installed with advanced equipment. Moreover, a 25-bed hospital has been upgraded to a 50-bed facility, and a 50-bed hospital to a 100-bed one. Six new station hospitals have been built in the state. The number of specialist physician and doctors working in the state has increased two folds. Over 200 more nurses have been assigned to the state. Seven traditional medicine dispensaries are treating patients. A nursing school has been opened to increase the number of nurses working in the state. The Government has been improving the life expectancy of the state to catch up with other regions. The table offers the readers to study the health development of the state.

90

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

18

24

6

- 150-bed

hospital

1

-

-

- 100-bed

hospital

-

2

2

- 50-bed

hospital

3

2

upgrading

- 25-bed

hospital

2

1

upgrading

-16-bed

hospital

3

3

-

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

9

15

6

Health Centres

centre

66

67

1

- Rural Health Centre

centre

55

56

1

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

9

9

-

- School Health Team

team

2

2

-

Health Staff

staff

629

845

216

- Doctor (Specialist/Assistant)

doctor

73

158

85

- Nurse

nurse

94

239

144

- Health staff

staff

169

176

7

midwife

319

332

13

labour

4

12

8

- TSP Health Assistant

assistant

-

3

3

- Health Assistant-1

assistant

-

9

9

- Health Assistant

assistant

47

60

13

supervisor

23

36

13

clinic

3

7

4

- Midwife - Skilled labour

- Supervisor 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Clinic

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

91

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Training School

school

-

1

1

- Nurses Training School

school

-

1

1

- Rural

in 1000

9.9

8.9

(-)1.0

- Urban

in 1000

7.1

6.2

(-)0.9

-Male

year

56.2

60.8

4.6

-Female

year

60.4

63.3

2.9

-Male

year

59.0

61.5

2.5

-Female

year

63.2

65.6

2.4

Drop in mortality rate

Life expectency Rural

Urban

Urban and Rural Development In the past, Chin State had only over five miles of urban roads. Now the state has 47 miles of urban roads including 11 miles of tarred roads. In addition, seven bridges have been put into service in rural area and 19 in urban area. The state had 175 miles of village-to-village roads in the past. Now the length of rural roads in the state has reached 423 miles. Nine towns now have clean water supply. Work is under way to supply potable water to 467 villages.

Development in the development affairs sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceeding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-Urban roads

mile

5/1

52/5

47/4

-Tarred road

mile

5/1

11/2

6/1

-Gravelled road

mile

-

4/7

4/7

Urban development

92

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Granite road

mile

-

-

-

-Earth road

mile

-

36/4

36/4

-Urban bridge

bridge

-

25

25

-Wood

bridge

-

4

4

-Conduit

conduit

-

21

21

Township where tasks to be carried out

town

9

-

9

Completed work

work

2

9

7

-Rural roads

mile

175/0

423/3

248/3

-Gravelled road

mile

-

2/2

2/2

-Earth road

mile

175/0

414/4

239/4

bridge

-

7

7

village

616

148

467

-

153

153

-Urban water supply tasks

Rural Development

-Rural bridge -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work

work

Border Areas and National Races Development The Government is developing the central regions of the state, and has covered the godforsaken regions with border areas and national races development project. Six vocational schools have been opened in Kanpetlet, Mindat, Matupi, Tiddim, Haka and Falam and eight youth development training schools in Matupi, Kanpetlet, Falam, Thantlang, Tonzang, Haka, Tiddim and Mindat for the local people to earn their living. The table shows the success of the project in the state.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

93

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988 31-12-2005

Progress

Development regions - Chin region Road and bridge -Earth road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Road maintenance -Bridge (suspension) Health care service -Hospital -Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -High school -Teacher -Student Water supply tasks Livestock breeding -Veterinary office Public relations -TV retransmission station Communications -Telephone Expenditure -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries

region region

-

1 1

1 1

mile mile mile mile bridge

-

173/6 28/7 5/5 392/4 5

173/6 28/7 5/5 392/4 5

hospital centre

-

6 4

6 4

school school school teacher student task

-

19 11 4 232 5467 8

19 11 4 232 5467 8

office

-

1

1

station

-

5

5

kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million)

-

3 1499.60 901.26 598.34

3 1499.60 901.26 598.34

94

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Information and Public Relations The information sector is distributing news about the Government endeavours with the aim of harmoniously developing all the regions of the Union and narrowing development gap between one region and another. The sector is helping the national brethren to march to the golden land in unity and amity. The Table shows the progress of the information sector. The table shows the present development of the science and technology sector of Chin State being undertaken by the State.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Chin State Comparison between period preceeding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

-TV retransmission station

station

3

11

8

-IPRD office

office

-

11

11

-IPRD library

library

6

11

11

-Rural library

library

-

613

613

Students seen at anti-narcotic drugs campaign in Falam Township

progress

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

95

96

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Mon State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Residing in harmony with Mons and Bamars in the Mon State are the Kachin, Kayin, Chin, Pa-O, Rakhine and Shan national races. A union within the Union, the 4,749square-mile Mon State has a population of about 2,822,000 and its population density is 596 persons per square mile. Alongside the mountain ranges reaching up to 1,500 feet in elevation, are the vast plains on which Thanlwin, Sittoung, Bilin, Attaran, Gyaing and Ye rivers flow. There are also coastal plains on the banks of Thanlwin River and Sittoung River mouths. The mountain ranges including Zingyaik and Taungnyo ranges are running from north to south in the state. In his message to the 75th Anniversary National Day in 1995, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe stated, “The time is ripe for all to march hand in hand, with steadfast and strong resolve, to reach a well-rounded modern nation soonest, while utilizing the rich natural resources and economic resources effectively in the country's interest, based on the prevailing internal peace and stability.” All the citizens who love the Union and who wish to see the motherland catching up with world nations will have to work in unity, with Union Spirit as the foundation. Thanks to the ardent participation of the people, the Government is gaining more ground in launching its development drive covering all the states and divisions on selfreliant efforts, without taking any foreign assistance. Now, I will present the developments of Mon State.

Agriculture The Government is reclaiming more land and cultivating more crops in Mon State, where agriculture is the base of its economy. Ardent implementation of irrigation projects to introduce year-round cultivation system has added nearly 450,000 more acres in the state, which in the past had only about 150,000 irrigated acres. The outcome of the project is the emergence of nearly 200,000 acres of double-cropping farms.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

97

In 1988, there were only Kazaing Dam, benefiting 300 acres in Bilin Township, and Phanon Sluice Gate irrigating 290 acres in Kyaikmaraw Township. The Tatmadaw Government has built Azin and Winphanon dams in Mudon Township, Wapa Dam and Zaikkaye and Kyonhtaw sluice gates in Thaton Township, Shwenattaung Dam in Mawlamyine Township, and Bilin Dam in Bilin Township, and the facilities are irrigating over 60,000 acres of land. Paddy production in Mon State has exceeded the local demand thanks to the cultivation of over 100,000 acres of summer paddy in addition to monsoon paddy. Kadaik Dam, with 10,000-acre irrigation capacity, in Paung Town-ship and Katon Sluice Gate, which will irrigate 20,000 acres of crops, are under construction at present in the state, and the Hsandawtaung Dam is in the planning stage. Eleven units of waterworks are pumping water from Attaran, Bilin, and Gyaing rivers for irrigating nearly 600,000 acres of crops in Mon State, which had not a single river water pumping project in 1988. Two more river pumping stations are under construction. Apart from paddy, beans and pulses sown acreage is increasing in the state, and all-round assistance of the Government has tripled rubber sown acreage to 268243 acres. Likewise, pepper cultivation has increased over 100 times. The table offers readers to study the agricultural development of Mon State during the time of the Tatmadaw Government.

Development in the agriculture sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre

969516

1403524

134008

76

86

10

76

83

7

- Task under implementation*

-

2

2

- Task to be carried out**

-

1

1

149760

243560

93800

Land resource - Sown acreage Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain

-

- Task completed

- Benefited acres

acre

River water pumping station

station

-

13

13

-Task completed

station

-

11

11

-Task under implementation

station

-

2

2

98

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -Benefited acres

Count acre

Damming creek

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-

29900

29900

-

344

344

- benefited acres

acre

-

31725

31725

Total benefited acres

acre

149760

305185

155425

48009

196142

148133

606442

831130

22458

Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage

acre

- per acre yield

basket

- Summer paddy

acre

-

100500

100500

- per acre yield

basket

-

77.74

77.74

- Total production

basket in 33146

51830

18684

-

123

123

acre acre

6816 -

81360 8618

74544 -

acre acre acre acre

76505 1201 127

268243 1673 92 20054

191738 472 92 19937

acre acre

14705 4805

22405 5472

7700 1387

acre

12339

13323

984

thousand - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Sugarcane acreage Progress in acreage of rubber Oilpalm Tea Progress in acreage of pepper Acreage of edible oil crop -Groundnut -Sesame -Sunflower

per cent

*Dams under construction 10000 acre (Paung) 1. Kadaik 2. Katun sluicegate 20000 acre (Paung)

52.7

67.71

**Dam to be built 1. Hsandawtaung

15.0

(2004-2005)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

99

Livestock and Fisheries Mon State has seen 200 per cent increase in the livestock and fishery sector. It now raises nearly 4 million heads of livestock, up from 1.6 million in the past. The state now has 507 acres of fish farms, up from 239 acres in 1988, and is breeding 230,000 fish in 463 acres of paddy fields. Hatchery industry is producing over seven million fish fries. In the past, its capacity was only about 200,000. The state is raising prawn in 926.33 acres of farms. In the past prawn breeding in the state was even hard to imagine.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond - Paddy plus fish - number -Prawn breeding -Distribution of fingerlings - Production - Fish release - Sale

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

67000 332000 28000 76000 848000 231000 36000

76000 396000 61000 194000 3377000 726000 59000

9000 64000 33000 118000 2529000 495000 23000

acre acre 1X100000 acre

239.16 -

819.18 700 3.51 926.33

580.02 700 3.51 926.33

1X100000 1X100000 1X100000

2.01 0.50 1.50

100.94 96.69 4.25

98.93 96.69 2.25

Forest Conservation The area of reserved forests, protected public forests and wildlife parks is increasing. Kyaikhtiyoe wildlife sanctuary has emerged in Kyaikto Township and Kelatha wildlife sanctuary, in Bilin Township. The state has seen 700 per cent increase in forest plantations, and in the meantime it has grown over four million saplings during the time of the Tatmadaw Government thanks to the public participation. The mass movement in the past could grow only about 100,000 saplings in 1988. The table indicates the development of forest conservation and plantation in the state.

100

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the forestry sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Industrial plantation -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting

Count

1988

sq/mile 732 sq/mile sq/mile 9.24 acre 4100 acre 100 acre acre 4000 acre acre Tree (in Million) 0.10

31-12-2005 Progress 779.89 62 69.56 29295 5855 2800 15500 5040 300

47.89 62 60.32 25195 5755 2800 11500 5040 300

4.33

4.23

Plantation established in Mon State for industrial raw material

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

101

Rubber plantation in Mawlamyine, Mon State

Road and Transport Mon State is upgrading the existing roads including the Myainggale-ZathabyinMawlamyine road and increasing the number of bridges for ensuring smooth and secure transport to a greater degree. In the past, the state had only three over 180-foot bridges — the 200-foot Khawa Creek Bridge, the 470-foot Ye Creek Bridge, and the 648-foot Bilin Creek Bridge. The Government has built the 180-foot Winphanon Bridge, the 180foot Deepadaw Bridge, the 190-foot Kwamkyaik Bridge and the 180-foot Thebyu Creek Bridge. The Government put into service the 1,420-foot Attaran River Bridge on MawlamyineZathabyin-Hpa-an road in Mawlamyine Township on 26 March 1998. The facility is covered by the State’s special projects. It is also building two 180-foot bridges — one is Ninth-Mile Bridge on Yangon-Myeik road in Ye Township, and the other is Kyotan Bridge on Yangon-Mawlamyine road — and the 2,393-foot Sittoung River Bridge (Mokpalin) on Yangon-Mawlamyine road in Bilin Township. The Tatmadaw is also building new trans-regional railroads and new railroad bridges in the state. It opened the 600-foot Donthami rail-cum-road Bridge on Thaton-Myainggale railroad linking Kayin State and Mon State in January 2002. Ye-Dawei Railroad connecting the state and Taninthayi Division was inaugurated on 26 March 1998 to further enhance friendship among the national races and regional economy. The 102.38-mile Ye-Dawei Rail road section line includes 111.99 miles of railroads and 23 railway stations. The 850-foot rail-cum-road Ye Bridge on the railroad was commissioned into service on 25 November 2003 in Mon State. In addition, a magnificent bridge and a symbol of the people and the Tatmadaw’s construction ability and unity will emerge in Mon State soon. It is no other than the

102

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

11,575-foot (over two miles long) rail-cum-road Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine), the longest and most impressive bridge in Myanmar and a milestone in the road transport sector of Mon State and the Union itself. Bordering Bago Division, Kayin State and Taninthayi Division, Mon State is a place where the Asian and ASEAN highways will pass through. Please study the the table to know the development of road and transport sector in the state.

Development in the transportation sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Railways - miles of railroad - miles of railtrack - passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfiled - under 5000 ft runway airfield Water transport -Jetty (Inland) Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravel road - hard road upgrading - earth road upgrading Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridges* - Bridges under construction** - Under 180 feet

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

mile 195.51 mile 252.30 1X1000 2065.6 mile 162535.7 Ton (1x1000) 185.5 mile 19185.7 station 47

210.42 268.61 2202.4 166963.1 218.3 28556.4 55

14.91 16.31 136.8 4427.4 32.8 9370.7 8

field field field

7 1 1

7 1 1

-

jetty mile mile mile mile

8 424/0 352/0 3/0 39/0

9 440/3 337/3 21/7 23/1

1 16/3 25/3 18/7

mile

30/0

8/5

bridge bridge bridge bridge

3 3 127

9 6 3 203

*Three major bridges built under special project **Bridges under construction 1. Attaran bridge (Mawlamyine) 1. Koemine bridge (Ye) 2. Sittoung bridge (Bilin) 2. Kyoedan bridge (Ye) 3. Thanlwin bridge (Mawlamyine) 3. Sittoung bridge (Motpalin)

6 3 3 76

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

103

Thanlwin river crossing bridge, Mawlamyine

Communications The government is ensuring a harmonious development of the communication facilities in the whole nation, and the table shows the communication development of the state.

Development in the communication sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -auto radio telephone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet

Count office

1X1000

1988

31-12-2005 progress

58 16 1 -

64 18 37 10

6 2 36 10

11 2526 11 2401 2401 1.29 9

29 8689 21 8128 7908 220 3.00 10

18 6025 10 5727 5507 220 1.71 1

-

8 4

8 4

104

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electricity The government is effectively harnessing the water resources of the regions for their all-round progress. Apart from irrigation, dams are being built to generate power, which has been contributed to the national grid to supply power to all regions fair and square. Like in all other states and divisions power generation and consumption are increasing in Mon State, and the table has detailed data about the electricity sector.

Development in the electric power sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Electricity consumption unit (in million) 36.984 Maximum power megawatt 12.800 Installed power megawatt 7.789 Extened generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed plant 1 - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) plant 1 Other power plants -Recycling plant plant -Steam plant 2 -Natural gas-fired plant 1 -Coal fired plant -Diesel plant 42 Completed hydel power plant 1. Zinkyaik 0.198 megawatt (small) Completed steam power plant 1. Mawlamyine 12.000 megawatt (heavy) 2. Thaton 18.000 megawatt (heavy) Completed natural gas-fired power plant 1. Thaton 18.450 megawatt (heavy)

31-12-2005 Progress 135.829 25.100 12.296

98.845 12.300 4.507

1 1

-

2 1 10

(-)32

1988 1988 1988 1988

Industrial Sector The Government is increasing the power output of the state as well as its industrial production. It is introducing industries to the regions which had less industries and laying sound foundations in the regions with better industrial base. In this way, it is building an agro-based industrial nation. Mawlamyine Industrial Zone is included in the 19 industrial zones the nation has set up. There is more room for the private and cottage industries to develop in the state, and 33 State-owned factories are manufacturing goods. The table will tell you about the industrial development in Mon State.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

105

Development in the industrial sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of industrial power -Industrial zone (Mawlamyine) -Industry -Private industry -Cottage industry State-owned industry

Count

1988

industry industry industry

31-12-2005

1535 29

3 158 2221 390 33

Progress 3 158 686 390 4

Mining and Mineral Resources Harmonious development of the state includes the mining and mineral sector. The four new gold mines established after 1988 have produced 76.40 troy ounces of gold to this date. The state has produced 393.10 metric tons of limestone, 55.42 tons of slate, 191.11 metric tons of granite and 133.42 metric tons of asbestos. Plans are under way to mine a newly found lead and tungsten mixed deposit.

Education The education indicators are improving according to the rate of population increase in the state. A total of 189 new schools have been opened in the state and 2893 more teachers have been appointed. The state’s primary school enrolment rate is nearly cent per cent. In 1988, the state had only one arts and science university in Mawlamyine. The Government has opened one arts and science college and one education college in the state, which sees 400 per cent increase in the number of higher education students. Table has the data about the education development in Mon State.

Development in the education sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student

Count school school school school school room centre teacher student

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

1205 1394 42 88 66 86 139 1097 1079 149 24 8619 11512 258892 339966

189 46 20 139 18 149 24 2893 81074

106

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’ education -Education college -Number of teacher -Number of trainees School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - Collge - e-learning centre - Wide area network - Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

school children

-

41 987

41 987

college teacher trainee percent percent

1 33 409 71.42 79.18

1 50 1935 99.00 96.6

percent percent

39.39 40.80

8.60 10.02

31.39 30.78

1 1 31 317 7256 -

2 1 2 1 72 406 23376 1

1 2 1 41 89 16120 1

upgrading 17 1526 27.58 17.4

Science and Technology Mon State is producing scientists and intelligentsia needed in establishing an agrobased industrial nation. Mawlamyine, covered by the 24-development zone project, now has a government technological college and a government computer college. Mon State has produced 4953 technocrats during the time of the Government. The two colleges have 163 teachers and 1710 students. The Table indicates the progress of science and technology in the state.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

107

Development in the science and technology sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Mawlamyine) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) -Computer College - Government Computer College (Mawlamyine) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current)

Count college

1988 31-12-2005 Progress 1 1

college course teacher student student college

4 50 247 -

1 7 142 4402 1098 1

1 3 92 4155 1098 1

college course teacher student student

-

1 6 21 798 612

1 6 21 798 612

Mawlamyine University, Mon State

108

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Health Thanks to the improvement in public education, the people of Mon State are enjoying good health. The Government has built seven station hospitals, upgraded two 16-bed hospitals to 25-bed facilities and constructed a new 50-bed hospital in the state, which now has 29 hospitals including a 300-bed facility and a 100-bed facility. It has also built two more rural health centres, two new regional health centres, appointed 415 more health staff and built one traditional medicine hospital. The number of traditional medicine dispensaries has reached 12. The state in running a nursing school and a midwifery school. Please see the table to know the education development of the state.

Development in the health sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988 31-12-2005 Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

20

29

9

- 300-bed

hospital

1

1

-

- 100-bed

hospital

1

1

-

- 50-bed

hospital

-

1

1

- 25-bed

hospital

-

7

7

-16-bed

hospital

8

1

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

10

18

8

Health Centres

centre

73

82

9

- Rural Health Centre

centre

53

60

7

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

15

15

-

- Local Health Center

centre

1

3

2

- School Health Team

team

4

4

-

Health Staff

staff

756

1171

415

- Doctor (Specialist/Assistant)

doctor

121

190

69

- Nurse

nurse

166

295

129

- Health staff

staff

60

69

9

upgrading

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject - Midwife - Skilled labour

109

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

midwife

325

451

126

labour

10

14

4

- TSP Health Assistant

assistant

-

3

3

- Health Assistant-1

assistant

-

10

10

- Health Assistant

assistant

47

67

21

superviser

27

78

51

- Superviser 1,2 Traditional medicine -Traditional medicine hospital

hospital

-

1

1

- Traditional Medicine Clinic

clinic

4

12

8

Training School

school

2

2

-

- Nurses Training School

school

1

1

-

-Midwifery school

school

1

1

-

Urban and Rural Development The prospering urban and rural areas in Mon State are enjoying greater progress than in 1988. Networks of urban and rural roads have emerged in the state. As 167 miles of new urban roads have been built their total number at present has reached 406 miles and three furlongs, including 161 miles and seven furlongs of tarred roads. The number of urban bridges is 860. Of the ten towns projected to instal water supply system, seven now have plumbing. Mon State has 668 miles and four furlongs of rural roads including 89 miles and six furlongs of tarred roads at present, up from 97 miles and two farlongs in 1988. The number of its rural bridges has reached 571. The village clean water supply project has covered 784 villages, and up to now, 574 units of waterworks have completed in 373 villages.

110

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the development affairs sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

-Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road - Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

239/3 89/4 77/2 72/5 -

406/6 161/2 24/3 35/5 185/4 860

167/3 71/6 52/7 35/5 112/7 860

-Concrete -Wood -Conduit

bridge bridge conduit

-

539 190 62

539 190 62

-

69

69

10 2

3 7

7 5

mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge

97/2 46/6 28/4 22/0 -

668/4 89/6 91/7 193/7 293/0 562 150 298 85 29

571/2 43/0 63/3 193/7 293/0 562 150 298 85 29

village work

784 -

441 574

343 574

Urban development

-Other -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads - Tarred road -Gravelled road - Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -Concrete -Wood -Conduit -Other -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work

town work

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

111

Border Areas and National Races Development The developments in Mon State include the significant progress of a new sector opened by the Government to further cement national unity and foster Union Spirit. The border areas and national races development project involves the task of promoting the socio-economy of the national race families which have returned to the legal fold. A domestic science school is training youths of border areas to earn their living. The table shows the Government’s goodwill to ensure peace and progress of all the people of Mon State including those who have returned to the legal fold.

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Development regions

region

-

1

1

- Mon region

region

-

1

1

-Earth road

mile

-

198/6

198/6

-Gravelled road

mile

-

87/5

87/5

-Tarred road

mile

-

7/2

7/2

hospital

-

2

2

-Clinic

clinic

-

1

1

-Rural health centre

centre

-

6

6

-Primary school

school

-

22

22

-Middle school

school

-

9

9

-High school

school

-

8

8

-Teacher

teacher

-

452

452

-Student

student

-

15368

15368

-Agriculture camp

camp

-

4

4

-Canal

canal

-

1

1

Road and bridge

Health care service -Hospital

Education

Agriculture

112

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

station

-

1

1

-

1

1

-

3

3

-

2

2

-

2915.95

Energy -Power station -Towns/village Public relations -TV retransmission station

station

Communications -Telephone Expendenture

kyat (in million)

2915.95

Information and Public Relations The information sector is playing a key role in helping improve the knowledge of the people and vitalize their patriotism and Union Spirit. I would like to present the table for the readers to know the government’s goodwill endeavours and the sound results of development of the whole Union is achieving at present in the march towards a golden land of unity and amity.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Mon State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-21-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

-TV retransmission station

station

1

4

3

-IPRD offic e

office

-

11

11

-IPRD library

library

5

11

6

-Departmental library

library

-

1

1

-Rural library

library

-

1158

1158

-e-Library

library

-

9

9

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

113

114

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Rakhine State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Facing the Bay of Bengal in the west, Rakhine State lies in the westernmost sector of the Union of Myanmar. On its 14,200 square miles of territory live Rakhines and Bamars alongside Chin, Mro, Thet, Khami, Dainet, Maramagyi and Kaman races. A union within the Union, the state has a population of 3,045,000, and on average, every square mile is inhabited by 215 persons. A long coastal stretch of land touching the Rakhine Yoma in the east, the state is crisscrossed with a large number of natural watercourses including Naff, Mayyu and Kissapanadi rivers and Maei, Tanlwe, Taungup, Thandwe, Kyeintali and Gwa creeks flowing from north to south. With an average elevation of 3,000 feet the Rakhine Yoma is a mountain range whose northern peaks are higher than those of the south. Sittway plain is the largest flat land in the region, and the sea is doted with large Phayonga, Yanbye and Manaung islands and a number of islets. At the Special Projects Implementation Committee Meeting, held in November 1995, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “Rakhine State is a region where transport is difficult, and the main means of transport is waterways. Although not a border area, Sittway region is accessible by only a very few roads. Time passed by, but the region’s roads remained in poor condition, and could not be improved for certain reasons. The Government is launching the drive to develop every region of the Union, and narrow the gap between one place and another. It will build a road to improve transport between Yangon and Sittway, the capital of Rakhine State. The work will be difficult because of the mountainous terrain covered with thick evergreen forests and marked by a large number of rivers and creeks.” With fraternal spirit, the Tatmadaw Government is striving utmost to harmoniously raise the living standards of all the national races living in weal or woe in the Union. Whether it is a state or a division, the Government has the same goodwill towards it, fulfilling all necessary infrastructures and facilities, without making any discrimination against any region, for harmonious development of the entire Union. Now I will present the developments Rakhine State is witnessing as in all the sister regions.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

115

Agriculture Paddy can be cultivated only on one-fourth of the state’s land area, but the Government is trying to develop its agricultural sector, making arrangements to grow crops on all cultivable land, increase per acre yield, and boost agricultural production. In 1992, it introduced summer paddy cultivation to the region, which cultivated only monsoon paddy before that time. The Government has built Gyogyakwin Dam in Taungup Township, and Kanthaya and Rahaikwin dams in Gwa Township for irrigation, and Hinywet Dam in An Township to supply potable water. Pyaingchaung Dam, with the capacity to irrigate 4,000 acres of land, in Kyauktaw Township is under construction, and Zeechaung Dam is in planning stage. Large and small dams and waterworks have extended the area of mixed-cropping in the state more than ten times. Food sufficiency of the state has reached 143 per cent. The state can put more land under beans and pulses and edible oil crops, and is extending pepper and rubber plantations, with the assistance of the Government, to grow them on commercial scale. As the Government has been providing necessary infrastructures and assistance, Rakhine State, with favourable soil and weather for cultivation, is witnessing the emergence of more sound foundations in the agricultural sectors than in 1988. The table will prove it.

Development in the agriculture sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 Progress Land resource - Sown acreage Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation* - Task to be carried out** - Benefited acres River water pumping station -Task completed -Task to be carried out -Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield

acre

-

1576903

681503

-

26 26 82691 82691 28401

32 30 1 1 87141 3 1 2 600 74 4925 92666 361936

6 4 1 1 4450 3 1 2 600 74 4925 9975 333535

acre basket

790990 52.27

1100632 68.31

309642 16.04

116

Subject - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Rubber acreage Progress in acreage of pepper Acreage of edible oil crop - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Mustard - Niger

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Count acre basket basket in thousand percent

1988 -

31-12-2005 Progress 12363 12363 80.00 80.00

44165 -

75184 143

31019 143

acre acre acre

2816 2015 234

154948 8265 16309

152132 6250 16075

acre acre acre acre acre

12648 2098 65 12815 -

59258 3866 1128 94500 255

46610 1768 1063 81685 255

* Dam Projects under implementation 1. Pyaing choung Dam, Kyauktow Township, Miindan Village, Benefited acres(4000) * Dam to be Built 1. Zeechaung Dam (2004-2005)

Hinywet Dam was opened on 29-10-2002 to supply water to people living in An Township , Rakhine State. The dam is also aimed at supplying water to farmland.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

117

Livestock and Fisheries Livestock breeding has been extended for Rakhine State to produce an adequate amount of food for local consumption. The state is raising nearly Five million heads of livestock, up from two million in 1988. A significant development of the state at present is fresh water and prawn farming. The industry is showing encouraging signs for local distribution as well as for export. The industry did not exist in the state in the past, but now it is running 155,533 acres of prawn farms.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

219000

280000

61000

59300

712000

625700

9000

141000

132000

70000

147000

96000

1506000

3608000

2102000

11200

20800

9600

-

44000

44000

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

19

-

(-)19

- Prawn breeding

acre

-

155533.00

155533.0

Forest Conservation The forest conservation project of the state is developing alongside other sectors. The state has been setting up more reserve forests, public protected forests and natural parks. It now has over 550,000 acres of forest plantations, up from just 1,000 acres in the past because of the ardent participation of the local people. The mass movement in 1988 managed to grow only 100,000 saplings, but now the local people have planted over eight million saplings. The table has something more to tell readers about the development in forest conservation and plantation of the state.

118

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the forestry sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Industrial plantation -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting

Count sq/mile sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million)

1988 645 1400 1350 50 0.10

31-12-2005 817 1335 677.88 55405 48145 7210 750 50 1350 8.10

Progress 172 1335 677.88 54005 46795 7160 750 50 1355 8.00

Road and Transport Sector The colonial government totally ignored the transport sector of the state, with mountains, forests and rivers, because the matter was out of its interest. And during the postindependence period, the matter was out of reach due to certain reasons. The Tatmadaw Government is always thinking about plans to assist and develop all the seven states and seven divisions of the Union and to make them prosper and stronger. The Government has opened the new chapter of transport in the state. First, it launched the 202-mile-and-three-furlong Yangon-Sittway Union Highway, and then the 110-mile Thandwe-Gwa-Ngathaingchaung road, the 45-mile An-Padekyaw-Maei road, the 41-mile Yangon-Taungup-Kyauk-pyu road Pyinwun-Min-byin section, and 42.5-mile TaungupMaei road. All are tarred facilities. As the state has a large number of natural watercourses, sometimes, roads are being built through marshes, with much difficulty. Many large and small bridges have been built on rivers and creeks, and the number of over 180-foot bridges in the state has reached 47, from only 11 in the past. The large bridges on Kissapanadi River and Dalet, Myaungbwe, Tanlwe, Lamu, Maei, Sanepauk, Londawpauk, Deedokpauk, Kaingshe, Pikauk, Min, Ramong, Yaw, Hsatthwa and Thanthamagyi creeks in the state have been built under the special projects of the Government. There are four more large bridges under construction. They are the 2,704foot Minkyaung Creek Bridge, the 703-foot Thanthamache Bridge and the 592-foot Thazintan-pauk Bridge on Yangon-Kyaukpyu highway in Yanbye Township, and the Kyauktan Bridge on Yangon-Sittway highway in Sittway Township. Furthermore, Wunphaik Bridge will emerge on Yangon Kyaukpyu Road soon. The table documents the transport development of the state.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

119

Ma-ei Creek Bridge built in Taungup Township

Development in the transportation sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Water transport - Jetty (Inland) Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravel road - hard road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - bridge under construction** - Under 180 feet *16 completed 180 feet and above bridges 1.Dalaetchaung 2. Myaungbwe 3. Kitsapanadi 4. Tanlwechaung 5. Lamachaung 6. Maeichaung 7. Sanepauk 8. Londawpauk

9. Dedokpauk 10. Kaingshe 11. Pikauk 12. Minchaung 13. Yamaung 14. Yawchaung 15. Hsethwa 16. Thanthamagyi

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

field field field

7 1 6

7 3 4

2 upgrading

jetty mile mile mile mile mile

4 448/0 163/0 135/0 130/0 20/0

6 942/2 550/2 230/0 31/6

2 494/2 387/2 95/0 upgrading 110/2

11 11 142

48 43 5 343

37 32 5 201

bridge bridge bridge bridge

**Four bridges under construction 1. Minkyaung (Yanbye) 2. Thanthamache (Yanbye) 3. Thazintanpauk (Yanbye) 4. Kyauktan (Sittway)

***One bridge to be built 5. Wanphit (Yangon-Kyaukphyu road)

120

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications The Government has developed and facilitated the transport and communications sectors of the state. The table compares the present situation and that of the 1988.

Development in the communication sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet Satellite station -DOMSAT -VSAT -iPSTAR

Count office

1X1000

1988

31-12-2005Progress

61 19 1 -

81 25 30 3

20 6 29 3

17 1850 17 1621 1621 0.85 7

43 7335 35 6306 6305 2.12 14

26 5485 18 4865 6306 1.27 7

-

8 3

8 3

-

1 5

1 5

Local auto exchange project under implementation 1. MraukU with 500 lines

Electricity “If there are mountains, roads will be built on them, and they will be beautified with forest plantations and highland farms. Likewise, bridges will span rivers and creeks and their waters will be harnessed for electricity”, and that is the conviction and resolve of the Government to serve public interest. While building miles of roads and a large number of bridges in the state, the Government is also implementing the 100-megawatt Thahtay Creek Hydel Power Project in Thandwe Township and the 15-megawatt An Creek Hydel Power Project.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

121

Development in the electric power sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Installed power Extened generating of electricity - Projects under implementation -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) - Installed power Other power plants -Recycling plant -Steam -Natural gas -Coal -Diesel-used plant -Installed power

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

unit (in million) megawatt megawatt

4.111 6.300 7.789

9.350 8.200 12.296

5.239 1.900 4.507

project plant megawatt

-

2 2 115.000

2 2 115.000

plant plant plant plant plant megawatt

59 7.789

74 127.296

15 119.507

Hydel power project under implementation 1. Thahtaychaung 100 megawatt (heavy) 2. Anchaung 15 megawatt (heavy)

Industrial Sector The Government has been laying sound foundations for the progress of the state’s industrial sector. The state now has 1,585 private industries, up 1,143 from only 442 in 1988. Twenty-six cottage industries and 28 State-owned industries are also manufacturing goods in the state.

Development in the industrial sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

Private industry

plant

442

1585

1143

-Cottage industry

plant

-

26

26

State-owned industry

plant

24

28

4

Upgrading of industrial power

122

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Education Sector The Government is implementing human resources development programmes regionwise. The special national education promotion project has helped raise the education standard of Rakhine State to a higher stage than it was in 1988. The state has opened 325 new basic education schools, an arts and science university, an education college and an arts and science college. Over 450,000 students are pursuing basic education and higher education in the state.The table serves as the education indicator showing the sector’s development.

Government Technological College in Sittway

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

123

Development in the education sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’education -Education College -Number of teacher -Number of trainee School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - Degree college - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

2391 36 109 2246 8729 244357

2716 94 150 146 2326 82 25 13003 452196

325 58 41 146 80 82 25 4274 207839

school children

-

17 278

17 278

college teacher trainee percent percent

1 15 239 62.7 59.78

1 35 2919 96.05 75.00

upgrading 20 2680 33.35 15.20

percent percent

44.32 45.98

3.13 8.66

41.19 37.32

1 1 1 8 94 930 -

2 1 1 2 1 57 218 20115 1

1 1 upgrading 1 2 1 49 124 19185 1

124

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology Sector The Government has been paving the way for local youths to get access to professional institutions of higher learning in their own regions to produce a larger number of engineers and computer experts. Thus, youths in Rakhine State also get the opportunity to attend classes at a government computer college and a government technological college in Sittway and a government technological institute in Thandwe. Up to now, the state has produced over 1000 technocrats. Table F shows the opportunities of the youths in the state to study science and technology.

Development in the science and technology sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Sittway) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) -Computer college - Government Computer College (Sittway) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) Government Technical Institute - Government Technical Institute (Thandwe) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current)

Count college college course teacher student student college college course teacher student student institute institute course teacher student student

1988 -

31-12-2005 Progress 1 1 5 95 662 464 1 1 6 32 575 251 1 1 3 45 410 192

1 1 5 95 662 464 1 1 6 32 575 251 1 1 3 45 410 192

Health The number of hospitals in Rakhine State has reached 42 — one 200-bed hospital, three 100-bed hospitals, one 50-bed hospital, seven 25-bed hospitals, five 16-bed hospitals and 26 station hospitals. In the past it was 36. The Government has assigned 105 more doctors and 382 extra health staff to the state. A 50-bed traditional medicine hospital and 12 traditional medicine dispensaries are treating patients in the state. There are now two nursing schools in the state. The table attests to the health development of the state.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

125

Development in the health sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

36

43

7

- 200-bed

hospital

1

1

-

- 100-bed

hospital

2

3

1

- 50-bed

hospital

-

1

1

- 25-bed

hospital

1

7

6

-16-bed

hospital

13

5

upgrading

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

19

26

7

Health Centres

centre

118

121

4

- Rural Health Centre

centre

95

99

4

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

18

18

-

- Local Health Cenrtre

centre

1

1

-

- School Health Team

team

4

4

-

Health Staff

staff

1048

1432

384

doctor

126

233

107

nurse

153

317

164

staff

91

94

3

midwife

539

573

34

labour

8

14

6

- TSP Health Assistant

assistant

-

6

6

- Health Assistant-1

assistant

-

17

17

- Health Assistant

assistant

79

91

12

supervisor

52

87

35

hospital

-

1

1

clinic

6

13

7

Training School

school

1

2

1

- Nurses Training School

school

-

1

1

-Midwifery school

school

1

1

-

- Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour

- Supervisor 1,2

31-12-2005 Progress

Traditional medicine -Tradiditional medicine hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic

126

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Urban and Rural Development There are now 224 miles and six furlongs of urban roads in the state. Of them 76 miles and six furlongs are tarred facilities. In the past, the state had 184 miles and four furlongs of urban roads. The state has also maintained 543 urban bridges. Rural roads have also been extended and upgraded in the state, which now has 456 miles and six furlongs of rural roads, up 183 miles and four furlongs from 273 miles and two furlongs in 1988. To this date, the state has built 583 rural bridges.

Development in the development affairs sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count Urban development -Urban roads mile -Tarred road mile -Gravelled road mile - Granite road mile -Earth road mile -Urban bridge bridge -Concrete bridge -Wood bridge -Conduit conduit -Other -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out town Completed work work Rural Development -Rural roads mile - Tarred road mile -Gravelled road mile -Earth road mile -Rural bridge bridge -Concrete bridge -Wood bridge -Conduit conduit -Other bridge -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out village -Completed work work -Rural housing house

1988

31-12-2005

184/4 54/4 88/7 22/1 19/0 -

224/6 76/6 75/4 2/0 70/4 543 147 271 119 6

17 3

6 11

273/2 40/2 233/0 -

456/6 10/7 196/1 249/6 583 44 496 33 10

922 -

395 688 7

Progress 40/2 22/2 (-)13/3 (-)20/1 51/4 543 147 271 119 6 11 8 183/4 10/7 155/7 16/6 583 44 496 33 10 527 688 7

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

127

Of the 17 town water supply projects, 11 have completed. A total of 612 units of waterworks have already been erected in 470 villages. The entire project covers the task of supplying clean water to 922 villages.

Border Areas and National Races Development The Government’s Border Areas and National Races Development Project covers Rakhine State together with many other regions. Sittway has a youth development training school and Maungtaw has a vocational training school for development of local youths. The Table explains the Government’s endeavours to develop the socio-economy of Rakhine State to catch up with other regions, with exact figures.

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Development regions - Rakhine region Road and bridge -Earthe road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Road maintenance -Bridge (large, small) Health care service -Hospital -Clinic -Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -High school -Teacher -Student Agriculture -Agriculture office -Agriculture camp -Dam -Dam maintenance

Count region region

1988 -

31-12-2005 1 1

Progress 1 1

mile mile mile mile bridge

-

161/6 135/2 8/5 15/0 14/221

161/6 135/2 8/5 15/0 14/221

hospital clinic centre

-

5 8 33

5 8 33

school school school teacher student

-

54 9 6 281 13320

54 9 6 281 13320

office camp dam dam

-

2 25 2 2

2 25 2 2

128

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Livestock breeding -Livestock breeding farm -Veterinary office Energy -Power station -Town/village Public relations -TV retransmission station Communications -Post office -Telegraph -Telephone Expenditure -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

farm office

-

1 2

1 2

station

-

35 28

35 28

station

-

5

5

kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million)

-

11 5 2 8892.52 1750.25 7142.27

11 5 2 8892.52 1750.25 7142.27

Information and Public Relations The Government has been developing the information and public relations sector to enable the people of Rakhine State to get in touch with everyday news about the national developments. The table shows how the state is improving its information sector in the drive towards reaching the golden land of unity and amity.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Rakhine State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library -Sub-printing house (Sittway)

Count station office library library library library house

1988 1 6 -

31-12-2005 Progress 11 10 21 21 21 15 22 22 3205 3205 1 1 1 1

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

129

130

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Shan State marching to new golden land of unity and amity Shan State with a total area of 60,155 square miles is situated in eastern part of Myanmar. Kachin, Kokang, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung, PaO, Bamar, Lihsu, Wa, Ahkar and Intha are residing in Shan State together with Shan nationals. At present, as the population of Shan State is about 5,263,000 the population density is 88 in one square mile. Being the hilly region, its mountain ranges lying from north to south are about 3,000 feet average in height. Some mountains are as high as over 7,000 feet. There are also Heho, Hsipaw and Kengtung plains among mountain ranges. Head of State Senior General Than Shwe during his inspection tour of Shan State in April 2002 had given guidance, saying that education, health, economy of Shan State lagged behind in development due to lack of security and peace and there had been armed insurgency in the region. In the time of the Tatmadaw government efforts have been made for prevalence of peace and regional development. Border areas of Shan State are contiguous to those of neighbouring nations. This being the case, it is needed to catch up with them in terms of education, health and economic sectors. Only when the national dignity and the national forces are strong will the future of the State be bright. Since its assumption of the State responsibility the Tatmadaw government with the participation of the people has been forging national solidarity while building development infrastructures in states and divisions. It has been able to bring armed insurgency to an end. As a result, 17 armed groups have returned to the legal fold and are now joining hands with the government in nation-building endeavours. With combined efforts of the Tatmadaw and national race leaders unprecedented progress has been made in Shan State. Progress made past and present in Shan State is doumented here.

Agriculture Although various kinds of crops were grown paddy was not priority in Shan State in the past. The government is striving for development of agricultural sector for ensuring self-sufficiency in rice and edible oil and boosting the production of industrial crops and pulses and beans for export. For development of agriculture of Shan State Zawgi Dam in Yaksawk Township and Humon Dam in Lashio Township were built. At the same

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

131

time, hybrid paddy that suits to the region were grown and they are now thriving. The per-acre yield of summer paddy has increased up to about 100 baskets. There has been self-sufficiency in rice in the region as paddy production has doubled. Kaukkwe Dam in Lashio Township, Myogyi Dam in Ywangan Township and Wanpon Dam in Namhsam Township are under construction and arrangements are being made for implementing the Kenghkam Dam project plus one river water pumping project. Progress in agriculture sector may be seen in Tables.

Poppy-substitute orange plantation in Mongla region in Shan State (East)

Development in the agriculture sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

224905

Land resource - Sown acreage

acre

2314243

2539148

- Virgin and vacant land

acre

6292285

325583

Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain

18

24

6

18

20

2

- Task under implementation*

-

3

3

- Task to be carried out**

-

1

1

61855

174198

112343

River water pumping station

-

1

1

-Task under implementation

-

1

1

-Benefited acres

-

3400

3400

- Task completed

- Benefited acres

-

increase in cultivable land

132

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Damming creek - benefited acres - Tubewells - benefited acres

- Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Cotton acreage Sugarcane acreage Maize acreage Buck wheat acreage Rubber acreage Tea acreage Progress in acreage of pepper Coffee Acreage of edible oil crop -Groundnut -Sesame -Sunflower -Mustard

Progress

-

57 5410 9 72

57 5410 9 72

61855 169837

184080 461745

122125 291908

acre basket acre basket basket in thousand percent

834176 49.11 -

1197077 67.56 70737 99.51

362901 18.45 70737 99.51

40212 -

87793 112.5

47581 112.5

acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

54919 1379 16659 82619 137021 10427

343727 2584 51468 288669 10406 9486 173190 20351 14426

288808 1205 34809 206050 10406 9486 36169 20351 3999

acre acre acre acre

68385 16929 11315 5125

93317 32580 18728 48651

24932 15651 7413 43526

Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production

31-12-2005

*Dams under construction 1. Kaukkwe 500 acres (Lashio) 2. Myogyi (Meiktila greening) (2X10)megawatt Ywangan 3. Wanpon 1000 acres (Namsan)

**Dam to be built 1. Kenghkam (Zawgyi supporting)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

133

Buckwheat plantation in Hpaunghsaing Village in Shan State (North)

Livestock and Fisheries Livestock breeding undertakings in Shan State have doubled when compared with that in 1988. In the past, altogether 3.7 million heads of animals were bred but now about 8.8 million heads of animals are being bred for development of the meat sector. Being a plateau, progress has been made in fishery sector. In the past, there were 205.69 acres of fish breeding ponds but there are now 1,842.13 acres of fish breeding ponds or eight times. In 1988, only 678,000 fish were distributed but 2.1 million fish are now being distributed.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck - Quail Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond - Fingerlings distribution - Production - Fish released - Sale

Count

acre 1X100000 1X100000 1X100000

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

457000 942000 13000 332000 1786000 147000 38000 -

617000 1199000 33000 825000 8448000 257000 44000 9000

160000 257000 20000 493000 6662000 110000 6000 9000

205.69

2938.71

2733.02

6.78 3.45 3.33

32.43 29.37 3.99

25.65 25.92 0.66

134

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Forest Conservation Measures are being taken for development of the forest sector in Shan State to keep pace with development of agriculture and livestock breeding. As efforts are being made for development of agriculture, meat and forest sectors the area of protected public forest and natural forest has been on the increase. In 1988, the government in cooperation with the people had been able to grow only over 500,000 saplings but in the time of the Tatmadaw government over 51 million saplings have been planted. Extended establishment of forest plantations is being launched with added momentum. Catchment areas were extended for greening of the environs of Inlay Lake and preservation of rivers and creeks. The forest sector of Shan State covers commercial plantations, plantations for village use, plantations for industrial raw materials and Thitseint plantations.

Development in the forestry sector of Shan State

Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved Forest

sq/mile

3404

101174

6770

Protected public forest

sq/mile

-

463

463

Natural land area

sq/mile 300.04

475.20

175.16

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

9962

162099

152137

-Commercial plantation

acre

2280

55226

54946

-Village firewood

acre

3481

46561

43080

-Industrial plantation

acre

600

14155

13555

-Watershed plantation

acre

3601

46157

42556

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

3550

3550

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.51

51.18

50.67

(in Million)

Transport Sector The government is making efforts in all seriousness for ensuring better transport in states and divisions while striving for improvement of socio-economic life of the entire national people. There were only Mandalay-Nawnghkio-Kyaukme-Lashio route and Meiktila-Thazi-Shwenyaung route as gateways of Shan State in 1988. People in the region had to rely mainly on rail transportation as there were only two modes of transport— motor road and railroads. Shan State marked by a series of rivers and creeks has mountains and forests in abundance. These natural barriers prevent national brethren to get closer but remain distant. The Tatmataw Goverment, on its part, is determined to overcome these barriers. In the time of the Tatmadaw government a network of roads and bridges were built and upgraded in Shan State. As a result, the Hsipaw-Namlan-Panketu road and the

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

135

Yaksawk-Kyaukgu-Nawnghkio road linking directly to Shan State (North) and Shan State (South) have emerged. Moreover, the Hanmyintmo-Myogyi-Ywangan road and the Pinlaung-Pyinmana road linking Mandalay Division and Shan State have also emerged. Local people in Shan State has now been enjoying the fruits of better transport. A total of 1373miles of motor roads including 437 miles long tarred roads were built in Shan State. In the past, there were only two major bridges—the Kunlong Bridge and the Takaw Bridge but in the time of the Tatmadaw government the Thanlwin Bridge (Takaw-et) and the Thanlwin Bridge (Tahsan) were added. In addition, special bridge projects—Namting bridge in Kunlong Township, Matlan bridge in Laikha Township and Langkhio bridge in Lingkhio Township were also constructed. Shweli bridge (Namkham) and Hsataw bridge (Mongkai) are under construction. Arrangements are being made for construction of Shweli bridge (Myithson) in Momeik Township. In the past, the length of railroads was only 168.25 miles but it has now doubled. The 101.92-mile Aungban-Pinlaung-Loikaw railroad, the 37.50-mile Shwenyaung-Yaksawk railroad and the 165.06-mile Shwenyaung-Namhsan railroad have contributed much to ensuring better transport in the region. Moreover, the number of airport at which Jet aircraft can land and take off has increased from four to six. The Lashio-Muse railroad, the ASEAN highway and the Asian highway will soon emerge in Shan State. The table shows progress made in the transport sector.

Thanlwin Bridge (Tarkawat)

136

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the transportation sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways - miles of railroad - miles of railtrack - passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfiled - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravel road - hard road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - under construction** - bridge to be built*** - Under 180 feet

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

mile mile 1X1000 mile Ton (1x1000) mile station

168.25 186.55 1495.9 84205.5 58.0 6174.5 25

468.72 501.63 1594.8 86499.1 72.3 11111.1 95

300.47 315.08 98.9 2293.6 14.3 4936.6 70

field field field mile mile mile mile mile

15 4 11 4077/0 1459/0 781/0 700/0 1137/0

15 6 9 5450/6 1896/2 781/4 837/4 1014/4

2 upgrading 1373/6 437/6 0/4 137/4 upgrading

24 24 655

39 36 2 1 981

15 12 2 1 326

bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

*Five major bridges built under special project 1. Thanlwin Bridge (Tarkawet) 2. Thanlwin Bridge (Tarsan) 3. Nantein Bridge (Kunlon) 4. Matlan Bridge (Laikha) 5. Langkho Bridge (Langkho) 6. Tarpa Bridge ( Kutkai)

7. Dottawady Bridge( Naungkhio) **Two bridges under construction 1. Shweli bridge ( Namkham) 2. Hsardaw Bridge (Mongkai) ***One bridge to be built 1. Shweli Bridge (Myithson) (Moemeik)

Communications The government is making all-out efforts for development of the communications sector of Shan State. At a time when information and communications are making progress, systematic steps are being taken for development of communications sector of states and divisions to enable the nation to stand tall among the global nations. The table indicates comparison of figures in the past and present.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

137

Development in the communication sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet Satellite station -DOMSAT -VSAT -iPSTAR

office

101 31 1 -

157 88 112 15

56 57 111 15

27 3075 27 2871 2871 0.78 2

125 31702 99 26591 25516 15.01 45

98 28627 72 23720 22645 14.23 43

-

26 17

26 17

-

1 3 2

1 3 2

1X1000

Local outo exchange project under implementation 1. Namhsan (south) 500 lines 4. Lashio (Extension) 2. Konhein 500 lines Total 3. Theinni 500 lines

31-12-2005

progress

500 lines 1900 lines

Electric Power Electric power plays a key role in boosting the national economy. Shan State consumed only 24 megawatt of electricity in 1988. In the time of the Tatmadaw government measures were taken so that Shan State can consume nine times of electricity. In the past, there were three hydel power plants in Shan State—the 0.3 megawatt Nanhkam small-scale hydel plant, 0.192 megawatt Muse small-scale hydel plant and 1.2 megawatt Tatgyi medium-scale hydel power plant. At present, there are 12 small- and medium-scale hydel power plants. There are the Namhmyaw, the Namhsaung Ngaung, the Pakyethaw, the Namhsaung Chaung, the Zawgyi-1, the Zawgyi-2, the Namshan Chaung, the Namhtok, the Meipan, the Mongla, the Namlap and the Silu. Shweli hydel power plant to generate 400 megawatt in Shan State (North) and Kengtawng hydel power plant to generate 54 megawatt in Shan State (South) are under implementation. Arrangements are being made for implementing Tahsan (Thanlwin) hydel power project in Shan State to generate 7,110 megawatt. The table compares figures in 1988 and the present.

138

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the electric power sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Electricity consumption unit (in million) 24.285 Maximum power megawatt 5.310 Installed power megawatt 12.404 Extened generating of electricity - Completed hydel power plant* plant 3 -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) plant -Medium (1-10 megawatt) plant 1 -Small (up to 1 megawatt) plant 2 Project under implementation project -Heavy( above 10 megawatt) plant - Installed power megawatt Other power plants -Recycling plant plant -Steam plant -Natural gas plant -Coal plant -Diesel-used plant plant 111 -Installed power in the future megawatt 12.404 *Completed hydel power plants 1. Namhkam (1988) 0.300 megawatt (small) 2. Muse (1988) 0.192 megawatt (small) 3. Nammyaw 4.000 megawatt (medium) 4. Namhsaungngaung 4.000 megawatt (medium) 5. Pakyathaw 0.100 megawatt (small) Pakyathaw (extension) 0.200 megawatt (small) 6. Namhsaungchaung 0.500 megawatt (small) 7. Tatkyi 1.200 megawatt (medium) 8. Zawgyi-1 18.000 megawatt (heavy) 9. Zawgyi-2 12.000 megawatt (heavy) 10. Namshanchaung 0.150 megawatt (small) 11. Namhtot 3.000 megawatt (medium) 12. Maipan 1.200 megawatt (medium) 13. Mongla 0.060 megawatt (small) 14. Namlat 0.480 megawatt (small) 15. Hsilu 0.024 megawatt (small) **Hydel power project under implementation 1. Shweli 400 megawatt(heavy) 2. Kengtong 54 megawatt (heavy) Hydel power project to be implemented 1.Tarhsan (Thanlwin) 7110 megawatt

31-12-2005

Progress

186.372 46.720 233.957

162.087 41.410 221.553

15 2 5 8 2 2 454.000

12 2 4 6 2 2 454.000

1 173 687.957

1 62 675.583

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

139

Zawgyi Hydel Power Plant in Yaksauk Township in Shan State (South)

Industry In building the nation into a modern and developed one, the government based on agriculture and industry is striving for the Union to become an industrialized nation. In the process, priority is being given to development of private industrial sector. Therefore, Taunggyi (Ayethaya) Industrial Zone in Shan State has emerged. With theinvestment of K 637.59 million, the industrial zone has 670 industries and K 1,112.03 million of production value. With the assistance of the government, it is in the process of establishing modern foundries and mould shops like Mandalay and Monywa industrial zones. The table shows progress at present compared with that in 1988.

Development in the industrial sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject Upgrading of industrial power Industrial zones Industries Private industry -Cottage industry State-owned industry

Count

plant plant plant

1988 846 22

31-12-2005 1 670 3439 35 43

progress 1 670 2593 35 21

140

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Mining and Mineral Resources Gem lands and mining blocks in Shan State have been extended after 1988. As a result, 36,330 carats of gems and 244.56 troy ounces of gold could be exploited. Mining and mineral sector of Shan State is making progress to the extent that 143,067 metric tons of coal, 3,040 metric tons of lime for industrial use, 403 metric tons of lime for decoration, 756 metric tons of lead zinc ore, 1,348.6 metric tons of zinc ore, 107,743 ounces of refined silver, 1,875 metric tons of pure lead, 4,247 metric tons of refined lead and 2,210 metric tons of baryte could be mined.

Education The government is making efforts for improvement of Shan State’s education sector to be able to face the challenges of Knowledge Age. There are 1,184 basic education schools with 11,657 teachers in Shan State. Altogether 661,726 students are pursuing education at the schools. In the higher education sector, there are two arts & science universities, one arts & science degree college and one education college where 26,668 students are pursuing higher education. Markedly, primary school enrolment rate has increased up to 96.69 per cent. The table shows progress in 1988 and present.

The magnificent main building of Panglong University in Panglong, Loilem District in Shan State (South)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

141

Development in the education sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’education -Institute, school, education college -Number of teacher -Number of trainee School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - Degree College - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

school 3492 school 59 school 161 school school 3272 room centre teacher 11399 student 347878

31-12-2005

Progress

4676 202 233 560 3681 151 79 23056 661726

1184 143 72 560 409 151 2795 11657 313848

school children

-

133 2766

133 2766

college teacher trainee percent percent

1 16 208 66.61 47.34

1 44 2438 96.69 91.00

28 2230 30.08 40.96

percent percent

44.58 42.27

8.40 5.03

(-36.18) (-37.24)

2 1 1 16 170 2983 -

5 2 2 1 5 4 94 1236 24230 4

3 2 1 5 4 78 1066 21247 4

142

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology Development of science and technology is imperative in ensuring human resources development. To bring about harmonious development across Shan State, the government has designated and is implementing the four development regions—Taunggyi, Lashio, Kengtung and Panglong. One government technological college and one government computer college each were opened in those regions. Progress figures are shown in the table.

Development in the science and technology sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 131-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Ayethayar)

- Number of courses - Government Technological College (Kengtung)

- Number of courses - Government Technological College (Panglong)

- Number of courses - Government Technological College (Lashio)

- Number of courses -Number of teachers -Number of students (graduate) -Number of students (current) -Computer Colleges - Government Computer College (Taunggyi)

- Number of courses - Government Computer College (Kengtung)

-Number of courses - Government Computer College (Lashio)

-Number of courses - Government Computer College (Panglong)

-Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) Government Technical High School (Taunggyi)

Count college college course college course college course college course teacher student student college college course college course college course college course teacher student student school

1988 3 50 2126 -

31-12-2005 4 1 9 1 4 1 4 1 4 325 5558 2092 4 1 30 1 4 1 4 1 4 86 406 1065 1

Progress 4 1 6 1 4 1 4 1 4 275 3432 2092 4 1 30 1 4 1 4 1 4 86 406 1065 1

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

143

Health The government is striving for the entire national people to be free from diseases, to be healthy and fit, and to enjoy longevity. With this end in view, public health care services are being provided in the whole Shan State. The table indicates progress.

Maternity ward of People’s General Hospital in Lashio, Shan State (North)

144

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of hospital Specialist hospital - 200-bed - 150-bed - 100-bed - 50-bed - 25-bed -16-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Supervisor 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional medicine hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School -Midwifery school

Count

1988

hospital 87 hospital 1 hospital 3 hospital 1 hospital 5 hospital 2 hospital 8 hospital 35 hospital 32 centre 174 centre 114 centre 52 team 6 staff 1850 doctor 313 nurse 556 staff 136 midwife 678 labour 22 assistant assistant assistant 91 supervisor 54 hospital clinic school school school

6 2 1 1

31-12-2005

Progress

138 1 4 2 4 8 27 15 77 211 150 52 6 3824 758 1387 172 953 49 14 50 141 302

51 1 1 upgrading 6 19 upgrading 45 37 36 1974 445 831 36 275 27 14 50 50 248

1 23 4 3 1

1 17 2 2 -

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

145

Urban and Rural Development Unprecedented urban and rural development has been achieved in Shan State. In the past, the length of urban roads was 400 miles but it has now increased to 692 miles including 261 miles of tarred roads. The number of bridges in urban areas has topped 1,587. Water supply was facilitated to 30 towns out of 53. The length of rural roads has increased from 93 miles to 3,823 miles including 159 tarred roads with 896 bridges. A total of 1,341 water works were facilitated to 918 villages out of 2,780.

Development in the development affairs sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

400/1 132/0 81/7 6/6 179/4 -

714/7 276/2 218/2 13/7 206/0 1609

314/6 144/2 136/3 7/1 26/4 1609

54 4

31 30

23 26

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

93/6 22/4 71/2 -

714/7 276/2 1167/5 5/4 206/4 896

621/1 276/2 1145/1 5/4 135/2 896

village work house

2780 -

1356 3173 29

958 3173 29

Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road - Granite road -Earthen road -Urban bridge -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads - Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work -Rural housing

mile mile mile mile mile bridge town work

146

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Border Areas and National Races Development Shan State, which lagged behind in development in successive eras, is making significant progress and it has been able to catch up with border areas of neighbouring countries. This is the fruitful result of integrated and well-coordinated efforts of the Tatmadaw and national race leaders. Border areas and national races development project started in Shan State. When national race leaders joined hands with the Tatmadaw, ten border area development regions have emerged. The ten regions are now making more progress than other cities in the plains. The national race leaders realizing the genuine goodwill of the government are actively engaged in regional development drive. The table shows tangible results of border area development.

Developing Mongla in Shan State (East)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

147

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Development regions - Kokang region - Wa region - Shan region - Kachin North East region - Palaung region - Kengtung region - Homein region - Monehtaw, Monehta region - Mawhpa region - Pa-O region Road and bridge -Earth road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Road maintenance -Bridge (large, small, suspension) Health care service -Hospital -Clinic -Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -High school -Teacher -Student Agriculture -Agriculture office -Agriculture camp -Dam -Canal -Tractor -Water supply tasks -Land reclamation Forestry -Reserved forest -Saw mill -Nursery farm

Count region region region region region region region region region region region

1988 -

31-12-2005 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Progress 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

mile mile mile mile bridge

-

1802/7 1367/7 295/0 2493/7 21/125/1

1802/7 1367/7 295/0 2493/7 21/125/1

hospital clinic centre

-

39 63 74

39 63 74

school school school teacher student

-

341 31 40 1551 48442

341 31 40 1551 48442

office camp dam canal tractor task acre

-

23 64 44 2 9 5 860.24

23 64 44 2 9 5 860.24

mill farm

-

6 12 6

6 12 6

148

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 Progress Livestock breeding -Livestock breeding farm -Veterinary office -Distribution of cow, donkey, sheep Energy -Generator -Town/village -Town/village with hydel power Public relations -TV retransmission station Mining industry -Ruby -Saphire Communications -Post office -Telegraph -Telephone Expenditure -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries

farm office

-

16 25 83

16 25 83

generator

-

138 88 12

138 88 12

station

-

51

51

caret piece

-

249280.6 507.7

249280.6 507.7

kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million)

-

28 19 54 20419.6 10325.19 10094.41

28 19 54 20419.6 10325.19 10094.41

Information and Public Relations Higher education standard and right concept of national people are essential for improvement of socio-economic life of the entire national people and transforming the Union into a modern and developed one. The government is improving its information sector that serves as a bridge between the State and the people in Shan State in the drive towards reaching the golden land of unity and amity. Progress made in this field may be seen in the the table.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Shan State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library -Sub-printing house *

Count

1988

station office library library library library house

1 14 -

*Sub-printing houses 1. Lashio 2. Taunggyi 3. Kengtung

31-12-2005 71 72 72 15 3641 4 3

progress 70 72 58 15 3641 4 3

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

149

150

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Sagaing Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity The Union of Myanmar has prospects for development if the national people further enhance peace and unity in harmony. It is known to all that since its assumption of State duties, the Tatmadaw has paid priority to national reconsolidation, while upholding Our Three Main National Causes — non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, and perpetuation of sovereignty. The government is building infrastructures in diversified spheres for equitable development of all parts of the nation, reducing the development gap between one region and another, and raising the living standard of the people. In its bid to construct economic, education, health and transport infrastructures of the states and divisions, the government is making efforts with might and main and enlisting the strength of the people and the governmental staff based on self- reliance. The harmonious endeavours of the State, the people and the Tatmadaw have yielded sustainable progress of states and divisions and it is making significant contributions towards the development of the entire Union. Now, almost all of the infrastructures required for national development have been in place. During the inspection tour of Rakhine State on 29 November 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance to the officials, saying that since the assumption of State responsibilities, the Tatmadaw has been doing its utmost with a robust concept that all regions of the nation and national races will be able to enjoy equal development in a short time. Basically, he said, all the regions of the nation are the same, but they have specific features and characteristics of their own. It is required to utilize the significant natural resources of the regions in a correct and effective way to narrow the development gap between one region and another and for ensuring proportionate development of all. There will be development only if terrestrial and aquatic resources are tapped efficiently and effectively by manpower, he said. The national people are indeed capable of taking a correct approach to what is going on in the world as well as to the internal affairs. So they are now marching to a new golden land of unity and amity by means of participating in the nation-building endeavours whatever role it may be for ensuring perpetual existence of their mother country as well as for social and economic progress of the entire people.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

151

I have presented the government’s unremitting endeavours and activities for bringing equitable progress to the hilly regions and the plains of the nation and harmonious development of all sectors in the interests of the nation and the people. I would also like to present development of the seven divisions in which various national races live in unison and harmony, comparing the conditions in 1988 and those at present starting with Sagaing Division.

Sagaing In the east of Sagaing Division are Kachin State, Shan State and Mandalay Division, in the south Mandalay Division and Magway Division, and in the north Chin State. With a total area of 36,535 square miles, the Division is like a mini union in which a diversity of national races such as Bamar, Shan, Naga, Chin, Gadu and Ganan have been living in unity. Its population is around 5.945 million and population density is 163 per square mile. Its northern part is more populous. Its southern part has small mountain ranges and plains. Its north-west part shares border with India, and along this border line are morethan-10,000-foot-high Patkwaing Mountain Range and about-8,000-foot-high Naga Mountain Range, on which the 12,553-foot-high Mount Sarameti lies. There are other mountain ranges such as Pontaung and Ponnya. The Ayeyawady River, the Chindwin River and the Mu River flow through the region. Among the plains in the region, Shwebo Plain is the largest, and such plains as Homalin, Kabaw valley, Myittha valley, Monywapale, Meza valley and Katha are famous.

Agriculture Sagaing Division is located between the Ayeyawady and Chindwin rivers and the region is long if compared with its width. Its lower part was a region where water was scarce in the past. It gets only a little rainfall, and there was shortage of water in supplying water to the farmland even in the rainy season. However, the government has been able to upgrade the agricultural sector of the region, and now it has become the granary of the Upper Myanmar. The government reclaimed the virgin and fallow lands of the region. It has constructed water pumping stations, dams and diversion weirs with the agricultural purpose. In the past, there were more than 3.7 million arable acres in the region and now the sown acreage has increased to more than 7.4 million in total. In olden days, the region had only 16 irrigation facilities. Over the one-year period after the Tatmadaw had taken State duties, it was able to launch 18 projects of irrigation facilities — the underground water tapping project, Zedi Diversion Weir, Letyetma Dam, Wetshu Diversion Weir, Tonegyaw Diversion Weir, Nwekhway Dam, YeU Dam, Thazi Dam, Ywathaya artesian well, Htanzalok Dam, Kindat

152

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Dam, Kyepinet Dam, Letpan Dam, Ngwetha Dam and Salingyi Dam one after another. These facilities benefit 369,944 acres of farmland. The multiple-cropping acreage of irrigated farmland has increased close to 1.5 million, up from 1 million in the past. Sagaing Division has got river water pumping stations, which had never been in the past in Myanmar. So far, altogether 49 water pumping projects have been completed, seven projects are under way, and four projects will be launched in the region. In consequence, the region can put another two million acres under crops, and the region is greening all-year round. The opening ceremony of the Thaphanseik Dam, the region’s greatest showcase that enhances the prestige of the nation, took place on 17 April 2001. Head of State Senior General Than Shwe graced the occasion with his presence and delivered a speech to the ceremony, saying “It took more than 40 years for previous governments just to carry out feasibility study for construction of the Thaphanseik Dam, but they could not put the project into reality due to various reasons. Yet, we set up a robust determination to see to that, and now the over-40-year-long dream has come true. We have realized the project with the confidence that if we do so, local people will be able to carry out double or triple cropping and they can elevate their living and social standards cumulatively,” he added.

Thahpanseik Dam in Kyunhla Township, Sagaing Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

153

The speech reflected the Tatmadaw Government’s firm commitment to this project, the genuine goodwill to the nation and the people, and a prudent provision for the nation’s future. With 108 feet high and 22,587 feet (more than four miles) long earthen embankment, the dam is the largest of its kind in the nation. And the facility’s embankment is the longest of its kind in South-East Asia. It benefits more than 500,000 acres of crops in Shwebo, KhinU, Kanbalu, Daze, YeU, Dabayin, Budalin and Ayadaw townships all-year round. The table shows the agricultural progress of Sagaing Division.

Development in the agriculture sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation* - Task to be carried out** - Benefited acres River water pumping station -Task completed -Task under implementation -Task to be carried out -Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Tubewells -Benefited acre Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield

Count

1988

31-12-2005

acre acre

3721145 989067

7435117 367673

-

acre

16 16 420434 420434 456059

39 34 3 2 798628 60 49 7 4 206128 118 19382 2805 50202 1074340 1478936

acre basket acre basket

1039502 55.61 -

1611321 71.93 375000 80.00

Progress 3713972 increase in cultivable land

33 18 3 2 378194 60 49 7 4 206128 118 19382 2805 50202 653906 1022877 571819 16.32 375000 80.00

154

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Cotton acreage Sugarcane acreage Maize acreage Rubber acreage Tea acreage Progress in acreage of pepper Coffee Progress in acreage of edible oil crop -Groundnut -Sesame -Sunflower -Mustard -Niger

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

basket in thousand percent

52802 -

131969 142

79167 142

acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

476177 94982 2796 91223 4997 -

2011525 129331 120894 176461 457 8952 202 492

1535348 34349 118098 85238 457 3955 202 492

acre acre acre acre acre

284662 686632 73239 13246 22724

498787 862461 381537 28697 88469

214125 175829 308298 15451 65745

*Dams under construction 1. Yazagyo 6500 acres (Kale) 2. Hpaungkata 1000 acres (Salingyi) 3.Ainya 750 acres (Ayadaw) Ingyinbin (Ayadaw)

**Dams to be built 1. Ketlon (North) 2. Ayadaw

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

155

Livestock and Fisheries Taking into account the food security of the nation’s future population of more than 100 million, the government is constructing good foundations in various sectors. It is also taking measures for enabling Sagaing Division to become a region that provides a great deal of fish and meat for other states and divisions. The region is adhering to the guidance of the Head of State on distribution of pedigree species of fish, breeding fish in rural regions on a commercial scale, and releasing fingerlings into the Ayeyawady River. The table shows progress of the livestock and fishery sector.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 Progress Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck - Quail - Mythun Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond - Fingerlings distribution - Production - Fish release - Sale - Fish released into Ayeyawady river

320000 1727000 266000 304000 2870000 59000 23000 -

398000 2085000 391000 704000 8266000 185000 42000 43000 1000

78000 358000 125000 400000 5396000 126000 19000 43000 1000

acre

538.69

4489.73

3951.04

1X100000 1X100000 1X100000 1X100000

10.00 6.63 3.37 -

465.89 375.67 90.22 325.75

455.89 369.04 86.85 325.75

Forest Conservation The regional development tasks and environmental conservation are interdependent. Only when the nation’s natural resources are well conserved and protected, will the steps be taken effectively for national progress. So, it is needed to prevent the people from cutting down the trees indiscriminately so as to avert the deforestation, while growing trees for forming new forests. Strictly following the guidance of the Head of State, Sagaing Division has managed to conserve forests and set up new forests annually in the region. It has planted trees on

156

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

all the vacant lands on Sagaing Mountain and speeded up implementation of the project for the greening of Minwun Mountain. The tables show the region’s progress in implementing the nine districts greening project in cooperation with local authorities, service personnel and the locals.

Development in the forestry sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation -Teak special plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Industrial plantation -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting

Count

1988

sq/mile 3404 sq/mile sq/mile 1013.89 acre 9962 acre acre 4850 acre 3481 acre 600 acre 3601 acre Tree (in Million) 0.505 Timber and Timber product Kyat in Million 133.51 - Myanma Timber Enterprise Kyat in Million 486.96 - Private Kyat in Million 849.55 Saw mill and furniture factory factory 23 -State-owned factory 23 -Private factory -

31-12-2005

Progress

10174.85 1445 2086.48 162099 11000 64985 46561 14155 46157 3550

6770.85 1445 1072.59 152317 11000 60135 43080 13555 42556 3550

51.18 2710.61 1605.44 1105.17 140 17 123

50.675 1374.10 1118.48 255.62 117 (-)6 123

Transport Sector Being large and mountainous and endowed with rivers and creeks, Sagaing Division had poor transport in the past. In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, SagaingMonywa Road, Monywa-Kale Road, Tagaung-Shwegu Road, Tamu-Zedi Road, HkamtiLahe Road ( 56 miles), Htamanthi-Leshi Road (41 miles), Kalewa-Monywa Road (115 miles), and Kyepin-et Dam bypass (10 miles and three furlongs) section of SweboMyitkyina Road were upgraded. The total length of the road in the region has increased to 2,132 miles including 1,038 miles of tarred roads, compared to only 1332 miles in 1988. The region is now enjoying better transport. Besides, new bridges emerge one after another. In the past, there were only 17 bridges, each of which is more than 180 feet long. Now, the region has got 12 more such kind of bridges including 465-foot Meza Bridge (Indaw), 2,330-foot Shweli Bridge (Katha), 4,730.2-foot Chindwin Bridge (Monywa), 1,320-foot Myittha Bridge (Kalewa) and 4,957foot Shinbyushin Bridge (ChaungU). Phainglin Bridge and Kangyiwa Bridge projects on

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

157

Tamu-Zedi Road in Tamu Township are under construction. Yetpha Creek Bridge (408 feet) Project on Thetkekyin-Phaungpyin-Homalin-Hkamti Road and Nantsalein Bridge (320 feet) on Hkamti-Lahe Road will be launched in future. With respect to the bridge projects implemented in Sagaing Division by the government, it can be noted that only the two large bridges spanning Chindwin River were constructed. Up to 1988, there were no bridges across the river and the region’s transport sector was poor in the past. The government is opening transport facilities one after another in the region including two large bridges — Chindwin Bridge (Monywa) and Sinbyushin Bridge (ChaungU). Sinbyushin Bridge lies on ChaungU-Pakokku-Gangaw-Kale railroad, which is contributing towards all-round development of Sagaing Division. The 277.34-mile ChaungU-Kale railroad links east banks and west banks of the Ayeyawady River and the Chindwin River in Sagaing Division. The facility was built with the aim of ensuring all-round progress of Pakokku, Gangaw and Kale regions and Chin State. The 146-mile ChaungU-Kyaw railroad section was inaugurated in April 1997 and the 105.34-mile Kale-Yaymyetni railroad section in July 1997. The two sections have 70 stations. Yaymyetni-Kyaw section is under construction. In order to complete this section, the officials have to overcome many natural barriers including the construction of the 5,610-foot-long Pontaung-Ponnya tunnel.

Chindwin Bridge (Monywa) is 4320 feet long and it spans Chindwin River in Monywa Tonwship, Sagaing Division

158

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

In addition, the government reconstructed Budalin-YeU railroad and extended it up to KhinU, and built 2,125-foot bridge spanning Mu River to link Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad and Sagaing-Monywa railroad stretching from east to north. With farsightedness, the government is constructing new airports, railroads, roads and bridges to shape the better future of the nation. Plans are under way to construct more transport facilities in the region. Asian highways, ASEAN highways, and transnational highways will be constructed in future. The table shows progress of transport facilities of Sagaing Division that is enjoying prospects for progress.

Development in the transportation sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways - miles of railroad - miles of railtrack - passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfiled - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravel road - hard road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - under construction** - bridge to be built*** - Under 180 feet -completed bridge *Five above 180-feet bridges built under special project 1. Hpainglin Bridge (Tamu) 2. Shweli Bridge (Katha) 3. Chindwin Bridge (Monywa) 4. Myittha Bridge (Kalewa) 5. Hsinbyushin Bridge (ChaungU)

Count mile mile 1X1000 mile Ton (1x1000) mile station field field field mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

316.50 350.11 5211.6 381905.9 176.1 26138.5 62

420.63 460.59 5556.6 392308.8 291.3 46976.6 79

104.13 110.48 345.0 10402.9 114.2 20838.1 17

7 1 6 1332/0 345/0 150/0 540/0 297/0

7 4 3 2131/5 1037/7 330/6 413/6 349/2

3 upgrading 799/5 692/7 180/6 upgrading 52/2

17 17 694 694

34 29 4 1 961 979

17 12 4 1 267 285

**Three bridges under construction 1. Mezar Bridge (Indaw) 2. Kangyiwa Bridge (Tamu) 3. Uru Bridge (Homalin) (Special project) ***Two bridges to be built 1. Yethpachaung Bridge 2. Nansalein Bridge

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

159

Communications The region’s communication sector is making progress in parallel with other sectors. The table reflects the State’s capabilities for progress of the region in external and local communication.

Development in the communication sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -auto radio phone -CDMA -Cellula -DECT -GSM -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet X.25 line Micro link Satellite station -DOMSAT VSAT -iPSTAR

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

office

158 32 1 -

157 45 53 8

(-)1 13 52 8

23 2040 23 1842 1842 0.42 4

85 18871 64 17484 17004 114 95 271 2.75 22

62 16831 41 15642 15162 114 95 271 2.33 18

-

4 -

4 -

-

2 9

2 9

1X1000

line link

Local auto exchange project under implementation 1. Monywa (extension) 2. Tamu 3. Wuntho Total

256 lines 750 lines 400 lines 1406 lines

160

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electric Power The government is taking measures for supply of more electricity for the region. In 1988, the region’s electricity consumption was more than 87 million units only. At that time, there was not a single hydropower plant. But, after that period, the region was facilitated with the 30-megawatt Thaphanseik hydropower plant, the 1.26-megawatt Zeegyaung hydropower plant, and the 0.05-megawatt hydropower plant Lahe hydropower plant, increasing the figures of the units to 297.33 million. The capacity of generators has risen to 38.837 megawatt, up from 11.888 megawatts in 1988. The government is never content in serving the interests of the nation and the people.

Thahpanseik hydel power plant near Thahpanseik Village in Kyunhla Township, Shwebo District, Sagaing Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

161

The 1,200-megawatt Htamanthi and the 660-megawatt Shwesaryay hydel-power plant projects will emerge in the region soon. The table indicates progress of the electric power sector of the region.

Development in the electric power sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

Electricity consumption unit (in million) Maximum power megawatt Installed power megawatt Extened generating of electricity - Completed hydel power plant* plant -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) plant -Medium (1-10 megawatt) plant -Small (up to 1 megawatt) plant -Installed power megawatt Project under implementation** project -Heavy( above 10 megawatt) plant - Installed power megawatt Other power plants -Recycling plant plant -Steam plant -Natural gas plant -Coal plant -Diesel-used plant plant - Installed power megawatt -Installted power in the future megawatt *Completed hydel power plants 1. Thahpanseik 30.00 megawatt (heavy) 2. Zeechaung 1.260 megawatt (medium) 3. Lahe 0.050 megawatt (small) **Hydel power project under implementation 1. Htamanthi 1200 megawatt (heavy) 2. Shwesaryay 660 megawatt (heavy)

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

87.578 7.500 11.888

239.253 60.674 38.837

151.675 53.174 26.949

-

3 1 1 1 31.310 2 2 1860.000

3 1 1 1 31.310 2 2 1860.000

92 11.888 11.888

62 7.527 1898.837

national grid

(-)4.361 1886.949

162

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Industry Sagaing Division is enjoying cumulative progress in the industrial sector. In the region are Monywa, Shwebo and Kale industrial zones. With a total investment of K 599.33 million, Monywa Industrial Zone is made up of 615 enterprises. Its annual turnover is K 1,809.83 million. Shwebo Industrial Zone consists of 453 industries with a total investment of K 326,57 million and an annual turnover of K 556.70 million. And Kale Industrial Zone comprises 243 industries with an investment of K 236.85 million in total and annually produces goods valued at K 715.11 million. The number of private factories and plants has grown to more than 3,000 alongside 360 small-scale industries and 70 State-owned industries. The table represents progress of the region’s industrial sector.

Development in the industrial sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

Upgrading of industrial power Industrial zones

-

3

3

Industries

-

1311

1311

Private industry

plant

1426

4464

3038

-Cottage industry

plant

-

360

360

State-owned industry

plant

53

69

16

Mining and Minerals The region is extending its mining industry. The number of its mining blocks of jade, copper, gold and coal is on the increase. It also discovered other mineral deposits including quart. It produced 220,000 kilos of jade, 28,592 metric tons of copper, 4,237.17 troy ounces of pure gold, 568.68 troy ounces of raw gold, and 15,475.4 metric tons of coal.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

163

Education Sagaing Division is contributing towards the government’s drive for producing more intellectuals and intelligentsia and outstanding educated persons so as to enable the nation to exist forever and ensure national progress. So far, the government has opened 1022 more post-primary schools to help local youths pursue education constantly. The figures of basic education schools have increased to 976 including 139 basic education middle schools and 162 basic education high schools. The government opened an institute of economics, and a university in Monywa, a university of education in Sagaing, a university in Kale, a degree college in Shwebo, and an education college each in Sagaing and Monywa, to enable local people to pursue education in respective regions. The number of students of higher education has surged 40 times. The table depicts the region’s progress in the educational sector.

Institute of Economics in Monywa, Sagaing Division

164

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’education -Education college -Number of teacher -Number of trainee School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Institute - Arts and Science University - Degree College - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

3603 65 159 3379 15072 600501

4579 229 304 1022 3024 152 66 28231 926969

976 164 145 1022 upgrading 152 66 13159 326468

school children

-

166 3246

166 3246

college teacher trainee percent percent

1 15 146 67.97 80.87

2 94 4351 97.08 95.6

1 79 4205 29.11 14.7

percent percent

42.02 41.23

10.11 16.90

31.91 24.33

2 2 8 150 1458 -

6 2 1 1 2 8 4 96 730 67672 4

4 2 1 1 8 4 88 580 66214 4

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

165

Science and Technology The region is also enjoying the improvement of the science and technology sector. The table shows progress of the number of students in the region.

Development in the science and technology sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Monwya) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) -Computer College

Count college

college course teacher student student college - Government Computer College (Monywa) college - Number of courses course - Number of teachers teacher - Number of students (graduate) student - Number of students (current) student Technical Institute institute - Government Technical Institute (Sagaing) institute - Number of courses course - Number of teachers teacher - Number of students (graduate) student - Number of students (current) student Technical High School school

1988 31-12-2005

Progress

-

1

1

4 43 -

1 7 160 5128 2379 1 1 4 33 599 1145 1 1 5 56 1567 924 1

1 3 117 5128 2379 1 1 4 33 599 1145 1 1 5 56 1567 924 1

Health The State has upgraded 10 hospitals in the region to provide better health care services for the people. The figures of hospital have stood 89 including two 200-bed hospitals, five 100-bed hospitals and two 50-bed hospitals. It also opened six more health care centres, 22 traditional health care centres and two traditional medicines hospitals. A total of nearly 600 health staff including 91 specialists and assistant surgeons have been appointed in these health care facilities. It also opened a nurses training school along with a midwifery training school to produce nurses and midwives. The table shows progress of health staff in the region.

166

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Upgrading of hospital hospital Specialist hospital hospital Teaching hospital hospital - 300-bed hospital - 200-bed hospital - 150-bed hospital - 100-bed hospital - 50-bed hospital - 25-bed hospital -16-bed hospital - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital hospital Health Centres centre - Rural Health Centre centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre centre - Regional Health Centre centre - School Health Team team Health Staff staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) doctor - Nurse nurse - Health staff staff - Midwife midwife - Skilled labour labour - TSP Health Assistant assistant - Health Assistant-1 assistant - Health Assistant assistant - Supervisor 1,2 supervisor Traditional Medicine -Tradiditional medicine hospital hospital - Traditional medicine clinic clinic Training School school - Nurses Training School school -Midwifery school school

1988

31-12-2005

79 1 3 3 5 27 40 222 175 41 1 5 1937 208 242 169 1008 11 147 152

89 2 5 2 10 21 49 228 182 41 1 5 2521 299 554 169 1042 30 9 37 163 218

6 1 1

2 22 2 1 1

Progress

10 2 upgrading 2 upgrading 5 upgrading 9 6 7 584 91 312 34 19 9 37 16 66 2 16 1 1 -

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

167

Specialist Hospital in Kale

Urban and Rural Development Sagaing Division has been facilitated with a network of transport facilities. The length of the urban roads has risen from 186 to 646 miles including 206 miles of tarred roads. The region has a total of 995 urban bridges. So far, urban water supply projects have been completed in 18 out of 37 towns. At the same time, the length of rural roads has surged 20 times from more than 150 miles to over 3,092 miles. The region has 1340 rural bridges. The water supply project has thoroughly covered 2,057 out of 2,454 villages.

Development in the development affairs sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road - Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge -concrete -wood -conduit -other

Count

1988

mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge

185/7 41/6 86/7 17/0 40/2 -

31-12-2005 667/5 217/0 138/1 29/1 283/3 1031 463 470 87 11

Progress 481 175/2 51/2 12/1 243/1 1031 463 470 87 11

168

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads - Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -concrete -wood -conduit -other -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work -Rural housing

Count town work

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

37 8

19 18

18 10

mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge

150/3 55/3 59/6 35/2 -

3176/7 63/3 403/4 142/2 2566/6 1407 366 857 68 116

3026/4 8/0 343/6 142/2 2531/4 1407 366 857 68 116

village work house

2454 -

318 2946 275

2136 2946 275

Progress of Border Areas and National Races Only when the education level of national races in border areas is high, will they have a wide view of things along with good ideas and be able to play a leading role in the regional development tasks. The government has been building basic foundations for regional progress in Naga and Kabaw regions in order to effectively reduce the development gap between one region and another. The table shows progress of the border areas and national races development sector.

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Development regions - Naga region - Kabaw region Road and bridge -Earth road -Gravelled road -Tarred road -Road maintenance -Bridge (large, suspension)

Count region region region

1988 -

31-12-2005 2 1 1

mile mile mile mile bridge

-

195/0 81/6 16/7 2493/7 1/5

Progress 2 1 1 195/0 81/6 16/7 2493/7 1/5

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject Count Health care service -Hospital hospital -Clinic clinic -Rural health centre centre Education -Primary school school -Middle school school -High school school -Teacher teacher -Student student Agriculture -Agriculture office office -Agriculture camp camp -Dam dam -Water supply tasks task -Tractor tractor Forestry -Reserved forest Livestock breeding -Livestock breeding farm farm -Veterinary office office -Distribution of cow, donkey, sheep Energy -Generator generator -Towns/village with electricity -Town/village with hydel power Public relations -TV retransmission station station Communications -Post office -Telegraph -Telephone Expenditure kyat (in million) -Funds of PBANRDA kyat (in million) -Funds of ministries kyat (in million)

169

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-

4 4 25

4 4 25

-

89 1 8 396 13885

89 1 8 396 13885

-

1 4 9 3 1

1 4 9 3 1

-

1

1

-

1 3 4

1 3 4

-

28 21 -

28 21 -

-

8

8

-

8 10 5 2388.5 822.81 1515.69

8 10 5 2388.5 822.81 1515.69

Human Resources The government established the University for Development of National Races to bring progress to the Union and to help locals participate in the project for progress of border areas and national races and to create opportunities for the teachers, produced by the institute for development of national races, shouldering duties across the nation to pursue education in the university and to lift their lifestyle by themselves.

170

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

The training centres for development of youths are nurturing the youths in such border regions in Sagaing Division as Kale, Hkamti, Leshi and Lahe. The Institute of Agriculture has been established in Shwebo to disseminate agricultural methods to local farmers in the region. The table indicates progress in the field.

Development of the Union and Human Resource Development in Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject University for Development of National Races -Number of teacher -Number of student Cooperatives College -Number of teacher -Number of student Youth Development Training School*

Count

1988

university teacher student college teacher student school teacher student institute teacher student

64 3147 1 26 107

-Number of teacher -Number of student Agriculture Institute -Number of teacher -Number of student *Youth Development Training School 1. Kale 2.Hkamti 3. Layshi 4. Lahe

31-12-2005 Progress 1 130 8905 1 30 113 4 20 1527 1 26 730

1 66 5758 1 30 113 4 20 1527 623

Information & Public Relations The Tatmadaw Government is employing the public mass media to ensure oneness of the parts of the nation and the national races sharing the same views and outlooks. The table shows progress of the information sector in the region. Development in the information and public relations sector of Sagaing Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library -Sub-printing house (Kalay)

Count station office library library library library house

1988 1 12 -

31-12-2005 progress 19 40 40 35 4524 52 1

18 40 28 35 4524 52 1

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

171

172

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Taninthayi Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity The Union of Myanmar is formed with seven states and seven divisions, in which, all the national races are living in weal or woe. It is their family spirit of amity, sympathy, helpfulness, mutual reliance, understanding, forbearance and mutual interest that has made the nationalities to live in firm unity without having any regional or ideological discrimination. It is a loveable Myanmar character that comes out from the family spirit reflecting the Union which is like a stem with 100 fruits. At the graduation of the 47th Intake of Defence Services Academy, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe said, “All the national races born of the same stock of ancestors have been living through thick and thin in our nation. It has been so long since all the national races have been enjoying equal rights as citizens right from birth. All the national races are loyal to the State, and have friendly and good nature, which are also characteristics of the Myanmar race.” The Tatmadaw always serves the interest of the Union with loyalty. It views the nation’s future with sincerity. With generosity, it is exerting all its efforts for progress of all the states and divisions. And with goodwill, it is erasing all doubts among the nationalities and is leading them on the correct way. At the ceremony to put Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine) the largest and most magnificent one in Myanmar, into service, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “Since years ago, the Government has wished to build the bridge that is an auspicious facility benefiting both the region and the nation. But it could not build the facility sooner because of many difficulties, especially the financial and technological constraints, that made it waited for an opportune time. “Now, the national economy has developed to a certain degree, and the nation has been gaining more and more expertise after building small, medium and large bridges step by step till acquiring the technology and ability to build such a large bridge.’’

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

173

Scenic beauty of Kawthoung “Whatever difficulties the nation is facing, the united strength, and the strength, which comes out from the firm community peace and stability and the rule of law, are of vital importance for the nation. And the two strengths will enable the nation to overcome all kinds of difficulties it is facing.” The developments of Taninthayi Division stand witness to the fact that with the two strengths, the Tatmadaw manages to build grand bridges one after another in the nation.

Taninthayi Division Bordering Mon State in the north, Taninthayi Division is the southernmost region of the Union. On its 16,736-square-mile territory live Bamar, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine, Shan and Salon national races. Forming a union within the Union, the division has a population of about 1,537,000 and, on average, 92 persons are living in every square mile of the region. Generally, it can be said a mountainous region, for, the mountain ranges with elevations reaching up to nearly 3,000 feet stand as a long wall alongside the thin stretch of plains facing the Andaman’s Sea in the west. Of the many rivers, Dawei, Taninthayi and Lenya rivers are famous. The coastal sea is dotted with many islands.

174

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Kawthoung archipelago

Agriculture In the past, Taninthayi Division’s economy relied mainly on rubber plantations. But now, its agricultural patterns have totally changed. Thanks to the assistance provided by the government, it is cultivating other species of crops that grow well in the division that is now producing adequate amount of rice for its population. Over 400,000 acres of land have been reclaimed, and waterworks and small scale dams are irrigating over 90,000 acres of crops. Yinwa Dam has been built in Kawthoung Township, and Anyabya Dam is being built in Dawei Township to irrigate 3,200 acres of crops. The Government has been implementing projects to turn Chin State into a major teagrowing region, Rakhine State into a major pepper-growing region, Mon State into a major rubber-growing region, Sagaing division into the rice bowl of upper Myanmar, and Taninthayi Division into an oil bowl. It is laying down long-term plans to meet the domestic edible oil demand, and has put over 100,000 acres of land under oil palm in the Taninthayi Division to this date. Emerging together with the development in oil palm cultivation of the division is the national entrepreneurs’ tradition of adhering to the Government’s policy and responding to its goodwill. Vast oil palm farms of the national entrepreneurs are emerging along the Union Highway in the division. Thus, the division will have an abundant supply of edible oil and rice and also natural gas from offshore drilling plocks. Rubber and pepper plantations are also being extended in the division. The table has more.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

175

Development in the agriculture sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres River water pumping station -Task completed -Task to be carried out -Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Rubber acreage Oil palm acreage Progress in acreage of pepper Acreage of edible oil crop -Groundnut -Sesame -Sunflower -Niger

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre acre

536904 926194

937896 733145

400942 193049

1 1 257 257 3925

3 2 1 3475

-

acre 193317 basket 55.18 acre basket basket in thousand 10282 percent -

4 2 2 500 167 8773 12728 37201

2 1 increase in1 cultivable land 3200 4 2 2 500 167 8773 12471 33276

374558 65.35 30100 65.81

181241 10.17 30100 65.81

23747 100

13465 100

acre acre acre acre

88449 16878 54

6532 119353 164375 31987

6532 30904 147497 31933

acre acre acre acre

438 768 58 -

637 1349 102 95

199 581 44 95

176

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Oil palm plantation of Taninthayi Division

Livestock and Fisheries The Government has been distributing quality strains, feedstuff and medicines and disseminating techniques to develop the meat and fish sector of the division. Because of the inclusion of the animal disease prevention project in the drive to promote the sector, the division's current meat production has increased three times greater than that of the past. Coastal and deep-sea fishing industry of the region is also gaining progress with greater momentum. Please see the table to know the exact data.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

177

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cow - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck - Quail Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond Prawn breeding

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

94000 92000 10000 39000 640000 118000 19000 -

132000 135000 25000 126000 2954000 326000 26000 7000

38000 43000 15000 87000 2314000 208000 7000 7000

-

324.32 935.21

324.32 935.21

acre acre

Prawn export industry

Forest Conservation Concerning the forestry sector, the Head of State has given guidance, saying, “Failure to protect and conserve the natural resources will be followed by ill effects in the long run. Destruction of forest resources will lead to destruction of land and water resources. Thus, it is important for all of us to conserve and protect them for long-term interest, instead of viewing only the short-term interest.”

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In accord with the guidance, greater efforts are being made to conserve and protect the division’s forest resources for their everlasting existence. Over 2,000 square miles of wildlife parks have been set up in the region. The table shows the development of forest plantation and conservation in the division with the participation of the local people.

Development in the forestry sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation

-Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting Timber and timber products

Count sq/mile sq/mile sq/mile acre

acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million)

1988 4500 18.99 600 600 -

0.01 (kyat in million) 281.09

31-12-2005 Progress 4526.22 26.22 356.61 356.61 2234.38 2215.39 10365 9765 8390 7790 1825 1825 150 150 300 300 5.02 330.25

5.01 49.16

Road Transport Rakhine State and Taninthayi Division were called backward coastal regions in the past due to their geographical conditions. Both are thin stretches of land lying between the mountain ranges and the sea. Thus, they lacked development in the past. The Tatmadaw Government has been able to beautify and develop all regions whether their geographical conditions are of the same type or not. It is building roads and bridges in every region. The Government is like a gardener nurturing every plant in the garden to become beautiful with blossoming flowers. Thanks to a network of roads and bridges, the division now is easily reachable from other states and divisions. There is now easy access by road from Putao in the northern point of the Union to Kawthoung in Taninthayi Division at the southern tip. Dawei-Myeik-Thanithayi-Bokpyin-Kawthoung road has become an all-weather facility. The division now has over 740 miles of motor roads including over 436 miles of tarred roads. The present length of roads is 343 miles and two furlongs longer than that of the past. In addition to the Union Highway passing through the division, 14 over-180 bridges have emerged in it. Of them seven have been covered by special projects. The famous bridges in the division are: the 500-foot Winwa Bridge in Thayetchaung Township, the

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

179

500-foot Palauk Bridge and the 600-foot Palaw Bridge in Palaw Township, the 3,612foot Kywegu-Kyaukphya Bridge and the 810-foot Pathoung Bridge in Myeik Township, the 1,360-foot Taninthayi Bridge in Taninthayi Township, and 860-foot Lenya-Mandaing Bridge in Bokpyin Township. The railroad which ended in Ye in Mon State in the past has been extended to Dawei in the division that is 102.38 miles from Ye. Ye- Dawei railroad was launched in March 1998. Airports in Kawthoung and Myeik have been upgraded to become facilities that can handle landing and taking off of passenger jets. Four more wharves have been erected in the division. The division bordering Thailand in the east and touching the sea in the west is enjoying sound transport development. In future, the Asian highway and the ASEAN highway will pass through the region. The table stands witness to the transport development of the division during the time of the Tatmadaw Government.

Development in the transportation sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Railways -

miles of railroad

mile

-

87.47

87.47

-

miles of railtrack

mile

-

95.68

95.68

-

passenger

1X1000

-

35.5

35.5

mile

-

1894.4

1894.4

0.5

4.5

4

mile

-

186.9

186.9

station

-

20

20

field

4

6

2

- above 5000 ft runway airfiled

field

2

4

2

- under 5000 ft runway airfield

field

2

2

-

Jetty (Inland)

jetty

7

11

4

Extension of motor road

mile

397/0

740/2

343/2

-

tarred road

mile

213/0

436/1

223/1

-

gravel road

mile

5/0

205/4

200/4

-

hard road

mile

136/0

27/0

upgrading

-

earth road

mile

43/0

74/5

28/5

- passenger/mile -

Goods - Goods/mile

-

Station

Ton (1x1000)

Airways -Airfield

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Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject

Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - under construction** - Under 180 feet -completed bridge

Count

bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

1988

8 8 142 142

31-12-2005 Progress

15 14 1 203 203

7 6 1 61 61

*Seven above 180 feet bridges built under special project 1. Winwa Bridge (Thayetchaung) 5. Pathaung Bridge (Myeik) (Military engineering) 2. Palauk Bridge (Palaw) 6. Taninthayi Bridge (Taninthayi) 3. Palaw Bridge (Palaw) 7. Laynyamandaing Bridge (Bokpyin) 4. Kyweku-Kyaukpya Bridge( Myeik) **One bridge under construction 1. Heinne Bridge (Yepyu)

Communication Sector Taninthayi Division is prospering together with other sister states and divisions like a tree thriving in a garden called the Union. The table indicates the development of the communication sector of the division where the national brethren have been living in unity.

Development in the communication sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 Post office office 29 46 Telegraph office 9 20 Facsimile 28 Computer telegraph 3 Telephone -telephone office 6 85 -telephone line 530 5976 -exchange 6 23 -direct line 469 4980 -auto/manual phone 469 4926 -auto radio phone 54 -telephone density 1X1000 0.48 3.30 Microwave station 2 9 Rural telephone exchange 6 Email/Internet 2 Satellite station -DOMSAT VSAT 1 -iPSTAR 9 Line extension of auto telephone department under implementation 1. Myeik 2000 lines

Progress 17 11 28 3 79 5446 17 4511 4457 54 2.82 7 6 2 1 9

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

181

Electricity Although it is rich in land and water resources, Taninthayi Division was like an ordinary flower without any hue throughout the past eras, as there was no one to develop the region. It has started to shine since the Tatmadaw Government’s assumption of the State duties. Now it will add beauty to the Union. Up to 1988, the division had only 0.154megawatt Myitnge hydel power station. But after 1988, the Government built the 0.15megawatt Kattalu hydel power station and the 0.192-megawatt Yetagon Creek hydel power station in the division. Soon, the 600-megawatt Taninthayi River hydel power plant, the 25-megawatt Theinkhun Creek hydel power station and the 20-megawatt Thakyet Creek hydel power station will emerge in the division. The hydel power stations of the division will serve as the nation’s strength in the future. Table F will tell the reader more about the electricity sector development of the region.

Development in the electric power sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Electricity consumption Maximum power Extened generating of electricity - Completed hydel power plant* -Small (up to 1 megawatt) -Installed power Project under implementation** -Heavy( above 10 megawatt) - Installed power Other power plants -Recycling plant -Steam -Natural gas -Coal -Diesel-used plant Installed power -Installted power in the future *Completed hydel power plant 1. Myitnge (1988) 0.154 megawatt 2. Kattalu 0.150 megawatt 3. Yetagunchaung 0.192 megawatt

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

unit (in million) megawatt

3.502 4.567

6.616 8.718

3.114 4.151

plant plant megawatt project plant megawatt

1 1 0.154 -

3 3 0.496 3 3 645.000

2 2 0.342 3 3 645.000

plant plant plant plant plant megawatt megawatt

23 7.612 12.404

38 14.5 687.957

15 6.919 675.583

(small) (small) (small)

**Hydel power projects under implementation 1. Taninthayi 600 megawatt (heavy) 2. Thakyetchaung 20 megawatt (heavy) 3. Theinkunchaung 25 megawatt (heavy)

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Industry The industrial development pace of Taninthayi Division is gaining speed as the government encourages the efforts to realize the goal. Although there are just 19 enterprises in Myeik industrial zone, the investment has hit K 593.9 million, with a production value of over US$ 9 million and K 633.26 million. The number of factories related to marine resources, minerals, rubber and oil palm is likely to rise. Even now, the number of private factories has increased to 489 apart from existing 72 cottage industries and 12 Stateowned factories. The table shows industrial development of the division.

Development in the industrial sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 progress Upgrading of industrial power Industrial zones Industries Private industry -Cottage industry State-owned industry

plant plant plant

331 -

1 19 820 72 12

1 19 489 72 12

Mining and Mineral Resources Taninthayi Division also consists of Pale Yadana Myay or pearl land. After 1988, the production of pearls has increased by 105,470.57 momme as pearl centres are now seven in number. The production of tin and tungsten reached 447.29 metric tons. The discovering of coal reserve resulted in the production of 119,162.83 metric tons of coal. The sand used for making of glass was found, and such kind of sand was produced 9,734.38 metric tons. Energy In the time of the Tatmadaw government, all the states and divisions in the Union are developing to an extent that it is difficult to say whose progress is greater than whose. All the flowers are now blooming as a result of the goodwill of the gardener whose wishes are to enable all the flowers to be in full bloom. There have now emerged off-shore oil fields as if it seemed to be possible to create an aphorism that would go “Mottama is famous for Yadana, Taninthayi for Yetagon, and Rakhine Offshore for gold”. They are in fact the treasure bequeathed by ancestors to posterity. It will not be wrong to assume that these gas fields guarantee inexhaustible exploitation till many a generation to come. Encouraging are the development in energy in Taninthayi Division in the time of the Tatmadaw government. They are shown in the table.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

183

Development in the energy sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Oilfield (offshore) Length of gas pipeline - on shore - offshore (under water) - offshore (on ground) Crude oil production Natural gas production

Count

1988

field mile mile mile mile barrel cubic feet

-

31-12-2005 1 208.15 40.15 126.00 42.00 2792723 102293.85

progress 1 208.15 40.15 126.00 42.00 2792723 102293.85

Rig No- 1 of Yadana Oilfield lies offshore Taninthayi Coast

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Education For a nation, education is the best means of investment. With this end in view, the Tatmadaw government is taking measures to promote the level of education in Taninthayi Division. “The task for the establishment of a modern and developed nation that can face the challenges likely to arise in future is based on the development of human resources. After drawing up a special plan for promotion of national education, measures are being taken to develop human resources as well-rounded individuals essential for the country”, said Head of State Senior General Than Shwe at the Annual General Meeting of Union Solidarity and Development Association on 19-2-2002. Progress made in the past and the present in the education drive to ensure equal learning opportunity in Taninthayi Division can be seen in the table.

Myeik Degree College

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

185

Development in the education sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’education -Institute, school, education college -Number of teacher -Number of trainee School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Basic level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988 31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

962 21 47 894 3451 147070

1133 60 82 176 815 52 18 6380 257694

171 39 35 176 upgrading 52 18 3129 110624

school children

-

37 1100

college teacher trainee

1 -

1 50 1321

percent percent

67.97 80.18

96.21 98.6

28.24 18.4

percent percent

44.82 42.53

8.99 21.25

35.83 21.28

1 8 46 397 -

3 2 1 3 2 56 386 12035 2

2 2 1 3 2 48 340 11638 2

37 1100 upgrading 50 1321

186

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Science and Technology In the past, Yangon was the only place to pursue engineering. The same thing can be said of computer science. The number of students admitted to the then universities and institutes was limited. There were those whose dreams were broken for various reasons. Now, the doors to education are kept open to all in every favourable places. The government has helped the young in Taninthayi Division to enable them to have easy access to the branches of education like science and technology. They can be seen in the table.

Development in the science and technology sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College - Government Technological College (Dawei) - Number of courses - Government Technological College (Myeik) - Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current) -Computer Colleges - Government Computer College (Dawei) - Number of courses - Government Computer College (Myeik) -Number of courses - Number of teachers - Number of students (graduate) - Number of students (current)

Count college college course college course teacher student student college college course college course teacher student student

1988 31-12-2005 Progress -

2 1 7 1 7 90 530 384 2 1 5 1 4 35 802 467

2 1 7 1 7 90 530 384 2 1 5 1 4 35 802 467

Health In this age, health has been given top priority. Hospitals are being built and upgraded across the country to carry out health care on an extensive scale. A new 200-bed hospital was built in the region, and the 100-bed hospital upgraded into the 200-bed one. Moreover, three 50-bed hospitals were also opened there, alongside nine station hospitals and two rural health centres. Another 121 specialists and assistant doctors were employed there. Now, the region has 952 medical staff, up from 503 in the past. A traditional medicine hospital was also opened there to give treatment with traditional medicines. Now, the traditional medicine dispensaries are eight in number. Apart from the existing midwifery school, a nursing

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

187

school was also constructed with the aim of producing more nurses within the region. Efforts are under way to bring about economic growth and social advancement in the region. The figures related to the health sector of the region are stated in the table.

Development in the health sector of Tanithayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of hospital Specialist hospital Teaching hospital - 300-bed - 200-bed - 150-bed - 100-bed - 50-bed - 25-bed -16-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Supervisor 1,2 Traditional medicine -Tradiditional medicine hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School -Midwifery school

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital centre centre centre centre team staff doctor nurse staff midwife labour assistant assistant assistant supervisor

22 2 1 11 8 57 39 12 1 5 503 75 83 41 239 9 32 24

29 2 1 3 1 5 17 59 41 12 1 5 970 196 316 45 266 23 4 10 50 55

7 2 -(1) 3 -(6) 9 2 2 467 121 233 4 27 14 4 10 18 21

4 1 1

1 8 2 1 1

1 4 1 1 -

hospital clinic school school school

188

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

200-bed specialist hospital in Myeik

Development Affairs With the growing economic and social infrastructures, Taninthayi Division has become a developed region. The gradual development of the living standard of local people can be seen in the table.

Development in the development affairs sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Urban development -Urban roads

mile

110/3

258/7

148/4

-Tarred road

mile

34/0

160/7

126/7

-Gravelled road

mile

22/1

46/4

24/3

- Granite road

mile

28/0

-

-Earth road

mile

26/2

51/4

upgrading 25/2

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

189

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-Urban bridge

bridge

-

712

712

- concrete

bridge

-

516

516

- wood

bridge

-

187

187

- other

bridge

-

9

9

Township where tasks to be carried out

town

10

3

7

Completed work

work

-

7

7

-Rural roads

mile

104/5

720/1

615/4

- Tarred road

mile

22/0

355/0

333/0

-Gravelled road

mile

-

181/2

181/2

-Granite road

mile

17/5

1/3

-Earth road

mile

65/0

182/4

117/4

-Urban water supply tasks

Rural Development

upgrading

-Rural bridge

bridge

-

228

228

-concrete

bridge

-

48

48

-wood

bridge

-

157

157

-other

bridge

-

23

23

village

672

422

250

-Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work

work

-

298

298

-Rural housing

house

-

14

14

Development of Border Areas and National Races The sustainable development of the whole Union is directly proportionate to regional stability. In this age, the prospect of development has no longer been concerned with the geographical remoteness of a particular area. It is the rule of law and order as well as regional stability that can bring with it prosperity. The government wants every region to enjoy equitable development. Therefore, it is working hard to leave a good legacy behind, a peaceful, tranquil, and developed nation. The Tatmadaw government has thus added Taninthayi Division to the zones covered in the development project. In the table are the endeavours the Tatmadaw government has made in Taninthayi Division.

190

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Development regions

region

-

1

1

- Taninthayi region

region

-

1

1

-Earthern road

mile

-

251/2

251/2

-Gravelled road

mile

-

105/2

105/2

-Tarred road

mile

-

38/5

38/5

-Road maintenance

mile

-

14/4

14/4

bridge

-

8/7

8/7

-Clinic

clinic

-

2

2

-Rural health centre

centre

-

9

9

-Primary school

school

-

28

28

-Middle school

school

-

1

1

-Highschool

school

-

4

4

-Teacher

teacher

-

152

152

-Student

student

-

4827

4827

camp

-

1

1

generator

-

2

2

-

1

1

station

-

7

7

Expendit ure

kyat (in million)

-

2956.09

2956.09

-Funds of PBANRDA

kyat (in million)

-

582.75

582.75

-Funds of ministries

kyat (in million)

-

2521.79

2521.79

Road and bridge

-Bridge (large, small) Health care service

Education

Agriculture -Agriculture camp Energy -Generator -Towns/village Public relations -TV retransmission station

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

191

Taninthayi Bridge in Taninthayi region

Information and Public Relations “Only the efforts made not with inapplicable wishes but with the genuine goodwill that came out from the bottom of the heart will receive the return of same thing from the public”, the Head of State gave guidance. In line with the guidance, steps are being taken to promote the information sector of Taninthayi Division in the march towards a consolidated new nation. The table shows measures being taken for regional development.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Taninthayi Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library

Count station office library library library library

1988 2 -

31-12-2005 11 16 16 1 1076 2

progress 11 16 14 1 1076 2

192

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

193

194

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Bago Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity The nation-building task is a non-stop endeavour that should be handed down from one generation to another and should be implemented with all-out efforts. For a developing country like Myanmar, it is a colossal task covering every sector and corner of the nation. The entire Myanmar community needs unity. In the same manner, the entire Union needs peace and stability, a strong national force, sound economic foundations in every sector, and assistance to enhance economic and social power. There was also the most dire need of all the needs the nation was facing in 1988. During the time, the colonialist wolves were waiting for an opportunity to break up the Union into pieces, and the opportunists were ready to move in to exploit the nation. In the minds of the entire national people was none other than the Tatmadaw which constantly stood by them in times of emergency, and that was its fine historic tradition. Hence, the Tatmadaw had to take over the State duties since then to attend to the many needs of the people in discharging the historic duty. At the Special Meeting of the Union Solidarity and Development Association held on 19 February 2002, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “It is not for nothing that we are now in the present position in the country. We are working day and night as best we could for the emergence of a peaceful, modern, developed nation. It can be achieved not by words but by practical deeds. We are fully aware that there can be difficulties and obstacles ahead. There are a lot of disturbances from inside and outside the country. Against all the odds, we are working because of our love of the nation. If there are no disturbances and obstacles, the pace and development of the nation will be quicker and so will the work to build a democratic nation.’’ It is just 16 years since the Government has started the national development drive. But within a short span of time, the nation can stand tall, achieving success after success in various sectors, and all the states and divisions are playing their own role in the march towards golden land in unity and amity. On 5 February 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance on development tasks in Mawlamyine, saying, “The Government has been providing assistance for progress of all the regions of the Union. Economic development in all the states and divisions will lead to developing the national economy. Ardent efforts for regional and national development are a must.’’

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

195

“All the states and divisions are in the process of developing themselves more and more. Only if the individuals strive to develop themselves and their own communities, will the nation be able to continue its development drive well. As the onus is on the present generation for the betterment of the new generations, all must be dutiful.” The whole Union is invigorated with new energy thanks to the encouragement given to shine all the regions. And it is the sincere efforts of the Tatmadaw Government that have beautified and developed Bago Division where large stretches of paddy fields and a number of magnificent bridges have emerged. Now, I will present the situation of the past and present of Bago Division.

Bago Division Lying in the south portion of the central plains of Myanmar, Bago Division is sharing a common land border with Magway and Mandalay Divisions in the north, Kayin and Mon states in the east, Yangon Division in the south and Rakhine State and Ayeyawady Division in the west. The 24,793-square-mile region is home to Kayin, Bamar, Mon, Chin, Rakhine, Shan and Pa-O national races living in unity since yore. A union within the Union, its population is 5,555,000 and its population density is 224 persons per square mile. Except Bago Yoma, a mountain range, running from north to south in the central part of the division, its eastern and western regions are plains. Ayeyawady River flows in the western part, and Sittoung and Bago rivers in the east.

Zaungtu Dam in Bago Township

196

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Agriculture With innovative efforts, the Government has been adding value to land and water resources. It is building regulating dams to prevent floods, and reservoirs to irrigate crops. It is developing the division to become a reliable agricultural region of the nation. Of the 3.1 million acres of crops fields of the division, 40 dams and 55 waterworks are irrigating 1.5 million acres. Up to this day, the nation has built Natmaw Dam, irrigating 8,000 acres of land, and Shwedaung Dam, irrigating 1,200 acres of land, in Shwedaung Township, Singuchaung-gaung Dam, irrigating 1,500 acres of land, in Okpo Township, Taungmauk and Kyeepin dams in Padaung Township, two dams by the same name ‘South Nawin Dam’ irrigating 67,000 acres of land, in Paukkhaung Township, Minye Dam, irrigating 2,000 acres of land, and Sittoung Dam, irrigating 7,000 acres of land, in Ottwin Township, Mataungta Dam, irrigating 10,520 acres of land, in Pyay Township, Seikphutaung and Kanni dams, each irrigating 2,000 acres of land, in Toungoo Township, Yebo Dam, irrigating 2,000 acres of land, and Taungnyo Dam, irrigating 50,000 acres of land, in Nattalin Township, Zalathtaw Dam, irrigating 2,000 acres of land, Mazin Dam, irrigating 6,500 acres of land, Shwepyi 3 Dam, irrigating 1,250 acres of land, Zaungtu Dam, irrigating 36,250 acres of land, and Pathi Dam, irrigating 4,000 acres of land, in Bago Township, Ngamwechaung Dam, irrigating 500 acres of land, in Phyu Township, Bawni Dam, irrigating 6,000 acres of land, in DaikU Township, Weigyi Dam, irrigating 45,000 acres of land, in Paungde Township, Maungkaing Dam, irrigating 3,000 acres of land, in Pandaung Township, Kangyigon Dam, irrigating 1,400 acres of land, in Pyay Township, Thedaw Dam, irrigating 12,000 acres of land, Letpadan Township, Shangaing Dam, irrigating 25,000 acres of land, in Waw Township, Hswachaung Dam, irrigating 35,000 acres of land, in Yedashe Township, Thonze Dam, irrigating 50,000 acres of land, in Thayawady Township, Paingkyone Dam, irrigating 30,000 acres of land, in Kawa Township, Bawbin Dam, irrigating 30,000 acres of land, in Gyobingauk Township, Kantinbilin Dam, irrigating 25,000 acres of land, in Minhla Township, Kawliya Dam, irrigating 24,500 acres of land, in DaikU Township, Tawa Dam, irrigating 32,000 acres of land, in Thanatpin Township, Alaingni Dam, irrigating 10,000 acres of land, in Bago Township, Gamon and Minhla dams, each irrigating 15,000 acres of land, in Okpo, Chaungmagyi (Myohla) Dam, irrigating 3,000 acres of land, in Yedashe Township, Shwehla Dam, irrigating 35,000 acres of land, in Kawa Township, and Khawa Dam, irrigating 2,000 acres of land, in Padaung Township. Fifty-five river water pumping stations, 12,063 small dams and 7,093 tube-wells have also been built in the division. The irrigation facilities have doubled the double-cropping of paddy to over 1.5 million acres. The division has put 550,00 acres of land under monsoon paddy and 175,000 acres of land under summer paddy. The division is producing food more than twice the amount of local consumption. It is distributing half the amount of its rice production to other regions. Beans and pulses cultivation is showing encouraging signs. The division is cultivating about 1.3 million acres of beans and pulses, over 300,000 acres of edible oil crops, and nearly 50,000 acres of rubber, which has ready markets abroad. But the prospering Bago Division and its energetic people are not content with the present developments. The land has natural resources, manpower and bright prospects. The Tatmadaw Government has been helping people get available land and water resources ready for use. Yenwe Dam, which will irrigate 118,500 acres of crops, in Kyauktaga Township, Pyuchaung Dam, which will irrigate 120,000 acres of crops, in Pyu Township, Khaboung Dam, which will irrigate 135,000 acres of crops, in Ottwin Township, and Moeyungyi Dam, which will irrigate 40,000 acres of crops, in Waw Township are under construction at present. The table shows the developing agricultural sector of the division.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

197

Development in the agriculture sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres River water pumping station -Task completed -Task under implementation -Task to be carried out -Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Tubewells -Benefited acre Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Cotton acreage Sugarcane acreage Jute acreage Maize acreage Rubber acreage Progress in acreage of pepper Coffee Progress in acreage of edible oil crop -Groundnut -Sesame -Sunflower -Mustard -Niger

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre acre

2825165 634893

3098578 319576

273413 (-)315317

-

96 890748 890748 622253

140 136 4 1931218 87 55 1 31 101532 1206 34665 709 8329 2075744 1510911

44 40 4 1140470 87 55 1 31 101532 1206 34665 709 8329 1184996 888658

acre basket acre basket basket in thousand percent

2019562 65.43 -

2560135 69.52 175500 80.04

540573 4.09 175500 80.04

131181 -

196455 211

65274 211

acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

272786 15527 45407 11167 -

1285822 33975 65099 13585 5342 49872 405 1282

1013036 18448 19692 13585 5342 38705 405 1282

acre acre acre acre acre

204 3869

145498 161526 56748 645 3932

145498 161526 56748 441 54

Dams under construction 1. Yenwe 118500 acres (Kyauktaga) 2. Pyuchaung 120000 acres (Pyu)

3.Kabaung 135000 acres (Ottwin) 4. Moeywingyi 40000 acres (Waw) Wakadok (Moeywingyi supporting)

198

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Swachaung Dam in Yedashe Township, Bago Division

Waigyi Dam in Paungde Township, Bago Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

199

Livestock and Fisheries Once, the Head of State gave guidance, saying, “All will have to pay special attention to development of other economic sectors in harmony with the agricultural development. As the Government is running the agricultural and livestock breeding industry, assistance should also be provided for the private sector to participate in it.” In accord with the guidance, the division is developing its fish and meat sector. It is raising over seven million heads of buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, duck and chicken and extending fish and prawn farms. The table stands witness to the progress of the livestock and fisheries sector of the division.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

198000

262000

64000

1058000 1289000

231000

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cow - Sheep/goat

17000

37000

20000

365000

524000

159000

- Chicken

5277000 10930000

5653000

- Duck

1757000

2820000

1063000

68000

104000

35000

2520.94 24056.09

21535.15

- Pig

- Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

- Fingerlings distribution - Production

1X100000

10.02

485.13

675.11

- Fish release

1X100000

2.15

352.35

350.20

- Sale

1X100000

7.52

332.78

325.26

Fingerlings released into Ayeyawady river

1X100000

-

101.50

101.50

Forest conservation Land, water and climate are the nation’s basic natural resources. In accord with the guidance, which said, “We must conserve and protect our forests as their destruction will damage the soil and water that will cause adverse changes in the climate”, the division is conserving and protecting forests and establishing forest plantations.

200

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Local people are also conserving and protecting forests and planting trees in their communities. The table indicates the development of the division's forestry sector.

Development in the forestry sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved forest

sq/mile

5180

5272

92

Protected public forest

sq/mile

-

573

573

Natural land area

sq/mile

-

40

40

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

24900

316093

291193

-Teak special plantation

acre

-

63000

63000

-Commercial plantation

acre

18960

145673

126713

-Village firewood

acre

1150

34810

33660

-Industrial plantation

acre

4790

32640

27850

-Watershed plantation

acre

-

30970

30970

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

5150

5150

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.50

18.89

18.39

(in Million) Bago mountain range greening works -Firewood plantation

acre

-

90

90

-Watershed plantation

acre

-

1600

1600

-Thitseint plantation

acre

-

200

200

-Natural forest conservation

acre

-

2000

2000

-Stove

-

1200

1200

-Briquette

-

200000

200000

-

350

350

1961

3476.49

1515.49

Firewood substitute fuel

-Recycling of agricultural waste -Timber and timber products

ton kyat in million

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

201

Road and Transport Although it is a central region, Bago Division lacked wide and smooth roads till 1988. The 354-mile six-lane Yangon-Mandalay Highway Project covers Bago Division as the highway passes through the region. The Government has upgraded the Yangon-Pyay-Magway road, Phayagyi-Thaton road and Pyay-Aunglan road, and expanded the Letpadan-Hinthada road and Pyay-PaukkhaungToungoo road. Preparations have now started to lay the Asian, ASEAN and transnational highways that will pass through the division in the future. In addition to Ayeyawady and Sittoung rivers, other creeks and small rivers are also flowing in the region. Thus, a number of bridges large and small are being built in the division. The Nawade Bridge in Pyay is the first Ayeyawady River bridge built by the Tatmadaw Government. Located on Pyay-Sinde road, the 4,183-foot facility was commissioned into service in 1997. The government used K 833.17 million and US $ 8.685 million to build the facility that is now helping develop the west bank of the Ayeyawady. Nawade Bridge spanning Ayeyawady River was constructed in Bago Division. Likewise, the 1500-foot-long Sittoung Bridge spanning Sittoung River was also constructed to link the region with Nyaunglebin, Shwegyin, and Madauk. A total of 16 bridges with the length of 180 feet and above, including Nawade and Sittoung Bridges, were opened in the region in the time of the Tatmadaw government. There also emerged in the region such bridges as Myitmakha Bridge which is 1,520 feet long on Letpadan-Hinthada Road in Letpadan Township, Khabaung Bridge on YangonMandalay Highway in Taungoo Township, Kadokchaung and Kawliya Bridges in DaikU Township, Pyu Creek Bridge in Pyu Township, Yenwe Creek Bridge, Baingda Bridge and Kwinchaung Bridge in Nyaunglebin Township, Bago River-crossing Bridge in Bago Township, Wetpok Bridge on Yangon-Pyay Road in Thegon Township, and Thaikchaung Bridge and Bamaung Bridge on Pyay-Paukkhaung-Taungoo Road in Paukkhaung Township. Kawa bridge which is 400 feet in length is being constructed across Bago River in Kawa Township. Arrangements are under way to build Sittoung bridge (Natthankwin) on Penwegon-Kyaukkyi Road and another Bago river-crossing bridge in the region. The emergence of a network of roads and bridges in the region will strengthen the Union in other way. Like motor roads, railroads are also being constructed and upgraded in the region. Now, the east Bago Yoma has been linked with the west Bago Yoma by railroad. A railroad linking Pyay, Aunglan, Taungdwingyi, Kyaukpadaung, Bagan and Myingyan was also constructed. Therefore, its surrounding areas will soon boom in trade. The new railroads constructed in Bago Division are shown in the table.

202

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the transportation sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Railways -

miles of railroad

mile

354.84

-

miles of railtrack

mile

754.35

772.23

17.88

-

passenger

1X1000

5024.0

5356.5

332.5

342796.0

352133.4

9377.4

87.4

136.8

49.4

10087.6

17259.7

7172.1

station

94

99

5

field

2

3

1

- above 5000 ft runway airfiled

field

1

2

1

- under 5000 ft runway airfield

field

1

1

-

Extension of motor road

mile

815/0

1065/7

250/7

-

tarred road

mile

707/0

747/7

40/7

-

gravel road

mile

24/0

65/3

41/3

-

hard road

mile

80/0

149/5

69/5

-

earth road

mile

4/0

103/0

99

bridge

36

56

20

- completed bridge

bridge

36

52

16

- under construction

bridge

-

1

1

- bridge to be built

bridge

-

3

3

- passenger/mile -

Goods - Goods/mile

-

Station

mile Ton (1x1000) mile

371.09

16.25

Airways -Airfield

Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet

Three above 180 feet bridges built under One bridge under construction special projects 1. Kawa bridge (Kawa) 1. Nawade bridge (Pyay) (Ayeyawady river crossing) Three bridges to be built 2. Khabaung bridge (Toungoo) 1. Sittoung bridge (Natthangwin) 3. Sittoung (Shwegyin-Madauk) 2. Bago bridge (Circular road) 3. Bago bridge (Urban road)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Nawaday Bridge (Pyay) in Pyay Township, Bago Division

With the length of 1500 feet, Sittoung Bridge(Shwegyin-Madauk) lies on Nyaunglebin-Madauk-Shwegyin Road

203

204

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications With socio-economic life enjoying a quantum leap throughout the country, steps are being taken to ensure a parallel development in the communication sector. “Communication and transport are central to economic growth. A better transport system should be carried out to boost economy”. They are the success achieved in the efforts to develop the communication and transport sector of Bago Division. In the table, figures are shown in comparison with the conditions in 1988 and those at the present.

Development in the communication sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone -telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet

Count office

1X1000

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

115 33 2 -

123 41 72 8

8 8 70 8

30 5497 30 3841 3841 1.37 11

102 27478 70 22587 22587 4.20 17

72 21981 40 18746 18746 2.83 6

-

32 3

32 3

Line extension of auto phone exchange department Local auto phone exhcange (under implementation) (under implementation) 1. Gyobinkauk 500 lines 1. Shwegyin 500 lines 2. Nattalin 500 lines 2. Thanatpin 500 lines 3. Paungde 500 lines Total 1000 lines 4. Zigon 500 lines Total 2000 lines DECT Telephone project first phase (under implementation) Bago (East) 1000 lines

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

205

Electricity The Union of Myanmar did not merely bear over 100 national races. She also bequeathed her offspring with hilly regions, mountain ranges, valleys, coasts, rivers and creeks, wetland, sea, and islands. ‘The eldest son is responsible to assume the duty of father’, so goes a Myanmar saying. Now, the Tatmadaw is assuming that duty and doing its best to preserve and better what has been left on its shoulders. Untapped energy is exploited and put into use. Thus, Zaungtu Hydel Power Project came into being in Bago Division. There was no hydel power station in the region till 1988. Power Grid and diesel-powered factories were then the reliable things. The Bago River is well-known because of Zaungtu multi-purpose project. And Zaungtu Dam can feed over 36,000 acres of farmland with irrigation water. It can also prevent the floods in Bago and its vicinity. It also generates 20 megawatts of electricity. Other hydel power projects like Zaungtu are under way to place them in service of national interests. They are Shwegyin (75 megawatts), Kun Creek (60 megawatts), Pyu Creek (40 megawatts), Khabaung (30 megawatts), and Yenwe (25 megawatts). They will produce 230 megawatts of electricity in total. Sandalwood cannot be found in every forest, just as ruby cannot be found in every mountain, so goes a saying. In the time of the Tatmadaw government, arrangements are being made to establish at least one hydel power in every state and division. Now, Bago Division is in the prospect of producing more electricity. The contrast of development between the past and the present in Bago Division can be seen in Table.

Zaungtu hydel power plant in Bago Division

206

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the electric power sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Installed power Extened generating of electricity - Completed hydel power plant -Heavy ( above 10 megawatt) -Installed power Project under implementation -Heavy( above 10 megawatt) - Installed power Other power plants -Recycling plant -Steam -Natural gas -Coal -Diesel-used plant -Installted power in the future

Count

1988

unit (in million) 196.829 megawatt 43.800 megawatt 55.665

31-12-2005

Progress

300.799 71.800 76.410

103.970 28.000 20.745

plant plant megawatt project plant megawatt

-

1 1 20.000 5 5 230.000

1 1 20.000 5 5 230.000

plant plant plant plant plant megawatt

1 21 55.665

1 1 16 306.410

1 national grid 250.745

Completed hydel power plant Completed natural gas-fired plant 1.Shwedaung 55.35 megawatt (heavy) 1. Zaungtu 20 megawatt (heavy) 1988 Hydel power project under implementation 1. Yenwe 25 megawatt (heavy) 2 Phyuchaung 40 megawatt (heavy) 3. Khabaung 30 megawatt (heavy) 4. Kunchaung 60 megawatt (heavy) 5. Shwegyin 75 megawatt (heavy)

Industry ‘Efforts are to be made to transform the country into an industry based on agriculture’. In line with the guideline, encouragement has been given to the industrial development in Bago Division. Nowadays, Pyay Industrial Zone in Bago Division has contained 166 enterprises with an investment of K 507.74 million. The zone’s production value has hit K 424.65 million. In the industrial sector, the involvement of the private sector is getting higher in ratio. With private-owned factories close to 3,000, the zone has 4,709 factories in total. The cottage industries are 484 in number while the State-owned factories are 106. Data are shown in the table.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

207

Development in the industrial sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of industrial power Industrial zones Industries Private industry -Cottage industry State-owned industry

Count

plant plant plant

1988 1729 -

31-12-2005

Progress

1 166 4709 484 106

1 166 2980 484 106

Metal Bearing Plant in Indagaw Industrial Zone in Bago Division

Mineral resources Bago Division can be said to be a gold mine in the golden land. In the past, there was only a gold mine in the region. But, the number has now increased to 11. In 1988, the region could produce just 9.52 troy-ounce of gold, but now it can produce 78.24 troyounce of gold. Asbestos was discovered and has been produced 326.87 metric ton.

208

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Energy Crude oil, also called black gold, can also be produced in Bago Division. Natural gas is being exploited on a greater scale at Pyay oil field. A pipeline with a length of 173.20 miles has also been laid to distribute natural gas. The natural gas will contribute much to the drive for the replacement of diesel or petrol cars with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) kits. Progress is shown in the table.

Development in the energy sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Oilfield (onshore) Pyay Length of gas pipeline Crude oil production Natural gas production

Count

1988

field mile barrel

3 119.50 -

cubic feet

A CNG Station

-

31-12-2005 1 173.2 76143 792.96

Progress completed 53.70 76143 792.96

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

209

Education The promotion of education is of vital importance for the lasting existence and stability of a race. Students are being nurtured to become educated persons who will serve the interests of the country in the future. As part of the efforts to ensure constant learning, there have been opened 578 primary schools, 119 middle schools, and 132 high schools in Bago Division. Two more arts and science universities and one more degree college were also opened there, given the vast area of the region. As a result, the number of students of basic education has reached nearly 800,000, while that of students of higher education has exceeded 60,000. It is therefore encouraging to see in the table the growing number of students in Bago Division.

Pyay University

210

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school

3706

4444

738

- High school

school

80

212

132

- Middle school

school

180

299

119

- Post primary school

school

-

578

578

- Primary school

school

3446

3358

- Multi media classroom

room

-

142

142

- e-learning centre

centre

-

48

48

Number of teacher

teacher

24155

27098

2943

Number of student

student

602756

793860

191104

school

-

275

275

children

-

3254

3254

-Education college

college

3

2

Transfer

-Number of teacher

teacher

52

76

24

-Number of trainee

trainee

600

2828

2228

School enrolement rate

percent

67.99

97.22

29.23

Adult literacy rate

percent

89.20

97.95

8.75

Basic education level - Number of school

upgrading

- Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers’education

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

211

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Basic level

percent

41.55

16.54

21.01

- middle level

percent

39.32

17.17

22.15

- University, college, degree college

2

5

3

- Arts and Science University

-

2

2

- Degree college

-

1

1

- College

2

2

-

e-learning centre

-

5

5

Wide area network

-

-

-

Number of WAN sites

-

7

7

16

116

100

Number of teacher

169

633

464

Number of student

1242

60734

59492

-

3

3

School dropout rate

Upgrading of higher education

Teaching programmes

Human Resource Development Centre

Science and Technology A technological university was opened in Pyay, which is a strategic place, in order to produce engineers and computer scientists. A technological college and a computer college were also constructed in Pyay and Toungoo. Now, they are nurturing educated youths. This being the case, technocrats capable of constructing simultaneously 100 bridges similar to Nawade Bridge in form and size will gain in number. The table shows progress at present and in 1988.

212

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the science and technology sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Institute of Technology

institute

-

1

1

Institute of Technology (Pyay)

institute

-

1

1

-Number of courses

course

-

3

3

-Number of teachers

teacher

-

19

19

-Number of students (graduate)

student

-

2261

2261

-Number of students (current)

student

-

1574

1574

Technological College

college

-

2

2

- Government Technological College (Toungoo)

college

-

1

1

course

4

7

3

- Government Technological College (Pyay)

college

-

1

1

-Number of courses

course

3

7

4

-Number of teachers

teacher

93

275

182

-Number of students (graduate)

student

1821

12096

10275

-Number of students (current)

student

-

3448

3448

-Computer Colleges

college

-

2

2

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

6

6

- Government Computer College (Pyay)

college

-

1

1

-Number of courses

course

-

6

6

-Number of teachers

teacher

-

38

38

-Number of students (graduate)

student

-

268

268

-Number of students (current)

student

-

904

904

- Number of courses

- Government Computer College (Toungoo)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

213

Health District-level hospitals are staffed with specialists who will give lectures on six specializations, and state- and division-level hospitals with specialists who will give lectures on 12 specializations to provide public health care on a greater scale. Now, Bago Division possesses two 200-bed hospitals, one 150-bed hospital, two 100bed hospitals, 17 25-bed hospitals, four 16-bed hospitals, and 52 station hospitals. The total number has seen an increase of 25 hospitals when compared with that of 1988. Besides 199 health centres, there also emerged another 16 health centres. The region also now has one traditional medicine hospital and 26 dispensaries. A total of 2,545 health staff including 399 specialists and assistant doctors have been employed in the region. In the past, the region had only two midwifery schools. Now, the region gets two more nursing schools. The table indicates progress in the health sector.

200- bed Specialist Hospital in Pyay, Bago Division

214

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

61

82

21

- 200-bed

hospital

-

2

2

- 150-bed

hospital

3

1

upgrading

- 100-bed

hospital

1

2

1

- 50-bedhospital

4

4

-

- 25-bedhospital

6

17

11

-16-bedhospital

14

4

upgrading

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

33

52

19

Health Centres

centre

183

199

16

- Rural Health Centre

centre

142

158

16

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

35

35

-

- School Health Team

team

5

5

-

Health Staff

staff

1758

2545

787

doctor

207

399

192

- Nursenurse

258

607

349

- Health staff

staff

160

176

16

midwife

869

1012

143

labour

14

25

11

- TSP Health Assistant

assistant

-

9

9

- Health Assistant-1

assistant

-

28

28

- Health Assistant

assistant

126

134

8

superviser

124

155

31

hospital

-

1

1

- Traditional medicine clinic

clinic

8

26

18

Training School

school

3

5

2

- Nurses Training School

school

-

2

2

-Midwifery school

school

3

3

-

- Doctor (Specialist/Assistant)

- Midwife - Skilled labour

- Superviser 1,2 Traditional Medicine -Tradiditional medicine hospital

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

215

Development Affairs Among the historic projects of the country are urban and rural development projects. Success has been achieved in these projects as a result of the combined efforts made by the government and the people. In the past, rural areas lagged behind in development. Even cities lacked urban characteristics. However in the time of the Tatmadaw government, there emerged roads linking one village and the other, one town and the other, and one district and the other. The table shows the achievements gained in the urbanization tasks being carried out in Bago Division.

Development in the development affairs sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-Urban roads

mile

333/7

597/1

263/3

-Tarred road

mile

157/7

220/4

62/5

-Gravelled road

mile

20/1

65/0

44/7

- Granite road

mile

0/7

137/4

136/5

-Earth road

mile

155/0

174/1

19/1

bridge

-

1446

1446

Township where tasks to be carried out

town

28

10

18

Completed work

work

2

18

16

mile

445/6

3024/2

- Tarred road

mile

46/6

67/0

20/2

-Gravelled road

mile

213/5

241/7

28/2

-Granite road

mile

91/2

542/3

451/1

-Earth road

mile

94/1

2173/0

2078/7

bridge

-

777

777

village

2675

1274

1401

-Completed work

work

-

2271

2271

-Rural housing

house

-

415

415

Urban development

-Urban bridge -Urban water supply tasks

Rural Development -Rural roads

-Rural bridge

2578/4

-Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out

216

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Information and Public Relations In accord with the guideline— to make the general public realize the policies and objectives of the State, the information sector is being implemented to enable it to take full shape. Efforts are being made for the extension of TV retransmission stations and the opening of libraries in all areas down to villages. The tasks being undertaken for the information sector of Bago Division are shown in the table.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Bago Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library

Count

1988

station office library library library library

2 9 -

Shwewartun Hotel, Bago Division

31-12-2005 4 31 31 18 1231 4

Progress 2 31 22 18 1231 4

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

217

218

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Magway Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity Thanks to the endeavours of the Myanmar national races, the country has the shining periods in her history. History has seen the emergence of the First Myanmar Empire in Bagan period, the Second Myanmar Empire in Toungoo period and the Third Myanmar Empire in Konboung period. All were powerful and strong empires, endowed with three strengths — the strength of unity, the economic strength and the military might. During the periods, the national races strictly adhered to the moral conduct and possessed strong national spirit. The people were able to ward off all the enemies of the nation coming from abroad or within the nation. The people also had the amazing strength to rebuild the nation whenever it had faced deterioration. The victories of the people throughout the history stand witness to the fact. At the conclusion of the Myanmar Affairs and International Studies course on 3 July 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “We can clearly know all the significant events of the nation and her main requirements if we study her past, observe her present-day events and foresee her future. If a citizen takes part in the task of attending to the nation’s needs in person, with constructive attitude, while knowing all the events occurred or are occurring in the country, we can say he is dutiful in discharging the national duty. Dutiful citizens with high conviction are the nation’s strength.” The nation has been achieving success after success, with the united strength of the Government, the Tatmadaw and the people, in entering a new age, with bright prospects. Since its assumption of the State duties, the Tatmadaw has been giving priority to building agricultural, transport and communication, education and health infrastructures required for the national modernization and development drive. As the country is witnessing infrastructure development in every sector, she is in the process of generating more electricity and producing extra oil to further raise her dignity. During his visit to Magway Division on 22 December 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance, saying, “The Government has been paying special attention to launching the national development drive for simultaneous development of Magway Division and all other states and divisions and the border areas and to narrow the gap between one region and another soonest. As as result, the nation has seen proportionate progress in all the regions.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

219

“The Government is launching the development drive covering all parts of the nation despite many difficulties it is facing. It is carrying out the task with the conviction of developing the nation and the race. “The developments are the result of united and cooperative efforts of the Government and the people. And the national developments stand witness to the fact that unity is success. The Government, the people and the Tatmadaw should continue to safeguard and build the nation with harmonious efforts.” Both the history and the present-day developments prove that unity is success. With its many developments resulting from the successful endeavours of the Government, the people and the Tatmadaw, Magway Division proudly declares that unity is strength.

Magway Division Located in the central part of the nation, Magway Division is sharing a common land border with Sagaing Division in the north, Mandalay Division in the east, Bago Division in the south, and Chin and Rakhine states in the west. The 17,306-square-mile division is home to various national races including Bamar, Chin, Rakhine, Kayin and Shan. As it has a population of 5,118,000, its population density is 296 persons per square mile. Ayeyawady River has formed large stretches of plains along its course in the division. Its other regions are mountainous. Over 3,000-foot high Ponnya range runs from north to south in the north-east sector. Minbu and Taungdwingyi plains are the largest in the division, where a number of creeks including the Yaw, the Salin, the Mone and the Mann are flowing.

Mone Creek Dam in Sedoktara Township, Magway Division

220

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Agriculture In the past, Magway Division and some of its surrounding areas were known as the arid region. Later they were called the dry region. The Tatmadaw Government has been developing Magway Division to help it enjoy prosperity and adequate amount of water supply for multi purposes. With goodwill, the Government has made efforts to ensure abundant supply of water for the division. It has beautified the division's landscape and built irrigation facilities for success of its agriculture. The phrase “a cluster of dams” is popular in the division after 1988. Three new dams in the division — the Kinbuntaung in Taungdwingyi Township, the Salepakhannge in Chauk Township, and the Duringabo in Aunglan Township — now irrigating 20,800 acres of land in 1991. The Government has been building more dams in the division including Bokchaung Dam in Myothit Township, Pwetha Dam in Aunglan Township, Theechauk Dam in Pauk Township and Myaingchaung Dam in Myaing Township in 1992, Gazunma Dam in Seikphyu Township and Taungkhayan Dam in Gangaw Township in 1993, Hsinchaung Dam in Yesagyo Township in 1994, Natmauk Diversion Dam and Natmauk Dam in Natmauk Township in 1995, Bangon Dam in Taungdwingyi Township in 1996, Yaw Creek Dam 2 in Pauk Township in 1997, Hsadan Dam in Myothit Township and Mann Creek Dam in Ngaphe Township in 1998, Ngamin Dam in Taungdwingyi Township in 1999, and South Yama Dam in Myaing Township in 2000. Kyetmauk and Leti dams in Myaing Township, Yanpe Dam in Taungdwingyi Township, Sunchaung and Palin dams in Myothit Township, Salin Dam in Salin Township, Naga Dam in Yenangyoung Township, Kyauktaga Dam in Natmauk Township and Bwetgyi Dam in Aunglan Township are also helping develop the agricultural sector of the division. Mone Creek Multipurpose Dam, commissioned into service on 29 December 2003, is the 33rd dam built by the Government. The facility is generating electricity and supplying cool and clean water for the division. As the dam is irrigating over 100,000 acres of crops year-round, the people of Magway are striving to double their crop production as they now have adequate amount of water supply which is the most important requirement for them. And there are more. The four dams under construction — one each in Pwintbyu, Kanma, Gangaw and Sedoktara townships — will irrigate over 22,000 acres of land, and Myakhetaung Dam and a series of weirs on Yaw Creek will come out soon to add irrigation capacity of the division. The facilities will bear fruits till posterity. Dams, waterworks and other water supply projects have helped increase sown acreage and per acre yield of the division. As farmers can grow rice in the region, its food production can now fulfil 71 per cent of local consumption, up from only 50 per cent in the past. Magway Division, renowned as the edible oil bowl of Myanmar, is extending cultivation of other crops. The table has more about the agricultural developments of the division coming out as another reliable region of the nation.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

221

Development in the agriculture sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

6315927

3593897

Land resource - Sown acreage

acre

2722030

- Virgin and vacant land

acre

432708

208685

12

52

40

12

45

33

- Task under implementation

-

2

2

- Task to be carried out

-

2

2

185885

501593

315708

River water pumping station

-

51

51

-Task completed

-

44

44

-Task under implementation

-

4

4

-Task to be carried out

-

2

2

-Benefited acres

-

99651

99651

Damming creek

-

17

17

- benefited acres

-

2019

2019

Tubewells

-

1294

1294

-Benefited acres

-

10543

10543

Total benefited acres

185885

607406

451521

Double cropping acreage

638127

1765721

1127594

304521

669339

364818

55.41

73.76

18.35

-

151623

151623

55.41

85.07

29.66

thousand

13328

53147

39819

percent

-

71

71

increase in cultivable land

Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain

-

- Task completed

- Benefited acres

Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage

acre

- per acre yield

basket

- Summer paddy

acre

- per acre yield

basket

- Total production

basket in

- Regional rice sufficiency

222

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Progress in acreage of beans and pulses

acre

367770

1719597

1351827

Cotton acreage

acre

95922

333313

237391

Sugarcane acreage

acre

489

16091

15602

Maize acreage

acre

70043

86155

16112

Progress in acreage of pepper

acre

-

714

714

Coffee

acre

-

259

259

-Groundnut

acre

314773

372468

57695

-Sesame

acre

1033374

1270467

237093

-Sunflower

acre

35387

493702

158315

-Mustard

acre

152

1516

1364

-Niger

acre

4007

24089

20082

Progress in acreage of edible oil crop

Dam projects under implementation 1 Pade 6400 acres 2. Kyeeon-Kyeewa (2X30) megawatt 3. Made 4000 acres 4. Myittha 12000 acres (2X15) megawatt 5. Buywa (2X30) megawatt

(Aunglan) (Pwintbyu) (Kanma) (Gangaw) (Sedoktara)

Dams to be built 1. Myaketaung dam 2. Yawchaung diversion weir

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

223

Livestock and Fisheries “Assistance will have to be provided to farmers to raise livestock as their income will increase only if they can run livestock farms in addition to the main job of cultivation.” It is one of the guidances the Head of State has given for national development. At present, the livestock and fisheries industry is helping raise the income of the local people. The division is now raising over 10.6 million heads of livestock, up from 13 million heads in the past. Fish farms have increased four times than that in the past. Paddy-plus-fish farming is gaining ground in the division. With the guidance of the Head of State, the division released over 47.5 million fries into Ayeyawady River to develop fishery business till the future generations.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

86000

100000

14000

1578000

1990000

412000

- Sheep/goat

383000

771000

388000

- Pig

279000

710000

431000

4841000

10011000

5170000

55000

109000

54000

8000

9000

1000

- Cow

- Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

101.20

420.53

319.33

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

1375

1375

1X100000

-

2.75

2,75

- Production

1X100000

-

369.27

369.27

- Fish released

1X100000

-

367.10

367.10

- Sale

1X100000

-

2.17

2.17

Fingerlings released into Ayeyawady river

1X100000

-

475.53

475.53

- Number - Fingerlings distribution

224

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Forest Conservation There is a saying, which goes, “A large and thriving tree can house 10,000 birds.” So the one who destroys a forest while exploiting it is like a person who destroys his own race. The Tatmadaw Government has been striving to conserve and extend forests and increase the number of wildlife in the nation. Concerning the matter, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe has given the following guidance: “As the Nine-District Greening Project is a special project, it cannot be implemented with ordinary efforts. Serious attention and energetic efforts are needed. We will not lose our precious resources only if we see the project as a national task. Otherwise, the land will become uninhabitable in 50 years. In this context, the Government will implement the project without fail for the people to enjoy its benefits till posterity.” In the past, Magway Division could be called a dry region receiving less amount of rain annually because of the mountain ranges barring the monsoon winds to reach it. Now the division is covered by the Thirteen-District Greening Project. The Tables show the development of the division's regional greening project due to the harmonious progress of the forestry sector and the fish and meat sector.

Tree planting in rural areas

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

225

Development in the forestry sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation -Teak special plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Industrial plantation -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantations Mass tree planting Establishment of plantations -Firewood plantation -Watershed plantation -Mountain range plantation -Other -Research plantation -Other -Thitseint plantation -Natural forest conservation Firewood substitute fuel -Stove -Briquette -Recycling of agricultural waste Water supply tasks -Pond -Dam -Tubewell Bago mountain range greening work -Establishment of plantation - Firewood plantation - Watershed plantation - Other - Thitseint plantation - Natural forest conservation

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

sq/mile sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million) acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

3880 215.10 6338 3438 600 2300 -

3940 371 215.15 199260 27000 47720 50015 18100 62525 1500

60 371 0.05 192922 27000 44282 49415 15800 62525 1500

0.57 -

45.98 100135 51790 29800 7325 9660 160 9660 1400 523431

45.41 100135 51790 29800 7325 9660 160 9660 1400 523431

ton

-

194308 33207 113728

194308 33207 113728

pond dam well

-

510 297 26

510 297 26

acre acre acre acre acre acre

-

4550 25 4075 350 100 20500

4550 25 4075 350 100 20500

226

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Road and Transport Sector Water flows from higher ground to lower place. The efforts of the people of the Union have reached all the backward places of the nation including those in Magway Division. The Government has built many bridges in the division. Although it is located in the central part of the nation, only some areas have good transport. Even the regions of the division lying on the eastern bank of Ayeyawady Division had few roads in the past. For the west bank the matter of good transport was out of the question. The Government has built the 97-mile-seven furlong Pakokku-Pauk-Kyaukhtu-Mindat road and the 112-mile-seven-furlong Seikphyu-Saw-Kyaukhtu-Mindat road both reaching Chin State, the 140-mile Pakokku-Pauk-Htilin-Gangaw road in the division, the 28mile Taungdwingyi-Myothit-Natmauk road, the 62-mile-four-furlong Magway-NatmaukPyawbwe road reaching Mandalay Division. It has also upgraded the MagwayTaungdwingyi-Kyaukpadaung-Meiktila road. The division now has1789miles of roads including 986 miles and six furlongs of tarred roads. In the past, Innwa Bridge was the only bridge on Ayeyawady River. Now it has sister bridges — the Bala Min Htin in Myitkyina, the Nawade in Pyay, the Anawrahta in Chauk, and the Ayeyawady Bridge (Magway) in Magway. Of the 14 over 180-foot bridges built by the Government in Magway Division, four are covered by special projects. They are: the 300-foot Launggat Creek Bridge on KaleGangaw road in Gangaw Township and the 500-foot Shwechaung Bridge on PatheinMonywa road in Ahtet Minhla Township, and the two Ayeyawady River bridges — the 5,192-foot Anawrahta Bridge on Chauk-Seikphyu road in Chauk and the 8,989-foot Ayeyawady Bridge (Magway) in Magway. Now, on Pathein-Monywa Road in Sagu Township is Mann Creek Bridge; KaleGangaw Road in Gangaw Township, Tawwin Bridge; Pauk-Kyaukhtu Road in Kyaukhtu Township, Natho Bridge; Gangaw-Haka Road, Myittha Bridge; Seikbyu-Kandwin-Pakokku Road in Seikbyu Township, Yaw Creek Bridge; Minhla-Kani-Minbu-Salin-Tanyaung Road in Minbu Township, Nwetame Bridge; Salin-Pwintbyu Road in Pwintbyu Townshi; and Mone Creek Bridge. Bwetkyi Bridge (Aunglan) and Mone Creek Bridge (Pwintbyu) are under construction. Pauk Bridge-1 (Ohndaw), Pauk Bridge-2 (Yaypya) and Daungnay Creek Bridge projects will be implemented soon. The bridges in Magway Division are contributing towards regional development. The regions on the west bank of Ayeyawady River that lagged behind in development will be able to stay in touch with the regions on the east bank of the river before long.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

227

In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, a railroad linking Magway Division and the western regions came into being. It is 146-mile-long ChaungU-Pakokku-Gangaw-Kale railroad section. Soon, the extension of the railroad will be completed from ChaungU to Kyaw, then from Kale to Yaymyetni, and then to the scheduled region. The facility has prospects to be extended from Kale to Tamu then to the border of Myanmar and India. In the past, there were small airports in Magway, Gangaw, Saw, Htilin, Lanywa, Pauk and Sedoktara in Magway Division. The government opened Magway Airport on 6-62003, Kyaukhtu Airport on 10-7-2004 and Pakokku Airport on 5-9-2004, and jets can use them. All the States and Divisions have witnessed dramatic development in a short time. The table shows the progress of the transport sector of Magway Division.

Ayeyawady Bridge (Magway) in Magway Township

228

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the transportation sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways - miles of railroad - miles of railtrack - passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield

Count mile mile 1X1000 mile Ton (1x1000) mile station field field field

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

94.42 99.60 1916.8 142274.3 22.8 2808 21

429.58 456.75 2043.7 146149.8 53.9 9689.5 102

335.16 357.15 126.9 3875.5 31.1 6881.5 81

9 9

12 3 9

3 3 -

The inauguration of Kyaukhtu Airport in Hsaw Township, Magway Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

229

Development in the transportation sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Extension of motor road

mile

1308/0

1789/0

481

-

tarred road

mile

503/0

986/0

483/0

-

gravel road

mile

95/0

234/6

139/6

-

hard road

mile

543/0

374/5

upgrading

-

earth road

mile

167/0

193/5

upgrading

bridge

20

39

19

- completed bridge

bridge

20

34

14

- bridge under construction

bridge

-

2

2

- bridge to constructed

bridge

-

1

1

- under 180 feet

bridge

324

413

89

- completed bridge

bridge

324

413

89

Bridge - Public Works - above 180 feet

Three new above 5000 ft runway airfields 1. Magway 2. Kyaukhtu 3. Pakokku Four completed above 180 feet bridges 1. Anawrahta Bridge(Chauk) (across Ayeyawady river) 2. Launggat Bridge (Gangaw) 3. Ayeyawady Bridge (Magway) (across Ayeyawady river) 4. Shwe Chaung Bridge (Ahtet Minhla) 5. Bwetgyi Bridge (Aunglan) 6. Monechaung Bridge (Pwintbyu)

Three bridges to be constructed 1. Pauk Bridge(1) (Ohndaw) 2. Pauk Bridge(2) (Yepya) 3.DaungNayChaung Bridge

230

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications The region has also achieved cumulative development in the communication sector. The table indicates the progress of its communication sector.

Development in the communication sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

132

148

16

29

34

5

Facsimile

-

55

55

Computer telegraph

-

9

9

23

75

52

3400

18462

15062

23

60

37

-direct line

2579

16990

14411

-auto/manual phone

2579

16582

14003

-

408

408

-telephone density

0.90

3.28

2.28

Microwave station

7

31

24

Rural telephone

-

15

15

exchange

-

17

17

E-mail/Internet

-

14

14

-DOMSAT

-

-

-

-VSAT

-

1

1

-iPSTAR

-

3

3

Post office

Count office

Telegraph office

Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange

-DECT phone

Satellite station

Auto exchange project under planning 1. Myaing Telephone line (500) 2. Gangaw Telephone line (500) Total Telephone line (1000)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

231

Electric Power The government is also taking measures for further development of the region through the electric power sector. It implemented the Mone Creek Multi-purpose Dam Project. The table depicts the progress of the electric power sector.

Monechaung (Mone Creek) hydel power plant

232

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the electric power sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

unit (in million) 317.898

527.457

209.559

Maximum power

megawatt

63.850

89.420

25.570

Current installed power

megawatt

112.065

179.083

67.018

Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed

plant

-

1

1

-Heavy ( above 10 megawatt)

plant

-

1

1

megawatt

-

75.000

75.000

plant

-

2

2

-Reclying power plant

plant

-

-

-

-Steam engine plant

plant

-

-

-

-Natural gas-powered plant

plant

3

3

-

-Coal-fired

plant

-

-

-

-Diesel-used plant

plant

45

26

Installed power - Project under implementation Other power plants

Hydel power plant completed 1. Monechaung 75.000 megawatt (large) (1988) Natural gas-powered plant completed 1. Kyunchaung 54.3000 megawatt (large) (1988) 2. Mann 36.900 megawatt (large) (1988) 3. Chauk 15.260 megawatt (large) (1988)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

233

Industry The national development absolutely relies on national unity. With speedy construction tasks, the nation is now on the path to development. And with the achievement in the electric power and energy sectors, the region has prospects for industrial development. The government organized industries and enterprises into Yenan-gyoung and Pakokku Industrial Zones. The former is made up of 82 enterprises with a total investment of K 118.25 million and an annual turnover of more than K 170 million. The latter comprises 247 enterprises with a total investment of K 477.06 million and an annual turnover of nearly K 550 million. The number of private factories has increased to 2,115. The region has got 168 cottage industries in total along with 64 State-run factories. The table reflects the region’s industrial progress.

Development in the industrial sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

progress

Upgrading of industrial power - Industrial zones

zone

-

2

2

industry

-

329

329

-Private industry

plant

932

2115

1183

-Cottage industry

plant

-

168

168

State-owned industry

plant

38

64

26

- Industries

Mining and Minerals After 1988, the region has been able to explore a coal deposit and a limestone deposit. So far, the region has produced 1,407.37 metric tons of coal and 35,094.80 metric tons of industrial limestone. Efforts are now being made for extended exploration of mineral deposits in the region.

Energy The government has upgraded the 10 oilfields and discovered three more oilfields. They are Ayadaw, Chauk, Lanywa, Yenan-gyoung, Mann, Yaynanma, Htauksharpin, Kanni, Petpe, Kyaukkhwet, Letpanto, Thagyidaung and Sabei oilfields. The table represents the progress of the energy sector of the region.

234

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the energy sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Oilfield (onshore)

field

10

13

3

Length of gas pipeline

mile

52.30

348.52

296.22

Crude oil production

barrel

-

3027292

3027292

cubic feet

-

33510.47

33510.47

plant

6

7

1

refinery

2

2

-

CNG

1

2

1

Natural gas production Plants - refinery - CNG

Well No-1 in Thagyitaung oil and gas field in Pauk Township, Pakokku District, Magway Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

235

Education The government is upgrading Magway to the capital of the central Myanmar and Pakokku to the capital of the regions on west bank of the Ayeyawady River. Magway Division has become famous for its better education standard. The Ministry of Education has opened 549 basic education schools with 7085 teachers. More than 600,000 students go to these education facilities. It has also opened two arts and science universities, a degree college and two education colleges. The number of higher education students has risen to nearly 60,000, up from 3,488 in the past. In addition, it has established the Institute of Agriculture, the Cooperative Training School and the Youths Development Training Centre. The table shows progress of the education sector.

Magway University

236

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school

3394

3943

549

- High school

school

53

180

127

- Middle school

school

148

272

124

- Post primary school

school

-

696

298

- Primary school

school

3193

2795

upgrading

- Multi-media classroom

room

-

100

100

- e-learning centre

centre

-

40

40

Number of teacher

teacher

15661

22746

7085

Number of student

student

471132

633396

162264

school

-

119

119

children

-

1907

1907

- Education college

college

1

2

1

- Number of teacher

teacher

28

91

63

- Number of trainees

trainees

114

3286

3127

School enrolment rate

percent

65.77

97.25

31.48

Adult literacy rate

percent

85.88

95.1

9.2

- Basic level

percent

43.6

6.73

36.87

- middle level

percent

39.18

7.32

31.86

- University, college, degree college

3

5

2

- University

-

2

2

Basic education level - Number of school

- Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teachers education

School dropout rate

Upgrading of higher education

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject - Degree College - College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

237

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

1 2 8 240 3488 -

1 2 5 6 66 593 59769 3

0 0 5 6 58 353 56281 3

Science and Technology The development of the region contributes towards that of the national. The new generation youths will have to shoulder the national-defence and nation-building duties. The youths born around 1988 can now grab the opportunities that their ancestors had never enjoyed. The table compares the science and technology sector in 1988 and that of present.

Development in the science and technology sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

college

-

2

2

- Government Technological College (Magway) college

-

1

1

course

-

6

6

- Government Technological College (Pakokku) college

-

1

1

course

-

4

4

Number of teachers

teacher

-

188

188

Number of students (graduate)

student

-

1761

1761

Number of students (current)

student

-

2651

2561

-Computer College

college

-

2

2

Technological College

- Number of courses

- Number of courses

31-12-2005 Progress

238

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject

Count

1988

- Government Computer College (Magway)

college

-1

- Number of courses

course

-

4

4

- Government Computer College (Pakokku)

college

-

1

1

-Number of courses

course

-

4

4

-Number of teachers

teacher

-

50

50

-Number of students (graduate)

student

-

454

454

- Number of students (current)

student

-

1192

1192

Technical Institute

institute

-

2

1

- Government Technical Institute (Chauk)

institute

-

1

1

course

-

4

4

Institute

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

4

4

-Number of teachers

teacher

53

213

160

-Number of students (graduate)

student

1716

6290

4584

-Number of students (current)

student

-

1455

1455

-Number of courses -Government Technical Institute (Yenangyoung)

31-12-2005 Progress 1

Health The government is taking steps for better health care concerns for enabling the entire people to enjoy fitness and longevity and to be free from diseases. It is taking preventive measures against diseases especially malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS, giving medical treatments and raising the health standard of local people in Magway Division. The government has built a teaching hospital and a 200-bed specialist hospital in the region. Now, there are two 100-bed hospitals, six 50-bed hospitals, five 25-bed hospitals, 11 16-bed hospitals and 11 station hospitals numbering 66, accounting for 10 more hospitals in the region. A total of 244 specialists and assistant surgeons and 1,222 health staff have been appointed in these medical facilities. Seven health care centres, a traditional medicine hospital and 18 dispensaries have emerged in the region. The government has constructed an institute of medicine and a university of primary health in Magway with a view to producing physicians and medical experts. The table reveals an increase in the number of the health staff and medical facilities of the region.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

239

Magway Institute of Medicine is facilitated with satellite system to conduct courses

Development in the health sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

56

66

- Specialist hospital

hospital

-

-

-

- Teaching hospital

hospital

-

1

1

- 300-bed

hospital

-

-

-

- 200-bed

hospital

1

2

1

- 150-bed

hospital

1

1

-

- 100-bed

hospital

3

2

(-)1

- 50-bed

hospital

3

6

3

- 25-bed

hospital

4

5

1

- 16-bed

hospital

16

11

(-)5

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

28

38

10

10

240

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Health Centres

centre

184

192

8

- Rural Health Centre

centre

143

150

7

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

33

33

-

- Local Health Centre

centre

2

3

1

- School Health Team

team

6

6

-

Health Staff

staff

1627

2849

1222

- Doctor (Specialist/Assistant)

doctor

187

431

244

- Nurse

nurse

229

804575

- Health staff

staff

151

159

8

midwife

834

1002

168

labour

16

35

19

- TSP Health Assistant

assistant

-

5

5

- Health Assistant-1

assistant

-

25

25

- Health Assistant

assistant

123

160

37

superviser

87

228

141

hospital

-

1

1

clinic

7

20

13

-

-

-

- Midwife - Skilled labour

- Superviser 1,2

Progress

804346

Traditional Medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic -Traditional Medicine Science Training School

school

1

3

2

- Nurses Training School

school

-

2

2

- Midwifery School

school

1

1

-

Institutes

institute

-

2

2

-Medical Institute

institute

-

1

1

-Basic Health Institute

institute

-

1

1

-Faculty members

member

-

200

200

-Students

member

-

3687

3687

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

241

Development Affairs The urban and rural development sector is making progress in parallel with economic, education and health sectors of the region. The length of roads has increased to 463miles and one furlong including more than 132 miles of tarred roads. The five rural development tasks are in full swing in the region. The length of rural roads has risen to 2,735 miles. The water supply project has thoroughly covered 21 out of 25 towns so far. The government is also implementing the fresh water project effectively for supply of water to the villages in the division. Up to now, the project has benefited 1,333 out of 1,469 villages. The table indicates progress of roads and water supply projects in Magway Division.

Development in the development affairs sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out

Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road -Earth road Rural bridge Rural water supply tasks Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work -Rural housing

Count

1988

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

237/7 50/3 46/3 11/7 129/2 -

463/7 132 52 20/2 259/5 1158

226/0 83/0 81/5 8/3 130/3 1158

25 7

14 21

21 14

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

654/5 12/6 93/2 272/5 276/0 -

2735/0 61/2 239/6 308/0 2126/0 435

2080/3 48/4 146/4 (-)35/3 1850/0 435

village work house

1469 -

136 1939 149

1333 1939 149

town work

31-12-2005 Progress

242

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Information and Public Relations The government is also realizing the information sector for local people to enhance their knowledge power. The sector has enlightened the people to a certain degree and serves as a better bridge between the government and the people. The table shows the progress of the mass media of the region.

Development in the Information and Public Relations sector of Magway Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- TV retransmission station

station

1

3

2

- Information and Public Relations

office

-

25

25

-IPRD library

library

10

25

15

- Rural library

library

-

4762

-e-library

library

-

4

4

-Sub-printing house

house

-

1

1

Offices

Computer Network building of Magway Sub-printing House

4762

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

243

244

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Mandalay Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity As a gesture of honouring the Union Day, the day on which the Union of Myanmar was conceived, the development of the seven divisions and seven states is being presented to the national people living in the motherland. A tribe that had been in existence for millions of years in the motherland diversified into over 100 national races such as the Kachin, the Kayah, the Kayin, the Chin, the Bamar, the Mon, the Rakhine, and the Shan. It is a national prestige to be proud of that these national races have amalgamated into a people called “Myanmar” and evolved throughout the consecutive periods of history. The message sent by Head of State Senior General Than Shwe on the occasion of the 58th Anniversary Union Day read: “Drawing lessons from history, the State Peace and Development Council laid down a national policy — non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, and perpetuation of sovereignty. In accordance with this policy, strenuous efforts are being made to transform the country into a peaceful, modern and developed nation and to ensure that the country exists as long as the world does. In line with the seven-point Road Map that will pave the way for the establishment of a peaceful, modern, developed, discipline-flourishing democratic nation as desired by the entire people, the National Convention, which is the most vital and the very first phase of the Road Map, has been in progress.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

245

“At the same time, the government and people in tandem have committed themselves unswervingly to the successful implementation of the State’s economic objectives aimed at enabling the Union of Myanmar to keep pace with the world nations in terms of modernization.” The concerted efforts between the Tatmadaw and the people have resulted in astonishing development in all sectors of all regions. Plans are under way to enable the country to stand on its own feet after contemplating the possible future challenges. A thorough thought will provide vivid pictures. To enable the people to take enjoyment from such pictures of development, the author here presented the development trends of Mandalay Division on its march to a golden land of unity and amity.

The scenic beauty of Mandalay Palace Moat

246

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Mandalay Division Mandalay Division is situated in central Myanmar. In the south lie Bago Division and Kayin State; and in the west, Sagaing and Magway Division. The division is 14,294 square miles wide. National races such as Bamar, Shan, Danu, Lisu, Palaung, Kayin and Chin live in the Union as small Unions. It is an area of dense population and has a population of 7,627,000. The population density is 534 per square mile. In the east there are mountain ranges whose heights are over 6,000 feet. In the south west is Bago Yoma. In the north of the Bago Yoma is Mt Popa, which is 4,981 feet high. In the west, there is Ayeyawady Plain, in the east, Mandalay-Kyaukse plain and in the south Sittoung plain. The Chindwin River joins the Ayeyawady River near Myingyan. The Dokhtawady River or Myitnge River and its tributary, Panlaung River, join the Ayeyawady River near Innwa.

Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe inspects scale model of Yeywa hydel power project.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

247

Agriculture As the division is in the arid zone, ancient Myanmar kings built many dams and creeks for supply of water. Cultivation was made through irrigation in Kyaukse and its environs. The region was renowned as the granary of Myanmar in those days. The cultivation acreage of the whole country was only half a million acres during the annexation of Myanmar by the imperialists. After over a hundred years, Mandalay Division was a region where rice was insufficient and cultivation of other crops also decreased. There was no cultivation with no rain and no dams. The Tatmadaw government is fulfilling the requirements of the people. The Tatmadaw born of the people never forgets the people’s lives and difficulties of every region. Therefore, after taking up the State duties, it is fulfilling the requirements of the people. At the opening of North Pinle Dam on 13 April 1996, Senior General Than Shwe said that he was born and brought up in those areas. He had realized the hardships of the farmers in the areas since childhood. They needed no gold but water. If water was available in the areas, it means they possessed gold. That is why water availability and regional development tasks are being implemented after the government had taken up State duties. He spoke of the need to work harder. There are 45 dams in the division in 16 years. Hsinthe and Kintha dams were built in Tatkon, Thaphangyoung,Hsindewa, Welaung and Kyauktalone dams in Taungtha, Samon and Thettaw dams in Thazi and Chaungkauk dam in Pyawbwe. Sitha, Hsinlan and Dokwin were built in Pyin OoLwin, Soonlun, South Pinle and North Pinle in Myingyan, Kinta in Kyaukse and Chaung- magyi dam in Pyinmana, Lebyu in Yamethin, Thebyu in Lewe, Myakan in Nyaung U, Thapbyeyo in Wundwin, Zidaw in Nahtogyi, Thittetkon in Myittha, Thinbon, kwintha and Ponmakyi in Mahlaing, Myotha, Natthadaw and Phaungkataw in Ngazun, Yanaungmyin in Lewe and Chaungmanet in TadaOo. Seven river water-pumping projects were implemented to irrigate the farmlands of the division. To ensure the greening of the division, regional development and regional selfsufficiency of food, nine river-water pumping projects are being implemented and plans are under way to carry out seven others. In addition, more dams and reservoirs will be built to improve the living standard of farmers in Mandalay Division.

248

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Eight dams have been constructed in the division — the Paunglaung in Pyinmana township benefiting 35,000 acres of farmland, the Madan and the Chaungmange in Leway township benefiting 8,000 acres each, the Sedawgyi Ye Ku in Mataya benefiting 127,000 acres, the Marlenattaung in Sinku benefiting 8,000 acres and the Ngathayauk in NaungU benefiting 2,000 acres. Moreover, Kani Dam and Shanmange Dam will be built soon. Thanks to the efforts of the people alongside the assistance of the State, Mandalay Division has hugely boosted the cultivation of crops and paddy, helping improve the economy of the State.

Lawkananda river water pumping project in Nyaung U Township

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

249

Development in the agriculture sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Land - Sown acreage Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task being carried out -Task to be carried out - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task being implemented - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Artesian wells

- Benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

acre

3403766

5274002

1870236

-

64 64 624548 -

119 109 5 2 1057711 86 70 9 7 132736 14 1804 1381

55 45 5 2 433163 86 70 9 7 132736 14 1804 1381

10855 1213106 1122344

10855 588558 410226

acre

624548 712118

Coffee plantation in PyinOoLwin Township

250

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

582490 53.93 -

841225 72.29 188662 90.00

258735 18.36 188662 90.00

in thousand

- Regional rice sufficiency percent Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Progress in acreage of cotton -Sugarcane acreage

29017 -

57560 53

28543 53

acre acre

475720 214281 37870

132642 277221 65968

886922 62940 28098

Progress in maize acreage

acre

43390

44430

1040

Tea leave acreage

acre

2050

6396

4346

Pepper acreage

acre

-

279

279

Progress in acreage of coffee

acre

1732

7916

6184

- Groundnut

acre

275483

320345

44862

- Sesame

acre

809365

1083841

274476

- Sunflower

acre

72626

349825

277199

Extended paddy cultivation

-

Monsoon paddy acreage per acre yield Summer paddy per acre yield Total production

acre basket acre basket basket

Progress in edible oil crops

Dams under construction 1. Chaung Ma Nge 8,000 acres (Lewe) 2. Hse Daw Gyi 127,000 acres (Madaya) 3. Madan 8,000 acres (Lewe) 4. Nga Tha Yauk 2000 acres (NyaungU) 5. Marle Nat Taung 8,000 acres (Hsingu) Dams to be constructed 1. Kamni (MondaingYeku) Embankment-1 2. Shan Ma Nge (Mondaing Yeku) Embankment-2

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

251

Livestock and Fishery The ancestors made a suggestion that the people grow plantations of kitchen crops in the back of the homes to ensure sufficiency of food. The government has taken measures for extended cultivation of crops and livestock breeding in Mandalay Division. It has also released a variety of fish species into the Ayeyawady River. The table shows progress of the region’s livestock breeding sector.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

122000

11,000

(-) 12000

1,528,000

1,992,000

464,000

- Sheep/goat

555,000

801,000

246,000

- Pig

331,000

478,000

- Cattle

- Chicken

3,139,000

- Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck

8,883,000

147,000 5,744,000

178,000

278,000

100,000

45,000

49,000

4000

Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

595.25

6287.40

5692.15

-Fish-plus-paddy feild

acre

-

504

504

-Number of fish

1x100000

-

4.04

Distribution of fingerlings

1x100000

37.72

3673.34

3535.62

-production

1x100000

9.79

1882.33

1872.54

-breeding

1x100000

26.28

1874.52

1848.24

- sale

1x100000

-

1170.00

1170.00

4.04

252

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Forest Conservation More than 18 million of people live in Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway Divisions, accounting for one-third of the nation’s population. These regions’ dense population is detrimental to environmental conservation, causing an undesirable impact on regional climate. These had suffered adverse effects on the agricultural works for more than 100 years. If the situation remains unchanged for next 50 years, some deserts will appear on the map of Myanmar. Therefore, the government had to construct many irrigation facilities and plant trees to form forests in the regions. It has also realized the special regions greening project in the Central Myanmar. The taables show progress of the project.

Development in the forestry sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved forest

sq/mile

3857

3857

-

Protected public forest

sq/mile

-

85

85

Environmental Conservation forest

sq/mile

128.98

187.52

58.54

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

14305

233628

219323

- Teak special plantation

acre

-

24,000

24,000

-Commercial plantation

acre

5805

51,975

46170

-Village firewood

acre

4700

58778

54078

-Industrial plantation

acre

1800

37050

35250

-Watershed plantation

acre

2000

68075

66075

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

1500

1500

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.80

30.60

29.8

1583.97

2251.71

667.74

-

61907

61907

(in Million)

Wood and wood products

Kyat (Million)

Setting up plantations

acre

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

253

Development in the forestry sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-firewood plantation

acre

-

19690

19690

-watershed plantation

acre

-

30300

30300

-mountain range plantation

acre

-

3650

3650

-research plantation

acre

-

152

152

-other plantations

acre

-

6815

6815

-Thitseint plantation

acre

-

1300

1300

acre

-

265,000

265,000

stove

-

88751

88751

briquette

-

20405

20405

ton

-

23423

23423

-pond

-

361

361

-silt-prevented dams

-

482

482

-underground water

-

23

23

Natural forest conservation Fuel-substitute wood -stove -briquette -agricultural waste -water supply

Bago Greening Work (acre) -plantations

acre

-

1890

1890

-fuel wood plantation

acre

-

90

90

-watershed plantation

acre

-

1600

1600

-Thitseint plantation

acre

-

200

200

-natural forest conservation

acre

-

2000

2000

254

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Transport Superficially, Mandalay seemed to be a region enjoying smooth transport because of roads linking one city and another. But, it still has many requirements and needs if compared tasks to be carried out for cementing relations and friendship among the national races in the region, national and regional development. With a lofty aim to ensure smooth transport of the entire nation and emergence of a modern and developed nation, the government is making unremitting endeavours to construct Union Highways, district-to-district roads, town-to-town roads, village-to-village roads alongside roads in border areas in collaboration with respective departments and organizations. It has upgraded Mandalay-Tagaung-Bhamo-Myitkyina Road, Magway-Namauk-Pyawbye Road, Twinnge-Momeik Road, Mandalay-Mogok-SiU-Bhamo Road, MandalayPyinOoLwin-Wetwun-Nawnghkio Road, Mandalay-Sagaing-Monywa Road, MandalayMeiktila Road, and Magway-Taungdwingyi-Kyaukpadaung-Meiktila Road. Altogether seven large bridges have emerged in the region — two 210-foot-long bridges across Zawgyi River on Yangon-Mandalay Highway in Kyaukse Township, 700-foot-long Dokhtawady Bridge across Dokhtawady River on the road leading to Mandalay-TadaU International Airport, 300-foot Panlaung Bridge spanning Panlaung Creek, 300-foot Samonpauk Bridge spanning Samonpauk Creek on Myingyan-Yaywun road section in Myittha Township, and 300-foot-long Tangar Bridge spanning Chaungmagyi Creek on Mandalay-Mogok road section in Madaya Township. The six bridge projects are under way and on completion, each bridge will be more than 180 feet long. Before long, there will emerge five more bridges — Panlaung, Myitnge and Pincha bridges in Singaing Township, Panunglaung Bridge in Pyinmana, and KyaukO Bridge in Mogok Township. Besides, there also emerged the 5,604 feet long Yadanabon Bridge across Ayeyawady River near Inwa Bridge (3,960 feet) in Amarapura Township. The British colonialists annexed the nation and exploited Myanmar for nearly 124 years, but they built only one bridge across the 1,000-mile-long Ayeyawady River. They never took into account the progress of the regions on the west bank of the Ayeyawady River as well as the border areas and far-flung areas. In contrast, the Tatmadaw Government has constructed seven Ayeyawady River crossing bridges in 16 years. They practised the divide-and-rule policy and drove a wedge between the hilly regions and the plains, and exploited natural resources of the nation. But, the government has built a network of roads and bridges to enhance amicable relations among the national races. Table shows progress of the region’s transport sector.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

255

Development in the transportation sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways -miles of railroad -miles of railtrack -passenger - passenger/mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways -Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - tarred road - gravel road - hard road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge - bridge under construction - Under 180 feet - completed bridge

Count mile mile 1X1000 mile Ton (1x1000) mile station field field field mile mile mile mile mile

bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

459.83 623.11 6019.7 443253.1 498.5 88718.8 125

613.38 805.64 6418.2 455327.1 883.6 195390.9 175

153.55 182.53 398.5 12074.0 385.1 106672.1 50

5 4 1 1035/0 853/0 71/0 74/0 37/0

18 18 227 227

Three 180 feet and above bridges in Mandalay Division 1. Dokhtawady Bridge (TadaU) 2. Nadaungkya Bridge (Shwesayan) 3. Tanga Bridge (Madaya) Six bridges under construction 1. Panlaungchaung Bridge (Singaing) 2. Ayeyawady Bridge (Yadababon) (Amarapura) 3. Panlaunchaung Bridge (Pyinmana) 4. Myitnge Bridge (Singaing) 5. Pincha Bridge (Singaing) 6. Kyauk O Bridge (Mogok)

7 2 7 3 - Upgrading 1284/7 249/7 1102/2 249/2 91/5 20/5 50/3 upgrading 40/5 3/5

33 27 5 382 382

15 9 5 155 155

256

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications The government has also upgraded the communication sector of the region in proportion with its population and trade. The table indicates progress of the region’s communication sector.

Development in the communication sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Fax Telephone - telephone office - telephone line - exchange - direct line - auto/manual phone - auto radio phone - CDMA phone - Cellular phone - DECT phone - GSM phone - telephone density Microwave station Rural telephone - exchange - e-mail/Internet X-25 Line - Micro link

Count

office office

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

140 37 1 -

149 47 365 10 11

9 10 364 10 11

office line exchange line phone phone phone phone phone phone 1X1000 station

27 10858 27 9326 9326 1.98 12

70 77705 54 51146 40046 619 1918 4227 1450 8764 7.53 21

43 66847 27 41820 30720 619 1918 4227 1450 8764 5.55 9

exchange

-

20 181 23 64

20 181 23 64

line

Extension of Auto exchange line under planning 1. Myaing Telephone line (3000) 4. NyaungU (extension) line (500) 2. Gangaw Telephone line (500) 5. Myingyan (extension) line (700) Total line (3500) Total line (2900) Auto exchange project under planning DECT telephone project 1. Taungtha line (700) 1. Mandalay line (3000) 2. Mahlaing line (500) 3. Nahtogyi line (500)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

257

Electric power The government is making all-out efforts to boost generation of electricity for the people. Now, it is implementing 12 hydropower projects simultaneously. One of the 12 projects is Ye Ywa Hydropower Project, 31 miles south-east of Mandalay. In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, there have emerged Sedawgyi hydropower plant (25 megawatts), Paunglaung hydropower plant ( 210 megawatts) and Mogok hydropower plant (4 megawatts) in Mandalay Division, increasing the capacity of electricity generation to 180 megawatts, up from 45 megawatts in 1988. On completion, Ye Ywa Hydropower Plant will be able to generate 790 megawatts. It is also implementing Ahtet Paunglaung Hydropower Project and completion, it will be able to generate 140 megawatts. In his inspection tour of Ye Ywa Hydropower Project on 18 December 2004, Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance to the officials, saying that it is necessary to complete the project as soon as possible to be able to meet the electricity demand of the State. Measures are to be taken in accord with the set standard. And serious attention is to be paid to the project as it is a huge one. In 1988, the electricity consumption of Mandalay Division was 183.59 million units. Now, the region can consume 519.935 million units. Upon completion of Ye Ywa and Paunglaung hydropower projects, the region’s electricity generation will increase four times. Therefore, the local people will be able to enjoy better economic and living standards. The table reflects progress of the electric power sector of Mandalay Division.

Construction site of Yeywa hydel power project implemented on Myitnge River (Dokhtawady River), 31 miles to the south-east of Mandalay, Mandalay Division

258

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the electric power sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption

Count

1988

31-12-2005

unit (in million) 183.590

Progress

551..610

368.02

Maximum power

megawatt

45.000

180.000

135.000

Current installed power

megawatt

59.100

366.100

307.00

Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed

plant

1

4

3

-Heavy ( above 10 megawatt)

plant

1

3

2

- Small ( up to 1 megawatt)

plant

-

1

1

56.000

295.000

239.000

- Installed power

megawatt

-Projects under construction

plant

-

2

2

- Heavy (above 10 megawatt)

plant

-

2

2

megawatt

-

930.000

930.000

-Reclying power plant

plant

-

-

-

-Steam engine plant

plant

-

-

-

-Natural gas- fired

plant

-

-

-

-Coal-fired

plant

-

-

-

-Diesel-used plant

plant

10

18

8

59.100

1243.460

1184.360

- Installed power Other power plants

-Installed power for power grid

megawatt

Completed hydel power plants 56 megawatt (heavy) (1988) 1. Kinta 2. Hsedawgyi 25 megawatt (heavy) 3. Paunglaung 210 megawatt (heavy) 4. Mogok 4 megawatt (medium) Hydel power plants under construction 1. Yeywa 790 megawatt (heavy) 2. Ahtet Paunglaung 140 megawatt (heavy)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

259

Industry Boosting consumption of more electricity is helping promote the region’s industrial sector along with the socio-economic life of local people. So far, the government has established Mandalay, Myingyan and Meiktila industrial zones in the region. Mandalay Industrial Zone consists of 1,155 enterprises with a total investment of K 1,883.44 million. Its annual turnover has surged nearly nine times, accounting for K 1,6091.25 million. Myingyan Industrial Zone is made up of 310 enterprises with a total investment of K 3,661.31 million and its an annual turnover has increased three times, accounting for K 964.95 million. Meiktila Industrial Zone comprises 416 enterprises with a total investment of K 495.78 million. It has boosted production of goods valued at K 1,321.01 million. During his inspection tour of Yenangyoung Industrial Zone on 22 December 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance, saying that the establishment of the industrial zones is to ensure the development of import-substitute industries in the country, production of quality products with the use of modern equipment, creation of job opportunities and use local-made products easily at reasonable prices. In the initial period, the industrial zones were on the level only a bit better than blacksmith’s forges. With the encouragement and assistance of the government and endeavours of the industrialists, significant achievements have been made in the znes. He pledged that the government would constantly provide necessary assistance for the development of the zones and their industries. While encouragement is given to respective industrialists for the development of their enterprises, emphasis is to be put on steps not to inflict harm to the interests of the nation and the people. Now, the Industrial Development Committee has been formed to constantly fulfil the requirements of the industrial zones. The increasing number of private-run factories in Mandalay Division is heartening. There were only 4,485 factories in 1988, and now there are 9,280 factories. It has got 1,435 cottage industries so far. The table represents progress of the region’s industrial development.

260

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the industrial sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of industrial power - Industrial zones - Industries -Private industry -Cottage industry -State-owned industry

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

zones plant plant plant plant

4485 102

3 1881 9280 1435 138

3 1881 4795 1435 36

Hsinmin -2 Cement Plant in Kyaukse, Mandalay Division

Minerals It is Mandalay Division that has a land of precious stones, namely Mogok. Nowadays, the division can accelerate the momentum of gems and mineral exploration because of the State’s assistance. Up to now, 245 gem mining blocks have been extended and 2639000 carats of various kinds of gems mined. Gold, lead, tin and tungsten mining blocks are on the increase. Marble, antimony, sodium carbonate oxide, lime stone and other kinds of mineral are also being mined.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

261

Education Nowadays, Mandalay Division has become a shining star in its education sector. On account of the efforts to ensure the balanced development of the whole country, Mandalay City of the Upper Myanmar now can be called a city of universities. Ministry of Education has opened Mandalay University of Foreign Languages, Mandalay University of Distance Education, Yadanabon University, Meikhtila University, Miekhtila University of Economics and Kyaukse University in the division compared to the one in the past, Mandalay University. The number of people, pursuing higher education now has increased to nearly 140000 from only over 20000 in the past. There are 4469 basic education schools where more than 1 million students are learning. School enrolment rate of kindergarten has come to full percentage. The following the table shows the educational index of Mandalay Division.

Myingyan Degree College in Myingyan Township, Mandalay Division

262

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi-media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Teacher Training Education - Education College - Number of teachers - Number of trainees

School enrolment rate Adult literacy rate School dropout rate - Primary level - middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Institute - Arts and Science University - Degree College - College - e-learning centre - Wide area network - Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

3680 87 180 3413 22653 747105

4469 235 237 665 3332 202 63 34494 1078186

789 148 57 584 ( -81) 202 63 11841 331081

school children

-

107 2498

107 2498

college teacher trainees

2 59 788

2 102 5482

43 4694

percent percent

68.40 81.69

98.42 98.50

30.02 16.81

percent percent

38.67 36.77

11.16 8.73

27.51 28.04

3 1 1 1 44 1115 20191 -

10 1 6 1 2 12 14 122 2083 139829 8

7 0 5 1 1 12 14 78 968 119638 8

institute university college

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

263

Science and Technology Mandalay Technological University and Computer University has been established in Upper Myanmar to link technological colleges and computer colleges opened in every state and division. Besides, Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University has been opened in Meikhtila with a view to producing space scientists. The development of the sinence and technology sector in Mandalay Division is shown in the table.

Development in the science and technology sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988 31-12-2005 Progress

Technological College college - Government Technological College (Mandalay) college -Number of courses course -Number of teachers teacher -Number of students (graduate) student -Number of students (current) student -Computer College college - Government Computer College (Mandalay) college -Number of courses course -Number of teachers teacher -Number of students (graduate) student -Number of students (current) student - Myanmar Aerospace Engeneering University university - Myanmar Aerospace Engeneering University(Meiktila) university -Number of courses course -Number of teachers teacher -Number of students (graduate) student -Number of students (current) student -Technological College college - Government Technological College (Mandalay) college -Number of courses course 5 -Number of teachers teacher 63 -Number of students (graduate) student 3593 -Number of students (current) student -

1 1 7 151 8655 5121 1 1 4 65 921 2093

1 1 7 151 8655 5121 1 1 4 65 921 2093

1 5 83 291 2

1 5 83 291 2

1 11 250 8655 3038

1 6 187 4702 3038

264

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Health The goverment now is serving the interests of the people according to the policies on education and health in border and rural areas. It is planning to establish cities of coffee, industry, education, business and health under the 24 special region development projects. In Mandalay Division, station hospitals and hospitals were opened and Mandalay city will become a health centre of Upper Myanmar. There are six health and medical universities, seven specialist hospitals and two teaching hospitals. Health development of the division is shown in the table.

University of Traditional Medicine (Mandalay)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

265

Development in the health sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of hospital - Special hospital - Teaching hospital - 300 - bed - 200-bed - 150-bed - 100-bed - 50-bed - 25-bed - 16-bed - Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

Health Centres - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labourer Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic -Traditional Medicine Science Training School - Nurses Training School -Midwifery Training School Institute -Institute of Medicine -Institute of Dental -Institute of Nursing - Institute of Pharmacy - Institute of Paramedical Sciences -Traditional Medicine University -Number of teacher -Number of student

Count

1988

31-12-2005

hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital centre centre centre centre team staff doctor nurse staff midwife labourer

67 3 1 5 5 3 14 36 216 155 36 13 12 2271 373 468 197 947 35

88 7 2 1 2 1 6 8 8 9 44 223 159 36 16 12 4823 1012 1950 217 1117 100

hospital clinic

1 12 1 3 1 2 1 1 169 150

1 30 1 4 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1342 7287

school school school institute institute institute institute institute institute university teacher student

Progress 21 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 5 upgrading 8 7 4 3 2551 639 1482 20 170 65 18 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1173 7137

266

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Urban and Rural Development Under the Tamadaw government urban and rural areas in the division have developed. There are 400 miles of roads including 293 tarred roads. Water supply projects were undertaken in 16 townships out of 26. There were only 500 miles of rural roads. As rural roads link with urban ones, there are now over 3,067 miles of rural road. Altogether 5,676 rural water supply projects have been carried out in the division.

Development in the development affairs sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge -Concrete -Wood -Conduit pipe - Other -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads -Tarred road -Gravelled road -Granite road upgrading -Earth road -Rural bridge - Concrete - Wood - Conduit pipe -Other -Rural water supply tasks Villages where tasks to be carried out Completed work -Rural housing

Count

1988

31-12-05

Progress

303/4 101/6 123/5 49/5 28/4 -

730/2 273/1 142/5 9/4 305/0 1272 673 411 55 133

426/6 1713 19 upgrading 276/4 1272 673 411 55 133

town work

26 10

10 16

mile mile mile mile

532/6 40/0 149/2 242/4

3067/7 184/7 708//7 195/3

2535/1 144/7 559/5

mile bridge bridge bridge pipe

101/0 -

1978/6 740 243 295 170 32

1877/6 740 243 295 170 32

village work house

4119 -

224 5676 283

mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge pipe

16 6

3895 5676 283

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

267

Union and Human Resource Development The governemnt is making efforts for increasing number of intellectuals and intelligentsia in education, health and science and technology sectors. In Mandalay Division, a Nationalities Youth Resource Development Degree College was constructed. The University of Culture, Institute of Forestry, Institute of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Science, Cooperative College and Lacquerware College produce technicians who will serve the interests of the Union and national races.

Human resource development sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Medical Institute for Livestock Breeding -Number of faculty member -Number of student Cultural Institute -Number of faculty member -Number of student Institute of Forestry -Number of faculty member -Number of student University of Agriculture -Number of faculty member -Number of student - NYRD Degree College -Number of faculty member -Number of student Cooperative College -Number of faculty member -Number of student Lacquerware College -Number of faculty member -Number of student Forestry School -Number of faculty member -Number of student Agricultural Institute -Number of faculty member -Number of student

Count institute member student institute member student isntitute member student university member student college member student college member student college member student school member student institute member student

1988 1 53 1 1 10 80 2 53 225

31-12-2005 1 55 552 1 62 269 1 33 579 1 1267 1 51 441 1 42 499 1 28 408 1 12 2058 2 59 1913

Progress 2 1 62 269 1 33 579 1267 1 51 441 1 42 499 1 28 408 2 1978 6 1688

Information and Public Relations There is no more armed conflict in the Union of Myanmar now. Peace and tranquillity has been restored in border and rural areas. Political, economic and social developments have also been achieved. National races can now witness regional development and significant changes through TV, radio, newspapers and other publications. If the people are prosperous, it is said the nation is prosperous. If all the regions develop, the Union will develop. The information sector informs the people about the government’s efforts for national interest. The table shows the data. Like other states and divisions, Mandalay Division is marching towards the united golden land.

Development in the Information and Public Relations sector of Mandalay Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- TV retransmission station

station

1

4

3

- Information and Public Relations

office

-

33

33

-IPRD library

library

12

33

21

-Departmental library

library

-

18

18

- Rural library

library

-

5389

-e-library

library

-

23

23

-Sub-printing house

house

-

1

1

Offices

IPRD building in PyinOoLwin, Mandalay Division

5389

270

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Yangon Division marching to golden land of unity and amity It is said that everybody writes his or her own history. The history of Myanmar is that of the entire national people as well as that of each Myanmar national. Each and every citizen should conduct a thorough review of his or her past and present evidences and envisage possible consequences of their deeds. In doing so, the people come to realize the historic evidences and major requirements of the nation. It has been known to the entire national people that in the present period the ultimate goal of the Union of Myanmar is nothing but the building of a peaceful, modern and developed nation. In this regard, the people are playing respective roles in the nationbuilding tasks by doing their bit. It is sure that these endeavours will serve the interests of the nation and the people in future. So the entire people should put on record and study the nation’s present historic evidences. Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe delivered a speech at the graduation parade of the 47th Intake of the Defence Service Academy on 17 December 2004. The Senior General in his speech, said, ‘‘Patriotism is the most decisive factor for you comrades to selflessly shoulder the responsibilities entrusted to you by the State. You must deeply love your race and your nation based upon the knowledge of the nation’s history and traditions. Our cherished nation is made up of river basins, low plains, high mountain ranges and high plateaux, rivers beginning and ending with our land, rich alluvial soil, precious gems and abundance of natural resources, naturally advantageous seacoasts and a temperate climate. Since time immemorial, our ancestors have cleared the land by the sweat of their brow and worked and lived on our motherland. “The nationalities which had descended from the same ancestors have lived

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

271

together through weal and woe in this country. For thousands of years all our nationals have lived together as equal citizens from the moment of their birth. Our race has a long tradition and throughout history it has shown great courage. You comrades are the inheritors of history. You must cherish your mother country and people who possess great tradition and the love for your nation must be ardent. You must maintain loyalty to the State citizens. This is the spirit of the patriotic Tatmadaw”. Present generation of Myanmars have inherited fine traditions of ancestors, and the future generations will have to inherit the fine traditions of the present generation. Now, the State, the people and the Tatmadaw are inheriting the fine traditions and handing down them to new generation youths, while marching to the golden land of unity and amity. I would like to present progress of Yangon Division as a living proof of the combined efforts.

Aerial view of Yangon City

272

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Yangon Division Yangon Division is situated in the southernmost part of the central plain of Myanmar. In the north and in the east of Yangon Division lies Bago Division; in the south, Mottama Gulf; and in the west, Ayeyawady Division. With a total area of 3,927 square miles, Yangon Division is like a mini-union where Bamar and other national races have been living in unity. Its population is 6,369,000 and its population density is 1,622 people per square mile. Bago Yoma mountain range stretches from north to south in Yangon Division, and so there are small laterite hills in Thanlyin, Twantay and Kungyangon townships. Passing through the eastern part of Yangon Division, Bago River empties into the Yangon River. Ngamoeyeik Creek in the central part of Yangon Division flows from north to south into the Bago River. In the western part, Bawle River and Panhlaing River meet Hline River into Yangon River. According to its geographical features, Yangon Division is designated as a delta. Yangon City, the Capital of Myanmar, lies at the confluence of Yangon River and Bago River, 21 miles from the Sea.

Agriculture Yangon Division is surrounded by fertile rural regions. In the past, the region could not cultivate crops at its full capacity because there were no large dams in the region. So, the government had to fulfil the region’s needs of food sufficiency, extended cultivation of beans and pulses, and growing of industrial crops and perennial crops. The government has constructed 15 dams in 16 years. Taunglonmyaung Dam was built in 1993 and Ngamoeyeik Dam in 1995 in Hlegu Township. Ngamoeyeik Dam benefits 70,000 acres of farmland. The government also built Tabuhla Dam that benefits 52,000 acres in Taikkyi Township, Zamani-in Dam that benefits 1,000 acres in Thanlyin, and Zeebyugon Sluice Gate that benefits 7,500 acres in Twantay Township. Again in 2004, the government completed Kungyangon Sluice Gate Project that benefits 21,400 acres in Kungyangon Township and Moemakha Sluice Gate Project that benefits 40,000 acres in Twantay. It also constructed Lagunbyin Dam (22,000 acres) in 2001, Kalihtaw Dam (9,000 acres) in 2003, and Mahuya and Paunglin Dams in 2004 in Hlegu Township. After 1988, the living standard of Yangonites became higher and its population was on the increase. Therefore, the government established more new towns and villages. That led to reduction of nearly 20,000 acres of farmlands. However, the government managed to speed up the agricultural work in the division, so the multiple-cropping area doubled. Measures were taken to put more than 160,000 acres under summer paddy and to gain per acre yield of 80 baskets, boosting production in the region.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

273

It has constructed eight water pumping stations in the region so as to extend multiple cropping. Three more water pumping stations are under way, and 12 more projects will be launched soon. It has also constructed Kayan Sluice Gate that contributes towards 30,000 acres in Thanlyin Township, and Thongwa Sluice Gate that irrigates 29,000 acres. Tatmadaw members and respective departments are lending themselves to the Yangon City 30-mile Radius Greening Project to fulfil the requirement of kitchen crops and other crops of Yangon Division. The table shows the progress of the region’s agricultural sector.

Zepyugon Sluice Gate in Twantay Township

274

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Land - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed -Task under implementation - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres

Count

1988

31-12-2005

acre acre

2008863 168394

556392 12453

-

58 58 291040 -

75 73 2 579435 23 8 3 12 30880

-

Ngamoeyeik Dam in Hlegu Township

Progress increase in double crops

17 15 2 288395 23 8 3 12 30880

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

291040 157145

172 39170 562 4011 653496 539412

172 39170 562 4011 291040 382267

1225823 63.45 -

1200078 64.54 162783 80.00

(-) 36953 1.09 162783 80.00

76623 -

86930 101

10307 101

acre

17205

355392

338187

Cotton acreage Sugarcane acreage

acre acre

1013

12343

11330

Jute acreage Progress in rubber acreage Pepper acreage Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower

acre acre acre

5094 7

1073 29424 279

1073 24330 272

acre acre acre

-

320345 907423 349825

-

- Damming Creek Benefited area - Underground tubewells Benefited area - Total benefited area Cultivation of double crop Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses

Count

275

acre acre basket acre basket basket in thousand percent

Sluice gates under construction

Newly constructed Dams

(1) Kayan 30,000 acres (Thanlyin) (2) Thongwa 29,000 acres (Thongwa)

(1). NgaMoeYeik (2) TaBuHla (3) TaungLonMyaung (4) BantBweGon (5) Zamani

(6) LaGunByin (7) KaLiHtaw (8) Paunglaung (9) MaHuYar

276

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Livestock and Fishery Now, Yangon Division is extending the breeding of fish and prawn to provide sufficient fish and prawn for the local people. In 1988, there were 927 acres of fish breeding ponds, but now there are 50,786 acres of fish breeding ponds. The area of prawn breeding ponds has increased to nearly 10,000 acres, up from only 30 acres in the past. The paddy-plus-fish project is making progress year by year. The table indicates the progress of its livestock and fishery sector.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

138000

124000

14000

- Cattle

491000

534000

43000

32000

67000

35000

273000

478000

205000

- Chicken

3484000 14758000

11274000

- Duck

1597000

1828000

231000

- Turkey, goose, muscovy duck

-

194000

-

-Quail

-

174000

174000

- Sheep/goat - Pig

Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

927.50

10043.00

10013.00

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

2080.00

2080.00

1X100000

-

10.42

10.42

acre

30.00

58524.00

57596.50

- Production

1X100000

16.84

1632.08

1615.24

- Fingerlings released

1X100000

2.97

471.62

468.65

- Sale

1X100000

13.87

1160.46

1146.59

- Number Prawn breeding - Distribution of fish fries

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

277

Forest Conservation The government is growing trees and forming forests for greening of the Central Myanmar including Mt Popa. At the same time, it is taking measures for greening of the entire Yangon Division.

Development in the forestry sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved forest

sq/mile

-

428

-

Natural forests

sq/mile

2.41

2.41

-

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

5935

48274

42339

- Teak special plantation

acre

-

8000

8000

-Commercial plantation

acre

1500

8227

6727

-Village firewood

acre

4335

10975

6640

- Industrial plantation

acre

-

500

500

-Watershed plantation

acre

100

20572

20472

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

650

650

Mass tree planting

Tree 0.90

15.76

14.86

(in Million)

Transport Yangon Division enjoyed smooth transport to an extent in the past. There are local and international sea and air freights and trains and bus terminals in the division. But, people have to rely on ferry services in the region as it is teeming with many rivers and creeks. Thanlyin Bridge is one and only facility that links Yangon East and West. Transport had been poor for a long time in the region. The government is upgrading Yangon City which was famous in Asia in the past. It has built Hline River crossing bridge and Aungzeya bridge and a new road to directly links the region with Ayeyawady Division. It has also built many roads that lead to Yangon-Mandalay Highway. There have emerged town-to-town roads and village-tovillage roads such as Kaddapana-Khanaung-Zwebar-gondan-Kwani-Kamar-kalok road.

278

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

A total of 23 bridges, each of which is more than 180 feet long, including six large bridges have emerged in the division. Maha Bandoola Bridge (Pazundaung), Ngamoeyeik Bridge (Thingangyun), Hline River crossing bridge (Shwepyitha), Hline River crossing bridge (Myochaung), Bawle River crossing bridge (Yebawthoung) and Aungzeya Bridge (Insein) have contributed towards better transport of the region. On completion of the seven bridge projects, local people can travel by car to all parts of the country. The table indicates progress of the region’s transport sector.

Aungzeya Bridge linking Insein and Hlinethaya Townships in Yangon

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

279

Development in the transportation sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-05

Railways - miles of railroad mile 109.25 147.51 - miles of railtrack mile 195.45 241.16 - passenger 1X1000 22774.4 24281.8 - passenger/mile mile 377433.5 387714.7 - Goods Ton (1x1000) 326.6 500.5 - Goods/mile mile 59591.2 106424.8 - Station station 45 71 Airway -Airfield field 3 3 - above 5000 ft runway airfield field 2 2 - under 5000 ft runway airfield field 1 1 Waterway -Jetty (local transportation) 36 54 -Jetty (for vessel) 13 29 Extension of motor road mile 243/0 543/4 - tarred road mile 228/0 328/4 - gravel road mile 9/0 62/5 - hard road mile 6/0 72/7 - earth road mile 79/4 Construction of Bridge - Public Work - Above 180 feet bridge 7 37 - completed bridge bridge 7 32 - bridge under construction bridge 5 - Under 180 feet bridge 45 109 - completed bridge bridge 45 97 Six major bridges 1. Aungzeya Bridge (Insein) 2. Maha Bandoola Bridge (Pazundaung) 3. Ngamoeyeik Bridge (Thingangyun) 4. Hlaing River Crossing Bridge (Shwepyitha) 5. Hlaing River Bidge (Myochaung) 6. BawLeBridge (YePawThaung)

Progress

38.26 45.71 1507.4 10281.2 173.9 46833.6 26 18 16 300/4 100/4 53/5 66/7 79/4

30 25 5 64 52

Seven major bridges under construction 1. Yangon-Thanlyin Bridge No 2 2. Bawchaung Bridge (Thanlyin) 3. ShweLinBan Bridge (Hlaingthaya) 4. NgaMoeYeik Bridge (Kamakyi) (Thingangyun) 5. RakhaingGyaung Bridge (Twantay)

280

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Communications It is vividly visible that the entire nation has witnessed remarkable development in numerous sectors. The government is taking steps for development of border areas and rural regions and urban areas. Now, it is putting into motion the border areas development project, the special regions development project, the nine- district greening project, the 24 special regions development project, and the five-task rural development project for national development. The Table depicts progress the region is making in the communication sector.

Communication station in Bahan Township, Yangon Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

281

Development in the communication sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone - auto radio telephone -CDMA telephone -cellular telephone - DECT telephone GSM telephone -telephone density Microwave station -Rural telephone exchange E-mail/Internet - X.25 line Optial fibre line Satellite station -DOMSAT -VSAT -iPSTAR -Satellite ground station -Satellite channel -Submarine cable -Overseas telephone channel

Count office office

1988 68 32 1 -

31-12-2005 103 51 3289 11

Progress 35 19 3288 11

office line exchange line phone phone phone phone phone phone 1X1000 station

22 34340 22 35357 35357 7.58 6

79 307054 62 260292 145509 1996 28356 13110 459 70867 41.58 12

57 272714 40 224935 100152 1996 28356 13110 459 70867 34 6

exchange

-

17 5657 126 9041

17 5657 126 9041

station station station

-

9

9

station

-

1 601 1012

1 601 1012

-

1613

1613

Line extension under implementation Hanthawady, Bahan, Maunghtawlay, Thingangyun, Insein, Shwepyitha, Total 29500 lines DECT phone project first phase (under implementation) Yangon Division 2000 lines

282

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electric Power Yangon Division consumed 545.077 million units of electricity in 1988. However, the Tatmadaw government has been able to increase the amount nearly six times, accounting for 3,084.312 million units. The region’s population has increased by 1.9 million. The living standard of local people has become higher to a certain degree. In the past, on average a household could use an electric apparatus, and now a citizen can use close to the rate of an electric apparatus. A careful analysis of increasing number of industrial zones and factories in the region will reveal the electricity requirement that is interrelated with the nation’s improvement and changes for the better. Now is the time when the government is making sustained endeavours for all-round development of the nation. It has constructed irrigation facilities in the regions where water was scarce for ensuring long-tern benefits of the nation and the people. Simultaneously, it is constructing Union Highways and bridges of various sizes and types across the nation. It has also built universities, colleges, schools in addition to construction and upgrading of hospitals and health care centres for raising the health standard of the people. So far, almost all the infrastructures have been constructed. Now, the government is seeking all possible ways and means for boosting generation of electricity. The table represents progress of the electric power sector of Yangon Division.

Power plant (Ahlon) in Yangon Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

283

Development in the electric power sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Current installed power Power plants -Reclying power plant -Steam engine plant -Natural gas-powered plant -Coal-fired

Count

1988

unit (in million) 545.077 megawatt 146.000 megawatt 110.716 plant plant plant plant

Steam engine plant completed 1.Ywama 30.00 megawatt (large size) (1988) Recycling power plant completed 1. Thaketa 35.00 Megawatt (Large) 2. Ahlon 54.300 Megawatt (Large) 3. Hlawgar 54.300 Megawatt (Large) 4. Ywama 9.400 Megawatt (Large)

1 1 -

31-12-2005

Progress

3084.312 430.000 465.223

2539.235 284.000 354.507

4 1 5 -

4 4 -

Natural Gas-powered plant 1. Ywama 36.900 Megawatt (Large) (1988) 2. Thaketa 57.000 Megawatt (Large) 3. Ahlon 99.000 Megawatt (Large) 4. Hlawgar 99.000 Megawatt (Large) 5. Ywama 23.000 Megawatt (Large)

Natural gas-fired power plant (Hlawgar) in Yangon Divison

284

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Industry The goal “transforming the agro-based nation into an industrialized one” will come true in the near future. The government has organized scattered factories into industrial zones. It is giving encouragement to technical experts for the industrial development. It is heartening to note that many requirements have been fulfilled for industrial development of Yangon Division. It has established four industrial zones in the region — Yangon East Industrial Zone, Yangon West Industrial Zone, Yangon South Industrial Zone, and Yangon North Industrial Zone in the region. In each industrial zone are many small enterprises. In Yangon East Industrial Zone are Nos 1, 2 and 3 South Dagon Industrial Zones, Dagon Myothit (Seikkan Township Industrial Zone, Yangon Industrial Zone, Shwepaukkan Industrial Zone, North Okkalapa Industrial Zone, South Okkalapa Industrial Zone and Thakayta Industrial Zone. In Yangon West Industrial Zone, there are Mayangon, Hline, and Kamayut industrial zones; in Yangon South Industrial Zone, Thanlyin, Kyauktan, and Kayan industrial zones; and in Yangon North Industrial Zone, Hlinethaya, Shwepyitha and Mingaladon industrial zones. Yangon East Industrial Zone is made up of 1,136 enterprises; Yangon West Industrial Zone, 621; Yangon South Industrial Zone, 382; and Yangon North Industrial Zone, 539, totalling 2,678. The region has 5,786 private-run factories and 4,833 cottage industries alongside 241 State-owned factories. The table compared the region’s project of the industrial sector in 1988 and that at present.

Development in the industrial sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Upgrading of industrial power -Industrial Zone -Industries -Private industry -Cottage industry State-owned industry

Count

industry industry industry industry

1988 194

31-12-2005 4 2678 5786 4833 241

Progress 4 2678 4833 47

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

285

Energy There has emerged an onshore oilfield (Aphyauk) in Yangon Division. The table shows production of gas and oil of the oilfield.

Development in the energy sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Oilfield (Inland) Gas pipeline Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Production Oil Refinery Plants - Oil Refinery - Fertilizer - tar - Carbon dioxide

Count field mile barrel Cubic ft Gallon (1X1000000) plant plant plant plant

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

32.6 -

1 235.99 159 3745.78

1 203.39 159 3745.78

1 1 -

114.928 4 1 1 1 1

114.928 3 1 1 1

Education Thanks to the education promotion plan, the youths both the in the hilly regions and in the plains have enjoyed better opportunities to pursue education. Regarding the basic education sector, all school-aged children have enjoyed the opportunity to attend primary school, and equality to continue to pursue middle and high school education. The government has established 298 post-primary schools, and there are nearly 1 million basic education students in Yangon Division. With respect to the higher education sector, a total of close to the number of two million students go to Yangon University, Yangon Institute of Economics, Yangon Institute of Education, Yangon University of Distance Education, Dagon University, Yangon Univer-sity of Foreign Languages, Yangon East University, Yangon West University, National Management College, Yankin Education College, Hlegu Education College, and Thingangyun Education College in Yangon Division. Now, the primary school enrolment rate of Yangon Division has risen to 99.30 per cent and the adult literacy rate, 97.40 per cent. The table shows the division’s progress of the education sector.

286

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the education sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

school school school school school room centre teacher student

2374 126 183 2065 28859 776162

2668 219 232 328 1889 264 57 30820 983509

294 93 49 328 upgrading 264 57 1961 207347

school children

-

64 2109

64 2109

Myanmar Maritime University in Thilawa industrial region in Yangon Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

287

Count

1988

31-122005

Progress

- Education college

college

-

3

3

- Number of teacher

teacher

85

154

69

- Number of trainees

trainees

756

3809

3053

School enrolment rate

percent

70.45

99.50

29.05

Adult literacy rate

percent

90.44

97.40

6.91

- Basic level

percent

28.23

6.10

22.13

- middle level

percent

39.93

4.13

35.80

- University, college, degree college

8

12

4

- Institute

5

2

-

-University

1

6

5

- Degree College

1

1

0

- College

-

3

3

- University of Foreign Languages

1

-

-

e-learning centre

-

15

15

Wide area network

-

1

1

Number of WAN sites

-

25

25

Teaching programmes

76

355

279

Number of teacher

2927

3869

942

Number of student

90092

195270

105178

-

9

9

Teachers education

School dropout rate

Upgrading of higher education

Human Resource Development Centre

288

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology To the graduation parade of the 7th Intake of Defence Services Technological Academy which was held in PyinOo Lwin, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance, saying that the Tatmadaw Government has laid down and implemented the economic objective — Development of agriculture as the base and for all-round development of other sectors of economy as well. Thanks to the collective efforts of the Tatmadaw, the Government and the people, clusters of infrastructures have already been built in all necessary places. More infrastructures will be built in the future, too. Because of the energetic efforts to extend sown acreage, increase per acre yield, and introduce new crops species, the nation now is enjoying surplus rice. As the nation is able to produce enough food for the people, we will have to establish an industrial nation for the prosperity of the national people. But the setting up of an industrialised nation needs a large number of qualified human resources. Hence, the Government has established 24 development zones, the project covering the task to develop human resources simultaneously in the entire nation. The rural development tasks are being attached to the project for development of all regions of the nation. Now, all the nationalities have the opportunity to get access to science and technological studies in their own regions. In addition, the Government is giving priority to increased generation of electricity for industrial development. In this situation, you will have to strive as the human resources building a developed nation, while striving to further promote the science and technological sectors of the Tatmadaw. As the saying, which goes, ‘The taller the person, the longer his shade’, the task to build an industrial nation will be swifter and speedier, only if you try to enhance your ability. These words of guidance are signs of good prospects for the nation. Now, concerted efforts are being made to produce qualified human resources to build a modern, developed nation. The table shows the number of universities related to science and technology built in Yangon Division.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

289

Development in the science and technology sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Technological Institute

college

1

1

1

- Yangon Institute of Technology

college

1

1

1

course

18

72

54

- Number of Faculty member

teacher

256

484

228

- Number of student (graduate)

student

687

10947

10261

- Number of student (current)

student

-

2074

2074

- Computer colleges

college

1

1

-

Yangon Computer College

college

1

1

-

- Number of courses

course

2

10

8

- Number of teachers

teacher

40

151

111

- Number of students (graduate)

student

19

16137

16118

- Number of students (current)

student

-

12787

12787

Technological College

institute

-

2

2

- Government Technical College (Hmawby) institute

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

9

9

- Government Technical College (Thanlyin)

college

-

1

1

- Number of courses

course

-

11

11

- Number of teachers

teacher

-

320

320

- Number of students (graduate)

student

-

10586

10586

- Number of students (current)

student

-

5828

5828

- Technical Institute

institute

1

1

-

- Government Technology Institute (Insein) institute

1

1

-

- Number of courses

course

5

5

40

- Number of teachers

teacher

86

40

160

- Number of students (graduate)

student

6741

10546

4075

- Number of students (current)

student

-

17

17

- Number of courses

31-12-2005

Progress

290

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Health Nowadays, public health care services are being provided as a priority to give medical treatment and take disease control measures. Hospitals (200-bed) have been built in the 24 development regions. All hospitals have been upgraded into 200-bed ones complete with all necessary facilities. Hospitals in every township have also been upgraded. Public health care services are being carried out by appointing specialists for 12 specialised subjects in all 200-bed hospitals. The table shows the development of health sector of Yangon Division.

Development in the health sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-122005

Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

53

74

9

- Specialist hospital

hospital

9

9

-

- Teaching hospital

hospital

3

3

-

- 300-bed

hospital

-

2

2

- 200-bed

hospital

3

3

-

- 150-bed

hospital

2

1

- 100-bed

hospital

1

2

1

- 50-bed

hospital

7

10

3

- 25-bed

hospital

5

11

6

- 16-bed

hospital

6

8

2

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

17

25

8

Health Centres

centre

147

167

20

- Rural Health Centre

centre

70

77

7

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

21

22

1

- Local Health Centre

centre

35

48

13

- School Health Team

team

21

21

-

upgrading

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labourer - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Superviser 1,2 Traditional medicne - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School - Midwifery School Institute - Institute of Medicine - Institute of Dental - Institute of Nursing - Institute of Pharmacy - Institute of Paramedical Sciences

Count staff doctor nurse staff midwife labourer assistant assistant assistant superviser hospital clinic school school school institute institute institute institute institute institute

291

1988

31-122005

Progress

3449 745 1652 193 611 118 78 52

4603 1946 2174 204 741 158 9 45 89 87

1154 1201 522 11 130 40 9 45 21 35

1 12 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 -

1 21 5 3 2 5 2 1 1 1 1

9 1 1 1 1 1

Traditional medicine hospital in Bahan Township, Yangon Division

292

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development of Human Resources and the Union New generation youths are the ones responsible for accelerating the momentum of building a modern, developed nation. They will have to shoulder their duties in the interests of the nation and people. It is the duty of our entire national people to safeguard our motherland. The State is producing human resources to serve the interests of the Union throughout their life. The table shows the sector of development of human resources.

Human resource development sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Institute of Civil Service

institute

1

1

-

- Number of faculty member

member

57

103

46

- Number of student

student

1327

10528

9201

university

-

1

1

- Number of faculty member

member

-

113

113

- Number of student

student

-

1109

1109

Cultural Institute

institute

-

1

1

- Number of faculty member

member

-

144

144

- Number of student

student

-

523

523

National Management College

institute

-

1

1

- Number of faculty member

member

-

-

-

- Number of student

student

-

-

-

university

-

1

1

- Number of faculty member

member

-

47

47

- Number of student

student

-

356

356

Cooperative College

college

-

2

2

- Number of faculty member

member

-

116

116

- Number of student

student

-

1008

1008

- Parahita (tiger) School

school

-

1

1

- Number of faculty member

member

-

7

7

- Number of student

student

-

657

657

- Institute of Marine Technology

institute

1

1

-

- Number of faculty member

member

-

-

-

- Number of student

student

40

300

260

- Myanmar Maritime University

- NYRD Degree College

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

293

Development Affairs The State and the people are making combined efforts for rural and urban development. The people are now contributing to the supply of rural drinking water, rural education sector and rural health sector by using their raised funds. The table shows the development of rural regions in Yangon Division.

Development in the development affairs sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Urban roads

mile

147/6

186/6

39

- Tarred road

mile

31/7

58/0

26/1

- Gravelled road

mile

10/7

4/0

(-)6/7

- Granite road

mile

27/2

35/3

8/1

- Earth road

mile

77/6

89/4

11/5

-

521

521

Urban development

- Urban bridge

bridge

- Urban water supply task Township where tasks to be carried out

town

12

4

8

Completed work

work

5

8

3

- Rural roads

mile

239/4

949/2

709/6

- Tarred road

mile

14/1

48/3

34/2

- Gravelled road

mile

70/7

65/7

(-)5

- Granite road

mile

33/5

295/2

261/5

- Earth road

mile

120/7

539/6

418/7

-

277

277

Rural Development

- Rural bridge

bridge

294

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

295

Information and Public Relations The Tatmadaw Government is working hard side by side with the people to improve the socio-economy of all the people of the country. It can be seen now that Myanmar engineers are actively participating in the projects for construction of dams, power stations and bridges. Similarly, all people including those from rural areas, pensioners, academics and technicians are co-operating in the efforts for development of education and health sectors. Table N shows the number of facilities built in the division for the development of mass media.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Yangon Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

-TV retransmission station

station

1

2

1

-IPRD office

office

-

39

39

-IPRD library

library

7

39

32

-Departmental library

library

-

43

43

-Rural library

library

-

2051

2051

- e-library

library

-

2

2

daily

-

3

3

-Daily

Dalies 1. TheMyanma Alin 2. The Kyemone 3. The New Light of Myanmar

31-12-2005

Progress

Ayeyawady Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity There is a saying, which goes, “Time and tide waits for no man.” And another proverb says, “No opportunity comes twice to cross a river”. The proverbs symbolize the changing situation in this world. Ayeyawady River is flowing quietly and constantly day and night till reaching its destination, which is the sea. The Ayeyawady rises in Kachin State in the north of Myanmar. It meets with Chindwin River in Sagaing Division. It also merges with a number of rivers and creeks which originate in the mountains of Chin and Rakhine states. The mighty river has many tributaries that rise in the Shan and Kayah states in the east. It passes though Mandalay, Magway, Bago and Ayeyawady divisions and drains into the sea into which other rivers and creeks flowing from Yangon Division, Mon and Kayin states and Taninthayi Division also empty. At the meeting No 2/2004 of the Central Committee for Development of Border Areas and National Races held on 30 December 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance, saying, “It is a common knowledge that the Central Committee was founded with lofty aims. The Government has held negotiations with the armed groups to come back to the legal fold, so that it will cooperate with nationalities of border areas for national development, peace and stability.

299

“It has built mutual trust with the groups, while striving to develop the border areas, to free the people of the areas from backwardness, and to improve the social standard of the national races for flourishing of the consolidated Union. “Thanks to the formation of the respective committees, with firm objectives, the task is achieving success leading to promoting mutual understanding and amity among the national people, and ensuring peace and stability in the border areas, and laying down sound foundations for regional development. The Committee has laid sound transport, health, education and economic foundations to raise the living standard of the locals. “The task for progress of border areas must be accelerated in the regions where a development drive is needed, without losing sight of the project’s objective of narrowing the gap between one region and another in the whole nation. Greater efforts should be made to develop the health, education, transport and economic sectors of the regions which lag behind in development to a certain degree. The progress in border areas will help the development drive reach the whole nation and further unify all the nationalities. “Only if we can obtain constant progress phase by phase annually, will we be able to development the whole nation and bring the nationalities closer as a unified strength. “We will have to make harmonious efforts greater the following day than today in launching the border areas development drive for the nation’s long-term interest, and further cementing the national solidarity.” The Tatmadaw Government is in the process of building the consolidated Union, and a peaceful, modern and developed nation without fail. “There will be greater development tomorrow, and the development must continue throughout the future generations. The development drive must reach all the regions of the Union. There must be solidarity among the nationalities.” And with those convictions, the Government has been striving to develop the entire nation including the Ayeyawady Division. Now, the developments of the division will be presented.

300

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Ayeyawady Division Ayeyawady Division is located in the south-western part of the central plains of Myanmar. The 13,567 square-mile division is sharing a common land border with Bago Division in the east and north, Yangon Division in the east, and Rakhine State in the north-east and touching the Bay of Bengal in the west and Andaman Sea in the south. The majority of its people are Bamar, Kayin and Rakhine races. Its population is 7,511,000 and its population density is 554 persons per square mile. On the west stretch the Rakhine Yoma ranges forming a thin coastal strip of land facing the sea. As the division is a delta, it’s land surface is flat and criss-crossed by numerous rivers and creeks. It has also a number of lakes. Of the rivers that branching out from the mighty Ayeyawady, Ngawun, Pathein and Toe are famous.

Ngwe Hsaung Beach in Pathein Township, Ayeyawady Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

301

Agriculture As it is a delta region and its soil is fertile, Ayeyawady Division is a reliable region for the nation in terms of economy. Production volume of its agricultural and fish and meat industries is large. The division is renowned as the rice bowl of Myanmar. But in the past successive eras, the division had not achieved progress as much as it deserved. During his visit to the division on 14 November 2004, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “Human society never stops advancing at a place. We must always make efforts for its development. As the nation’s population is growing annually, it will have 100 million people in the next 30 years or so. From now on, we must systematically extend sown acreage and raise the per acre yield to ensure sufficient food for the growing population in the future. “We will never let our new generations face anxiety rising from food insufficiency when we are no more. Thus, we will have to do what we should do for the future generations. “In addition to the agricultural and fish and meat sectors, we will also strive to develop the industrial sector of the division. The division has bright prospects to further develop the agro-based industries, wood-based industries, and aqua-based industries. “As the Government has used a large amount of financial power to build roads and bridges in the division, it can now facilitate its transport and is achieving sustainable development. As the government on its part has already rendered necessary assistance for Ayeyawady Division, it should develop itself more by effectively utlizing the rich land, water and forest resources. The division has an adequate number of human resources that can add value to the natural resources. What the division needs is innovative efforts.” If Ayeyawady Division serves the nation only as a rice bowl, the nation will not advance. It should strive to increase its production volume many times. Only then will the local people enjoy prosperity and progress. The Government has added value to the natural resources of the division. The Government has reclaimed wet lands and inundated areas, and built dams for irrigation and sluice gates to store water the whole year. It has built Panhlaing and Mezali sluices gates, each with 20,000-acre irrigation capacity, in Nyaungdon Township, Nankathu Dam, with 14,000-acre irrigation capacity, in Ingapu Township, Wadaw and Htani sluice gates, each with 15,000-acre irrigation capacity, in Maubin Township. A total of 23 waterworks have been built in the division to irrigate crops with river water.

302

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Thanks to the assistance of the Government, Ayeyawady Division has increased over 200,000 acres of new cultivation fields. The division can now grow 3.5 million acres of monsoon paddy and 1.4 million acres of summer paddy. The sown acreage of the division is 29 per cent of the total sown acreage of the nation. The division produces 370 million baskets of paddy annually. The 20,000-acres irrigation capacity Kunchaung Dam in Kyangin Township, the 10,000 acre irrigation capacity Mamya Dam in Myanaung Township, and the 25,000-acre irrigation capacity Kanyin Dam in Ingapu Township are under construction at present. Thus, the division’s annual paddy output will reach 400 million baskets in the near future. Hence, it is going to contribute one-third of the 1,200 million baskets, the nation’s target. The table shows the development of the agricultural sector of Ayeyawady Division.

Nankathu Dam in Ingapu Township

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

303

Development in the agriculture sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Land - Sown acreage

acre

4221126

7595164

- Virgin and vacant land

acre

629692

181103

72

82

72

79

-

3

7

1594508

1916929

3

River water pumping project

-

35

322412

- Task completed

-

23

35

- Task being carried out

-

6

23

- Task to be carried out

-

6

6

-

98427

6

-

73

98427

-

31229

73

-

726

726

-

6169

6169

1594508

2052754

458246

acre

571823

2322845

1751022

acre

3132553

3600351

467798

62.80

72.46

9.66

acre

-

1421860

1421860

- per acre yield

basket

-

88.12

88.12

- Total production

basket

188196

370493

182298

- local rice sufficiency

percent

-

296

296

Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain

-

- Task completed - Task being carried out - Benefited area

- Benefited acres

acre

acre

Damming creek - Benefited area

acre

Artesian wells - Benefited acres

acre

Total benefited area Double cropping acreage

3374038 increase in cultivable land

10

Cultivation of paddy - monsoon paddy acreage - per acre yield - Summer paddy acreage

basket

304

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Count 1988 31-12-2005 Progress Progress in acreage of beans and pulses

acre

306018

1407104

1101086

Cotton acreage Sugarcane acreage Jute acreage Maize Rubber Pepper acreage Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower -Niger -Oil eugenia -Thitseint -Safflower -Physic nut

acre acre acre acre acre acre

13024 92 -

675 304 51959 70064 2486 5619

675 304 57040 2394 5619

acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre

98742 1105 -

107559 32658 237708 6538 2350 20179 601 1000

8817 5433 2350 20179 601 1000

Dams under construction 1. Kunchaung 20000 acres (Kyangin) 2. Ma Mya 10000 acres (Myanaung) 3. Kanyin 25000 acres (Ingabu)

Farmers threshing high-yield paddy using thresher

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

305

Livestock and Fishery The Ayeyawady Division is making significant progress in the livestock and fishery sector. The region has a lot of rivers, creeks and lakes and there are fish and prawn in abundance in the region. The government has upgraded the region’s fish and prawn sector. The table shows progress of the region’s livestock and fishery sector.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

297000

331000

34000

1119000

1120000

1000

31000

71000

40000

606000

843000

237000

- Chicken

5460000

11058000

5598000

- Duck

1789000

2690000

901000

312000

377000

65000

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig

- Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

978.97

97368.37

96389.40

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

4055

4055

1X100000

-

19.97

19.97

acre

-

41294.30

41294.30

- Number Prawn breeding - Distribution of fish fries - Production

1X100000

6.41

971.16

784.75

- Fingerlings released

1X100000

0.48

496.10

495.62

- Sale

1X100000

5.93

295.06

289.13

1X100000

-

48.50

48.50

- Number of fingerlings released into Ayeyawady River

306

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Forest Conservation Ayeyawady Division is a delta adjacent to the Sea. It is conserving and protecting mangroveforests for maintenance of the rivers and creeks. The table indicates local people’s active participation in the tasks for forest conservation.

Development in the forestry sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Reserved forest

sq/mile

2781

2781

-

Protected public forest

sq/mile

1.34

53.12

52.78

Establishment of forest plantation

acre

2750

104020

101270

- Teak special plantation

acre

-

16000

16000

- Commercial plantation

acre

1800

33335

31535

- Village firewood

acre

950

42088

41135

- Plantation for industry

acre

-

12600

12600

-Thitseint plantations

acre

-

2250

2250

-Mass tree planting Tree

Tree

0.31

18.03

17.72

(in Millinon)

Transport Before 1988, there were no bridges across Ayeyawady River in the region. Due to many rivers and creeks, there was poor transport in the past. To make the matter worse, the British colonialists did not pay any attention to construction of roads. The Tatmadaw members always made reviews of their experiences wherever they shouldered duties of national defence across the nation. Even local people did not notice all the requirements of respective regions, but Tatmadaw members did. The government has implemented water supply projects where water is scarce. And it has restored peace and stability wherever there was lack of peace. In consequence of its endeavours, Ayeyawady Division has enjoyed fruitful results of better transport. So far, it has constructed 40 bridges in the region including Pathein Bridge put into commission on 22-11-2004. There have emerged large bridges such as Ngawun river crossing Ngathaingchaung Bridge, Myaungmya Bridge, Labutta Bridge,

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

307

Maubin Bridge, Bo Myat Tun Bridge, Gonnhindan Bridge, Shwelaung Bridge, Wakema Bridge, Dedaye Bridge, and Dahka Bridge in the region. Now, people can travel from Yangon to Pathein in comfort and ease. In 1988, there were roads with a total length of only 440 miles. Now the length of the roads in the region has increased to nearly 900 miles. On completion of the Pyapon Bridge Project and the Myinkaseik Bridge Project, local people can travel by car from one place to another in the region in a few hours. The table reflects progress of the transport sector of Ayeyawady Division.

Pathein Bridge in Pathein Township, Ayeyawady Division

308

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the transportation sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

Railways - miles of railroad mile - miles of railtrack mile - passenger 1X1000 - passenger/mile mile - Goods Ton (1x1000) - Goods/mile mile - Station station Airways - Airfield field - above 5000 ft runway airfield field - under 5000 ft runway airfield field Water transport - Jetty Extension of motor road mile - tarred road mile - gravel road mile - hard road mile - earth road mile Construction of Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet bridge - completed bridge bridge - Bridge under construction bridge - Bridge to be built bridge - Under 180 feet bridge - completed bridge bridge

Bridges completed in Ayeyawady Division 1. Khattiya Bridge (Maubin) 2. Daydalu Bridge (Pyapon) 3. Seikma Bridge (Bogalay) 4. Natchaung Bridg (Bogalay) 5. Myaungmya Bridge (Myaungmya) 6. Maubin Bridge (Maubin) 7. Bo Myat Tun Bridge (Nyaungdon)

31-12-2005

Progress

147.00 191.70 2299.5 179002.1 61.3 3246.0 41

147.00 191.70 2451.8 183877.9 92.2 6190.8 42

152.3 4875.8 30.9 2944.8 1

1 1

1 1 -

1 Upgrading

10 440/0 193/0 60/0 144/0 43/0

11 1332/2 504/6 441/5 174/2 211/5

1 892/2 311/6 381/5 30/2 168/5

11 11 87 87

60 52 5 3 242 242

49 41 5 3 155 155

Six bridges under construction 1. Pyapon Bridge (Pyapon) 2. Myingkaseik Bridge (Myaungmya) 3. MayanNgu Bridge (Myaungmya) 4. MaungBiWa Bridge (Pathein) 5. KyaukChaungGyi Bridge (Pathein) 6. NgaWun Bridge (Myokwin) Three bridges to be constructed 1. KyunGon Bridge (Einme) 2. KyunPyaThat Bridge (Mawlamyinekyun) 3. Razudaing Bridge (Maubin)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

309

Communications The communication network of the nation has covered even the rural areas at present. The table indicates the development of communication sector in the division.

Development in the communication sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone - telephone office - telephone line - exchange - direct line - auto/manual phone - auto radio phone -teledensity Microwave station Rural telephone e-mail, internet Satellite station - DOMSAT - VSAT - iPSTAR - Submarine Cable station Extension of Auto Telephone Line (under implementation) 1. Bogalay (500 lines) 2. NgweHsaung (500 lines) 3. Chaungtha (500 lines) Total (1500 lines)

Count

1988

office

124 31 1 -

142 42 66 5

18 11 65 5

31 4795 31 4389 4389 0.78 10 -

94 24344 66 20097 18623 812 2.66 19 29 3

63 19549 35 15708 14234 812 1.88 9 29 3

station station station

-

1 -

1 -

station

-

1

1

1X1000 station

31-12-2005 Progress

Auto-exchange project under implementation 1. Nyaungdon (700 lines) 2. Pantanaw (500 lines) 3. Kyaungkon (500 lines) 4. Wakema (600 lines) 5. Mawlamyinekyun (700 lines) 6. Labutta (600 lines) Total 3600 lines

310

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electricity The power consumption in the division in 1988 was 100.114 million units. The present consumption is over 170.114 million units. Thanks to the national grid, more power can be distributed to regions with greater consumption power. All the sectors of the nation are developing rapidly because of the adoption of the market-oriented economy. More farm machinery are being used at modern farms. The number of private and State-owned industries is increasing. More towns have emerged and the living standard is rising. Thus, electricity consumption of the nation is increasing roughly at 15 per cent annually. Yangon consumes 450 megawatts, up from about 130 megawatts 15 years ago. Plans are being implemented in accord with the guidance of the Head of State to increase generation capacity to generate 2,000 more megawatts based on the nation’s rich water resources. In accord with the head of State’s guidance, the nation is implementing the 30-year power project and five-year short-term projects. The projects cover the 79megawatt Yeywa Hydel Power Project, the 280-megawatt Paunglaung Hydel Power Project, the 60-megawatt Kunchaung Hydel Power Project, the 30-megawatt Khaboung Hydel Power Project, the 40-megawatt Phyuchaung Hydel Power Project, the 75-megawatt Shwekyin Hydel Power Project, the 25-megawatt Yenwe Hydel Power Project, and the 54-megawatt Kengtawng Hydel Power Project in southern Shan State are under construction. Efforts are being made for early completion of the 400-megawatt Shweli Hydel Power Project in northern Shan State. A 60-megawatt turbine of the 120-megawatt Tikyit coal-burn power station will soon to be in operation.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

311

Development in the electric power sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption

Count

1988 31-12-2005 Progress

unit (in million) 100.114

170.798

70.684

Maximum power

megawatt

12.500

45.448

32.948

Current installed power

megawatt

91.777

37.168

-

- Hydel power plant completed -Reclying power plant

plant

-

-

-

-Steam engine plant

plant

-

-

-

-Natural gas- fired

plant

2

1

shift

-Coal-fired

plant

-

-

-

-Diesel-used plant

plant

80

12

national grid

Completed hydel power plant 1. Biluchaung-2 168.000 megawatt 2. Hpahsaung 0.108 megawatt 3. Biluchaung-1 28.00 megawatt

(heavy) (small) (heavy)

(1988) (1988)

Energy Myanaung oil field was discovered in the division in 1964, Shwepyitha oil field in 1967, and Htantabin oil field in 1980. Two more new fields were found in 1960 and 1984 respectively, but they are not in operation at present. At present, Myanaung, Shwepyitha and Nyaungdon fields are producing oil and gas. The Yadana offshore oil and gas well was discovered in 1998. It is producing natural gas. More offshore wells are being drilled at present. The table has more.

312

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Senior General Than Shwe inspects Nyaungdon Oilfield.

Development in the energy sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

- Oilfield (Inland)

field

5

3

- Oilfield (Off Shore)

field

-

1

1

Gas pipeline

mile

46.51

323.03

276.52

- Inland

mile

46.51

68.03

21.52

- Off Shore (Inder water)

mile

-

216.00

216.00

- Off Shore (Over water)

mile

-

39.00

39.00

170175

498799

328624

Cubic ft

-

253846.49

253846.49

- Liquified Natural Gas

plant

-

1

1

- Methanol

plant

1

1

-

Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Production

barrel

completed

Plants

Three Oilfields (Inland) 1. Myanaung 2. Shwepyitha

3. Nyaungdon

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

313

Industries Like the parents who equally look after their children, the Tatmadaw Government is striving to ensure equitable progress for all the 14 states and divisions of the Union. The Government has been assisting the people of all the regions to become prosperous, developed and educated, as they are playing their own role in serving the national interest, while having the fraternal spirit among them. Thus, the Government has been building dams and irrigation facilities, roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and is rendering assistance to set up commercial livestock and fish and prawn farms. The Government has paved the correct way for all to march towards the national goal. The people have unitedly set up a number of milestones in their march to the golden land of unity and amity. Now they are in the process of building an industrial nation. Please see the table to know the industrial development of the division.

Development in the industrial sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of industrial power -Industrial Zone

-

3

3

-Industries

industry

-

1251

1251

-Private industry

industry

2008

6257

4249

-Cottage industry

industry

-

453

453

-State-owned industry

industry

59

64

5

314

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Education The Government has been implementing a programme to reduce the number of school dropouts due to certain reasons. The programme ensures youths to complete their studies, while helping the family business. The Government’s education plans include producing of teachers and professors at their own regions, ensuring rural people to pursue vocational education at their native areas and producing intellectuals and intelligentsia to help develop the motherland till standing on a par with other nations. The Tatmadaw Government has built Pathein University, Hinthada University, Maubin University, Pathein Education College, Bogale Education Collage, and Myaungmya Education College. The division now has 66,993 students of higher education, up from 4,920 in the past. There are now 6,324 basic education schools in the division. The primary school enrolment rate and adult literacy rate are raising high in the division. The table shows the education development of the division.

Government Technological College in Pathein, Ayeyawady Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

315

Development in the education sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

Basic education level - Number of school school - High school school - Middle school school - Post primary school school - Primary school school - Multi media classroom room - e-learning centre centre Number of teacher teacher Number of student student - Preprimary school - Number of school school - Number of children children Teachers education - Education College college - Number of teacher teacher - Number of trainees trainees School enrolement rate percent Adult literacy rate percent School dropout rate - Primary level percent - middle level percent Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - Degree College -College e-learning centre Wide area network Number of WAN sites Teaching programmes progremme Number of teacher teacher Number of student student Human Resource Development Centre centre

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

5189 79 227 4883 21944 675424

6324 257 433 489 5145 182 62 29296 1078566

1135 178 206 489 262 182 62 7352 403142

-

303 4891

303 4891

3 121 1103 70.52 91.07

3 121 5819 98.07 99.00

4716 27.55 7.90

46.88 40.56

4.15 9.81

42.73 30.77

2 1 1 8 227 4920 -

6 3 3 3 7 78 743 66993 3

4 3 Upgrading 2 3 7 70 466 62073 3

316

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology At present, succes has been achieved in building development, economic, and urban infrastructures with the strength of Myanmar engineers and architects. Please see the table for more information.

Development in the science and technology sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Technological College

Count

college - Government Technological College (Hinthada) college - Number of courses course - Government Technological College (Pathein) college - Number of courses course - Government Technological College (Maubin) college - Number of courses course - Number of teachers teacher - Number of students (graduate) student - Number of students (current) student - Computer College college - Government Computer College (Hinthada) college - Number of courses course - Government Computer College (Maubin) college - Number of courses course - Government Computer College (Pathein) college - Number of courses course - Number of teachers teacher - Number of students (graduate) student - Number of students (current) student Technical Institute institute - Government Technical Institute (Wakema) institute - Number of courses course - Number of teachers teacher - Number of students (graduate) student - Number of students (current) student Technical High School (Pathein) School

1988 47 274 -

31-12-2005 3 1 5 1 10 1 7 345 7837 3947 3 1 6 1 6 1 6 69 1123 1008 1 1 3 50 800 572 1

Progress 3 1 1 1 10 1 7 298 7564 3947 3 1 6 1 6 1 6 69 1123 1008 1 1 3 50 800 572 1

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

317

Health The government is stepping up its efforts to uplift the health and fitness standard of the entire people and to help the citizens to stay away from diseases. Its health care concerns have thoroughly covered the whole nation. So, the Ayeyawady Division has enjoyed fruitful results of better health standard. In 1988, there was only one 200-bed hospital, but now the region has been facilitated with three 200-bed hospitals. It has appointed more health staff in the medical facilities in proportion with the regions and populations. The table reflects the government’s efforts to help local people of Ayeyawady Division to enjoy longevity and be free from diseases.

Development in the health sector of Ayeyewady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading of hospital

hospital

65

77

12

- 200-bed

hospital

1

3

2

- 150-bed

hospital

-

-

-

- 100-bed

hospital

4

2

2

Upgrading - 50-bedhospital

5

7

- 25-bedhospital

5

4

- 16-bedhospial

10

10

-

Upgrading

- Station hospital/ Branch Tsp hospital

hospital

40

51

11

Health Centres

centre

236

247

11

- Rural Health Centre

centre

185

195

10

- Maternal and Child Health Centre

centre

43

43

-

- Local Health Centre

centre

2

3

1

- School Health Team

team

6

9

3

318

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Ayeyewady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Health Staff - Doctor (Specialist/Assistant) - Nursenurse - Health staff - Midwife - Skilled labour - TSP Health Assistant - Health Assistant-1 - Health Assistant - Superviser 1,2 Traditional medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training School - Nurses Training School - Midwifery Training School

Count staff doctor staff midwife labour assistant assistant assistant superviser

1988 1991 245 275 188 1009 22 149 102

31-12-2005 3184 465 773 200 1297 37 10 26 187 200

Progress 1194 220 498 12 288 15 10 26 38 98

hospital clinic

8

1 32

1 24

school school

1 1

2 1

1 -

New hospital built in Maubin, Ayeyawady Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

319

Development Affairs In the past, many parts of Ayeyawady Division were, like islands, surrounded by water. Now, with new roads and bridges, the region has developed remarkably. The total length of its rural roads has risen to over 3,000 miles, up from 376 miles and two furlongs in the past. It means the region has escaped from the position in which it had to rely mainly on waterways. The table represents better transport the region is enjoying.

Development in the development affairs sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Urban development - Urban roads - Tarred road - Gravelled road - Granite road - Earthen road - Urban bridge - Urban water supply task Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development - Rural roads - Tarred road - Gravelled road - Granite road - Earthen road - Rural bridge - Rural water supply task Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work - Rural housing

Count

1988

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

490/4 155/1 89/4 24/3 221/4 -

631/5 217/0 103/0 35/7 275/6 1413

141/1 61/7 13/4 11/4 54/2 1413

26 -

11 15

15 15

mile mile mile mile mile bridge

376/2 51/2 140/7 9/7 174/2 -

3048/4 54/1 465/3 129/1 2399/7 412

2672/2 2/7 342/4 119/2 2225/5 412

village work house

4352 -

2207 2941 170

2145 2941 170

town work

31-12-2005

Progress

320

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Information and Public Relation I have presented progress of the 14 states and divisions which are mini unions marching to the new land of unity and amity. I present progress of Ayeyawady Division and my article has come to an end here. The Ayeyawady River rises from Kachin State and passes through Ayeyawady Division and flows into the Sea. Similarly, the Tatmadaw Government’s nation-building endeavours have covered the border areas, the hilly regions and the plains. Like the Ayeyawady River that flows regularly in the nation, the Tatmadaw Government will always continue to carry out nation-building tasks in the interests of the people and posterity. The table shows the government’s efforts to enhance knowledge of rural people.

Development in the information and public relations sector of Ayeyawady Division Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

-TV retransmission station

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

station

1

4

3

-IPRD office

office

-

32

32

-IPRD library

library

11

32

21

-Departmental library

library

-

20

20

-Rural library

library

-

11895

11895

- e-library

library

-

5

5

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

The plenary session of the National Convention held at Pyidaungsu Hall of Nyaunghnapin Camp in Hmawby Township, Yangon Division

The opening of sports ground in Muse, Shan State (North)

321

324

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Myanmar marching to new golden land of unity and amity Lying in the south-eastern peninsular of the Asian continent, Myanmar has emerged as an independent and sovereign nation since over 2,000 years ago. Touching the Andaman Sea in the south and Bay of Bengal in the west, Myanmar is sharing a common land border with China in the north and north-east, Laos and Thailand in the east and south-east, and Bangladesh and India in the west on a contiguous landmass. The breadth of the 261,228-square-mile country is 582 miles from east to west at the widest point and the length from the northernmost tip to the southernmost end is 1,275 miles. Of its 5,200-mile long border line, 3,808 miles stand as a common land border with her neighbours. From the Naff River mouth in the north to the Cape of Bayintnaung in the south, its coastline is 1,385 miles long. From the coast to the end line of the special economic zone, the territorial waters cover over 14,000 square miles. Fifty-one per cent or over 130,000 square miles of its land surface is covered by forests. Its landscape includes mountain ranges, and basins where large and small rivers and creek are flowing. The four largest rivers are the Ayeyawady, the Chindwin, the Thanlwin and the Sittoung. The Ayeyawady, its length exceeding 1,000 miles, is flowing in the nation from north to south. It is included in the world’s renowned rivers. The land is rich in natural resources including gems, teak and oil. Its abundant supply of water resources and fertile soil are a gift of nature to grow various kinds of crops, with paddy as the main crop. Because of her strategic location between the south Asia and the Southeast Asia and her correct stand in foreign relations, Myanmar is known in the world as the golden land. Like the jewels, the seven states and seven divisions are helping shine the nation. They all form the Union, where mutual reliance plays an important role among all the regions. Since time immemorial, over 100 national races including Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Bamar, Rakhine and Shan have been living in the Union, which is like a common stem bearing over 100 fruits, with fraternal friendship. The neighbouring countries of the region know the national races of the Union as people of the golden land.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

325

The population of Myanmar is increasing two per cent annually, and her current population is about 54.7 million. As her population in 1988 was nearly 39.3 million, she now has 15.4 million new-born under-16 youths. A nation’s future is shaped by the past and present situations and future visions. The Tatmadaw Governemnt has been discharging the State duties at present in accord with the historical requirement. As the Tatmadaw Government is leading the nation towards a new age, it has brought unprecedented developments to the nation during the period of 16 years. At the graduation of Defence Service Technological Academy held on 24 December 2004, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe said, “Soon after the regaining of independence, the national unity faced grave deterioration and the nation experienced the lack of peace and tranquillity. The agro-based national economy fell below the level at which food and other necessities could not satisfy the growing population. At a time when other countries had entered the industrial age, our nation lost its way, and was in backwardness, without having any capital for progress. In the end, the political sector of the nation reached beyond control resulting from the economic slump. “In this regard, the Tatmadaw Government has laid down and implemented the economic objective — Development of agriculture as the base and for all-round development of other sectors of economy as well. Thanks to the collective efforts of the Tatmadaw, the Government and the people, clusters of agricultural infrastructures have already been built in all necessary places. More infrastructures will be built in the future also. Because of the energetic efforts to extend sown acreage, increase per acre yield, and introduce new crops, the nation now is enjoying surplus rice. “If a nation is able to produce enough food for the people, it will have to establish an industrial nation for the prosperity of the national people. But the setting up of an industrialized nation needs a large number of qualified human resources. Hence, the Government has established 24 development zones, the project covering the task to develop human resources simultaneously in the entire nation. The rural development tasks are being attached to the project for development of all regions of the nation. Now, all the nationalities have the opportunity to get access to science and technological studies in their own regions. In addition, the Government is giving priority to increased generation of electricity for industrial development.” The Tatmadaw Government is laying an enduring foundation to build a peaceful, modern and developed nation, with firm objectives and belief — The country must become a real golden land. The national races of the land must be renowned in the world as the people of the golden land.

326

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

327

328

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Border Areas and National Races Development The massive foundation of a new golden land has been laid with the mighty force of national unity. The Government has extended a warm invitation to all the people living on the same land and partaking water from the same source to walk along the correct path towards the common goal. Since the return of the 17 armed groups to the legal, the Government has launched a comprehensive border areas and national races development drive to make all the regions enjoy perpetual peace and prosperity. As the border areas are achieving more progress, so also the national development drive is gaining more ground, and helping further consolidate the national solidarity. Now, let us see Table A to know the developments in border areas, the first layer of the foundation of a new golden land.

Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Development regions

Count 1988

31-12-2005

Progress

region

-

22

22

-Earth road

mile

-

3235/5

3235/5

-Gravelled road

mile

-

2035/6

2035/6

-Tarred road

mile

-

335/4

335/4

- Bridge Maintenance

mile

-

3321/5

3321/5

bridge

-

56/735/35

56/735/35

hospital

-

79

79

-

-

105

105

-Rural health centre

centre

-

58

58

- Rural health centre (Branch)

centre

-

140

140

-Primary school

school

-

852

852

-Middle school

school

-

90

90

-High school

school

-

92

92

-Teacher

teacher

-

5269

5269

-Student

student

-

170920

170920

Road and bridge

-Bridge(large,small, suspension) Health care service -Hospital -Clinicclinic

Education

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject

Count

329

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Agriculture -Agriculture office

office

-

31

31

-Agriculture camp

camp

-

117

117

-Completed Dam

dam

-

46

46

-Dam to be built

dam

-

17

17

canal

5

5

acre

-

1860.24

1860.24

Forest Reserve

-

11/4

11/4

-Saw mill

-

12

12

- Nursery

-

14

14

-

19

19

-

41

41

-

111

111

station

-

262

262

-Towns with electricity

town

-

196

196

- Towns with hydel power

town

-

11

11

station

-

108

108

karat

-

249280.6

249280.6

-

507.70

507.70

-Canal -Land reclamation Forestry

Livestock breeding -Farm -Veterinary office

office

-Distribution of cow, donkey, sheep Energy -Generator

Public relations -TV retransmission station Mining - Ruby -Saphire Communications -Post office

office

-

52

52

-Telegraph service

service

-

44

44

-Telephone

service

-

85

85

77435.72

77435.72

Expendenture

kyat (in million)

-Funds of PBANRDA

kyat (in million)

-

46654.40

46654.40

-Funds of ministries

kyat (in million)

-

30781.32

30781.32

330

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

331

332

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Narcotic Drugs Elimination The Herculean border area development project involves the humanitarian spirit. The border areas have seen their social development reaching beyond imagination because of the efforts to find out the core requirement. One of the results of the project is the drastic fall in the cultivation of poppy and production of narcotic drugs, the evil legacy of the colonialists. The project has been launched to end the evil legacy and produce sound developments for the future generations. Table B shows the success achieved in eliminating narcotic drugs.

Drug Elimination Endeavours of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject -Reducing poppy cultivation

Count

acre

1988

61562

31-12-2005

9840

Progress

52322 (96% decrease)

-Destroying poppy plantation

acre

211.35 164965.24

163753.89

(destroy) - Handing over of Poppy seeds

Pyi

-

104197

104197 (destroy)

-Destruction of seized narcotic drugs

time

-

52

52

- Yangon

time

-

19

19

- State/Division

time

-

33

33

- Annual crop

acre

-

1290065

1290065

- Perennial crop

acre

-

147389

147389

2

3

1

-

3

3

Cultivation of Poppy substitute crops

Rehabilitation Camp Drug Elimination Museum

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

333

Agriculture The total sown acreage of Myanmar was over 24.8 million acres. There remained 20.8 million acres of fallow and virgin lands in 1988 to be used for agriculture. Paddy sown acreage them was only 11.5 million acres. As there was no progress at all in the farming techniques then, the nation’s annual paddy output was stagnant at 653 million baskets. But the population is increasing and 70 per cent of the nation’s population reside in rural areas where agriculture is main livelihood. Thus, efforts were needed to double the paddy production. Since 1992-93, the Government has been launching reforms in the agricultural sector, and realizing them without fail. It has applied various means to grow 16 million acres of paddy — 12 million acres of monsoon paddy and four million acres of summer paddy — to produce 1,000 million baskets. In 1988, there were only 138 dams in the nation and they were irrigating 4.4 million acres of crops. Only 3.5 million acres of land had been put under double-cropping. More water is needed to use more land. Thus, dams are being built in all possible places. New dams numbering 170 have emerged in a period of 16 years. Small dams, tube-wells and hand pumps are irrigating crops in the areas beyond the reach of tributary canals of the large dams. To effectively use water from in the natural watercourses, the Government has built 171 waterworks up to date to increase irrigated acres. Double-cropping has increased to 10 million acres. With its 12 million acres of monsoon paddy fields and four million acres of summer paddy fields, the nation can now stand tall again as a rice bowl of Asia. The present year’s paddy output is expected to be 1,195 million baskets. Thanks to the unprecedented progress in the agricultural sector, Myanmar is prospering as if the land yields gold everywhere. The states and divisions that could not produce enough rice for their local consumption in the past are now enjoying food sufficiency. The nation is also witnessing greater increase in beans and pulses production for export, cultivation of edible crops and industrial crops. The Tatmadaw Government has been striving to further improve the means of livelihood of the growing population of future. It is preparing to develop the agricultural and other sectors to be able to produce adequate amount of food and other social items sufficient for a population of 100 million. Within a short span of time the agricultural sector can see the unprecedented developments.

334

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Poppy-substitute plantation in Mongmao, Wa Region

335

336

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the agriculture sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005 Progress

Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land

acre (million) acre(million)

24.8

28.20

3.40 increase in cultivable land

20.8

16.2

- dam, lake, reservoir, drain

138

361

223

Task completed

138

308

170

- Task being carried out

-

33

33

- Task to be carried out

-

10

10

4414798

6709367

2294569

River water pumping project

-

398

398

- Task completed

-

293

293

- Task under implementation

-

34

34

Task to be carried out

-

71

71

-

3089136

3089136

-

1240

1240

Water supply task

Benefited acres

- Benefited acres

acre

acre

Damming creek - Average benefited area

acre

-

190737

190737

- Artisen Wells

wells

-

7535

7535

- Benefited area

acre

-

90484

90484

Total benefited acres

acre

4414798

7203140

2788342

3446999

10088899

6641900

11.53 52.76

15.04 3.44 69.03

3.51 3.44 16.27

653.5 -

1195.2 143%

541.7 143%

Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - Summer paddy - per acre yield - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency

acre acre basket basket in thousand percent

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

337

Development in the agriculture sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Progress in acreage of beans and pulses

acre

2022193

8578513

6556320

- cotton acreage

acre

424805

778659

353854

- sugarcane acreage

acre

133383

361027

227644

- jute acreage

acre

133383

66625

66625

- maize acreage

acre

394793

758132

363159

buckweat acreage

acre

-

10406

10406

Rubber acreage

acre

192869

491153

298257

Oil palm acreage

acre

18220

137610

119390

Tea acreage

acre

146147

195772

49575

Pepper acreage

acre

786

59463

85677

acre

28041

349236882

Coffee acreage Edible oil crops - Groundnut

acre

1327322

1690758

363436

- Sesame acreage

acre

2932792

3696408

763616

- Sunflower

acre

645486

1317224

671738

- Mustard

acre

44872

194621

149749

- Niger

acre

93612

263612

170000

Livestock and Fisheries Myanmar is rich in fresh water and sea prawns and fishes. Its land is pollution free, and its waters are uncontaminated. The combined fresh water surface area of Ayeyawady, Chindwin, Sittoung and Thanlwin rivers and their many tributaries is 8.2 million hectares.

338

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

339

340

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

In addition, over six million hectares of land are covered by water for six to eight months every year. The total area of natural lakes, reservoirs and other man-made lakes is 1.8 million hectares. Commercial-scale livestock farms have been set up to produce more meat. The table shows the development of fish and meat sector of the nation.

Development in the livestock breeding sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo

2241

2752

511

10082

12303

2224

- Sheep/goat

1463

2538

2076

- Pig

3118

6124

3012

33441

90613

57923

6028

9831

3640

853

1040

187

- Quail

-

384

384

- Mythun

-

41

41

- Cattle

- Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck

Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond

acre

6300

196759

190459

- Paddy plus fish

acre

-

11518.62

11518.62

1X100000

-

58.82

58.82

30

208596

208566

-Number Prawn breeding acre

acre

- Fingerlings distribution - Fish released

1X100000

31.29

3967.89

3936.60

- Sale

1X100000

64.05

3722.84

3658.79

Fingerlings released into

1X100000

-

1990.55

1990.55

Ayeyawady River

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

341

Forest Conservation The Tatmadaw Government has been nurturing and educating the people to become forest lovers. Forests cover 51 per cent of the nation’s land surface. But we will face adverse consequences, if we cannot conserve and extend the forests. Realizing this, the Government has been in the process of launching the project to green the entire nation. The Nine-District Greening Project covering Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway divisions, involves the four tasks of finding water resources, conserving and extending forests, establishing village fuel wood forests, and using more wood-substitute fuels. Beginning 1994-95, the project has been expanded to cover 13 districts. And thanks to the project, regions in the central dry are is receiving extra amount of rain annually. For the people of the zone, water is precious even more than gold.

Development in the Forestry sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

38839

46889

8050

-

12540

12540

2073.93

12433.26

10359.33

79115

1311791

1232676

- acres of special teak plantation

-

160000

160000

- acres of commercial plantation

42083

515338

473255

- acres of village plantation

16630

297199

280569

- acres of industrial plantation

13690

134245

120555

- acres of watershed plantation

6712

205009

198297

-

19250

19250

4.51

233.48

228.97

Reserved forest Protected public forest Natural area Setting up of forest (acre)

- acres of Thitseint plantation Tree planting of community movement

Count

342

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

343

344

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the greening tasks of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Progress Setting up plantations

Count

1988

31-12-2005

acre

-

215916

- firewood plantation

acre

-

98672

98672

- watershed plantation

acre

-

68035

68035

- mountain range plantation

acre

-

17358

17358

- research plantation

acre

-

416

- other plantation

acre

-

27235

27235

- Thitseint plantation

acre

-

4200

4200

Natural forest conservation

acre

-

1167681

stove

-

381272

- briquette

bar

-

65243880

- agricultural waste

ton

-

165063

- pond

-

1389

1389

- silt-prevented dam

-

1210

1210

- underground water

-

71

Bago mountain range greening work acre

-

215916

416

1167681 Fuel-substitute wood - stove

381272 65243880 165063

Water works

71

- plantation

acre

-

6440

6440

- firewood plantation

acre

-

115

115

- watershed plantation

acre

-

5675

5675

- other plantation

acre

-

350

350

- Thitseint plantation

acre

-

300

300

- Natural forest conservation

acre

-

34250

34250

Shwepontaung greening work

acre

-

1600

1600

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

345

Transport The Tatmadaw Government has constructed a network of roads and bridges, resulting in a smooth transport the length and breadth of the nation even in the hilly regions. The number of small, medium and large bridges, roads and railroads across the country at present has surged many times if compared to that in 1988. There have emerged Mandalay-Myitkyina, Mandalay-Bhamo, Myitkyina-Putao, Hpaan-Zarthabyin-Mawlamyine, Taunggyi-Ywangan-Hanmyinmo, Pyinmana-Pinlaung, Sittway-An-Minbu- Kawthoung-Dawei-Mawlamyine, Taungup-Ma-ei-Kyaukpyu, Monywa-Hkamti Union Highways. The government constructed Minbu-Seikpyu-Pakokku-Monywa Road and MinhlaThayet-Pyay Road to bring further development to the regions on the west bank of the Ayeyawady River. It has also constructed many roads linking Natmauk and Magway; Monywa and Kalewa, Toungoo and Pyay, Pyinmana and Taungdwingyi, and these transport facilities link the eastern part and the western part of the nation. People can travel from Pyay to Taungdwingyi through the central Yoma mountain range with the use of Pyay-Aunglan-Taungdwingyi Railroad. People also can travel over the Shan mountain range with the use of Shwenyaung-Taunggyi-Hsaikkhaung Railroad. There have also emerged Pakokku-ChaungU railroad, Budalin-YeU-KhinU railroad, PyayAungban-Taungdwingyi-Padaung-Bagan-NyaungU railroad, Namhsan-Mongnai railroad, Aungpan-Loikaw railroad, Ye-Dawei railroad, Yaymyetni-Gangaw-Kalay railroad and Shwenyaung-Yaksawk railroad. Such bridges spanning the Ayeyawady River as Maubin Bridge, Nawade Bridge, Dedaye Bridge and Bo Myat Tun Bridge came into existence. The government also built Bala Min Htin Bridge, Anawrahta Bridge, Ayeyawady (Magway) Bridge, and Yadanabon Bridge (Mandalay). So far, it has constructed two bridges across Chindwin River, three across Sittoung River and five across Thanlwin River. With respect to the air transport sector, in the past, there were only six airports which could serve jet aircraft. But, the number of such airports has increased to 17 in total. The government has upgraded Heho Airport, Myeik Airport and NyaungU Airport and built Homalin, Monywa, Magway, An, Pakokku and Kyaukhtu airports. Hkamti, Bhamo and Lashio airport construction projects and Kengtung, Yangon and Pathein airport upgrading projects, and Yangon and Anisakhan airport construction projects are under way. The government has constructed 26 jetties for local vessels and 16 jetties for foreign vessels. The transport facilities all over the nation help forge national solidarity and raise the social and economic standards of the entire people. The table shows progress of the nation’s transport sector.

346

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

347

348

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the transportation sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Railways - miles - miles of railroad - overpass - station - bridge above180 feet under 180 feet Airways - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield upgrading waterways - jetty (local vassel) - jetty (Foreign Going) Motor road 5005/3 - tarred road - gravel road - hard road - earth road Bridge on motor road - Public Works - above 180 feet - completed bridge - implementing bridge - bridge to be built - under 180 feet - Myanma Railways* - Military Engineers* - Electric Power* *above-180 feet

Count miles miles

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

station

1976.35 2793.86 70 487

3042.39 3952.90 91 780

1066.04 1159.04 21 293

bridge bridge

157 5493

191 9028

34 3535

airfield airfield

21 45

38 35

17

jetty jetty miles

65 13 13635/0

91 29 18640/3

26 16 5005/3

mile mile mile mile

5543/0 1569/0 3628/0 2895/0

9107/5 3293/3 3109/0 3348/0

198 3305 -

389 41 15 5296 7 11 2

bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge

3564/5 1724/3 upgrading 453

191 41 15 1991 7 11 2

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

349

Communications The government has been striving for the improvement of information technology in the country to be on a par with the advanced nations the world over in the communication sector. The table shows the nation’s progress in the communication sector.

Development in the communication sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Post office

office

1114

1340

226

Telegraph office

office

310

487

177

10

4231

4231

Computer telegraph

-

88

88

Local fax service

-

-

-

245

848

603

71855

558768

486913

245

635

390

Faxcimile

Telephone service - telephone office

office

- number of line

line

- exchange

exchange

- direct line

line

67016

472916

405900

- auto/carrier telephone

phone

67016

329488

262472

- auto radio telephone

phone

-

4044

4044

- CDMA

phone

-

30384

30384

- cellular

phone

-

22541

22541

- DECT telephone

phone

-

2583

2583

- GSM

phone

-

83895

83895

- telephone density

1X1000

1.82

8.71

6.89

Microwave station

station

71

224

153

-

207

207

e-mail, Internet

-

5650

5650

X.25 line

-

149

149

Rural telephone exchange

exchange

Local Satellite Station - DOMSAT

station

-

5

5

-VSAT

station

-

15

15

- iPSTAR

station

-

23

23

350

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Coal Powered-plant of Tikyit

351

352

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Electric Power Nowadays, the government is making a huge headway with the national development undertakings. In the nation are many rivers and creeks with annual water flow of 870 million acre feet. If these water resources are harnessed effectively for construction of 267 hydropower plants, some 40,000 megawatts can be generated. The government has been pouring investments into the irrigation projects. It has taken another step for national development through the electric power sector. In 1988, the nation’s electricity consumption was only 1,518 million units. Now, the electricity consumption has reached 5,461 million units. In order to meet the higher living standard of the people, the government had to construct 30 hydel-power plants throughout the country. On completion of 20 more power plant projects, the electricity generation will touch 5863 megawatts. It is indeed about one/eighths of the total electric power that can be generated with the use of all the water resources in the nation

Development in the electric power sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum load megawatt Generating power Increased power supply - implemented project - large scale (above-10 megawatt) - medium-scale (1-10 megawatt) - small-scale (1 megawatt) Implementing projects - large-scale (above-10 megawatt) - installed generator Other power plants - recycling power plant - boiler power plant - natural gas powered-plant - coal powered-plant - diesel powered-plant - present capacity of generator - Future capacity of generator

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

1517.570 363.678 701.423

5461.089 996.761 1670.773

3943.519 633.083 969.350

14 2 1 11

44 10 10 24

30 8 9 13

-

20 4893.500

20 4893.500

3 8 588 473.597 273.755

4 3 11 1 567 1029.451 5599.345

4 3 1 national grid 555.854 5325.59

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

353

Industry The nation is rich in natural resources. Industrial crops thrive in the nation. Human resources are being produced annually. The generation of electricity is on the increase. The government has built a foundation to transform the agro-based nation into an industrialized one. It has constructed dams and reservoirs where water is scarce, and organized enterprises and factories, which scattered in respective regions, into industrial zones. The government’s encouragement and assistance has helped establish 19 industrial zones with 846 enterprises with a total investment of about K 300 billion and an annual turnover of K 200 billion. The number of private-run factories has grown up to 42,707 and cottage industries up to 8,500. The government has established 192 factories, accounting for 833 factories in total in the nation. It is giving encouragement and providing necessary assistance in various fields for the industrial development. As a result, many job opportunities could be ereated for the people. The table shows the industrial progress of the nation.

Development in the industry sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

Upgrading industrial power - Industrial Zones

-

19

-

8463

8463

- private industries

26872

42707

15835

- cottage industries

-

8500

8500

641

833

192

- works

State-owned industries

19

354

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Energy The government is striving for extended exploration of oil. It has discovered offshore oilfields in Mottama, Rakhine State and Taninthayi Division. The nation’s inexhaustible natural gas deposits can contribute towards national development. The Table shows progress of the energy sector.

Development in the energy sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject Oil field (inland)

Count

1988

31-1205

19

18

Progress completed work (1)

- oil field (offshore)

-

3

3

250.91

1682.74

1431.88

- crude oil production (barrel)

6165641

6395488

229847

- gas production (cubic feet)

41913.97

450758.75

329048.13

156.461

230.796

74.335

- Gaspipeline (mile)

- refining crude oil (gallon)(million)

Oilfields (onshore) The government discovered seven more oilfields — Petpel, Aphyauk, Kyaukkhwet, Letpanto, Thagyidaung, Zabei and Nyaungdon, and explored Laydaung, Pyay, Pyaloh, Tetma, Ngashantaung, Phayagon (Seinhai), Phayagon (Kyakaik) and Htantabin oilfields. Indaing oilfield was discovered in 1996 and closed in 2002, and Indaw oilfield was in 2002 and closed in December 2004.

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

355

Nyaungdon Oilfield

356

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Education In an effort to contribute to brighter future of the nation, the government is nurturing the new generation youths who can brave and cope with the challenges of the knowledge age so as to produce more and more human resources. It is also taking all possible measurers for the uplift of the education standard of the people. It has established 156 universities and colleges all over the country to bring equal opportunity to the youths to pursue education. There were only 38 universities and colleges in 1988. It has opened 6,744 basic education schools in the whole county, increasing the number of the schools from 33,474 in 1988 to 40,521 now. It has also opened 4,739 post-primary schools for enabling youths in rural regions to continue to pursue education in respective regions. Originally, Myanmar nationals are dynamic and are quick learners. With the qualifications of the national people, the nation can be changed itself from an agro-based nation into an industrialized one and then into a knowledge power. Adult literacy rate of Myanmar is one of the highest in South-East Asia. The table shows the progress of her education sector.

Development in the education sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Coun

1988

31-12-05

Progress

Basic education - number of schools

school

33747

40525

6778

- BEHS

school

722

1967

1245

- BEMS

school

1696

2605

909

- Post Primary

school

-

5545

4736

- BEPS

school

31329

30408

upgraded

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

357

Development in the education sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject - multimedia classroom

Count room

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

-

1660

1660

- number of teachers

teacher

173772

248072

74300

- number of students

student

5239878

7819176

2579298

- education college

college

17

20

3

- teacher

teacher

456

889

433

- trainee

trainee

4516

37429

32913

- KG enrolment

percent

67.13%

97.58%

30.45%

- adult literacy rate

percent

79.73%

94.1%

14.4%

- primary school level

percent

40.99%

7.80%

33.19%

- middle school level

percent

40.36%

9.62%

30.74%

27

64

37

institute

6

5

hand over

university

3

30

27

- degree college

college

6

9

3

- college

college

11

20

9

- institute*

institute

1

-

upgraded

- Wide Area Network

-

1

1

- Number of WAN sites

-

95

95

- academic programmes

79

379

300

- teacher education

School dropout rate

Uplift of higher education - university/college/degree college - institutes - arts & science university

- number of teachers

teacher

5638

11125

5487

- number of students

student

134325

540067

405742

-e- Learning Centre

centre

-

622

622

- Human resource development centre

centre

-

44

44

- number of trainees

trainee

-

140264

140264

* Institute of Foreign Languages was upgraded into University of Foreign Languages.

358

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Panglong University

359

360

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Science and Technology In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, there have emerged three technological universities and 26 technological colleges. It has established two universities for computer studies and 24 computer colleges across the nation. It has opened doctorate courses in the subjects of engineering, applied science, and computer. It also established the Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University and the Myanmar Maritime University. The purpose of the establishment of the educational institutions in the States and Divisions is to enable the intellectuals and intelligentsia to play an important role in nurturing the youths. The table shows the progress of the education sector of the nation.

Development in the science and technology sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

-Institute of Technology (Ygn,Mdy,Pyay) - teachers - students (graduate) - present students - Government Technological College - number of teachers - number of students (graduate) - present students - Computer University - teachers - students (graduate) - present students - Computer College - number of teacher - number of students graduate - present student Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University - number of teacher - number of students - Government Technical Institute - teacher - students (graduate) - present students Technical High School

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

1 256 687 1 446 5155 1 40 19 -

3 594 17253 7984 26 2271 52461 17013 2 206 17039 13153 24 509 3641 10412

2 338 16566 7984 25 1825 47306 17013 1 166 17020 13153 24 509 3641 10412

2 139 8187 -

1 52 157 12 493 19613 3161 3

1 52 157 10 354 11426 3161 3

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

361

Health Now is the time when measures are being taken to give priority to public health care. Now, the number of hospitals has increased to 819 at present from 631 in 1988. At the time of the Tatmadaw government, five medical universities and two dental universities have been opened. Moreover, two pharmaceutical universities, two paramedical universities, and one medical university have also been added to the existing number. In the past, there were only 28 nursing training schools. But now, they are 43 in number. Specialists were employed at state-, division- and district-level hospitals to ensure better public health care.

200-bed Kengtung Hospital

362

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

University of Traditional Medicine, Mandalay

363

364

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development in the health sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Upgrading of hospital

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

631

819

188

- specialist hospital

15

19

4

- teaching hospital

4

6

2

- 300-bed

1

5

4

- 200-bed

10

25

15

- 150-bed

12

7

upgrading

- 100-bed

28

32

4

- 50-bed

37

58

21

- 25-bed

51

111

60

- 16-bed

168

100

upgrading

- station/ sub-township hospital

305

464

159

health units

1829

1964

135

- rural health unit

1337

1450

113

348

348

-

- regional health unit

64

86

22

- school health team

80

80

-

- doctors (specialist/assistant)

3185

6632

5247

- nurses

4515

10003

5488

- health staff

1557

1702

145

- midwives

8019

9572

1553

290

544

254

- township health assistant

-

92

92

- health assistant-1

-

320

320

1120

1365

245

915

2075

1160

- maternal and child care unit

Health staff

- skilled staff

- health assistant - supervisor (1)/(2)

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

365

Development in the health sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Traditional medicine - traditional medicine hospital - traditional medicine dispensary Free from disease - small pox - leprosy - polio Decrease of motality - rural - urban Increase of longivity - rural - man - woman - urban - man - woman Universities - Medical Institute - Dental Institute - Institute of Nursing - Institute of Paramedical Science - Institute of Pharmacy - University of Community Health - University of Traditional Medicine

Training school - nursing training school - midwifery school - related school

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

2 89

14 237

12 148

free -

free free free

free free free

9.9 8.9

7.1 6.2

2.8 2.7

56.2 60.4

60.8 63.3

4.6

59.0 63.2 4 3 1

61.5 65.6 14 4 2

26 6 16 4

2 2 2 1 1 43 23 16 4

2.9 2.5 2.4 10 1 1 2 2 2 1 17 17 -

366

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development Affairs Steps are being taken to raise the living standard of the national people. Roads and bridges are being constructed in urban and rural areas. Furthermore, irrigation facilities and river water-pumping projects are under way to ensure an adequate supply of drinking water and irrigation water. Emphasis has also been placed on keeping every school-age children at schools in rural areas with the aim of increasing the literacy rate.

Tanyaung river water pumping station in Salin Township, Magway Division

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

367

Development in the development affairs sector of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Urban development - urban road miles - miles of tarred road - miles of gravelled road - miles of granite road - earth road - urban bridges - concrete bridge - wooden bridge - conduit - other Water supply task - Town in which tasks to be done - completed work Rural development - Rural road - tarred road - gravelled road - granite road - earth road - rural bridge - concrete - wooden - conduit - other Rural Water supply tasks - village in which tasks to be done - completed work - rural housing

Count

1988

31-12-2005

Progress

2971/7 945/5 768/2 198/0 1060/0 -

5449/5 2006/1 2024/7 322/3 2096/2 11245 5841 3706 1411 287

2477/6 1060/4 256/5 124/3 1036/2 11245 5841 3706 1411 287

286 48

105 181

181 133

3940/6 295/0 822/7 730/5 2092/2 -

25724/3 1321/5 4422/5 1967/5 18012/4 6961 1518 3972 1102 369

21784/1 1026/5 3599/6 1237/0 15920/2 6961 1518 3972 1102 369

23225 -

8264 21594 1472

14961 21594 1472

368

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Roads and Bridges The Tatmadaw government is building roads and bridges one after another across the nation. Relevent ministries gave a helping hand to this drive. Tatamdaw engineering unit also constructed bridges linking one region and the other. As a result, a network of transport has been created throughout the Union. Wellwishers also contributed to this road and bridge construction. The table shows roads and bridges emerged in the time of the Tatmadaw Government.

Bridges mushrooming of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

Above 180 feet bridges - construction - Myanma Railways - military engineers - electric Power - border area development - regional development (Myainggyingu) Under-180 feet bridges - construction - Myanma Railways - border area development- urban - rural Motor road (miles) - construction - border area development - urban - rural - other department/organization Gravel road (miles) - construction - border area development - urban - rural - other department/organization

Count

1988

31-12-05

Progress

198 198 -

398 389 7 11 2 3

200 191 7 11 2 3

8798 3305 5103 6783/5 5543/0 945/5 295/0 3160/1 1569/0 768/2 822/7 -

3 32253 5296 8484 826 11245 6961 14607/3 9107/5 355/4 2006/1 1321/5 2233/0 10695/2 3293/3 2035/6 1024/7 4422/5 508/6

3 23455 1991 3381 826 11245 6961 7823/6 3564/5 355/4 1060/4 1025/5 2233/0 7535/1 1724/3 2035/6 256/5 3599/6 508/6

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

369

Bridges mushrooming of Myanmar Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005) Subject

1988

31-12-05

Progress

Hard road (miles)

4556/5

5474/1

917/4

- construction

3628/0

3109

upgrading

-

-

-

- urban

198/0

322/3

124/3

- rural

730/5

1967/5

1237/0

-

377/0

377/0

Earth road (miles)

6047/2

27637/5

21590/3

- construction

2895/0

3348/0

453/0

-

3235/5

3235/5

- urban

1060/0

2096/2

1036/2

- rural

2092/2

18012/4

15920/2

-

2166/0

2166/0

- border area development

- other department/organization

- border area development

- other department/organization

Count

Human Resources Measures are being taken to develop human resources in all the spheres, especially in education, health, science, and technology. In this process, one Union Nationalities Development University, two Capacity Enhancement Degree College, 31 youth development training schools, 27 cottage industries, and other Parahita (Boy) Schools were opened in rural areas. Training is provided to widen the knowledge of agriculture, livestock and forestry. To ensure the emergence of marine scientists, marine universities were also opened.

370

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Development of the Union and Human Resource Development of Myanmar Comparison between period preceeding 1988 and after (up to 12-2-2005) Subject

Count

1988

12-2-2005

Progress

University/ College University for Development of National Races

-

1

1

-Number of teacher

teacher

64

130

66

-Number of student

student

3147

8905

5758

1

3

2

CICS -Number of teacher

teacher

57

227

170

-Number of student

student

1327

21354

20027

university

-

3

3

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

268

268

-Number of student

student

-

1061

1061

1

1

-

University of Culture

University of Forestry -Number of teacher

teacher

-

33

33

-Number of student

student

-

579

579

Forest Training School

school

-

1

1

-Number of teacher

teacher

10

12

2

-Number of student

student

80

2058

1978

-

2

2

Human Resource Development Degree College

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

98

98

-Number of student

student

-

797

797

2

9

7

Cooperatives College/Training -Number of teacher

teacher

12

200

188

-Number of student

student

-

2040

2040

Liquerware College

college

-

2

2

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

28

28

-Number of student

student

-

408

408

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

371

Development of the Union and Human Resource Development of Myanmar Comparison between period preceeding 1988 and after (up to 12-2-2005) Subject

Count

1988

12-2-2005

Progress

Institute Merchantine marine

institute

1

1

-

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

-

-

-Number of student

student

40

300

260

Domestic Training school

school

-

27

27

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

182

182

-Number of student

student

-

19458

19458

Youth Development Training School

school

-

31

31

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

204

204

-Number of student

student

-

14810

14810

Parahita Kya Kyaung

school

-

1

1

-Number of teacher

teacher

-

7

7

-Number of student

student

-

657

657

institute

7

7

-

Training schools

Agriculture Institute -Number of teacher

teacher

174

186

12

-Number of student

student

784

5325

4541

Commercial school

school

1

1

-

-Number of teacher

teacher

6

9

3

-Number of student

student

-

100

-

372

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine), the longest bridge in Myanmar

period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

373

374

Chronicle of National Development Comparison between

Information and Public Relations Now is the time when efforts are being made to turn the country into a new state. Imminent are the border areas and national races development project, the greening project, the 24-zone development project, and the rural development project. Now, all the regions in the country are now getting prosperous. These achievements are accounted for consolidated strength among the State, the people and the Tatmadaw. The history of Myanmar is now bright with the age of solidarity. It is worth making a pledge that the time has come to march to a more consolidated new golden state.

Development of the Information and Public relations of Myanmar Comparison between period preceeding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2005)

Subject -

TV retransmission station IPRD offices IPRD libraries departmental libraries rural library e-library Daily Sub-printing house Circulation

Count

1988

31-12-05

Progress

paper

15 111 -

177 373 373 199 45694 108 3 9 403316

162 373 262 199 45694 108 3 9 403316

* Mandalay, Myitkyina, Lashio, Magway, Kalay, Taunggyi, Kengtung, Sittway, Myeik,