China In Burma Update 2008 - Burmese

jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f rS w&kwu f rk % ` rD sm; jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f a&tm;v#ypf pf/ a&eH/ "mwfaiG@EiS hf owWKvkyif ef;u¾rsm;wGif w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tzG@J rsm;rS &if;ED;S jrKwfErSH _ wk;d yGm;vmjcif; UPDATE: 2008

1

aus;Zl;wifvm$ TtpD&ifcpH mjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vkt d yfonfhtultnDrsm;udk yHyh kd; ay;=uonfh All Arakan Students and Youth Congress, Arakan Oil Watch, Burma Relief Center, Courier Research Associates, Images Asia E-Desk, Kachin Development Networking Group, Kachin Environmental Organization, Karen Rivers Watch, Karenni Development Research Group, Lahu National Development Organization, Mon Youth Progressive Organization, Palaung Youth Network Group, Salween Watch Coalition, Shan Sapawa ESihf Shwe Gas Movement tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk Earthrights International rS

txl;aus;Zl;wiftyfygonf? onf “Earth rights [k usEykf fwdk@ t"dy`g,zf iG q fh o dk nf”h vl@tcGit hf a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiu f dk umuG,f &ef Oya'.pGr;f tm;ESifh vlx. k pGr;f tm;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh ukd,f usK;d rzufonfh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonf? uGsEykf w f dk@ onf owif;tcsut f vuf&mS azGjcif;/ Earthrights (obm0ywf0ef;usif ESihf vl@tcGif@ta&;) usL;vGecf sKd ;azmufonfhorl sm;tm; w&m;pGJqjdk cif;/ a'ocHacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh tajccHvlxrk sm;tm;oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifh pnf; &H;k v_H@aqmfjcif; ponfhvyk fief;rsm;udk t"duvkyaf qmifygonf? Txufyg AsL[mvkyif ef;rsm;udk toHk;jyK+yD;/ earth rights csKd ;azgurf r_ sm; yaysmuf&ef/ rSeu f efaomvlxt k wGuf rSeu f efaomajz&Si;f csurf sm; yHyh ;kd &efEiS fh uGsEyfk w f dk@ vSKyf&mS ;aeaoma'orsm;twGi;f vl@tcGit fh a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ysupf ;D rlrsm;udk umuG,jf rSiw fh if&efjzpfonf? Earthrights International (ERI)

rSwcf suf? ? vl@tcGit fh a&;ESihf obm0ywf0ef;usiEf pS cf . k aygi;f pyfru _ dk “earth rights” [k t"dy`g,zf iG fhqdkonf?

ta=umif;udk ydrk kdo&d v Sd dyk gu www.earthrights.org tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS ay:wGif 0ifa&muf=unf&h KS Ekid yf gonf?

ERI

2

rdwq f uf urBmw h 0ef;vHk;&Sd o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;&,la&;twGuf usKd ;pm;aeonfh w&kwEf ikd if . H ajcvSr;f rsm;ESihf r=umcifrS jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f jzpfymG ;onfh ta&;tcif;rsm;tay: a&muf&aSd e 1 onfh Ekid if w H um.pdw0f ifpm;r_onf jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f w&kw. f yg0ifywfoufr_ tcef;u¾ tay: ajymif;vJO;D wnfvmcJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif jrefrmppftpk;d &rS "mwfqD aps;wk;d jrSifhvu kd jf cif;rS jzpfymG ;onfh &[ef;oHCmawmfO;D aqmifonfh +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjyyGu J kd t=urf;zufESrd Ef iS ;f cJjh cif;a=umifh o,HZmwypPn;f rsm;ayg=uG,0f onfjh refrmESihf w&kwf ESpEf ikd if H t=um; Ekid if aH &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;qufpyfrt _ ay: urBmhEidk firH sm; pdw0f ifpm;vmap&ef rD;armif;xk;d jycJh onf? rS jrefrmEkid if aH &tm;v#yfppfvyk if ef;/ a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@vyk f ief;/ owWKwl;az:a&;vkyif ef; ponfph rD u H ed ;f vkyaf ygi;f 90 cef@teuf tenf;qHk;w&kwpf D;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmuf&Guaf &;ukr`%rD sm;aygi;f 69 ckcef@ yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; awG&cdS hJonf?2 r=umcifwiG f jyKvkyfonfhoak woevkyif ef;tm; pDru H ed ;f aygi;f 62 ckwiG f w&kwpf D;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f vkyfaqmifa&;ukr`%aD ygi;f 26 ck yg0ifywfoufonfh[k az:jyonfh 2007 ckEpS /f arv ESihf =o*kwf v=um;wGif jyKvkyo f nfh ERI . rSwfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ S tajccHco hJ nf? ,if;pDru H ed ;f vkyif ef;rsm;onf vGecf o Jh nfq h ,fpEk pS f ESpcf kwiG f wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJo h nfh a&umwmtao;pm; vkd r[kwyf J/ jrefrmEkid if Hujkd zwfI w&kwEf ikd if . H taemufawmifzufokd@ oG,w f ef;rnfh a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@yu kd fvikd f; wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? pDru H ed ;f ESifh pyfvsO;f onfhta=umif;t&m rsm;udk tvG,fwul &,lawG@&ESd ikd o f nfh 0yfq'kd af y:wGif az:jyjcif;r&Sad y/ TtpD&ifcpH mwGif az:jyyg&o Sd nfh owif;tcsut f vufrsm;tm; tpkd;&.xkwjf yefausnmcsurf sm;/ t*Fvyd Ef iS hf w&kwfbmomjzihf a&;om;xkwaf 0onfhowif;rsm;ESihf tifwmeufpmrsuEf SmwGif ukr% ` . D xkwjf yefonfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;csurf sm; ponfhowif;tykid f;tprsm;ukd aumuf,pl kaqmif; xm;jcif;jzpfonf? pDru H ed f;ESipfh yfvsO;f onfh tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm;ESifh jzpfay:vmEkid fonfh pDru H ed ;f . aemufqufwGJtusKd ;qufrsm;ukd xdcu kd fcaH 'ocHjynfov l lxrk sm;od&&Sd ef az:jyxm; jcif; r&So d nft h ay:/ rdrw d kd@taejzihf Towif;tcsuftvuftm; tem*gwfwiG f jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f w&kwpf D;yGm;a&;vkyfief;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Guaf &;ukr% ` . D yg0ifywfoufaer_tay: quf

Earthrights International

1

In 1989, the military regime changed the name of the country from Burma to Myanmar, the historical, Burmese-language name. The name Myanmar is not accepted by most opposition groups, who believe that the regime lacks legitimacy to engage in any government function, including changing the name of the country. This opposition includes the democratically elected National League for Democracy, headed by Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, who refers to the country as Burma. The United States refers to the country as Burma, while the United Nations refers to it as Myanmar.

2

Research for all three sectors was compiled by conducting an English and Chinese language online media review. Full details are included in Summary of Completed, Current and Planned Hydropower, Oil and Natural Gas, and Mining Projects in Burma with Chinese Involvement.

3

vufI tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;r_rsm;/ okawoevkyif ef;rsm;ESihf pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_rsm;jyKvky&f ef taxmuftuljzpfaprnf[k arsmv f ifyh gonf? jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f Ekid if aH &;zdEydS rf a_ =umifh taemufEkid fit H pk;d &rsm;rS jrefrmEkid if HtwGi;f pD;yGm;a&; ESihf &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH r_ sm; ydwq f kd@rj_ zpfay:aponfru jyifopfwkdw,furk % ` ED iS hf tar&duefcsA&f eG f 3 ukr% ` Dwdk@rt S y taemufEikd if rH S pD;yGm;vkyif ef;ukr% ` Drsm; jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f rSxGucf GgapcJo h nf? vufwavm pGr;f tifu¾rSo;Hk pGrJ w _ dk;jrifv h mr_a=umifh tm&SEikd if aH wmfawmfrsm;wGif jynfyokd@ obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;&SmazGa&; tvkt,ufvyk af qmif&mY/ jrefrmEkid if u H dk t"du ajcOD;wnfvm=uonf? tdE, dN Ekid if H/ xkid ;f Ekid if H/ awmifudk;&D;,m;Ekid if H/ pifumylEikd if EH iS hf w&kwf Ekid if H ponfEh ikd if rH sm;onf tm&SEikd if rH sm;teuf jrefrmEkid if t H wGif; a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;/ a&eHEiS o hf bm0"mwfaiG@vkyif ef;/ owWKwl;az:a&;vkyif ef; ponfhu¾rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH _ trsm;qH;k Ekid if rH sm;jzpfonf?4 jrefrmha&eHEiS o hf bm0"mwfaiG@u¾Y Ekid if jH cm;wkdu&f u dk 0f ifa&muf &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH _ (Foreign direct investment-FDI) rSm 2006rS 2007 txd oH;k qwkd;rsm;vm+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm 474 '\r 3 oef;/ 2007 ckEpS f Ekid if jH cm;wkdu&f u kd 0f ifa&muf&if;ES;D jrKwfErSH _ 5 ysr;f rs 90 &mckid ;f E_e;f wufvmcJo h nf? w&kwEf ikd if Honf tjcm;Ekdiif . H jynfwiG ;f a&;udprP sm;udk 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufa&;qkdonfh Ekid if H jcm;a&;rl0g'csKyfuikd x f m;aomfvnf; jrefrmEkid if t H ay: 4if;.pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Ekid if aH &;rl0g'rSm &Si;f vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sdacs? jrefrmEkid if . H obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; &,la&;twGuf w&kwEf ikd if Honf jrefrmhppftpd;k &udk Ekid if Ha&;/6 ppfvufeufypPn;f rsm;7ESihf aiGa&;a=u;a&; tul tnDrsm;udk8 rsm;pGmulnaD y;cJo h nf? jrefrmhprG ;f tifu¾rsm;Y &if;ES;D jrKwfEjSH cif;onf jrefrm ppftpk;d &twGuf tar&duefa':vmbDv, D Haygi;f rsm;pGm 0ifaiG&&Sad pcJ+h yD;/ ,if;0ifaiGrsm;teuf

3

Chevron is exempt from United States sanctions in Burma because of a grandfather clause which permits the continuation of already existing projects. For more information, see EarthRights International. 2008. The Human Cost of Energy: Chevron’s Continuing Role in the Financing Oppression & Profiting from Human Rights Abuses in Military-Ruled Burma (Myanmar). Available at http://www.earthrights.org/publications

4

Official Myanmar government figures; calculations from United States Department of State. ‘2007 Investment Climate Statement – Burma.’ http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/ifd/2007/80685.htm.

5

‘Foreign Investment in Myanmar Oil & Gas Sectors More Than Tripled Last Year.’ The Associated Press, 30 June 2008. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article2.php?art_id=13054

6

‘China & Russia veto US/UK-backed Security Council Draft Resolution on Myanmar.’ United Nations Website, 12 January 2007. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21228&Cr=myanmar&Cr1

7

‘People’s Republic of China: Sustaining Conflict & Human Rights Abuses.’ Amnesty International, 11 June 2006.

8

‘China to Provide Myanmar with US$200m Loan.’ China Daily, 11 June 2006. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-06/11/content_613786.htm; & Amnesty International. 2006. China: Secretive Arms Exports Stoking Conflict & Repression.

4

ppfwyftoH;k p&dwftwGuf tenf;qH;k 40 &mckid ;f E_ef;a&muf&&Sd mrS/9 useu f se;f rma&;twGuf 1 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ESihf ynma&;twGuf 5 &mckid Ef e_ f;avmufom toH;k jyKcJo h nf? jrefrmppftpk;d &udk TuJo h kd@aom Ekid if Ha&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyHrh sm; uln&D mwGif jrefrmEkid if H jynfwiG f;ta&; udprP sm; 0ifa&mufpGuzf ufaejcif;omjzpfonf? atmufygta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm w&kw. f yg0ifywfoufrj_ zih/f jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f wnfaqmuf +yD;/ wnfaqmufqEJ iS hf wnfaqmuf&efppD Ofxm;onfh a&umwmpDrHued ;f rsm;/ a&eHEiS o hf bm0 "mwfaiG@prD u H ed f;rsm;ESihf owWKwl;az:a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd tusO;f csKH ;az:jyxm;onf? &,lpak qmif; xm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;rSm tifwmeufowif;pmrsuEf mS rS w&kwEf iS fh t*Fvyd f bmomjzihf a&;om;az:jyxm;onfh owif;rsm;ukt d ajccH+yD;/ 4if;wdk@rmS w&kwEf ikd if H.&if;ESD; jrKwfErSH _ tpdwftykid ;f tenf;tusO;f rsom az:jyyg&rSd nf[k ,lqygonf?

9

University of California at Berkeley Human Rights Center & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Health & Human Rights. 2007. ‘The Gathering Storm: Infectious Diseases & Human Rights in Burma,’ p. 1. http://www.hrcberkeley.org/pdfs/BurmaReport2007.pdf; ‘Misery Piled Upon Misery: Myanmar.’ The Economist, 6 October 2007; & Sardellitti, E. ‘Myanmar: Courted by the Asian Players.’ Power & Interest News Report, 8 March 2007. http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=627&language_id=1;

10

The U.S. State Department reports that the budget of Burma’s Ministry of Health in 2007 was 0.3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Available at http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/ifd/2007/80685.htm. Burma’s budget represents about 20-25% of Burma’s GDP. This means that expenditures, as a percentage of the budget, are four to five times their percentage of GDP. In the case of health care, that means expenditures are about 1.2-1.5% of the budget. For more information, see EarthRights International. 2008. The Human Cost of Energy: Chevron’s Continuing Role in the Financing Oppression & Profiting from Human Rights Abuses in Military-Ruled Burma (Myanmar), p. 22-23. Available at http://www.earthrights.org/publications

5

jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f w&kw. f pdw0f ifpm;r_ 1954 ckEpS w f iG f w&kwEf ikd fiEH iS hf jrefrmEkid if t H m; ESpEf pS Ef idk if H +idr;f csr;f pGmtwl,SOw f GJ aexkid fa&; tajccHr}l uD; (5) &yf0ifygonfh ausnmpmwrf;ukd yl;wGo J abmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJhonf? ,if;ausnmcsupf mwrf;onf jrefrmEkid if t H ay: w&kwEf ikd if . H qufqHa&;udk &Si;f vif;az:jyonfh 11 Ekid if aH &;tawG;tac:wpf&yfjzpfonf? TtajccHrl (5) &yfrmS / 1) tcsKyftjcmtm%m ykid q f ikd f r_EiS hf e,fajroD;jcm;jzpfr_ukd tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;&ef/ 2) tjyeftvSe&f ef+idK;rxm;&Sad &;/ 3) Ekid if . H jynfwiG f;ta&;udprP sm;udk 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufa&;/ 4) wef;wla&;ESifh ESpOf D;ESpzf uf tusKd ; tjrwf &&Sad &;ESihf 5) oHwrefqufqHa&;jrifw h ifjcif;ESi/fh pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_zvS,af &; ponfwkd@tay: twlwuG+idr;f csr;f pGm wnf&dSa&;ponfwkd@jzpfonf?12 Ekid if Hawmfoufwrf; Eke,fao;onftm;av#mpf Gm ,if;tajccHr}l uD; (5) &yfonf Ekid if w H umrsuEf SmpmwGif w&kwf Ekid if . H zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmr_udk ay:vGiaf ponfh pHerlemtjzpf rD;armif;xk;d jyEkid cf Jhonf? w+ydKifeuf xJwiG f w&kwEf ikd if t H wGi;f Ekid if w H um.=oZm}uD;rmvmr_onf wcgw&Hw&kwfEikd if . H jynfwiG ;f vlra_ &;ESihf Ekid if aH &;yHpk rH sm;udk taESmuft,Sujf zpfapcJo h nf? 1970 ckEpS f pD;yGm;a&;jynfvnfxal xmif+yD;aemufyikd f;Y w&kwEf ikd if o H nf +idr;f csrf;pGmtwlwuG wnf&Sdaexkid fa&;tajccHr}l uD; (5) &yf. vrf;nGerf j_ zihf vufawG@usonfh Ekid fijH cm;a&;rl0g'rsm; udk usio fh Hk;I Ekid if w H iG ;f pD;yGm;a&;ESihf pufrz_ HG@+zdK;wk;d wufa&;udk armif;ESif&ef Ekid if w H um 13 pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Ekid if aH &;zvS,rf r_ sm;udk wk;d jrifah qmif&Gucf o Jh nf? xko d kd@jyKvky&f ef w&kwEf ikd if Honf tjiif;yGm;p&mae&mjzpfonfh jrefrmESifh pl'efEikd if w H kd@tygt0if urBmt h ES@H tjym;wGif ukefoG,f a&;ESihf &if;ESD;jrKwfErSH r_ sm;jyKvky&f ef vrf;zGifv h dku+f yD;/ jynfwiG f;jynfypD;yGm;a&;tiftm; aumif;rGef vmjcif;tm;jzihf Ekid if Ha&;ESihf vlra_ &;wnf+idrrf &_ v Sd mI tjyeftvSef tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm; jzpfaprnf [k ,H=k unfc=Jh uonf? w&kwEf ikd if jH cm;a&;rl0g'onf tjcm;Ekid if . H vlr_a&;/ Ekid if Ha&;ESihf wkd;wufr_ enf;AsL[mrsm;tm; 4if;wkd@u, kd yf ikd fta&;om[k oabmxm;+yD; 0ifa&mufpu G fzufjcif; rjyKvkyf 14 ay? wnf+idrrf &_ &S&d ef tEkenf;jzihf a&G;cs,fudk,w f G,af jz&Si;f jcif;onf urBm@=oZm}uD;Ekid if H wck tjzpf +idr;f csr;f pGmwkd;wufvmonfh w&kwEf ikd if . H t&nftawG;wpfcjk zpfonfru/ pD;yGm;a&; 11

One day prior to signing this agreement with Burma, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signed the ‘Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of India on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India’, in which the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were first introduced. For more information, see ‘China’s Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 17 November 2000. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18053.htm

12

Geng, L. 2006. ‘Sino-Myanmar Relations: Analysis & Prospects.’ In The Culture Mandala, Vol. 7, No. 2. http://www.international-relations.com/CM7-2WB/Sino-Myanmar.htm; & ‘China’s Foreign Policy.’ People’s Daily. http://english.people.com.cn/china/19990914A128.html

13

Zou, K. 2003. ‘China’s Possible Role in Myanmar’s National Reconciliation.’ In The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 23, p. 62. http://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/cjas/article/viewFile/13/13

14

Ibid.

6

jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ jyKvky+f yD;uwnf;u &mpkEpS fo;Hk pkavmuf w&kwEf ikd if H.}uHKawG@&onfh tawG@ t}uHKrsm;ukdvnf; a&mifjyef[yfapcJhonf? w&kwEf ikd if H. tdref D;jcif;Ekdiif w H ckjzpfonft h av#muf jrefrmEkid if o H nf a'owGi;f pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if H a&;ESifh vlr_a&;wnf+idrrf &_ Sdap&ef w&kwEf ikd if . H }udK;yef;r_udk enf;AsL[m& yg0ifaeonf? xkd@jyif tdE, Nd ork'&N mokd@ 0ifxGu&f efvrf;a=umif;jzpfaponfru jrefrmEdik if w H iG f;&Sd a&eHEiS fh obm0 "mwfaiG@rsm;/ owWKvkyif ef;rsm;/ rysufq;D ao;onfjh rpfacsmif;ESihf opfawmrsm; ponfhobm0 o,HZmwypPn;f rsm;wk@d a=umifh jrefrmEkid if o H nf w&kwEf ikd if t H wGuf e,fajrEkid if aH &;t& vGepf mG ta&;ygonf? +rdK@jyESifh pufrv _ yk if ef;w[kefx;dk xGef;um;vmonfEiS t hf wl pGrf;tifEiS u hf ek =f urf; ypPn;f rsm; ydrk v kd dt k yfvmr_a=umifh obm0o,HZmw&SmazGw;l az:jcif;onf w&kwEf idk if HtwGuf vGepf mG ta&;ygvmonf? txl;ojzihf w&kwEf ikd if Honf pGr;f tifokH;pGrJ _wiG f urBmx h yd fqHk;Ekid if H 15 wpfEikd if jH zpfonft h av#muf jrefrmha&eHEiS hfobm0"mwfaiG@ t&if;tjrpftygt0if awmift ar&du/ tmz&duESihf ta&S@tv,frS a&eHEiS hfobm0"mwfaiG@rsm;ukd o,f,&l ef tdE, dN ork'&N m wGif yku d fvikd f;ESpcf k wnfaqmuf&efEiS hf tEW&,frsm;onfrh mvufcg (Malacca) a&vuf=um;ukd a&Smif&mS ;Ekid &f eftwGuf16 w&kwpf rG f;tif&mS azGa&;wGif jrefrmEkid if o H nf w&kwEf ikd if t H wGuf ta&;}uD;vkt d yfonfh vkyfaz:ukid zf ufjzpfapcJhonf? w&kwpf D;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` DwcsKd @onf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Ekid if Ha&;.jcm;em;r_ukd &Si;f vif;aponfh +idr;f csr;f pGmtwl,OS w f JGaexkid af &;tajccHr}l uD; (5) &yfjzihf jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f rdrw d kd@. &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH r_ sm;ukd umuG,af jymqkcd Jhonf? “usaemf f kd@ obm0"mwfaiG@p;D yGm;a&;rSm emw

a&G;p&mvrf;r&Syd gbl Sd aJh e&mudk oGm;&r,f/ ukr% ` . D tusKd ;tjrwftwGuf gbl;/ obm0"mwfaiG@&w 17 pD;yGm;a&;vky&f wmjzpfw,f/ Ekid if aH &;twGuv f yk af ewm r[kwyf gb;l ” [k w&kwfurf;vGef obm0"mwfaiG@urk `%D (China National Offshore Oil Co-CNOOC) .ajyma&;qkcd iG &fh Sdou l Tokd@xw k faz:ajymqdck Jhonf? Txkwfaz:ajymqkcd sut f m; jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f 4if;[email protected]; 18 19 u¾ESipfh yfvsO;f I a0zef&KS wfcsccH &Jh onfh Ivanhoe Mines, Total, ESihf Chevron 15

China is currently the world’s second largest consumer of oil, and the fourteenth largest consumer of natural gas. Statistics for both available at NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/cat/ene-energy

16

90% of China’s foreign trade and 80% of China’s energy imports travel through the Straits of Malacca. Khalid, N. 2006. ‘Security in the Straits of Malacca.’ In Japan Focus. http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2042

17

‘Myanmar Keeps the Wheels on with China’s Help.’ The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2008. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121424381094497175.html?mod=googlenews_wsj

18

When questioned about Ivanhoe Mines’ role in the Monywa Copper Project in Burma, company president Dan Kunz stated that Ivanhoe Mines is “not motivated by political considerations…Ivanhoe is in the mining business, not the political business.” McClearn, M. 2002. ‘Ivanhoe Mines Steps into the Crossfire.’ In Canadian Business, Vol. 75, Issue 3. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=863

7

20

ponfh taemufEikd if rH S pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Guaf &;ukr% ` rD sm;. xkwfaz: ajymqkcd suEf iS fh xyfwjl yifjzpfonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Guaf &;ukr`%Drsm;onf rdrw d kd@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf Ekid if aH &;xuf pD;yGm;a&;ukd tav;ay;aqmif&u G fonfru/ aemufqufwGJ qk;d usK;d rsm;xuf rdrdwkd@&if;ES;D jrKwfErHS . _ tusKd ;&vm'frsm;ukd cs;D rGr;f axmremcJ=h uonf? wcsed f wnf;wGif w&kwftpk;d &onf r=umcifrS jrefrmEkid if H.tajctaersm;tay: rdrw d kd@p;kd &drrf r_ sm;ukd ajymqk+d yD;/ jrefrmEkid if EH iS hf oifah v#mrf nf'h rD dkua&pDvkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk a&S@wk;d vkyfaqmif&ef jrefrm ppftpd;k &ukd wku d w f eG f;cJah omfvnf;21 jrefrmEkid if aH &S@a&;twGuf tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfo h rl mS 22 jrefrmjynfov l lxrk sm;omjzpf+yD;/ Ekid if w H umtwkid ;f t0dik ;f r[kwfa=umif; tqufrjywf xkwf az:ajymqkcd o Jh nf? jrefrmEkid if t H wGif; &if;ESD;jrKwfESHrj_ yKvkyjf cif;onf ESpEf idk if Hp;D yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK; wk;d wufrE_ iS hf a'owGi;f pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;ESihf vlr_a&;wnf+idrrf u _ dk jrif@wifay;jcif;jzpfovdk/ tjyeftveftusKd ;pD;yGm;vn;fjzpfaponf[k w&kwEf ikd if rH S &SKjrifonf?23 Corporation

19

Total has created a website to promote the benefits of its continued involvement in the Yadana Gas Pipeline Project. Available at http://burma.total.com

20

‘Chevron Statement on Myanmar.’ Chevron Website, 2 October 2007. http://www.chevron.com/news/press/Release/?id=2007-10-02; for more information regarding Chevron, see EarthRights International. 2008. The Human Cost of Energy: Chevron’s Continuing Role in the Financing Oppression & Profiting from Human Rights Abuses in Military-Ruled Burma (Myanmar). Available at http://www.earthrights.org/publications

21

‘Chinese Dilemma over Burma Protests.’ BBC News, 25 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7011746.stm

22

‘China backs Dialogue between Myanmar & Aung San Suu Kyi.’ Channel News Asia, 20 November 2007. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/312543/1/.html

23

‘Myanmar Keeps the Wheels on with China’s Help.’ The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2008. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121424381094497175.html?mod=googlenews_wsj

8

a&tm;v#ypf pfu¾ jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f xyfqifv h #ypf pf"mwftm;ay;pufEiS hf v#ypf pf}udK;wef;pDrHude;f rsm;tygt0if a&tm;v#ypf pfprD Hued ;f aygi;f 63 ckwiG f w&kwpf D;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&Gufa&;ukr`%aD ygi;f tenf;qH;k 45 ckcef@yg0ifywfoufco Jh nf? a&;tm;v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f rsm;tm;vH;k teuf t}uD;qH;k pDru H ed ;f rSm tm&SzGH@a&;b%f. rJacgi&f yf0ef;a'ocGJ v#ypf pf}udK;wefueG , f ufwiG f yg0ifrnfh 24 rD*g0yf 7100 tm;&Sd oHvGijf rpfay: wmqef;a&umwmpDru H ed f;jzpfonf? 2007 ckEpS /f rwfv wGif wmqef;a&umwmpDru H ed ;f aqmufvyk fa&; zGifhyt GJ cef;tem;usi;f y+yD; umvtenf;i,f wGif China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) trnf&Sd w&kwfurk % ` rD S tajccHaqmufvyk fa&;rsm; pwifaqmufvyk cf Jhonf? oHviG jf rpfa&umwmaqmufvyk fa&;Y w&kwEf idk if H.yg0ifywfoufrr_ Sm wmqef;a&umwm wpfcw k nf;ruay? 2006 ckEpS w f iG f Sinohydro ESihf jrefrmppftpd;k &rS xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyf rD*g0yf 1200 tm;&Sd [wf}uD;a&umwmpDrHued ;f udk tar&duefa':vm 1 bDvD,jH zpf Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) oabmwlpmcsKyf oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xkd;cJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif vsu&f Sd Hanergy Holding Group [k vlord sm;onhf Farsighted Group ESihf China Gold Water Resources Co. ukr% ` o D nf oHviG jf rpftxufykid ;f rD*g0yf 2400 tm;&Sd a&tm; v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f aqmufvyk f&ef jrefrmppftpk;d &ESifh MoUs oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJo h nf? ,if;ae&mtm; 2006 ckEpS w f iG f (Yunnan Power Grid Co.) ukr`%rD S uGif;qif; avhvmr_jyKvkycf Jhonf[k od&&Sd onf? 2008 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif Sinohydro, China Southern Power Grid Co., ESifh China Three Gorges Project Co. ukr% ` Dwkd@rS oHviG jf rpf a&tm;v#ypf pfprD Hued ;f aqmufvyk Ef kid rf nfh tvm;tvmrsm;tay: wk;d jrifv h yk af qmif&ef twGuf yl;aygi;f aqmif&Gufa&;enf;AsL[mabmif oabmwlncD suw f pfckukd oabmwlvufrSwf 25 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? oHviG jf rpfay: t}uD;pm;a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;wGif w&kwEf idk if H yg0if ywfoufaomfvnf; v#yfppf"mwftm;trsm;pkrmS tdref ;D jcif;xkid ;f Ekid if Hokd@ a&mif;xkwo f mG ;rnf jzpfonf? &Sr;f jynfenftwGi;f w&kwef ,fpyfteD;&Sd a&$vD (1)/ (2)ESihf (3) a&umwmwGif rsm;pGmonfh w&kwEf ikd if H. yHyh ;kd ulnrD r_ sm;udk &&Scd Jhonf? 2004 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif Yunnan Machinery & 24

For more information regarding the Salween River, see Mon Youth Progressive Organization. 2007. In the Balance: Salween Dams Threaten Downstream Communities in Burma; Shan Sapawa. 2006. Warning Signs: An Update on Plans to Dam the Salween in Burma’s Shan State; Karen Rivers Watch. 2004. Damming at Gunpoint: Burma Atrocities Pave the Way for Salween Dams in Karen State; & Salween Watch, Southeast Asia Rivers Network & Center for Social Development Studies at Chulalongkorn University. 2004. The Salween Under Threat: Damming the Longest Free River in Southeast Asia. All available at http://www.salweenwatch.org/publications.html

25

‘缅甸萨尔温江战略合作框架协议签署 (Salween River Strategic Cooperation Framework Agreement

Signed).’ 金融界, 28 April 2008. http://info.jrj.com.cn/news/2008-04-28/000003585891.html

9

rS a&$vD (1) a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;rsm;udk pwifvyk fuikd cf Jhonf? jrefrmppftpk;d &. aiGa=u;rvHak vmufr_a=umifh26 Yunnan Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Development Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Yunnan Power Grid Co. ukr% ` Dwkd@y;l aygi;f I 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif Yunnan Joint Power Development Co. 27 (YUPD) udk xlaxmifcJh onf? Equipment Import & Export Co.

(YMEC)

vtenf;i,f=um+yD;aemuf (YUPD) rS jrefrmppftpk;d &ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I Shweli River I Power Station Co. ukr% ` u D dk xlaxmif+yD;aemuf/ pDrHude;f . 80 &mckid ;f E_ef;udk &,l+yD;/ a&$vD (1) a&umwmukd Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) tjzpf ajymif;vJI xkwv f yk fEikd rf p_ rG ;f tm;udk 28 rD*g0yf 400 &S&d mrS rD*g0yf 600 txdwdk;jrifv h dkuo f nf? tenf;qH;k Sinohydro ukr% ` cD EGJ pS cf rk S pDru H ed ;f twGuf aqmufvkyaf &;vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk axmufychH +Jh yD;/ Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. ukr% ` rD S v#ypf pf"mwftm;vGw}f udK;ESifh "mwfwidk rf sm;twGuf tar&duefa':vm rDv, D rH sm;pGm 29 wefonfh oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrw S af &;xk;d cJhonf? a&$vD (1) a&tm;v#yfppfpuf&o Hk nf 2009 ckEpS /f ZGefvwGif t+yD;owfaqmufvyk rf nfjzpf+yD;/ arv 2007 ckEpS fwiG f 4if;.aqmuf vkyaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;tm; w0ufcef@+yD;ajrmuf+yD;jzpfonf? ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` Daygi;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; onf arc/ rvdcESihf {&m0wDjrpfwav#mufY }uD;rm;onfah &umwmaygi;f (7) ck aqmufvyk f a&;vkyif ef;wGif yg0ifywfouf+yD;/ ,if;a&umwmtm;vH;k rS v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;aygi;f 13360 rD*g0yf xkwfvyk Ef ikd rf nfjzpfonf?30 2007 ckEpS w f iG f China Power Investment Co. ukr% ` rD S ,if; 26

‘激战瑞丽江——水电十四局瑞丽江电站截流施工纪实 (Shweli River Fierce Battle-Shweli Dam 14th Bureau Damming Construction).’ Sinohydro Website, 26 February 2007. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=117246 07890001 For photographs of construction at the Shweli I Dam site see ‘瑞丽江项目部图库 (Shweli River Project Bureau Photographs).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 29 June 2007. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=61&id=394

27

‘中国在缅甸投资的首个水电项目成功截流 (China’s First Hydropower Investment in Burma Successfully Dammed).’ China Electricity Council, 13 December 2006. http://www.cec.org.cn/news/showc.asp?id=92488; For more information regarding the Shweli Cascade see Palaung Youth Network Group. 2007. Under the Boot. Available in English and Chinese at http://www.salweenwatch.org/brn.html

28

‘瑞丽江电站胜利实现截流 (Shweli River Hydropower Station Triumphantly Blocks Water).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 11 December 2006. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=3&id=26

29

‘Myanmar Installs More Transmission Lines for New Power Plant.’ Xinhua General News Service, 5 July 2007; ‘About Huyong.’ Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. Website. http://www.hydl-cn.com/en/aboutus.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.] ; & ‘缅甸瑞丽江一级电站工程总承建包合同在昆签字 (Contracts Signed in Kunming for Shweli I Dam).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 5 July 2007.

30

For more information, see Kachin Development Network Group. 2007. Damming the Irrawaddy. Available at http://www.salweenwatch.org/brn.html

10

a&umwm (7) ckudk aiGa=u;axmufy&Hh ef jrefrmppftpk;d &ESifh oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xk;d cJ+h yD;/ China Southern Power Grid Co. ukr`%E D iS hf Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) wkd@rS arcjrpfay: jzpfEi kd fajca&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd &f ef jrefrmhprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf MoU oabmwlpmcsKyfukd 2006 ckEpS w f iG f vufrSwaf &;xd;k cJhonf? rnfokd@qkad p ,if;tpDtpOfrsm;. tao;pdwftcsut f vufrsm;tm; &Si;f vif;az:jyjcif; r&Sad o;ay? Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning, Design & Research tzGJ@onf arcESihf rvdcjrpfqYHk jzpfEkdizf , G }f udKwifavhvmr_wpfcjk yKvky+f yD;cJ+h yD;/ ,if;avhvmr_tm; China CAMC Engineering Co ukr% ` rD S yg0ifywfoufco Jh nfru a'owGi;f a&tm;v#ypf pf pDru H ed ;f rsm; taumiftxnfaz:&mYvnf; yg0ifywfoufchJonf? 2006 ckEpS w f iG f pwifaqmufvyk fonfh rEWav;wkid ;f rS rD*g0yf 790 tm;&Sd a&0a&umwmtm; China Gezhouba Group Co. ukr% ` /D Sinohydro ukr% ` /D China International Trust and Investment Co. (CITIC) ukr`%/D Technology Co. ukr% ` /D China National Electric Equipment Co. ukr% ` /D China National Heavy Machinery Co. ukr`%ED Sihf Hunan Savoo Oversea Water and Electric Engineering Co ponfhur k % ` rD sm;tygt0if w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G fa&;ukr`%aD ygi;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rS aiGa=u;axmufychH hJonf? xkdxufru pDru H ed ;f twGuf aemufxyfvt kd yfonfhaiGa=u;rsm;ukd China EXIM Bank rS yHyh ;kd ulncD Jhonf? a&0/ a&$vED iS hf [wf}uD;a&umwmpDrHued ;f wk@d tjyif t}uD;qH;k w&kwaf &umwmaqmufvyk fa&; ukr% ` jD zpfonfh Sinohydro ukr% ` ED iS hf 4if;.ukr`%w D kd@onf uGe/f ausmuf/ rGef;/ erf;cefc/ aygi;f avmif;/ wmydef (1)/ ozef;qdwEf iS hf aZmf*sD (1) ponfah &umwmpDru H de;f wkd@wiG fvnf; yg0ifywfoufcJhonf? a&0pDru H ed ;f ESihftvm;wl China International Trust and Investment Co. (CITIC) ukr% ` ED iS hf China EXIM Bank wkd@rS ozef;qdwfa&umwmpDru H ed ;f twGuf &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH E_ iS hf aemufxyfvt kd yfonfhaiGa=u;rsm;udk yHyh ;kd ulncD Jo h nf? ukr% ` t D m; jrefrma&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;u¾wGif twuf=uGq;kH w&kwfurk % ` Dwpfcjk zpfonf? YMEC onf 1990 ckEpS u f wnf;u Ching Hkran, Chinshwehaw, Dattawgyaing, Hopin, Kunhein, The Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

Kunlon, Kyaing Ton, Kyaukme, Laiva, Mepan, Nam Hkam Hka, Nam Myaw, Nam Wop, Nancho, Paunglaung, Upper Paunglaung, Shweli I, II, III Cascade, Watwon, Zaungtu, Zawgyi I and II, Zichaung, ESihf N’Mai Hka ponfa h &umwmpDrHude;f rsm;tygt0if

pDru H ed ;f t}uD; tao;aygi;f 25 ckausmw f iG f yg0ifywfoufc+Jh yD;/ &efuek rf S '*Hv k #ypf pfprG ;f tif XmecGw J iG v f nf;yg0ifco Jh nf? YMEC yg0ifywfoufr_&o Sd nfh TpDrHued ;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/ 4if;wkd@yg0ifywfoufrr_ mS &Sif;vif;pGmrod&&Sd aomfvnf; aqmufvyk af &;ESihf aiGa=u;axmufyaHh &;wGif ykdrykd g0ifrnfjzpfonf?

11

a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ w&kwt f }uD;qH;k a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@urk `%rD sm;jzpf=uonfh Sinopec, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ESihf China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) ponfhurk % ` rD sm;tygt0if jrrmEkid if t H wGif; urf;vGeEf iS hf uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f a&eHESio hf bm0"mwfaiG@ pDru H ed ;f aygi;f (21) ckwiG f w&kwpf D;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; ukr% ` Daygi;f tenf;qH;k (16) ck wGif yg0ifywfoufco Jh nf? 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmppftpk;d &onf &ckid jf ynf a&$obm0 "mwfaiG@vyk fuu G rf S obm0"mwfaiG@rsm;tm; PetroChina ukr% ` o D kd@ tjcm;aom+ydKifbuf ukr% ` rD sm;xuf aps;edrI fh a&mif;xkwrf t _ m; twnfjyKcJ+h yD;/ TudpPa=umifh jrefrmhobm0 "mwfaiG@u¾wGif w&kwf.=oZmvGrf;rk;d r_ukd ykrd &dk iS f;vif;apcJhonf?31 ukr% ` o D nf 4if;.ukr% ` cD jGJ zpfonfh PetroChina ukr% ` t D m; &ckid furf;vGeyf ifv,frS a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@vyk u f Guf (5) uGuftwGuf 2006 ESihf 2007 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmppf tpk;d &ykid f Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) ukr% ` ED iS fh MOUs oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xd;k cJo h nf? CNOOC ESihf 4if;.ukr% ` DcjGJ zpfonfh China National Oil & Gas Development Co. (CNODC)/ ESihf China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) wkd@onf &ckid jf ynf obm0"mwfaiG@vyk u f Guf (6) uGut f wGi;f obm0"mwfaiG@&mS azGa&;ESifh xkwfvyk f a&;twGuf MoUs oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? vkyu f u G f (6) uGut f euf (2) uGut f wGi;f wGif CNOOC .yg0ifrr_ mS China Huanqiu Contracting and Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Singapore’s Golden Aaron Pet. Ltd. ukr% ` w D kd@ yl;aygi;f yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh SinoSingaporean pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Gua f &;ukr% ` Dwpfc. k tpdwftykid ;f rS yg0ifcjJh cif;jzpfonf? 2006 ESihf 2007 ckEpS w f Gif Sinopec ukr% ` ED iS hf PetroChina ukr% ` ED pS cf pk vH;k &ckid fyifv,f urf;ajcrS obm0"mwfaiG@&SmazGa&;vkyif ef;rsm; jyKvkycf o Jh nf[k od&&Sd onf?32 CNPC

&ckid jf ynfvyk fuu G rf sm;. aemufuG,w f iG f Tuyintaung RSF-2, Gwegyo-Ngashandaung RSF3, Tetma IOR-3, IOR-4, Indaw-Yenan C-1, and Shwebo-Monywa C-2 ponft h ygt0if CNPC onf uke;f ay:vkyu f Gurf sm;&SmazG&ef pDpOfaeonf? Sinopec rSvnf; ppfuikd ;f ESihf rauG;wkid ;f &Sd uke;f wGi;f ykid f;vkyu f Guf D wGif &SmazGrr_ sm;jyKvkycf Jhonf? od@k EiS phf yfv#i;f I CNOOC ESihf 4if;.ukr`%cD rGJ sm;onf oD;oef@aomfvnf;aumif;/ Sino-Singaporean pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Guaf &;ukr% ` ED iS hf twly;l aygi;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; rkwrW yifv,fatmfwiG ;f M-2, M-3, 31

For more information about the Shwe natural gas block, see Shwe Gas Movement. 2006. Supply & Command: Natural Gas in Western Burma Set to Entrench Military Rule; & Arakan Oil Watch. The Shwe Gas Bulletin. Both available at www.shwe.org.

32

For more information regarding China’s oil and natural gas activities in Arakan State see Arakan Oil Watch. 2008. Blocking Freedom: A Case Study of China’s Oil & Gas Investment in Burma. Available at www.arakanoilwatch.org

12

M-4 ESihf M-10 ponfh urf;vGef vkyu f Gurf sm;ESifh Indaw-Yenan C-1, ESifh Shwebo-Monywa C2. ponfwkd@wi G f Sinopec ESit fh wlwuG vkyaf qmif yg0ifywfoufcJhonf? avmifpm&SmazGw;l az:a&;ESihf w+ydKifeuf/ CNPC ESihf Sinopec onf jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f &ckid f urf;&k;d wef;rS w&kwEf ikd if Htaemufawmifyidk f;+rdK@rsm;jzpfonfh Kunming okd@r[kwf Chongqing

+rdK@okd@ oG,fwef;rnfh uDvrkd w D maygi;f 2380 &Snfvsm;onfh a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@yu kd fvikd f; wnfaqmufa&;ukd pDpOfvyk af qmifaeonf? Sinopec onf "mwfaiG@ydkuv f ikd f;wnfaqmuf&ef tar&duefa':vm (1) bDv, D Hausmf oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrw S fa&;xd;k cJ+h yD;/ CNPC onf vnf; &ckid jf ynfurf;&d;k wef;rS obm0"mwfaiG@t=urf;okad vSmif&Hk wnfaqmufzkd@twGuf jzpfEikd f ajc tao;pdwaf vhvmcsujf yKvky&f ef jrefrmppftpkd;&ykid f Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) ukr% ` ED iS hf MoUs oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? "mwfaiG@yu kd fvidk f;ESihf "mwfaiG@t=urf;okdavSmif&Hkonf ta&S@tv,fyikd ;f / awmiftar&duESifh tmz&duEkid if Hwkd@rS w&kwEf ikd if Hokd@ a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@rsm;tm; wifoiG ;f &efv, G fual ponfru/ Malacca a&vwf=um;rSwpfqihf w&kwEf ikd if o H @dk cufcpJ mG wifykd@ae&onfh jy\emudt k pm;xk;d &ef vsijf ref vG,fuo l nfh a&G;p&mtjcm;enf;vrf;wpfcv k nf; jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf?

13

owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; jrefrmhowWKwGi;f vkyif ef;wGif w&kwu f rk % ` w D [email protected] _ m; od&&dS ef vGepf mG cufcJovk/d 4if;trsm;pkonf pDrHued ;f tao;pm;rsm;jzpfonfru ppfwyftiftm;rsm;pGmcsxm;onfh a0;acgio f nfah us;vufa'owGifwnf&+Sd yD; oGm;a&mufI owif;rsm;aumuf,&l efcufco Jh nfh twGufa=umifh ,if;pDrHued ;f rsm;onf vltrsm;pk.pdw0f ifpm;r_ tm;enf;cJo h nf? Kachin Development Networking Group ESihf Lahu National Development Organization tzGJ@wkd@xkwaf 0onfhtpDcHpmrS r=umrDEpS rf sm;twGi;f Y &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS hf ucsijf ynftwGi;f &Sd tao;pm;owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif Northern Star/ Sea Sun Star ESihf Standing Company Limited ponfw h &kwfurk % ` Dwkd@ yg0ifywfoufcJha=umif; az:jyonf?33 xkd@tjyif vGecf Jhonfh 5 ESpu f mvtwGi;f w&kwpf D;yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&Gufa&;ukr`%aD ygi;f (10) cktm; jrefrmEkid if HowWKwGi;f pDrHued ;f }uD; (6) ckwiG f yg0ifywfoufcaJh =umifh ERI rS awG@&cSd o Jh nf? ‚if;wkd@teuf t}uD;qHk;pDru H ed ;f rSm China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company rS tar&duefa':vm oef;aygi;f 600 jzihf &if;ESD;jrKwfE+HS yD;/ owWKwefcsed af ygi;f oef; 40 xkwfvyk rf nfh rEWav;wkid f;&Sd waumif;awmifowWKwGi;f jzpfonf? 2007 ckEpS w f iG f China’s National Reform and Development Council rS TpDru H ed ;f ukd twnfjyK+yD;/ jrefrmppftpk;d & owWKwGi;f 0ef}uD;XmerS +yD;pD;xm;onfph rD u H ed f;jzpfEidk fajc }udKwifavhvmcsuu f dk vufccH o Jh nf? China EXIM Bank ESihf China Development Bank rS aiGa&;a=u;a&; axmufyI Hh China Nonferrous Engineering & Research Institute rS uae'gajcpku d f Hatch tzGJ@EiS hf yl;aygi;f I pDru H ed ;f yHpk Ha&;pGrJ _udk ulnDco Jh nf? ,if;waumif;awmifprD u H ed f;onf Sino-Burmese owWK vkyif ef;orkid ;f wckvHk;wGif atmifjrifr_ t&Sq d H;k yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifr_wpfct k jzpf cs;D rGr;f cHcJ&h +yD;/ w&kwt f pd;k &ESihf jrefrmppftpk;d &xdyyf kid ;f acgi;f aqmifwdk@ pdw0f ifpm;r_ukd &&Scd o hJ nf?34 csi;f jynfe,f&Sd arGawmifowWKwGif;Y &SmazGa&;ESihf jzpfEikd af jc}udKwifavhvmr_jyKvky&f ef Kingbao (Jinbao) Mining Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmowWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme trSwf (3) ESifh oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xkd;cJo h nf? ,if;owWKwGi;f onf owWKwefcsed af ygi;f (10) rDv, D efwefausmyf g0ifonf[k 4if;wkd@rS awG@&cSd Jhonf? Kingbao (Jinbao) Mining Co. ukr% ` o D nf Gold Mountain (Hong Kong) International Mining Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Wanbao Mining Co wkd@ aygi;f pyfonfh ukr% ` cD GJwpfcjk zpf+yD;/ ,if;ukr% ` Dudk 50 &mckid Ef e_ f;pD ykid q f idk =f uonf? Gold Mountain (Hong 33

Kachin Development Networking Group. 2007. Valley of Darkness: Gold Mining & Militarization in Burma’s Hugawng Valley. Available at http://www.kachinnews.com/Valleyofdarkness/ValleyofDarkness.pdf; & Lahu National Development Organization. 2006. Undercurrents: Monitoring Development on Burma’s Mekong, Issue 2. Available at http://www.shanland.org/articles/environment/2006/Images/Undercurrents2.pdf

34

‘中国有色集团积极推进缅甸达贡山镍矿项目 (CNMC Embarks on Tagaung Taung Nickel Mine Project).’ The State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission (SASAC) of the State Council Website, 16 November 2006. www.sasac.gov.cn/zyqy/gcjz/200611210070.htm

14

Kong) International Mining Co. ykid q f ikd +f yD;/ Wanbao Mining Co.

ukr`%o D nf ukr% ` Donf

Zijing Mining Co. ukr% ` cD w GJ pfckv;Hk ukd China North Industries (NORINCO)

ukr% ` cD GJwpfcv k Hu k dk ykid fqikd fxm;onf? wl;az:&efppD Ofxm;aom tjcm;aomowWKwGi;f pDrHued ;f rsm;rSm vufyaH wmif; a=u;eDowWKwGif; yg0ifonf? 4if;onf ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f / rH&k mG +rdK@e,f&Sd rHk&mG a=u;eDprD Hued ;f . wwd, &mxm;csujf zpf onf? 2006 ckEpS /f rwfvrS xkwaf 0onfhtpDcpH monf China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. ukr% ` t D m; vufyaH wmif;a=u;eDowWKwGi;f pDrHued ;f udk ydik q f ikd af =umif;ausnmcJ+h yD;/ ,if;ausnm cJo h nfhtay: uae'gEikd if H tkid Af eJ f[kd; (Ivanhoe) owWKukr% ` ED iS hf jrefrmhowWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme 35 wkd@. zufpyfprD u H ed ;f vkyif ef;wGifvnf; tpk&, S , f mykdiq f idk rf _wiG f yg0ifEikd zf , G &f Sdonf? rEWav; wkid ;f rS The Mount Popa Pozzolan Mine udv k nf; wl;az:&efppD Ofxm;+yD;/ ,if;pDru H ed ;f onf Jiangsu Pengfei Group Co. ukr% ` yD g0ifa=umif; 2007 ckEpS w f iG f xkwjf yefco hJ nf? Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Export & Import Co. ukr% ` Donf &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f / erfw h -l abmfwiG ;f owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; wl;az:&ef jrefrmowWKwGif;0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlpmcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJ+h yDjzpf+yD;/ avmavmq,fq,ftcsed fwiG f owWKwGif; ae&mw0du k f aemufxyf&mS azGrE_ iS hf wl;az:r_rsm;jznfph u G fvyk fuidk &f ef ndES i_d ;f aqG;aEG;aeonf? aemufq;Hk rSmrl &Srf;jynfe,ftwGi;f wD*spaf usmufr;D aoG;puf&EHk iS fh owWKvkyfief;rsm;tm; cGe;f / uabmif;ESihf a&0a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;wGif yg0ifvyk u f ikd faeonfh China National Heavy Machinery Co. ukr% ` rD S vkyu f ikd fawmhonf? vkyif ef;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm 2001 ckEpS rf S jrefrmhowWKvkyif ef;tm%mykid Ef iS fh Chinese Ministry of Land Resources wkd@t=um; jrefrmhowWKvkyi f ef;ESihf owWKt&if;tjrpf&mS azGa&;ESihf &if;ESD;jrKwf ESrH w _ iG f wdk;jrifv h yk faqmifr_EiS hf pyfvsO;f onfh oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJrS jzpfay:vmjcif; 36 jzpfonf?

35

In February 2007, Ivanhoe Mines reported that due to requirements of its partnership with Rio Tinto in Mongolia, the company transferred all of its assets in Burma to an independent trust. Ivanhoe Mines. 2007. Fact File: The Monywa Copper Project. Available at http://www.ivanhoemines.com/i/pdf/Monywa-FactFile.pdf

36

‘Myanmar’s Coal Production up Sharply in 2005.’ Xinhua News Agency, 13 January 2006.

15

u¾rs ¾rsm;wGif jrefrmha&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;/ a&eHEiS o hf bm0"mwfaiG@vyk if ef;ESihf owWKvkyif ef;u yg0ifywfoufonfh w&kwpDfp;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` rD sm; pm&if; a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;u¾ Central China Power Grid Co. (CCPGC) Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. Changjiang Geotechnical Engineering Co. Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research China CAMC (Construction & Agricultural Machinery Import & Export Co) Engineering Co. China Datang Group Co. China Datang Yantan Hydropower Co. China Export-Import (EXIM) Bank China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) China Gezhouba Group (CGGC) International Co. China Gold Water Resources Co. China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Co. (CHECC) CHECC, Kunming Hydroelectric Investigation Design & Research Institute (KHIDI) CHECC, Mid-South Design & Research Institute China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Group China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co. China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) China Power Investment Co. (CPI) China Shanghai (Group) Co. for Foreign Economic & Technological Co-operation Co. China Southern Power Grid Co. (CSG) China Three Gorges Project Co. (CTGPC) Guangdong New Technology Import Export Zhuhai Co. Guangxi Electric Power Industry Investigation Design & Research Institute Hanergy Holding Group (formerly China Farsighted Investment Group) Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. Jiangxi Water Programming & Design Institute Kunming Electric Machinery Co. Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. Shenzhen Menglong Import & Export Co. Shweli River I Power Station Co. Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (SMEC) Sinohydro International Sinohydro’s 1st Engineering Bureau Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau

16

Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau State Grid Corporation of China State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing Electric Power Construction Research Institute Tianjing ALSTOM Hydro Co. Yunnan Electric Power Design Institute Yunnan Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Development Co. Yunnan Joint Power Development Co. (YUPD) Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. Ltd. (YMEC) Yunnan Power Grid Co. Zhejiang Orient Holding Group

a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@vyk if ef;u¾ China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Ltd. China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) International China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Hong Kong China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Huabei Petroleum China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. Chinnery Assets Kai Er Co. PetroChina PetroChina International (Singapore) Co. (ChinaOil Singapore) China Petroleum & Chemical Co. (Sinopec)

owWKvkyif ef;u¾ China Development Bank China Export-Import (EXIM) Bank China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. (CNMC) CNMC Nickel Co. Gold Mountain (Hong Kong) International Mining Co. Jiangsu Pengfei Group Co. Kingbao (Jinbao) Mining Co. Wanbao Mining Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

17

w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` rD sm; yg0ifiyf wfoufonfh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f jyKvky+f yD;/ jyKvkyaf eqJEiS hf jyKvkyrf nfh a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;/ a&eHEiS o fh bm0"mwfaiG@vyk if ef;ESihf owWKvkyif ef;u¾rsm; ajryHk

18

a&tm;v#ypf pf

v#ypf pf}udK;vk ;vkid ;f

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.

Belin-Meikhtila-Taungtwingyi-Monywa Kengtawng Myaungdagar-Hlaingthagar-Yekyi Rangoon-Yegyi Shweli I-Rangoon/Niyou River (China)

Nam Hkam Hka Dam (5 MW) Khaunglanphu Dam (1700 MW) Phizaw Dam (1500 MW) Lakin Dam (1400 MW) Laiza Dam (1560 MW) Pashe Dam (1600 MW) Chibwe (Chibwi) Dam (2000 MW) Chibwe Nge (Chibwi Nge) Dam (99 MW) Myitsone Dam (3600 MW) Ching Hkran Dam (2.52 MW) Hopin Dam (1.126 MW) Tarpein I Dam (240 MW) Tarpein II Dam (168 MW) Shweli I Dam (600 MW) Shweli I Substation Nam Myaw Dam (4 MW) Shweli II Dam (460 MW) Shweli III Dam (360 MW) Upper Thanlwin/Kunlong Dam(2400 MW) Kunlon Dam (0.5 MW) Chinshwehaw Dam(0.2 MW) Mepan (Meipan) Dam (1.26 MW) Kunhein (Kunheng) Dam (0.15 MW) Mongsan Substation Kyaing Ton (Kengtung) Dam (0.48 MW) Nam Wop Dam (3 MW) Tasang Dam (7100 MW) Kengtawng Dam (54 MW) Zawgyi I Dam (18 MW) Zawgyi II Dam (12 MW) Kyaukme Dam (4 MW) Watwon Dam (0.5 MW) Yeywa Dam (790 MW) Yeywa Substation Dattawgyaing Dam Belin Substation Shwesaryan Substation Thapanseik Dam (30 MW) Zi Chaung Dam (1.26 MW) Laiva Dam (0.96/0.6 MW) Kyeeon Kyeewa Dam (75 MW) Buywa Dam (60 MW) Mone Creek Dam (75 MW) Nancho Dam (40 MW) Upper Paunglaung Dam (140 MW) Paunglaung Dam (280 MW) Thaukyegat I Dam (150 MW) Thaukyegat II Dam (120 MW) Kapaung Dam (30 MW) Phyu Dam (20 MW) Kun (Kunchaung) Dam (60 MW) Yenwe Dam (25 MW) Zaungtu Dam (20 MW) Kyauk Naga Dam (75 MW) Hat Gyi Dam (1200 MW) Rangoon Dagon Substation

a&tm;v#ypf pf (wnf&&Sd mae&m rod&&Sd ) Kyauk Dam (Pegu Division) ‘Songpu’ Dam* (7.5 MW) ‘Piaoliang’ Dam* (400 MW)

uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f a&eHEiS o fh bm0"mwfaiG@ C-1 Block C-2 Block D Block IOR-3 Block IOR-4 Block L Block M Block RSF-2 Block RSF-3 Block Natural Gas Pipeline Oil Pipeline

urf;vGeaf &eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ A-1 Block A-3 Block A-4 Block AD-1 Block AD-6 Block AD-8 Block M-2 Block M-3 Block M-4 Block M-10 Block

owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; Letpadaung Copper Deposit Mount Popa Pozzolan Mine Mwetaung Nickel Deposit Namtu-Bawtwin Mineral Deposit Tagaung Taung Nickel Deposit Tigyit Coal Fired Power Plant and Mine

* Name available in Chinese only

19

w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygif H wGi;f aygif;aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` rD sm; yg0ifywfoufonfh jrefrmEkid if t jyKvky+f yD;/ jyKvkyaf eqJEiS hf jyKvkyrf nfh a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;rsm; ajryHk

20

w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` rD sm; yg0ifywfoufonfh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f jyKvky+f yD;/ jyKvkyaf eqJEiS hf jyKvkyfyrf nfh a&eHEiS o fh bm0"mwfaiG@vyk if ef;ESifh owWKvkyif ef;u¾rsm; ajryHk

21

w&kwpf ;D yGm;a&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukr% ` rD sm; yg0ifywfoufonfh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f jyKvky+f yD;/ jyKvkyaf eqJEiS hf jyKvkyrf nfh a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;/ a&eHEiS o fh bm0"mwfaiG@vyk if ef;ESihf owWKvk Kvkyif ef;u¾rsm; tusKOf;csKyf a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef; csi;f jynfe,f Laiva (0 '\r 6 rD*g0yf) (zvef;+rdK@e,f) ucsijf ynfe,f csb D , G f Chibwe (Chibwe) (2000 rD*g0yf)/ arcjrpf (csb D , G +f rdK@e,f) csb D , G if ,f Chibwe Nge (Chibwe Nge) (99 rD*g0yf)/ csb D , G af csmif; (csb D , G +f rdK@e,f) csicf ef Ching Hkran (Chying Hkran) (2 '\r 52 rD*g0yf) (csicf ef&mG / jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@e,f) [kyd if Hopin (1 '\r 26 rD*g0yf) (rk;d nif;+rdK@e,f) aumifvefz;l Khaunglanphu (1700 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf (aumifvefz;l +rdK@e,f) vkid Zf m (1560 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf (Sumprabum Township) vcif Lakin (1400 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf (csb D , G f +rdK@e,f) jrpfqHk (3600 rD*g0yf) {&m0wfjrpfqHk erf;cefcg; - Nam Hkam Hka (5 rD*g0yf)/ (ylwmtk+d rdK@e,f) yg&;SD -Pashe (1600 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf (csb D , G f +rKd@e,f) zkid af Zmf - Phizaw (1500 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf (aumifvefz;l +rdK@e,f) wmydef (1) (240 rD*g0yf) wmydejf rpf (a'gzek , f ef+rdK@e,f Dawphoneyan Township) wmydef trSwf (2) (168 rD*g0yf)/ wmydejf rpf (a'gzek , f ef+rdK@e,f) u&ifjynfe,f [wf}uD; (1200 rD*g0yf)/ oHviG jf rpf aomufa&uwftrSwf (1) (Thaukyegat-I) (150 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&cg; (a';vk;d ) jrpf (Thaukyayka (Day Loh) River ) (xef;wyif+rdK@e,f/ yJc;l wkid f;) aomufa&uwf trSwf 2 - Thaukyegat 2 (120 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&cg; (a';vk;d ) jrpf rauG;wkid ;f bl;&Gm (60 rD*g0yf) rGe;f acsmif; (bl;&Gm/ apwkw&W m+rdK@e,f - Sidoktaya Township) aus;tHk; aus;0 - Kyeeon Kyeewa (75 rD*g0yf) rGe;f acsmif; (yGijfh zL+rdK@e,f) rGe;f acsmif; (75 rD*g0yf)/ rGef;acsmif; (apwkw&W m+rdK@e,f) rEWav;wkid ;f "mwfawmf*ikd ;f - (Dattawgyaing) (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f) eefcsKd (40 rD*g0yf)/ eefcsKd acsmif; (ysi;f rem;+rdK@e,f) aygi;f avmif; (280 rD*g0yf) (ysi;f rem;+rdK@e,f) 22

26 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 34

txufaygi;f avmif; (rD*g0yf 140) 0wf0ef-Watwon (0 '\r 5 rD*g0yf) (jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f) a&0 (790 rD*g0yf)/ jrSpif ,facsmif; (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f) yJc;l wkid ;f uaygi;f - Kapaung (30 rD*g0yf) (awmifi+l rdK@e,f) cGe;f - Kun (cGe;f acsmif; - Kunchaung) (60 rD*g0yf)/ ppfawmif;jrpf (jzL;+rdK@e,f) ausmuf ausmufe*g; (75 rD*g0yf)/ a&$usiaf csmif; (a&$usi+f rdK@e,f) jzL; (20 rD*g0yf)/ jzL;acsmif; (jzL;+rdK@e,f) aomufa&uwf (150 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&c (a';vk;d ) jrpf &JE, G f (25 rD*g0yf)/ &JE, G facsmif; (ausmufwcH g;+rdK@e,f) aZmif;wl - Zaungtu (20 rD*g0yf)/ yJc;l jrpftxufyikd f; (wku d }f uD;&Gm/ yJc;l +rdK@e,f) ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f ozef;qdwf (30 rD*g0yf)/ rljrpf (ozef;qdw&f mG / u|e;f vS+rdK@e,f) ZD;acsmif; - Zi Chaung (1'\r26 rD*g0yf) &Sr;f jynfe,f csi;f a&$a[mf - Chinshwehaw (0 '\r 2 rD*g0yf) ude;f awmif;(54 rD*g0yf)/ erf;wdr;f acsmif;-Namtein Creek (rd;k eJ+rdK@e,f-Mone Township) uGe[ f ed ;f (0 '\r 15 rD*g0yf) uGev f Hk (0 '\r 5 rD*g0yf) ude;f awmif; (0 '\r 32 / 0 '\r 48 rD*g0yf) ausmufrJ (4 rD*g0yf) rJyef (1 '\r 26 rD*g0yf) (rkid ;f qwf+rdK@e,f) erf;arsm - Nam Myaw (4 rD*g0yf) erf[ h yk f - Nam Wop (3 rD*g0yf) usKd if;wH+k rdK@e,f a&$v-D 1 (600 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf (refwuf&mG / erfch rf;+rdK@e,f) a&$v-D 2 (460 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf a&$v-D 3 (360 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf wmqef; (7100 rD*g0yf)/ oHviG jf rpf txufov H iG f (2400 rD*g0yf) oHviG jf rpf aZmf*sD (1) (18 rD*g0yf)/ aZmf*sjD rpf (&yfapmuf+rdK@e,f) aZmf*sD (2) (12 rD*g0yf)/ aZmf*sjD rpf pGr;f tifpuf&EHk iS hf v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f bD;vif;-rdwÎdvm-awmifwiG ;f }uD;-rH&k mG bD;vif;pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f/ rEWav;wkdi;f ) ude;f awmif; - Kengtawng v#ypf pf}udK;vkid f; (&Sr;f jynfe,f) 23

35 35 35 38 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 46 46 46 47 48 49 49 50 50

rkid ;f qefprG f;tifpuf&Hk - Mongsan Substation (&Sr;f jynfe,f) ajrmif;wcg;-v_id fwcg;-a&=unf (Myaungdagar-Hlaingthagar-Yekyi) &efuek /f '*Hpk rG ;f tifpuf&Hk (&efuek w f idk f;) &efuek -f a&=unf (&efuek fwikd ;f ) a&$vD (1) pGr;f tifpuf&EHk iS hf v#ypf pf}udK;vkid f; (&Sr;f jynfe,f) a&$pm&H pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f/ rEWav;wkid ;f ) a&0pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (rEWav;wkid ;f ) ae&ma'ors f nfh a&umwmrsm; ae&ma'orsm; raz:jyEkid o pGezf ;l (Songpu) (7 '\r 5 rD*g0yf) ‘Piaoliang’ (400 rD*g0yf)

50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53

a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ &ckid jf ynf vkyu f Gut f rSwf (A-1) (urf;vGeaf 'o) vkyu f Guf A-3 (urf;vGeaf 'o) vkyu f Guf A-4 (urf;vGeaf 'o) vkyu f Guf AD-1 (urf;vGefa'o/ a&wdryf ikd ;f / ysr;f r# rDwm 2000) vkyu f Guf AD-6 (urf;vGefa'o a&eufyikd f;/ ysr;f r# rDwm 2000) vkyu f Guf (AD-8) (urf;vGeaf 'o/ a&eufyikd ;f / ysr;f r# rDwm 2000) vkufuu G f L (uke;f wGi;f ykid f;) vkyu f Guf M (ukef;wGif;ykid ;f / ausmif;jzLa'o) rEWav;wkid ;f yk*pH rD u H ed ;f (uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f ) vkyu f Guf IOR-3 (uke;f wGif;ydik ;f / wufr-Tetma) vkyu f Guf RSF-2 ukef;wGif;ydik ;f / wl&ifawmif) vkyu f Guf RSF-3 (ukef;wGi;f ydik ;f / auG;csK-d i&Srf;awmif) rkwrW urf;ajc vkyu f Guf M-2 (urf;vGe)f vkyu f Guf M-3 (urf;vGe)f vkyu f Guf M-4 (urf;vGe)f vkyu f Guf M-10 (urf;vGe)f yJc;l wkid ;f jynfa&eHuGuf vkyu f Guf IOR-4 (ukef;wGif;ydik ;f ) 24

54 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61

ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f vkufuu G ftrSwf C-1 (uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f / tif;awm-a&eH) vkyu f Gut f rSwf C-2 (uke;f wGi;f ykid f;/ a&$b-kd rH&k mG ) vkyu f Gut f rSwf D (ukef;wGi;f ykid f;/ ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ESifh rauG;wkid ;f ) a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ykduv f ikd f;

61 62 63 63

owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; csi;f jynfe,f arGawmif a=u;jzL ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f vufyaH wmif; a=u;eD (rH&k Gm) &Sr;f jynfe,f wD*spaf usmufrD;aoG;"mwftm;puf&EHk iS hf owWKwGif;(120rD*g0yf)(wD*sp/f yifavmif;+rdK@e,f) erf;wl-abmfwiG f;bdvyfajr/ oGyjf ym;/ owWKwGi;f rEWav;wkid ;f waumif;awmif a=u;jzLowWKwGi;f (oydwfusi;f +rdK@e,f) yky`g;awmif Pozzolan owWKESihf puf&Hk

25

65 65 65 66 66 67

a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef; csi;f jynfe,f Laiva (0 '\ '\r 6 rD*g0yf) (zvef;+rdK@e,f) 1992 ckEpS rf S ,if;pDrHued ;f udk Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S vkyfuikd cf Jhonf? 1 ucsijf ynfe,f arc/ rvdcESihf {&m0wDa'o rvdcjrpfwiG f a&tm;v#ypf pfwnfaqmuf&ef Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) rS jrefrmhv#yp f pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;ESihf MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S f 2 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? jrpfqaHk e&mwGif a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f aqmufvyk fa&;ESihf ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;jyKvkyaf &; aqG;aEG;&ef China CAMC (Construction & Agricultural Machinery Import & Export Corporation) Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmppftpd;k &ukd,pf m;vS,Ef iS fh 2006 ckEpS Yf Guilin, Guangxi wGif 3 awG@qHck o Jh nf? ukr% ` DEiS hf China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` Donf arc/ rvdcESihf {&m0wDjrpfwiG f a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f udk yl;wGaJ qmufvyk &f ef 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif yl;aygi;f aqmuf&u G fa&;oabmwlncD sufudk vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? 4 China Southern Power Grid Co. (CSG)

1 2

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm ‘中缅能源合作潜力巨大 (Sino-Burmese Energy Cooperation has Tremendous Potential).’

中国农村水电及电气化信息网, 30 March 2006. http://www.shp.com.cn/show.asp?id=18290; & ‘南方电网中电投将合作支持缅甸水电资源开发 (CSG Investment Supports Development of Burma’s Hydropower Resources.’ 中国水利水电设备（产品）网，28 May 2007. http://www.cnhydro.com/info/techdevlop/showContent.asp?id=4036

2

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

3

‘中电投：外围突破 迂回入滇 (China Electric Investment: Foreign Breakthroughs Enter Yunnan).’

LRN 资源网, 17 January 2008. http://www.lrn.cn/invest/enterpriseinfo/enterprisenews/200801/t20080117_189918.htm

5

‘岩滩发电公司首次敲开水电检修国际市场 (Datang Yantan’s First Strike into the International Hydropower Market).’ Datang Yantan Website, 25 May 2007. http://www.chinacdt.com/news/datangnews/726473.html

26

ukr% ` ED iS hf Shenzhen Menglong Import & Export Co. ukr% ` o D nf 2007 ckEpS /f atmufwdkbmvwGif ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f rD*g0yf 60 tm;&Sd a&umwmudk jyKjyif&ef oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? 5

China Datang Yantan Hydropower Development Co.

csb D , G f Chibwe (Chibwe) (2000 rD*g0yf)/ arcjrpf (csb D , G +f rdK@e,f) China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S ,if;a&umwmudw k nfaqmuf&ef 2007 6 ckEpS w f iG f MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xd;k cJhonf? csb D , G i,f fi,f Chibwe Nge (Chibwe Nge) (99 rD*g0yf)/ csb D , G af csmif; (csb D , G +f rdK@e,f) China Power Investment Group Co. (CPI) ukr`%E D Sihf jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;Xme trSwf (1) rS 2008 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif ,if;a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&Hkwnfaqmuf&efEiS fh pGr;f tif xkwfvyk af &;ypPn;f ud&d,mrsm;yHyh ;kd uln&D ef oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqckd Jhonf? ,if;pGr;f tifpuf&Hk onf jrpfqjHk rpfa&umwmESihf arc/ rvdcESihf {&m0wDjrpfay:&St d jcm;aoma&umwm aqmuf 7 vkyaf &;twGuf pGrf;tm;rsm;yHyh ;kd &efjzpfonf? w&kw-f jrefrmtzGJ@rjS yKvkyfonfh jzpfEikd fajc avhvmr_tm; 2008 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif +yD;pD;rnf[k arsmv f ifo h nf?8 tzGJ@EiS hf 4if;ukr% ` cD jGJ zpfonfh Changjiang Geotechnical Engineering Co. ukr% ` rD S 2008 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D ykid ;f wGif ppfwrf;aumuf 9 ,ljcif;ESihf ppfaq;r_vyk if ef;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf?

Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research

ukr% ` Donf ajrom;ESifh oHxnfaqmufvyk af &; vkyif ef;tm;aqmufvyk &f efEiS hf vaygi;f 32 vpmtwGuf pGrf;tifypPnf;ud&, d mrsm; wyfqif&ef 2008 ckEpS w f iG f China Power Investment Group Co. (CPI) ukr% ` ED iS hf oabmwlvufrw S f 10 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC)

6

‘Burma Committed to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ BBC Financial Times Information, 7 May 2007.

7

Ibid.

8

‘Kachin Hydropower Study due in December.’ The Myanmar Times, 24 March 2008. http://www.mmtimes.com/no411/b002.htm

9

‘岩土地质公司领导慰问缅甸地质人员(Geotechnical Engineering Co. Consoles Burma Geotechnical Staff).’ Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research Website, 21 March 2008. http://www.cjwsjy.com.cn/News/Company/200803215182.htm 9 ‘缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅缅 (Burma Myitsone and Chibwe Hydropower Plant Construction).’ CGGC Website, 25 July 2008. http://www.cggc.cn/info_show.asp?type=&UidA=1071&UidB=1078&id=3687

27

csicf ef Ching Hkran (Chying Hkran) (2 '\ '\r 52 rD*g0yf) (csicf ef&mG / jrpf}uD;em;+rd em;+rdK@e,f) Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S ,if;pDru H ed ;f tm; 11 1991 ckEpS w f iG f aqmufvyk cf o Jh nf? rk;d }uD;xef&mG oGe;f r_a=umifh 2006 ckEpS f/ Zlvidk fv (11) &ufae@wiG f ,if;a&umwm +ydKvSyJ sufqD;cJo h nf?12 [kyd if Hopin (1 '\ '\r 26 rD*g0yf) (rk;d nif;+rdK@e,f) 1990 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment ,if;pDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvkycf o Jh nf?13

Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

ukr% ` rD S

aumifvefz;l Khaunglanphu (1700 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf arcjrpf (aumifvefz;l +rdK@e,f) 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmhprG f;tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf 14 MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? vkid Zf m (1560 (1560 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf arcjrpf (Sumprabum Township) 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmpGr;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf 15 MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? vcif Lakin (1400 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf D , G f +rdK@e,f) arcjrpf (csb 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmpGr;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf 16 MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? jrpfqHk (3600 rD*g0yf) {&m0wD jrpfqkH 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae@wiG f China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh 17 pGr;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xk;d cJo h nf? jrpfqaHk &umwmt

11

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm; & ‘Chimranrkha Hydropower Station (Myanmar).’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/hpp/Project_jcc.htm

12

‘Dam Burst Kills Five in Northern Burma’s Kachin State.’ Democratic Voice of Burma, 11 July 2006. http://six.pairlist.net/pipermail/burmanet/20060712/000989.html [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

13

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm

14

‘Burma Committed to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ BBC Financial Times Information, 7 May 2007.

15

16

Ibid. Ibid.

28

wGuf &if;ES;D jrKwfErSH u _ pd &P yfrsm;aqG;aEG;&ef 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif jrefrmpGr;f tif0ef}uD; trSwf (1) rS China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` D/ China’s National Development & 18 Reform Council ESihf tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfusi;f ycJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif (CPI) ukr% ` D ESihf jrefrmEdik if w H &kwo f &H H;k wdk@rS {&m0wDjrpfa&umwmaqmufvyk fa&;tm; pDpOfxm;onft h csed f 19 xufapm+yD; aqmufvyk cf Jha=umif; xkwjf yefco Jh nf? Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning, Design & Research tzGJ@rS

5 v=um jzpfEikd af jcavhvmr_rsm;ukd aqmif&u G +f yD;pD;cJhonf?

20

jrpfqaHk 'otwGi;f

erf;cefcg; - Nam Hkam Hka (5 rD*g0yf)/ (ylwmtk+d rdK@e,f) 1992 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 21 ,if;pDru H ed ;f udk vkyfuikd cf Jhonf? onf TpDru H ed ;f udk Ekid if HwumpDru H ed ;f wpfct k jzpf owfrSwcf o Jh nf? ,if;pDrHued ;f tm; aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/ 4if;rS aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufyo Hh nf[k ,lq&onf?22 Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau

yg&;SD -Pashe (1600 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf D , G f +rKd@e,f) arcjrpf (csb 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmpGr;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf 23 MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? 17

‘集团公司与缅甸第一电力部签署开发缅甸水电项目谅解备忘录 (CPI & Burma Ministry of Electric Power No. 1 Sign MoU to Develop Burma’s Hydropower).’ CPI Website, 29 December 2006. http://www.cpicorp.com.cn/news.do?cmd=show&id=71604

18

‘国家法改委副主任张国宝会见缅甸联邦第一电力部长 (CPI, China NDRC & Burma Ministry of Electric Power 1 Meet).’ CPI Website, 22 January 2007. http://www.cpicorp.com.cn/news.do?cmd=show&id=71688

19

‘‘缅甸恩迈开讲，迈立开江及伊洛瓦底江流域水电开发施工电源电站前期工程开工 (N’Mai Hka, Mali Hka & Irrawaddy River Project Begins Principal Construction).’ CPI Website, 3 May 2007. http://www.cpicorp.com.cn/news.do?cmd=show&id=73584; & ‘缅甸“三江”流域开发施工电源站前期工程开工 (‘Three Rivers’ Confluence Hydropower Plant Begins Principal Construction).’ The Economic & Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Myanmar Website, 11 May 2007. http://mm.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/jmxw/200705/20070504656153.html

20

The original link to this news report is no longer functional; however, a description of its content is included in ‘Junta Ignore Pleas to Stop Myitsone Hydropower Project.’ Kachin News Group via Salween Watch Website, 14 June 2007. http://salween-watch2.livejournal.com/tag/myitsone+kachin+dams

21

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm

22

‘Domestic & Overseas Projects.’ Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Website. http://www.fcbmis.com/English/Overseas%20Projects.htm

29

zkid aZmf faZmf - Phizaw (1500 rD*g0yf) arcjrpf arcjrpf (aumifvefz;l +rdK@e,f) 2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China Power Investment Co. (CPI) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmpGr;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf 24 MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? wmydef (1) (240 rD*g0yf) wmydejf rpf (a'gzek , f ef+rdK@e,f Dawphoneyan Township) 2006 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif yl;wGJvyk af qmif&eftwGuf Central China Power ukr% ` rD S oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? 25

Grid Co.

Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau and the Dali Sub-bureau of Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau tzGJ@rS 2007 ckEp S /f 'DZifbmv zGiyfh Gt J cef;tem;wGif ukd,pf m;jyKwufa&mufco Jh nf? 26

,if;a&umwmtm; 2008 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif pwifaqmufvyk I f 2010 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif 27 +yD;pD;rnf[k cef@reS ;f onf? China Datang Group Co., Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ESihf Jiangxi Water Programming & Design Institute. ponfh ukr`%rD sm;rS ,if;pDru H ed f;twGuf aiGa=u;&if;ES;D jrKwfErSH r_ sm; axmufyahH y;cJah =umif; Sinohydro . tpD&ifcp H mrS az:jycJo h nf?28 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif China Datang Group Co. ukr% ` rD S wmydet f rSwf (1) a&umwm twGuf w&kwf,rG af iG 1 '\r 6 bDv, D H &if;ESi;f jrKwfErSH j_ zihf pDru H ed ;f udyk ikd fqikd fco Jh nf?29 23

‘Burma Committed to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ BBC Financial Times Information, 7 May 2007.

24

25

Ibid. ‘缅甸总理考察华中电网 鄂缅有望扩大电力开发合作 (Burma Premier Reviews CCPG, Hubei &

Burma Hope to Expand Electricity Development Cooperation).’ 湖北日报, 4 November 2006. http://www.cnhubei.com/200611/ca1198075.htm [Thanks for Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

26

‘缅甸太平江水电站主体工程开工 (Burma Tarpein Hydropower Plant Principal Work Begins).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 31 December 2007. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=37&id=737 For extensive photographs of construction at the Tarpein Dam see ‘太平江电站项目部图库(Tarpein River Power Plant Project Bureau Photographs).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 20 December 2007. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=61&id=683

27

28

Ibid. Ibid.

29

‘Datang to Take Controlling Stake in Myanmar Hydropower Plant.’ Morning Star-Dow Jones, 4 March 2008...http://news.morningstar.com/newsnet/ViewNews.aspx?article=/DJ/200803040541DOWJONESDJONLINE000 209_univ.xml [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link. Note: this article does not explicitly name the Tarpein I Dam, however see Courier Research Associates. ELECTRIC INDUSTRY OF BURMA/MYANMAR ON-LINE COMPENDIUM for reference. Available at http://burmalibrary.org/docs2/myanmar-elec.pdf ]

30

wmydef trSwf (2) (168 rD*g0yf)/ wmydejf rpf (a'gzek , f ef+rdK@e,f - Dawphoneyan Township) Central China Power Grid Co. ukr`%o D nf 2006 ckEpS w f iG f jrpftxufyikd f; 9 uDvrkd w D mcef@&Sd wmydet f rSwf (1) pDrHude;f vkyif ef;.wkd;wufrt _ ajctaetay: tpnf;ta0;w&yfusi;f y+yD; aemuf ,if;pDrHued ;f aqmufvyk fa&;udpt P wGuf jrefrmhprG ;f tif0ef}uD;trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (2) 30 wkd@EiS hf awG@qHak qG;aEG;cJhonf? u&ifjynfe,f [wf}uD; (1200 rD*g0yf)/ oHviG jf rpf 2006 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif ,if;pDru H ed f;twGuf Sinohydro rS xdik ;f Ekid if H EGAT ESihf jrefrmppftpk;d & ESihf tar&duefa':vm 1 bDv, D H MoU oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xd;k cJo h nf?31 rlvY TpDru H ed ;f udk Sinohydro rS 40 &mckid Ef e_ ;f / EGAT rS 50 &mckid Ef e_ ;f toD;oD;ykid fqikd +f yD;/ useo f nfh &mckid Ef e_ ;f tm; jrefrmppftpd;k &rS ykid q f idk cf hJonf? okd@apumrl EGAT OuUXESihf awG@qH+k yD;aemuf ,if;pDru H ed ;f wpfcv k Hk;udk Sinohydro rS xde;f csKyfxm;a=umif; 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif Sinohydro xkwjf yefonfh w&m;0iftpD&ifcpH mrS az:jycJo h nf? 32 aomuf trSwf (1) (Thaukyegat-I) (150 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&cg; (a';vk;d ) jrpf aomufa&uwftrS jrpf (Thaukyayka (Day Loh) River ) (xef;wyif+rdK@e,f/ yJc;l wkid ;f ) ,if;a&umwmtm; Ekid if Hwuma&tm;v#ypf pfprD Hude;f wpfct k jzpf Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research rS 4if;.0yfq' kd fay:wGif az:jy+yD;/ ,if;pDru H ed f;ukd 33 Asia World Co. ukr% ` ED Sihf yl;aygi;f aqmufvyk cf Jhonf?

30

‘华中电网公司经贸代表团赴缅甸进行工作访问 (CCPGC Team Visits Burma).’ CCPGC Website, 7 December 2006. http://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/gjjldt/t20061207_10006.htm

31

‘怒江--萨尔温江哈吉水电站合作开发备忘录签字仪式在京举行(MoU Signing Ceremony for the Nu-

Salween River Hatgyi Hydropower Project).’ 承包劳务频道:中国对外承包工程商会, 27 June 2006. http://chinca.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tpxw/200606/20060602530559.html

32

‘EGAT Signs Deal with Sinohydro to Develop 600 MW Hydro Project in Myanmar.’ Global Power

Report, 20 July 2006; & ‘泰国产电机构总裁访问中国水电集团 (President of Thai EGAT Visits Sinohydro).’ Sinohydro Website, 11 March 2008. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=1205226 5380001

33

‘立足长江 走向世界—枢纽处坝工一室发展纪实 (Building from the Changjiang, Moving Toward the Global Dam Sector).’ Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research Website, 30 January 2008. http://www.cjwsjy.com.cn/News/Company/200801304996.htm

31

aomufa&uwf trSwf 2 - Thaukyegat 2 (120 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&cg; (a';vk;d ) jrpf arv 2008 rS azaz:0g&Dv 2009 txd a&vGJajrmif;aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef; axmufy&Hh ef twGuf The Dali Sub-bureau of Sinohydro’s 14 Engineering Bureau rS Asia World Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf oabmwlvufrw S af &;xk;d cJo h nf? 34 rauG;wkid ;f bl;&Gm (60 rD*g0yf) rGe;f acsmif; (bl;&Gm/ apwkw&W m+rd m+rdK@e,f - Sidoktaya Township) 2004 ckEpS w f iG f jrpftxufyikd ;f rGe;f acsmif;a&umwmrS 13 rdik cf ef@&Sd tar&duefa':vm 20 rDv, D Hwefonfhf TpDrHude;f twGuf Guangdong New Technology Import Export Zhuhai Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmhpu kd yf sKd;a&;ESihf a&ajrmif;0ef}uD;XmeESihf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf?35 aus;tH;k aus;0 aus;0 - Kyeeon Kyeewa (75 rD*g0yf) rGe;f acsmif; (yGijfh zL+rdK@e,f) 2006 ckEpS w f iG f Guangdong New Technology Import Export Zhuhai Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmhprG ;f tif 0ef}uD;XmeESihf aus;tH;k aus;0a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f aqmufvyk fa&;twGuf Oa&my ,l&adk iG 13 36 rDv, D Htm; oabmwlvufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? ,if;pDru H ed f;onf rGe;f acsmif;a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&t Hk wGuf jyKvkyfonfh jzpfEikd af jcavhvmcsut f m; tm;usapcJhonf?37 rGe;f acsmif; (75 rD*g0yf)/ rGe;f acsmif; (apwkw&W m+rdK@e,f)

ukr`%o D nf ,if;pDru H ed f; udk China EXIM Bank axmufyHhonfh tar&duefa':vm 32 rDvD,EH iS fhtwl aqmufvyk cf Jh onf?38 rGe;f acsmif;a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&. kH t"dua&umwmtm; 2004 ckESp/f 'DZifbmv

China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co.

34

‘缅甸Thaukyegat(2)水电站导流隧洞工程施工 (Thaukyegat II Hydropower Plant Diversion Tunnel Project Construction).’ Dali Sub-Bureau of Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 28 April 2008. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=29&id=932

35

Maung Aung Myoe. 2007. ‘Sino-Myanmar Economic Relations Since 1988.’ Working Paper Series No. 86, Asia Research Insittute, National University of Singapore. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs2/MmEcoRelations.pdf; & ‘Information Sheet: No. D-3570(1).’ Myanmar Information Committee, Yangon, 20 January 2005. http://www.myanmarinformation.net/infosheet/2006/060130.htm

36

‘緬甸Kyeeon Kyeewa水电站项目签约 (Agreement Signed for Burma Kyeeon Kyeewa Hydropower Plant Project).’ Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China Department of Asian Affairs Website, 28 December 2006. http://big5.mofcom.gov.cn/gate/big5/yzs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/zcfb/200612/20061204166259.html

37

Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.] 38 ‘China-Contracted Myanmar Hydropower Plant Put into Service.’ Xinhua News Agency, 18 June 2006.

32

uwnf;u pwifc+Jh yD;/ 4if;onf tjrSihf 60 rDwm/ t&Snf 1317 rDwm&SI d pkduyf sKd ;a&;ajr{u 39 aygi;f 108000 ukd vHak vmufpmG jzef@a0ay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf? rS pGr;f tm;xkwv f iG pfh ufwyfqif&eftwGuf w&kwf ,Graf iG 34 rDvD,H axmufy+Hh yD;/ 2000 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif Sinohydro rS ,if;a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&x Hk ed f;odrf;a&;twGuf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf?40 2004 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif 72 em&D=umonfh yxrt}udrf pufprf;owfru _ kd atmifjrif+yD;/ 2005 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif pwifIvkyif ef;vnfywfEikd frnf[k cef@reS ;f cJhonf?41 Sinohydro’s 1st Engineering Bureau

rEWav;wkid ;f "mwfawmf*ikd ;f - (Dattawgyaing) (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f) ,if;pDru H ed ;f udpt P wGuf 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` DrS Guilin, Guangxi wGif jrefrmhppftpk;d & uk, d pf m;vS,f 42 tzGJ@EiS fh awG@qpHk um;ajymcJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif ,if;pDru H ed ;f twGuf ypPnf; ud&, d mrsm; axmufy&Hh ef YMEC rS jrefrmhprG ;f tif0ef}uD;Xme trSwf (1) ESifh oabmwl vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf?43 eefcsKd (40 rD*g0yf)/ eefcsKd acsmif; (ysi;f rem;+rdK@e,f) ,if;pDru H ed ;f udpt P wGuf 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif YMEC ukr% ` rD S Guilin, Guangxi wGif 44 jrefrmhppftpk;d & uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGJ@EiS fh awG@qHpk um;ajymcJo h nf? 2008 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif YMEC ukr% ` ED iS hf Kunming Electric Machinery Co. (KEM) ukr% ` w D kd@rS ,if;pDru H ed ;f twGuf 39

‘Government to Generate 2,000 more Megawatts during 5 Year Plan Thanks to Mone Creek Multipurpose Dam, Dry Pwintbyu Plain can Now Increase Irrigated Areas.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 30 December 2004. http://burmalibrary.org/docs2/NLM2004-12-30.pdf [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

40

‘缅甸德畔赛及孟和水电站 (Burma’s Thapanseik & Mone River Hydropower Plants).’ Sinohydro Website. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=29&COLUMNID=11509592350001

41

‘缅甸孟河电站首台机组投入运行 (First Generator at Burma’s Mone Hydropower Plant Operational).’ Sinohydro Website, 27 December 2004. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=1147494 4380001

42

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

43

‘Minister for Electric Power No 1 Receives President of YMEC.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 30 November 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n071130.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

44

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

33

rD*g0yf 20 tm;&Sd pGrf;tm;ay;puf 2 ckEiS hf vkt d yfonfh pufry_ pPnf;rsm;axmufy&Hh ef oabmwl 45 vufrSwf a&;xk;d cJhonf? aygi;f avmif; (280 rD*g0yf) (ysi;f rem;+rdK@e,f) 1998 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 46 TpDru H ed ;f twGuf oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xk;d cJo h nf? YMEC .az:jycsut f & tjrSihf 131 rDwm/ t&Snf 945 rDwm&So d nfh aygi;f avmif;pDrHude;f tm; w&kwftpk;d &rS tar&duefa':vm 170 rDv, D ef axmufycHh +Jh yD;/ CHECC Kunming Hydroelectric Investigation Design & Research Institute ESihf Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau wkd@rS aqmufvy k af &;vkyif ef; 47 twGuf axmufycHh Jhonf? ukr% ` rD S aygi;f avmif;pDrHued ;f twGuf jrefrmh pGr;f tifpuf&H0k ef}uD;Xme.oabmwlncD sujf zifh 230 uDv0kd yftm;&Sd pGr;f tifvGJajymif;r_ v#ypf pf }udK;wkid u f kd aqmufvyk cf Jhonf?48 Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co.

rS 2002 ESihf 2004 ckEpS fwiG f a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&Hk twGuf pGr;f tifu&d d,mESihf pufypPn;f rsm;wyfqifa&; urf;vrf;csufudk &,lvufccH +Jh yD;/ 2004 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f Y rD*g0yf 70 tm;&Sd pGr;f tifpuf&Hk 4 ckteuf/ 3 ckrmS vkyif ef;vS,yf wfae+yD; jzpfonf?49 w&kwfurk % ` DrS aiGa=u;t&axmufyHhonfh TpDru H ed f;tm; vuf&Sdvkyif ef;vS,yf wf 50 ae+yDjzpfonf? Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau

45

缅甸南雀水电站主机设备制造合同正式签订 (Burma Nancho Hydropower Plant Primary Equipment Agreement Signed)’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/news/news_19.htm

46

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm; &

‘我国在东南亚承建的最大水电站将开始全面发电 (China’s Largest Dam in Southeast Asia Begins Producing Electricity).’ Sinohydro Website, 24 February 2005. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=114715371200

47

‘Brief Introduction of Paunglaung HPP.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/hpp/project_pl.htm; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

48

‘About Huyong.’ Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. Website. http://www.hydlcn.com/en/aboutus.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

49

‘

经受住考察无愧于祖国 (Put to the Test, the Paunglaung Hydropower Plant Shines for the Motherland).’ Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 20 May 2005. http://www.fcbmis.com/sd_nm/2005/5-20/164412.html

50

‘缅甸最大水电站首台机组成功运行发电 (First Generator at Burma’s Largest Hydropower Plant Successfully Becomes Operational).’ Sinohydro Website, 4 August 2004. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=1147153 7000061; & ‘我国在东南亚承建的最大水电站将开始全面发电 (China’s Largest Dam in Southeast Asia Begins Producing Electricity).’ Sinohydro Website, 24 February 2005. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=114715371200

34

txufaygi;f avmif; (rD*g0yf 140)

ukr% ` rD S aygi;f avmif;a&umwmtxufyikd f; uDvrdk w D m 24 tuGmcef@wiG f rD*g0yf 70 tm;&Sd pGr;f tif puf&Hk 2 ckudk axmufyH&h ef jrefrmhppftpk;d &ESihf tar&duefa': 80 rDv, D H oabmwlvufrw S f 51 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? Yunnan Machinery & Equipment

Import

& Export Co. (YMEC)

0wf0ef-Watwon (0 '\ '\r 5 rD*g0yf) (jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f)

ukr% ` rD S ,if;pDru H ed f;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;twGufaxmufy&Hh ef 2007 ckEpS f/ Ek0d ifbmvwGif jrefrmhpGr;f tif0ef}uD;Xme trSwf (1) ESifh oabmwlvufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf?52 ,if;a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&t Hk m; 1930 53 ckEpS w f iG f wyfqifcJhonfph rG f;tm;puf ESpv f ;Hk &So d nf? Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

a&0 (790 rD*g0yf)/ jrSpif ,facsmif; (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f) 2004 ckEpS w f iG f China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Sinohydro International wkd@rS zufpyfxm;onfh yl;aygi;f aqmif&Guaf &;tzGJ@wpfcrk S jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf tar&duefa':vm 126 rDv, D Hwefz;kd &Sd aqmufvyk fa&; 54 oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJhonf? ,if;pmcsKyftm; 197 '\r 5 rD*g0yftm;&Sd v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;xkwfviG pfh uf 4 vH;k / v#ypf pfvGJajymif;ud&, d mESihf pufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;yg0if+yD;/ China EXIM Bank rS aiGa=u;rsm; axmufy& Hh ef urf;vrf;cJo h nf?55 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv wGif CITIC Technology Co. ukr% ` rD S oHxnfjzifah qmufvyk rf nfah &tm;v#yfppf xkyv f yk fa&; 56 ta=umif;tm;aqG;aEG;&ef jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyfp;kd 0if;ESihf awG@qckH hJonf? 51

‘Myanmar Signs US$ 80 Million Hydropower Deal with China’s Yunnan Machinery.’ Xinhua Financial, 5 September 2005.

52

‘Minister for Electric Power No 1 Receives President of YMEC.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 30 November 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n071130.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

53

‘General Maung Aye Inspects Construction of Nanmyint Tower in National Kandawgyi Gardens in PyinOoLwin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 4 September 2002. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/02nlm/n020904.htm#1_

54

‘Chinese Companies to Build Burmese Hydropower Projects.’ BBC World Monitoring, 2 September 2005.

55

‘集团公司最大机电设备成套出口合同--缅甸耶瓦水电站机电及金结合同签署 (Sinohydro Signs its Largest Machinery & Generator Export Contract for Burma’s Yeywa Project).’ Sinohydro Website, 17 December 2004. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=1147146 4260025

56

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

35

China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) ukr% ` rD S

2006 ckEpS w f iG f vaygi;f 46 v=umonfh ,if; a&umwm t"duaqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf tar&duefa':vm 46320000 oabm wlpmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xk;d cJo h nf?57 aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;tqifh 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 ESihf tqifh 8 rSm +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/58 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif rDwm 500 &Snf uGefu&pfydk@aqmifonfb h D;wkid ftm; 59 wyfqif+yD;I vkyif ef;rsm;pwifvS,yf wfEikd cf o Jh nf? 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvtwGi;f Y a&umwm b,fzufjcrf;wGif tjrifh 124 '\r 4 rDwm/ nmbufjcrf;tjrifh 109 '\r 4 rDwm jrifw h if&ef vdktyfonfu h G eu f &pfrsm;tm; 40 &mcdik fEe_ ;f avmif;+yD;cJ+h yD;jzpfonf?60 2007 ckEpS f/ 'DZifbmvwGif a&vGaJ jrmif; 1 ESifh 2 tm;aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;cJI h uGeu f &pfa&vGrJ nfh taqmuf 61 tOD;ESifh tzGit fh ydwaf jruGut f m;ajrom;zd@k +yD;pD;cJyh gonf? ,if;aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;tm; 2008 ESp/f 'DZifbmvwGif t+yD;owfaqmufvyk &f ef owfrSwx f m;onft h csed fxuf ESpfw0uf cef@apmI +yD;pD;rnfjzpfa=umif; CGGC xkwaf 0onft h pD&ifcpH mrS az:jyonf?62 2007 ckEpS f twGi;f wGif China EXIM Bank rS udk,pf m;vS,rf sm;ESi/fh 2008 ESpt f wGif;wGif63 qGZD mvefEikd if H COLENCO Power Engineering Co. ukr% ` . D ukd,fpm;vS,rf sm; vma&mufppfaq;cJah =umif; 64 vnf; TtpD&ifcpH mrS az:jyonf? 57

‘缅甸耶涯电站碾压混凝土大坝开仓浇筑 (Roller-compacted Concrete Pouring Begins at Burma’s Yeywa Hydropower Plant).’ CGGC Website, 6 June 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=449

58

‘缅甸耶涯项目完成一期砼浇筑任务 (Phase I Concrete Pouring at Yeywa Project Completed).’ CGGC

Website, 6 June 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=445; ‘缅甸耶洼项目部开展立功劳动竞赛 (Yeywa Project Bureau Launch Labor Competition).’ CGGC Website, 10 October 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=711; & ‘缅甸耶洼项目部举行5&7期碾压砼施工提前完工庆典 (Celebration for the Early Completion of Yeywa Project Phases V & VII).’ CGGC Website, 16 February 2007. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=745.

59

‘缅甸耶洼水电站供料线贵通运行 (Burma’s Yeywa Hydropower Plant Concrete Supply Line is Functional).’ CGGC Website, 5 December 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=726

60

‘缅甸耶洼大坝RCC浇筑突破百万立方米 (CGGC Yeywa Project Dept. Hit 1 million m3 RCC).’ CGGC Website, 18 April 2007. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=782

61

‘Senior General Than Shwe Inspects Myogyi Multi-purpose Dam Project, Yeywa Hydropower Project.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 13 December 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n071213.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

62

‘缅甸耶洼项目部：碾压混泥土月浇筑创新高 (图) (Burma Yeywa Project Bureau: New Innovations in RCC Pouring).’ CGGC Website, 16 October 2007. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=881; & Vice President of China Exim Bank Visited Yeywa HPP in Myanmar, CGGC Website, 27 March 2008. http://www.gzbgj.com/english/article.asp?id=841

63

‘中国进出口银行副行长李郡考察缅甸耶涯水电站 (China EXIM Bank Inspects Yeywa Hydropower Plant).’ CGGC Website, 28 February 2008. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=993&tab=znews&word=缅甸

64

‘缅甸水电一部部长赞CGGC最有实力 (Burma’s Ministry of Electric Power 1 Praises CGGC).’ CGGC

Website, 18 September 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=689; & ‘缅甸总理梭温视察耶涯工程 (Burmese Prime Minister Soe Win Inspects the Yeywa Hydropower Project).’ CGGC Website, 27 September 2006. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=705

36

2004 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr% ` rD S a&0pDru H ed ;f twGuf a&umwm0ifayguaf qmufvyk f&ef jrefrmppftpk;d &ESifh MoU oabmwl pmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xkd;cJhonf?65 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif CNEEC ukr`%rD S pufypPnf; ud&, d maxmufyaHh &;udprP sm;aqG;aEG;&ef jrefrmhppftpk;d &ukd,pf m;vS,Ef iS hf Guilin, Guangxi wGif awG@qHck Jhonf?66 Sinohydro’s 1st Engineering Bureau rS ypPn;f ud&, d mESihf oHxnftaqmuftOD;rsm; wyfqif&ef 2004 ckEpS /f arvwGif China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr% ` ED iS hf oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xkd;cJo h nf?67 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif Sinohydro ESihf

jrefrmhppftpk;d &ukd,pf m;vS,t f zGJ@w@dk rS pGrf;tifxw k fvyk &f efvnfywfrnfh (wmydik )f pufrsm;ESifh v#ypf pf"mwftm;xkwv f iG fhpufrsm; ykd@aqmifa&;udpP aqG;aEG;cJhonf?68 Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co.

avvHqGJonft h csed w f iG f &,lco Jh nf?

69

ukr`%rD S

HSS1

twGuf

a&0a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&rHk S v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;jzef@jzL;a&;wGif yg0ifywfoufonfh

Beijing Electric Power Construction Research Institute of State Grid Corporation of China, Central ` D/ China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) ukr% ` ED iS hf China Power Grid Co. ukr% China Power Grid Co. ukr% ` w D dk@EiS hf pyfvsO;f ta=umif;t&mrsm;od&v dS ykd gu

a&0v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;puf&cHk GJ wGif =unf&h &_ ef?

65

‘Chinese Companies to Build Burmese Hydropower Projects.’ BBC World Monitoring, 2 September 2005

66

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

67

‘中国水电一局九分局注重国际建筑市场开发 (Sinohydro 1st Engineering Bureau, 9th Branch’s International Market Developments).’ Sinohydro Website, 17 January 2007. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&ARTICLEID=11471537840078&COLU MNID=11424148920001&CHCOLUMNID=11443003710001&GSCOLUMNID=-1

68

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

69

‘公司简介 (Brief Introduction).’ Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. Website. http://www.hhpdi.com/hhpdi/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=113 [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing this link.]

37

yJc;l wkid ;f uaygi;f - Kapaung (30 rD*g0yf) (awmifi+l rdK@e,f) 2006 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif uaygi;f a&umwmaqmufvyk af &;wGif yg0if&ef China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) ukr% ` Dtm; jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmerS zdwaf c:cJh 70 onf? aqmufvyk af &;y%mrtqifhtm; 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/71 2007 ckEpS /f Zlvikd fv wGif tar&duefa':vm 55 '\r 64 rDv, D Hwefz;dk &Sd use&f Sdonfh aqmufvyk fa&; ypPn;f tm; vH;k tm; w&kwjf ynfrS jrefrmEkid if Ho@dk ykd@aqmifcJah =umif; (CHMC) ukr% ` rD S az:jycJo h nf? 4if;tm; 2007 ckEpS /f atmufwkdbmvwGif pGrf;tm;xkwv f kyaf &;puf&Hk pwif 72 vnfywfEidk &f ef arsmrf eS ;f cJhonf? 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif aqmufvkyaf &;vkeif ef; 86 &mckid Ef e_ ;f +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/73 2008 ckEpS /f rwfv a&avmifwrHziG yhf t JG cef;tem;Y (CHMC) ukr% ` rD S 74 ynm&Sirf sm; wufa&mufcJh onf? a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&o Hk nf vuf&v dS yk if ef;vnfywfae+yDjzpf 75 onf? TpDru H ed ;f twGuf v#ypf pfEiS hf pufr_qikd &f mypPn;f ud&, d mrsm; jzef@a0ay;&ef 2006 ckEpS f/ Ek0d ifbmvwGif China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmppftpk;d & 76 uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGJ@EiS hf awG@qHak qG;aEG;cJhonf? 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif (CNEEC) ukr% ` rD S 77 ynm&Sirf sm;tm; a&avmifwrHziG yfh t JG cef;tem;ukd wufa&mufcJhonf?

70

‘陆文俊总经理赴缅甸参加在建水电站项目进度协调会 (CHMC General Manager Visits Burma for Hydropower Plant Meeting).’ CHMC Website, 26 September 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1553

71

‘“CHMC No Problem” – 缅甸KABAUNG水电站建设现场纪实 (CHMC Construction at Burma’s Kabaung Hydropower Plant).’ CHMC Website, 30 April 2007. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1666

72

‘陆文俊总经理赴缅甸参加在建水电站项目进度协调会 (CHMC General Manager Visits Burma for Hydropower Plant Meeting).’ CHMC Website, 26 September 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1553

73

‘Ongoing Hydropower Projects to be Completed on Schedule.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 28 September 2007. http://burmalibrary.org/docs4/NLM2007-09-28.pdf

74

‘Khabaung Reservoir Opened in Ottwin Township on Completion of Projects.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 23 March 2008. http://www.myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/

75

‘缅甸Kabaung水电站成功发电 (Kabaung Dam Generates Electricity).’ China National Heavy Machinery Co. Website, 27 March 2008. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1904

76

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

77

‘Khabaung Reservoir Opened in Ottwin Township On Completion of Projects, Bago Division to be Region on which State can Rely in Agricultural & Electric Sectors.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 23 March 2008. http://www.myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/

38

Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. 78

ukr% ` rD S oHxnfypPn;f rsm;udk

yHyh ;kd cJo h nf?

cGe;f - Kun (cGe;f acsmif; - Kunchaung) (60 rD*g0yf)/ ppfawmif;jrpf (jzL;+rdK@e,f) rD*g0yf 20 tm;&Sd pGr;f tifxw k fviG phf uf 3 ckEiS fh oHxnftaqmuftOD;twGuf 2004 ckEpS f/ rwfv 24 &ufae@wiG f China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh 79 v#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xkd;cJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS /f arvwGif (CHMC) ukr% ` rD S rD*g0yf 22 tm;&Sd pGr;f tifxkwv f iG phf uf 3 ck axmufy&Hh ef Tianjin 80 ALSTROM ESihf oabmwl vufrSwa f &;xk;d cJ+h yD;/ Guangxi Electric Power Industry Investigation Design & Research Institute ESiv fh nf; 'Dqkid ;f twGuf oabmwlpmcsKyf 81 vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? cGe;f a&tm;v#ypf pfprG ;f tif puf&o Hk nf 2008 ckEpS f/ 'DZifbmvwGif vkyif ef;vnfywfEikd &f ef aqmufvyk af &;+yD;ajrmufoif+h yD jzpfa=umifh CHMC tpD&ifcpH mwGif t}uHay;xm;onf?82 Sinohydro’s 1st Engineering Bureau rS oHxnftaqmuftOD;aqmufvy k fa&;twGuf China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr`%E D iS hf w&kw, f rG af iG 12 rDv, D H oabmpm 83 st csKyf csKyfqckd Jhonf? 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif Sinoydro’s 1 Engineering Bureau rS aqmufvyk fa&; ypPnf;ESihf wyfqifa&;twGuf China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) ukr`%E D iS hf w&kw, f rG faiG 26 '\r 66 rDv, D H oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xkd;

cJo h nf?84

78

‘公司简介 (Brief Introduction).’ Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. Website.

http://www.hhpdi.com/hhpdi/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=113 [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing

this link.]

79

‘缅甸KUN水电站项目签约 (Burma’s Kun Hydropower Plant Project Agreement Signed).’ CHMC Website, 10 May 2004. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1053

80

‘ALSTOM Wins 2 Hydro Contracts in China.’ ALSTOM Brazil Website. http://www.alstom.com.br/Ingles/Noticias_Detalhes.asp?noticia=307&Idioma=8

81

‘缅甸KUN水电站项目顺利执行 (Burma’s Kun Hydropower Plant Project Smoothly Executed).’ CHMC Website, 29 June 2004. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1071

82

‘陆文俊总经理赴缅甸参加在建水电站项目进度协调会 (CHMC General Manager Visits Burma for Hydropower Plant Meeting).’ CHMC Website, 28 September 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1553

83

‘中国水电一局九分局注重国际建筑市场开发 (Sinohydro 1st Engineering Bureau, 9th Branch’s International Market Developments).’ Sinohydro Website, 17 January 2007. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&ARTICLEID=11471537840078&COLU MNID=11424148920001&CHCOLUMNID=11443003710001&GSCOLUMNID=-1

84

Ibid.

39

China CAMC (Construction & Agricultural Machinery Import & Export Corporation) Engineering Co. ukr% ` rD S 1990 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfEidk af jcavhvmr_ukd jyKvky+f yD;pD;cJhonf?85

ausmuf

Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau rS

,if;pDru H de;f tm; Ekid if HwumpDrHued ;f tjzpf az:jycJ+h yD;/ aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;wGif 4if;rS yHyh ;dk ulnrD &_ cdS hJonf[k ,lq&onf? rnfokd@qkdap ,if;pDru H ed ;f 86 ESifh qufpyfonfh owif;tcsut f vuf ta=umif;t&mrsm; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;r&Scd aJh cs?

ausmufe*g; (75 rD*g0yf)/ a&$usiaf csmif; (a&$usi+f rdK@e,f) 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) ukr% ` rD S pufypPn;f wyfqifa&;ESihf v#ypf pfprG f;tm;xkwfviG ahf &; ud&, d mwefqmyvmrsm;axmufy&Hh ef jrefrmppf tpk;d &ESihf oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xk;d cJah =umif; CGGC tpD&ifcpH mwGif az:jycJhonf?87 jzL; (20 rD*g0yf)/ jzL;acs jzL;acsmif; (jzL;+rdK@e,f) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) ukr% ` DrS a&tm;v#ypf pf qkid &f mpufypPn;f ESppf EHk iS hf v#ypf pfEiS hf pufypPn;f ud&d,mrsm;ukd 21 vpmtwGuf axmufy&Hh ef twGuf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJhonf?88 aomufa&uwf (150 rD*g0yf)/ aomufa&c (a';vk;d ) jrpf

u&ifjynfe,f (150 rD*g0yf&)Sd aomufa&uwfwiG f &_&ef &JE, G f (25 rD*g0yf)/ &JE, G af csmif; (ausmufwcH g;+rdK@e,f)

ukr% ` rD S 2007 Zefe0g&v D wGif zGiv fh if&h efppD Ofonfh Tpuf&. Hk aqmufvyk fa&;ukad xmufychH J+h yD;/ w&kwEf ikd if rH S wifykd@a&muf&Sv d m Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co.

85

‘Myanmar Snap Trade Directory.’ Myanmar Snap. http://www.myanmarsnap.com/investment07.asp [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

86

‘Domestic & Overseas Projects.’ Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Website. http://www.fcbmis.com/English/Overseas%20Projects.htm

87

‘缅甸水津电站机电设备设计与供货合同签订 (Burma Shwegyin Hydropower Plant Contract Signed).’ CGGC Website, 11 September 2007. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=879

88

‘Contract Signing of the Design & Supply of Electrical, Mechanical Equipments For Phyu Hydropower Project In Myanmar.’ CGGC Website. http://www.gzbgj.com/english_n/news08.htm

40

rnfh wmykid pf ufrsm;ukad pmihaf eI pkid f;iHx h m;onf?89 t&Snf 1050 ay/ tjrSihf 251 ay&So d nfh 90 Ta&umwmtm; 2007 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif pwifziG v fh ifch Jhonf? 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr% ` rD S TpDru H ed ;f twGuf v#ypf pfEiS hf pufypPnf;rsm;axmufyrHh nfu h pd PaqG;aEG;&ef jrefrmhppftpk;d & 91 uk, d pf m;vS,Ef iS ahf wG@qcHk Jhonf? 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co. ukr`%r D S a&vGwyf ku d af cgi;f (Penstock) ESifh a&vGJw;l ajrmif;ESifh pyfvsO;f onfh udprP sm;aqG;aEG;&ef jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyfp;dk 0if;ESifh awG@qkHco hJ nf?92 aZmif;wl - Zaungtu (20 rD*g0yf)/ yJc;l jrpftxufyikd ;f (wku d }f uD;&Gm/ yJc;l +rdK@e,f) 1994 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. ukr% ` rD S TpDrHued ;f 93 ukd pwifc+Jh yD;/ 2000 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif 45 rDwmjrifo h nfh Ta&wmum pwifziG fhvifch o Jh nf?94 ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f ozef;qdwf (30 rD*g0yf)/ rljrpf (ozef;qdw&f mG / u|e;f vS+rdK@e,f) Sinohydro’s 1st Engineering Bureau rS 2002 ckEp S /f arvwGif +yD;pD;cJhonfh TpDru H ed ;f twGuf aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;ESihf pGr;f tifypPnf;wyfqifa&;ukd yHyh ;dk ulncD +hJ yD;/ w&kwf,rG af iG 14 '\r 88 rDv, D &H Sd jyKjyifxed ;f odrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xk;d cJo h nf?95 89

‘公司简介 (Brief Introduction).’ Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. Website. http://www.hhpdi.com/hhpdi/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=113 [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing this link.]; & ‘Power Plant to be Ready in September.’ Myanmar Times, 6 November 2006.

90

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win Attends Inauguration of Yenwe Hydroelectric Power Station.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 11 February 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070211.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

91

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

92

Ibid.

93

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm; & ‘Zaungtu Hydropower Station (Myanmar).’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/hpp/Project_zd.htm

94

‘Newly Built Zaungtu Dam & Hydel Power Plant in Bago Division Inaugurated.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 23 March 2000. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/00nlm/n000323.htm#(4)

95

‘中国水电一局九分局注重国际建筑市场开发 (Sinohydro 1st Engineering Bureau, 9th Branch’s International Market Developments).’ Sinohydro Website, 17 January 2007. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&ARTICLEID=11471537840078&COLU MNID=11424148920001&CHCOLUMNID=11443003710001&GSCOLUMNID=-1

41

1998 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif China International Trust & Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co. ukr`%r D S jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESifh MoU oabmwlvufrSwf 96 a&;xkd;cJh+yD;/ TpDru H ed f;tm; a&mif;csrnfh China EXIM Bank . axmufyrHh j_ zihf ukeu f sp&dwf 97 tar&duefa': vm 20 rDv, D H ukeu f s co hJ nf? ZD;acsmif; - Zi Chaung (1'\ (1'\r26 rD*g0yf) 1991 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 98 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? &Sr;f jynfe,f csi;f a&$a[mf - Chinshwehaw (0 '\ '\r 2 rD*g0yf) 1993 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 99 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? ude;f awmif; (54 rDr*D g0yf)/ erf;wdr;f acsmif; - Namtein Creek (rd;k eJ+rd +rdK@e,f - Mone Township) Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. ukr% ` DrS pGr;f tifpuf&Hk twGufoHxnftaqmuftOD;rsm;tm; aqmufvyk fae+yD;/ 4if;tm; 2008 ckESp/f Zefe0g&v D wGif 100 86 &mckid Ef e_ ;f +yD;pD;I/ wESpftwGi;f wGif vkyif ef;vnfywfEikd rf nfh tvm;tvm&Sdonf? 2005 ckEpS /f ZGefvwGif

Zhejiang Orient Holding Group ESihf China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr`%w D kd@rS zufpufxm;onfh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tzG@J wckrS 18

rD*g0yftm;&Sd wmykid pf ufoHk;pGr;f tm;xkwpf uf&Hk 3 cktwGuf tar&duefa':vm 11 '\r 5-

96

‘缅甸德畔赛及孟河水电站 (Burma’s Thapanseik & Mone River Hydropower Plants).’ Sinohydro Website. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=29&COLUMNID=11509592350001

97

‘中国承包的缅甸德畔色水电站竣工 (Chinese Funded Thapanseik Hydropower Plant Completed).’ HWCC, 12 July 2002. http://www.hwcc.gov.cn/nsbd/NewsDisplay.asp?Id=40778; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

98

99

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm Ibid.

100

‘公司简介 (Brief Introduction).’ Hunan Savoo Oversea Water & Electric Engineering Co. Website. http://www.hhpdi.com/hhpdi/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=113 [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing this link]; & ‘Minister Goes on Inspection Tour of Kengtawng Hydropower Project.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 18 January 2008. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/08nlm/n080118.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

42

15 rDv, D w H efzk;d &Sd aqmufvyk fa&;ypPnf;ESifh v#ypf pfu&d , d mrsm;udk oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xkd; 101 cJo h nf? 2005 ckEpS /f ZGefvwGif China National Electric Equipment Co. (CNEEC) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh v#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESihf oHowWKvkyif ef;twGuf aemufxyfoabmwl vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJh onf?102 2006 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif (CNEEC) ukr`%rD S TpDrHued ;f twGuf pufry_ pPnf;rsm; axmufy&Hh ef jrefrmhppftpk;d &uk, d pf m;rsm;ESihf awG@qHck Jhonf?103

ude;f awmif;a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&w Hk iG f zhejiang Orient Holding Group. yg0ifywfoufrr_ sm; ukd ykrd o kd &d v Sd ykd gu ude;f awmif;v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f (Kengtawng Transmission Line)odk@=unf&h _ &ef/ uGe[ f ed ;f (0 '\ '\r 15 rD*g0yf) 1990 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 104 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? uGev f Hk (0 '\ '\r 5 rD*g0yf) 1993 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 105 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? ude;f awmif; (0 '\r 32 / 0 '\ '\r 48 rD*g0yf) 1990 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 106 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? 101

‘Hydro-electric Power Department, Chinese Consortium Ink Two Agreements.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 17 June 2005. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050617.htm#Hydroelectric%20Power%20Department,%20Chinese%20consortium%20ink%20two%20agreements; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

102

‘Hydro-electric Power Department, Chinese Consortium Ink Two Agreements.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 17 June 2005. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050617.htm#Hydroelectric%20Power%20 Department,%20Chinese%20consortium%20ink%20two%20agreements [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

103

‘Prime Minister General Soe Win & Party Visit Guilin.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 6 November 2006. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/06nlm/n061106.htm

104

105 106

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm Ibid. Ibid.

43

ausmufrJ (4 rD*g0yf) 1992 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 107 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? rJyef (1 '\ '\r 26 rD*g0yf) (rkid ;f qwf+rdK@e,f) 1991 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 108 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fc+Jh yD;/ 2002 ckEpS /f arvwGif zGiyhf t GJ cef;tem; usi;f ycJhonf? erf;arsm - Nam Myaw (4 rD*g0yf) 1992 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 109 TpDru H ed ;f ukd aqmufvyk fco Jh nf? erf[ h yk f - Nam Wop (3 rD*g0yf) usKd if;wH ;wH+k rdK@e,f 1992 ckEpS cf ef@wiG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment ukr% ` rD S TpDru H ed f;ukd aqmufvyk cf hJonf?110

Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

a&$v-D 1 (600 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf (ref (refwuf&mG / erfch rf;+rdK@e,f)

ukr% ` DrS 2004 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif vkyif ef;pwifcaJh omfvnf;/ jrefrmhppftpk;d &. aiGa=u;rvHkavmufra_ =umifh 2005 ckEpS /f Zlvikd fvwGif vkyif ef;rsm;&yfwef@chJonf?111 2006 ckEpS f =o*kwv f Y YMEC ukr% ` D onf Yunnan Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Development Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Yunnan Power Grid Co. ukr% ` Dwkd@EiS hf yl;aygi;f I Yunnan Joint Power Development Co. (YUPD) Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

107

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm

108

Ibid; &‘Regional Development Projects Inspected in Shan State (East).’ New Light of Myanmar, 15 May 2002. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/02nlm/n020516.htm#(%203%20 [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

109 110

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm Ibid.

111

‘激战瑞丽江——水电十四局瑞丽江电站截流施工纪实 (Shweli River Fierce Battle-Shweli Dam 14th Bureau Damming Construction).’ Sinohydro Website, 26 February 2007. http://www.sinohydro.com/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=1172460 7890001 For extensive photographs of construction at the Shweli I Dam see ‘瑞丽江项目部图库 (Shweli River Project Bureau Photographs).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 29 June 2007. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=61&id=394

44

qko d nfhurk % ` Dukd xlaxmifco Jh nf?112 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif YUPD ukr`%ED iS hf jrefrmh v#ypf pfprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmetrSwf (1) wkd@ yl;aygi;f I Shweli River I Power Station Co. ukr% ` D udx k laxmifcI Jh a&umwmukd Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) pDru H ed f;tjzpf ajymif;vJvu kd f 113 +yD;/ rD*g0yf 400 &Sd pGr;f tm;ukd rD*g0yf 600 txdwkd;jrSiv fh kduo f nf? 2007 ckEpS /f arvY pDru H ed ;f w0ufcef@+yD;pD;+yD; 4if;rSxGu&f o Sd nfph rG f;tm;rSm rEWav;+rdK@udk axmufyHhay;rnfjzpf 114 onf? ESihf Dali Sub-bureau wkd@rS 2006 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;pwifI/ 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif a&vGaJ jrmif;udk aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;+yD; a&$vjD rpfudkvnf; ydwq f dk@cJhonf?115 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvwGif Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau rS aqmufvy k fa&;vkyif ef;ESifh oHxnftaqmufttHktm; avvHwifa&mif;csru _ dk 0,f 116 ,lco Jh nf? 2007 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau rS 2009 ckEpS f/ ZGev f 30 &ufae@wiG f aemufqH;k t+yD;owfaqmufvyk &f ef aqmufvyk af &;oabmwlncD sufukd vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJ+h yD;/117 2008 ckEpS /f =o*kwfvwGif yxrOD;qH;k v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;xkwfviG pfh ufudk prf;owfcJo h nf?118 Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau

112

‘中国在缅甸投资的首个水电项目成功截流 (China’s First Hydropower Investment in Burma Successfully Dammed).’ China Electricity Council, 13 December 2006. http://www.cec.org.cn/news/showc.asp?id=92488

113

‘瑞丽江电站胜利实现截流 (Shweli River Hydropower Station Triumphantly Blocks Water).’ Dali Sub-bureau of Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 11 December 2006. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=3&id=26

114

‘Burma Committed to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ BBC Financial Times Information, 7 May 2007.

115

‘集团公司水电十四局承建的缅甸瑞丽江水电站成功截流 (图) (14th Bureau Succeed in Damming the Ruili River).’ Sinohydro Website, 15 December 2006.

http://www.sinohydro.com/english/portlet?pm_pl_id=7&pm_pp_id=13&COLUMNID=111111&ARTICLEID=116703 69310001

116

‘我局中标缅甸瑞丽江一级水电站厂房枢纽土建及金属结构安装工程 (Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Secures Shweli I Bid).’ Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 12 January 2007. http://www.fcbmis.com/sd_nm/2007/1-12/151512.html

117

‘缅甸瑞丽江一级电站工程总承建包合同在昆签字 (Contracts Signed in Kunming for Burma’s Shweli I Dam).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 5 July 2007. http://www.fcbmis.com/news/jnyw/2007/75/0775101710K58IHJ2120G3BDAJ06D1.html

118

‘瑞丽江电站首台机组调试正式启动 (Shweli Dam First Hydroturbine Generator Testing).’ Dali SubBureau of Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 24 August 2008. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=37&id=1114

45

2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif CHECC Kunming Hydroelectric Investigation, Design & Research Institute rS Yunnan Joint Power Development Co. ukr% ` ED iS t hf wl a&$vaD &umwmY pufypPn;f 119 ud&, d m. ta&tawG;rsm;ukd vma&mufppfap;cJhonf? 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research rS a&vGJajrmif;ESihf a&umwmuefabmifudktwGuf aqmufvy k af &; wm0ef,lvyk u f kid f 120 cJo h nf?

a&$vD (1) a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&w Hk iG f Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` /D China Southern Power Grid Co. ukr% ` /D Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. ukr% ` D Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Yunnan Electric Power Design [email protected]_ sm;tm; ykrd o kd &d v Sd ygkdygu a&$vD (1) pGr;f tifpuf&EHk iS hf v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f (&Sr;f jynfe,f) wGi=f unh&f y_ g&ef? a&$v-D 2 (460 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

yg0ifywfoufcJhonf?

121

a&$v-D 3 (360 rD*g0yf)/ a&$vjD rpf Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC)

yg0ifywfoufcJhonf?

122

ukr% ` DrS TpDru H ed ;f wGif

ukr% ` DrS TpDru H ed ;f wGif

wmqef; (7100 rD*g0yf)/ oHviG jf rpf 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) ukr% ` rD S txl 8 rDwm/ t&Snf 1200 rDwm&So d nfh a&vGaJ jrmif; ESpcf t k m; aqmufvky&f ef Tasang Hydropower Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf 123 MoU oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xk;d cJhonf? 2007 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif CGGC ukr% ` rD S wmqef; a&umwmpDrHude;f . 51 &mckid Ef e_ f;udk ykid fqikd cf +Jh yD;/ xkid ;f MDX rS 24 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ESihf 119

‘瑞丽江电站厂房基坑开挖通过质量验收 (Shweli Hydropower Project Machinery Undergoes Quality Assessment).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website,10 March 2007. http://www.fcbdl.com/bencandy.php?fid=37&id=193

120

‘缅甸瑞丽江水电站导流洞进出口围堰爆破圆满成功 (Shweli River Hydropower Plant Diversion Tunnel & Cofferdam Complete).’ Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning & Design Research Website, 13 December 2006. http://www.cjwsjy.com.cn/News/specialnews/200612133157.htm

121

122

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm Ibid.

123

‘缅甸市场开发再传捷报 (News of Victory from Burmese Market Developments).’ CGGC Website, 16 March 2007. http://www.gzbgj.com/article.asp?id=749

46

rS 25 &mckid Ef e_ ;f toD;oD;ykid fqikd cf Jh onf? 2008 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif trnfrodw&kwfurk % ` Dwpfcrk S wmqef;a&umwmwnf &S&d m oHviG jf rpfurf;ESpzf ufv;Hk Y 17 ayrS-ay 30 t&Sn&f Sd wkid t f vH;k aygi;f 60 vma&muf cs 125 xm;cJhonf? 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif aqmufvyk af &;zGiyfh t GJ cef;tem;usi;f ycJ+h yD;/126 2007 ck ESp/f {+yDvwGif aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef; pwifcJhonf? okd@aomfjim;vnf; owif;XmetcsKd @rS ,if; aqmufvyk fa&; vkyif ef;tm; tcsed t f uef@towfr&Sd &yfwef@xm;a=umif; az:jycJ=h u onf?127 Burma’s Department of Hydropower Implementation 124

txufov H iG f (2400 rD*g0yf) oHviG jf rpf 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif txufov H iG pf rD u H ed f;ukd tjrefq;kH taumiftxnfaz:vkyfaqmif&ef Akv d cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$ wdkuw f eG f;cJo h nf? 2007 ckESpf arvwGif w&kwyf nm&Sit f zGJ@rS pDru H ed f; twGuf jzpfEikd af jcavhvmcsuf jyKvkycf +hJ yD;/ 4if;tm; 2008 ckEpS w f iG f +yD;pD;rnf[k cef@reS ;f cJh 128 onf? uke;f =urf;ESifh uGefvHk (Konekyan and Kunlon) +rdK@=um;&Sd a&umwmESpcf kaqmufvyk I f txufov H iG pf rD u H ed f;udk wk;d cJs@aqmufvyk &f ef qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;r&Sad o;acs? rlvoabmwlnD csurf mS aqmufvyk rf nfh a&umwm.ta&twGufrsm; az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sdonfru yg0ifywf oufonfh ukr% ` rD sm;rS rdrw d kd@. vkyaf qmifrnft h csurf sm;ukv d nf; az:jyxm;jcif; r&dS 129 ao;ay? 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif Yunnan Power Grid Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf CHECC Mid-South Design & Research Institute wkd@rS oHvi G jf rpftxufyikd f; {&d,m uDvrkd w D m 147 cef@ ppfwrf;aumuf 130 ,lrj_ yKvkycf Jhonf? 124

‘Chinese Firm takes 51pc of Tasang Hydropower Project.’ The Myanmar Times, 19 November 2007. http://www.mmtimes.com/no393/b004.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

125

‘Chinese Dam Builders Set Up 60 Pillars for Tasang Dam.’ Shan Herald Agency for News, 16 January 2008. http://www.shanland.org/environment/2008/chinese-dam-builders-set-up-60-pillars-for-tasang-dam/

126

‘Tar-hsan Hydropower Project Construction Begins.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 5 April 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070405.htm

127

‘Myanmar Pushes Ahead Thanlwin Hydro Projects.’ International Water Power & Dam Construction, 17 April 2007. http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=130&storyCode=2043576; ‘Mystery Decision Puts Burma Dams on Hold.’ Bangkok Post, 12 February 2008; & ‘Samak Green Lights the Salween Hydro-dam.’ The Irrawaddy, 8 March 2008. http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=125863

128

‘Lt-Gen Kyaw Win Attends Cultivation of 300 Acres of Physic Nut in Hsenwi Station.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 20 May 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070520.htm

129

‘China Eyes Second Dam on Thanlwin.’ The Myanmar Times, 14 May 2007. http://mmtimes.com/no366/b005.htm

130

‘联合踏勘团顺利完成缅甸萨尔温江上游踏勘任务 (Survey Group Completes On-site Upper Salween River Survey).’ Yunnan Power Grid Co. Website, 28 December 2006. http://www.yndw.com/showinfo.asp?id=37407

47

2007 ckEpS f {+yDvwGif Hanergy Holding Group (formerly China Farsighted Group) rS jrefrmhppftpkd;&ESihf MoU oabmwlnc D suf vufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf?131

Investment

2007 ckEpS /f {+yDv 5 &ufae@wiG f China Gold Water Resources Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmhppftpk;d & 132 ESihf MoU oabmwlncD suf vufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf? China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Co. (CHECC) ukr% ` /D CHECC Kunming Hydroelectric Investigation Design & Research Institute (KHIDI) ukr% ` ED iS hf China Hanergy Holding Group (rlv China Farsighted Investment Group) ukr% ` w D dk@ w&kwef ,fpyf Qingshuihe Port rS 25 uDvrkd Dwmcef@&Sd oHviG jf rpfay:wGif cGev f akH &umwm

twGuf jzpfEikd af jcudprP sm;aqG;aEG;&ef 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif yDuif;+rdK@awmfwiG f awG@qcHk Jh onf?133 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif KHIDI ukr`%rD S jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;XmeESihf tar&duefa':vm 5270000 udk oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xkd;cJah =umif; The Department of Commerce of Yunnan Province rS tpD&ifca H z:jycJhonf?134 2008 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif Sinohydro ukr% ` D/ China Southern Power Grid Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf China Three Gorges Project Co. ukr% ` Dwdk@rS Sinohydro ukr% ` XD mecsKyfY oHviG jf rpfa&tm;v#ypf pf aqmufvyk fa&;vkyif ef;twGuf AsL[majrmufy;l aygi;f vkyaf qmifa&;abmifoabmwl nDcsuu f dk 135 oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? aZmf*sD (1) (18 rD*g0yf)/ aZmf*sjD rpf (&yfapmuf+rdK@e,f) 1992 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 136 run-of-the-river pDrHue d ;f ukd vkyaf qmifcJhonf? 2007 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmvwGif YMEC ukr% ` D

131

‘Myanmar Commits to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ People’s Daily, 7 May 2007. http://english.people.com.cn/200705/07/eng20070507_372570.html

132

‘Myanmar Commits to Building more Hydropower Plants.’ People’s Daily, 7 May 2007. http://english.people.com.cn/200705/07/eng20070507_372570.html

133

‘缅甸滚弄水电站可研阶段工程勘察设计技术大纲咨询会议在北京召开 (Feasibility Meeting for Burma’s Kunlong Dam Held in Beijing).’ CHECC Website, 11 March 2008. http://www.checc.cn/news/news.jsp?type=100&new_id=7254&target=

134

‘2007年1－9月云南省外经业务统计 (Yunnan Province Overseas Operation Statistics January – September 2007).’ Department of Commerce of Yunnan Province Website, 22 October 2007. http://www.bofcom.gov.cn/bofcom/433477000347254784/20071022/167375.html

135

‘缅甸萨尔温江战略合作框架协议签署 (Salween River Strategic Cooperation Framework Agreement

Signed).’ 金融界, 28 April 2008. http://info.jrj.com.cn/news/2008-04-28/000003585891.html

136

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm

48

ud, k pf m;vS,rf S jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;XmeESihf ypPn;f ud&d,maxmufyHha&; pmcsKyfukd oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xkd;cJo h nf?137 Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau rS

aqmufvky+f yD;pD;+yDjzpfonfh TpDru H de;f ukd Ekid if Hwum pDru H ed ;f tjzpf az:jyI/ 4if;rS aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;Y ulnyD yhH dk;onf[k ,lqonf?138

aZmf*sD (2) (12 rD*g0yf)/ aZmf*sjD rpf 1990 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 139 a&umwmwHcg;ESifh a&vGwyf u kd facgi;f tm; wnfaqmufco Jh nf? xdk@enf;wl rwfv 2000 ckEpS w f iG f pwifvnfywfaeonfah &umwm. taqmufttHrk sm;/ a&ppf/ a&vGJ a&ydwf ajrmif;ESifh a&oGif;ydu k ftm; ydrk cdk idk af tmifjyKvkyjf cif;wdk@udk aqmufavmuf+yD;pD;cJyh gonf?140 1997 ckEpS /f Zlvkid v f ESihf 1998 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv=um;wGif

China Shanghai Corporation for Foreign Economic & Technological Co-operation (SFECO) rS 6 '\r 4 rD*g0yftm;&Sd

pGr;f tm;xkwfviG pfh uf ESpfv;Hk ESihf vkt d yfonfyh pPn;f ud&, d mrsm;udk axmufychH hJonf?141 pGr;f tifpuf&EHk iS hf v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f

bD;vif;-rdwv Îd mm-awmifwiG ;f }uD;-rH&k mG 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif Central China Power Grid Co. ukr% ` rD S 340 uDvrkd Dwm &Snv f sm;onfh 230 uDvkd0yftm;&Sd v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f 2 ck/ 230 uDv0kd yftm;&Sd pGr;f tifvGaJ jymif; puf&t Hk opf (8) ckEiS hf wnf&+Sd yD;aom 230 uDvk0d yftm;&Sd pGrf;tifpuf&u Hk kd wk;d csJ@&eftwGuf jrefrmha&tm;v#ypf pf0ef}uD;XmeESifh tar&duefa':vm 58 '\r 4 rDv, D w H efz;kd &Sd oabmwl 137

‘Minister for Electric Power No 1 Receives President of YMEC.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 30 November 2007. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n071130.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

138

‘Domestic & Overseas Projects.’ Sinohydro 14th Engineering Bureau Website. http://www.fcbmis.com/English/Overseas%20Projects.htm

139

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm; & ‘Zawgyi Hydropower Station (Myanmar).’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/hpp/Project_zj.htm 140 ‘Government Endeavouring for Sufficient Power Supply Zawgyi Hydel Power Station Launched.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 17 March 2000. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/00nlm/n000317.htm#(2) [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.] 141 ‘Overseas Contracted Engineering: Project List.’ SFECO Website. http://www.sfeco.net.cn/e/trade/list.asp; & ‘Government Endeavouring for Sufficient Power Supply Zawgyi Hydel Power Station Launched.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 17 March 2000. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/00nlm/n000317.htm#(2) [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

49

pmcsKyfudk vufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf?142 aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;tm; 2004 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f wGif 143 pwifco Jh nf? bD;vif;pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f/ rEWav;wkid ;f ) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` rD S bD;vif;+rdK@e,f&Sd pGr;f tifpuf&t kH wGuf ypPn;f ud&, d maxmufy&Hh ef jrefrmhv#ypf pf 144 pGr;f tm;0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf? ude;f awmif; - Kengtawng v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f (&Sr;f jynfe,f) 2005 ckEpS w f iG f Zhejiang Orient Holding Group tzGJ@rS v#ypf pfypPn;f ESihf 132 uDv0dk yftm; v#ypf pf"mwf}udK;axmufyHh&ef jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;Xmevufatmuf&Sd a&tm;v#ypf pf pGr;f tifu¾ESihf tar&duefa':vm 4 '\r 56 rDv, D H oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJo h nf?145 v#ypf pfr;D tm;rsm;udk v_id fvif/ cif;av;/ awmif;}uD;ESihf Ekid if Hawmfw0ef;vH;k v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f uGe, f uf ponfwkd@udk axmufyrHh nfjzpfonf?146 rkid ;f qefprG ;f tifpuf&Hk - Mongsan Substation (&Sr;f jynfe,f) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` rD S rdik ;f qef+rdK@e,f&Sd pGr;f tifpuf&Ht k wGuf ud&d,mrsm;axmufy&Hh ef jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf?147 ajrmif;wcg;-v_id w f cg;cg;-a&=unf (Myaungdagar-Hlaingthagar-Yekyi) 2004 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` rD S 230 uDv0kd yftm;&Sd ajrmif;wcg;pGr;f tifvaJG jymif;puf&Hkudk wd;k csJ@&ef/ 230 uDv0kd yftm; &Sd v_id fwcg;pGr;f tifvaGJ jymif;puf&Hkaqmufvyk &f ef/ 230 uDv0dk yfprG f;tm;&Sd a&=unfprG ;f tif 142

‘谢明亮率华中电网公司经贸代表团访问缅甸 双方签署缅甸泊宁等三个输变电工程项目合同 (CCPGC Visits Burma & Signs Contracts for Transformation Substations & Transmission).’ CCPGC Website, 5 January 2007. http://intl.ccpg.com.cn/pub/huazhong/tpxw/wsjl/t20070105_10381.htm

143

‘缅甸总理梭温率团访问华中电网有限公司 (Burmese Prime Minister Soe Win Visits CCPGC).’ CCPGC Website, 7 November 2006. ttp://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/gjjldt/t20061107_9698.htm 144 ‘China, Myanmar Ink Contract on Purchase of Electrical Goods.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 4 January 2007 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070104.htm; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.] 145 ‘Hydro-electric Power Department Inks Contract to Purchase Chinese Electrical Equipment.’ Myanmar Information Committee Yangon Information Sheet, 23 August 2005. http://www.myanmarinformation.net/infosheet/2005/050823.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.] 146 Ibid. 147

‘China, Myanmar Ink Contract on Purchase of Electrical Goods.’ The New Light of Myanmar, January 4, 2007 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070104.htm; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

50

vGaJ jymi;puf&aHk qmufvyk f&efEiS hf 230 uDv0dk yftm;&Sd v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f 2 ckaqmufvyk &f ef (160 uDv0kd yftm;wpfcEk iS fh 40 uDv0kd yftm;wpfc)k oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xkd;cJo h nf? 4if;twGuf aqmufvyk fa&;ud&, d m. 90 &mckid Ef e_ ;f tm; w&kwEf dkiif rH S wifykd@rnfjzpfonf?148 &efuek /f '*Hpk rG ;f tifpuf&Hk (&efuek w f idk ;f ) 1993 ckEpS w f iG f Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` rD S 149 6800 uDv0kd yftm;&Sd TpDru H ed ;f ukd pwifaqmufvyk fco hJ nf? &efuek -f a&=unf (&efuek w f ikd ;f ) 2004 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif Central China Power Grid Co. (CCPGC) ukr% ` ED iS hf 4if;.ukr% ` cD GJ jzpfonfh Central China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` w D kd@rS jrefrmhppftpd;k &ESihf 230 uDv0kd yftm;&Sd pGrf;tifvaGJ jymif;puf&EkH iS hf 230 uDvkd0yftm;&Sd v#ypf pf }udK;vkid ;f aqmufvyk &f ef tar&duefa':vm 16 '\r 1 rDvD,H oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xk;d cJh 150 onf? a&$vD (1) pGr;f tifpuf&EHk iS hf v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f (&Sr;f jynfe,f) 2007 ckEpS w f iG f a&$vDa'o&Sd pGr;f tifpuf&t Hk wGuf ypPn;f ud&, d mrsm;axmufy&hH ef Central China Power China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh 151 v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrw S af &;xk;d cJhonf? 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif Yunnan Electric Power Design Institute rS eD,eG f (Niyou) jrpfa&tm; v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f jzihf a&$vD (1) a'oESifh csw d fqufrnfh 220 uDv0kd yfprG ;f tm;&Sd v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f twGuf jzpfEikd af jcavhvmcsuu f dk jyKvky+f yD;pD;cJah =umif; China Southern Power Grid Co. ukr% ` rD S tpD&ifccH o Jh nf? ,if;eD,eG jf rpftm; w&kwEf ikd if /H ,leefjynfe,frS *si&f mS jrpf (Jinsha 152 River) . jrpfvufoufwpfcjk zpfonf? 148

‘华中电力国际经贸公司积极拓展缅甸市场 - 缅甸M.H.Y.230KV输电线路及变电站项目签约 (CCPGC Enthusiastically Opens Burma Markets – Burma’s M.H.Y. 230 kV Transmission Line & Substation Projects Signed).’ CCPGC Website, 20 July 2004. http://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/swgc/t20041208_0721.htm ; & ‘华中电力国贸公司承建缅甸MHY项目进展顺利 (CCGC’s MHY Project Makes Progress).’ CCPGC Website, 2 November 2006. http://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/tpxw/gcjz/t20061102_10239.htm

149

‘Overseas & Domestic Projects.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/cn/about_yj.htm

150

‘华电国贸公司积极拓展缅甸市场 (CCPGC Enthusiastically Opens Burmese Market).’ CCPGC Website, 8 December 2004. http://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/gjjldt/t20041208_0697.htm

151

‘China, Myanmar Ink Contract on Purchase of Electrical Goods.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 4 January 2007 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070104.htm; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

152

‘瑞丽江电站送出(缅甸侧)完成踏勘 (Shweli River Transmission Exploration Complete).’ China Southern Power Grid Website, 19 March 2007. http://www.csg.cn/news/compnewscon.aspx?id=10024&ItemCode=002007000000

51

2003 ckEpS w f iG f Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh v#ypf pfvyk if ef;XmeESijhf yKvkyx f m;onfh tar&duefa':vm 34 '\r 72 rDvD,H oabmwlnD csujf zihf a&$vED iS hf rEWav;tm; csyd q f ufonfh 356 uDvrkd Dwmt&Sn/f 230 uDv0kd yfprG f;tm;&Sd v#ypf pf}udK;vkid ;f ESpcf kukd aqmufvyk w f yfqifcJo h nf?153 Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. ukr% ` rD S a&$vED iS hf &efuek fudk csyd q f ufonfh 230-350 uDv0kd yfprG f;tm;&Sd pwD;v#ypf pf}udK;wkid frsm;twGuf aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd yHyh ;kd ulncD Jhonf?154 a&$pm&H pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (ausmufqnf+rdK@e,f/ rEWav;wkid ;f ) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China Power Grid International Economic & Trade Co. ukr% ` rD S a&$pm&HprG f;tifpuf&t Hk wGuf ypPn;f ud&, d mrsm;axmufyH&h ef jrefrmhv#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 155 0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? a&0pGr;f tifpuf&Hk (rEWav;wkid ;f ) 2006 'DZifbmvwGif Central China Power Grid Co. (CCPGC), ESifh Ministry of Electric Power, [email protected];ta0;wGif Chinese government export seller’s credit .aiGom; tar&duefa':vm oef; 200 tm; Sino-Burmese joint venture construction rS rD;oG,yf dk@a&; puf&cHk EGJ iS fh uDv0kd yf 500 tm;&S"d gw}f udK; oG,w f ef;Edik &f eftwGuf t=urf;a&;qGJxm;onfh pmxJwiG f xnfhoiG ;f 156 a&;om;cJo h nf? ukr% ` rD S uDvrkd Dwm 300 &Sno f nf/h uDv0kd yf 320 pGr;f tm;&Sd v#ypf pf}udK;vdik ;f wyfqif&efEiS hf vaygi;f 20 =um pGr;f tifpuf&kH (3) ck wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf w&kwt f pk;d &axmufyHah iG tar&duefa':vm 45 '\r 85 rDv, D H 157 toH;k jyK&ef oabmwlvufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf? ,if;pDru H ed ;f tm; qGpfZmvef. COLENCO China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC)

153

‘Myanmar Installs More Transmission Lines for New Power Plant.’ Xinhua General News Service, 5 July 2007.

154

‘About Huyong.’ Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. Website. http://www.hydlcn.com/en/aboutus.htm [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this link.]

155

‘China, Myanmar Ink Contract on Purchase of Electrical Goods.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 4 January 2007 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070104.htm; & Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

156

‘谢明亮率华中电网公司经贸代表团访问缅甸—双方签署缅甸泊宁等三个输变电工程项目合同 (CCPGC Visit to Burma – Bilateral Agreements for Belin Substation & Transmission Projects Signed).’ CCPGC Website, 5 January 2007. http://202.110.186.75:8080/pub/huazhong/gjjldt/t20070105_10380.htm

157

‘Chinese Companies to Build Burmese Hydropower Projects.’ BBC World Monitoring, 2 September

2005; ‘热烈祝贺缅甸耶瓦水电站输变电项目合同签订 (Congratulations on the Signing of the Burma Yeywa Hydropower Plant Contract).’ CHMC Website, 2 September 2005. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1264;

52

Power Engineering Co. ukr% ` rD S twdik yf ifcv H kyif ef;rsm;yHyh ;dk ulncD hJa=umif; 2006 ckEpS f 158 CHMC tpD&ifcp H mrS az:jycJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif CHMC rS jrefrmEkdiif o H kd@ aqmuf 159 vkyaf &;ypPn;f rsm; wefaygi;f 351 wef wify@dk c+Jh yD;/ 2007 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif CHMC rS China Power Grid Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Beijing Electric Power Construction Research Institute of State Grid Corporation of China. wkd@Ei S yhf l;aygi;f I v#ypf pf}udK;wkid rf sm;ESifh v#ypf pf"mwftm;

vGaJ jymif;puf&Hk (8) cktm; pyf;oyfrr_ sm;jyKvkycf Jhonf?160 ae&ma'orsm; raz:jyEkid o f nfh a&umwmrsm;

pGezf ;l (Songpu) (7 '\ '\r 5 rD*g0yf)

rS 1997 ckEpS /f arvESihf 1999 ckEpS /f {+yDv=um;wGif aqmufvyk cf o Jh nfh tjrSifh rDwm 50 &So d nfh Ta& tm;v#ypf pfprD u H ed ;f tm; 4if;. 0yfqu dk 'f af y:wGif az:jycJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; vkt d yfonfh 161 owif;tcsut f vuf tao;pdwrf sm; az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sad y? CHECC Kunming Hydroelectric Investigation, Design and Research Institute

‘Piaoliang’ (400 rD*g0yf) China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) ukr% ` rD S

oHxnftaqmufttH/k v#yfppfprG ;f tm; xkwfviG rfh y_ pPn;f ud&, d mESihf uDv0kd yf 230 tm;&Sd v#yfppf"mwftm;}udK;vkid ;f rsm;twGuf jrefrmh v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;Xme trSwf (1) ESihf 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif 21 vpm oabmwl 162 vufrSwf a&;xd;k cJhonf?

‘缅甸YEYWA水电站输变电工程项目计划顺利折行中 (Burma’s Yeywa Hydropower Plant Plans Proceeding Smoothly).’ CHMC Website, 30 November 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1594; & ‘缅甸YEYWA输，变电项目正式启动执行 (Burma Yeywa Distribution & Transformation Substation Begins Formal Implementation).’ CHMC Website, 6 April 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1436

158

‘缅甸YEYWA输，变电项目正式启动执行 (Burma Yeywa Distribution & Transformation Substation Begins Formal Implementation).’ CHMC Website, 6 April 2006. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1436

159

‘缅甸YEYWA输变电项目第一批发货任务圆满完成 (Burma’s Yeywa Substation Project Begins Wholesale Production).’ CHMC Website, 5 April 2007. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1654

160

‘缅甸YEYWA输变电铁塔真型实验完成 (Burma Yeywa Transmission & Transformation Tower Test Complete).’ CHMC Website, 30 November 2007. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1803

161

‘缅甸松普水电站 (Songpu Hydropower Station in Myanmar).’ KHIDI Website. http://www.khidi.com:8083/ShowMess.asp?ArticleID=826

162

‘缅甸漂亮水电站设备供货项目 (Burma ‘Piaoliang’ Hydropower Plant Equipment Project.’ CGGC Website, 25 July, 2008. http://www.cggc.cn/news_show.asp?type=&UidA=1006&UidB=1048&id=3682

53

a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ &ckid jf ynf

PetroChina rS &cki d jf ynfe,f urf;vGeaf 'orsm;wGif &SmazGa&;vkyif ef;rsm; jyKvkycf o Jh nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) .ukr% ` cD jGJ zpfonfh China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) rS a'0l;ukr`%y D ikd u f u G ftwGif; urf;vGe&f mS azGa&;vkyif ef;rsm;jyKvky&f ef

tar&duefa':vm 46 rDv, D H oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJo h nf?163 obm0"mwfaiG@xkw, f rl _ 164 rsm; pwifvyk u f ikd fae+yD;jzpfa=umif; 2007 Zefe0g&v D rSxu G fonfh tpDcpH mwGif az:jycJo h nf?

vkyu f u G t f rSwf (A-1) (urf (ur;f vGeaf 'o) 2005 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) ESihf a[mifaumiftajc pku d f PetroChina ukr`%cD o GJ nf obm0"mwfaiG@rsm; 0,f,&l ef Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise ESihf MoU oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xkd;cJo h nf?165 ,if;oabmwlnrD _wGif CNPC rS tpk&, S , f m 60 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid q f ikd +f yD;/ PetroChina rS 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ykid q f kid cf o Jh nf?166 .ukr% ` cD jGJ zpfonfh China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) rS urf;vGefobm0"mwfaiG@0efaqmifrv _ yk fief;rsm;twGuf 2005 ckESpw f iG f jrefrmhppf tpk;d &ESifh oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJ+h yD;/ xkid ;f Ekid if H PTT ukr% ` ED iS hf tdEN, d Ekid if H ONGC Videsh ukr% ` Dwkd@EiS t hf +ydKif xkwfvyk af &;&S,, f mESpcf k ykid q f kdicf aJh =umif; China National Petroleum Co. 167 (CNPC) rS az:jycJo h nf? 4if;tm; NHII oabFmESihf obm0"mwfaiG@ xkw, f al &;vkyif ef;rsm; axmufy&Hh ef &ufaygi;f 60 oufwrf;&So d nfh tar&duefa':vm 6 rDvD,H oabmwlpmcsKyf wpfcu k dk a'0l;ukr`%ED iS hf 2005 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif vufrw S af &;xkd;cJah =umif; COSL rS 168 tpD&ifccH o Jh nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC)

163

‘COSL Signs New Drilling Contracts in Myanmar & Australia.’ COSL Website, 24 November 2005. http://210.77.145.59/servlet/Node?Node=35271&Language=0

164

‘Less than Expected Reserves in OVL’s IRNA.’ Iranian News Agency Distributed by UPI, 17 January 2007.

165

‘PetroChina Seeks Myanmar Gas Deal.’ Myanmar Times, 16 January 2006.

166

‘China Replaces India in Deal for Shwe Gas.’ Shwe Gas Bulletin Vol.1 Issue 9., December 2005. http://burmalibrary.org/docs3/SGB01-09.pdf

167

‘中缅能源管道将进入建设阶段 年输一千万吨石油 (Sino-Burmese Energy Pipelines Enter New Phase).’ CNPC Website, 3 April 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/xwzx/hyxx/%e4%b8%ad%e7%bc%85%e8%83%bd%e6%ba%90%e7%ae%a1% e9%81%93%e5%b0%86%e8%bf%9b%e5%85%a5%e5%bb%ba%e8%ae%be%e9%98%b6%e6%ae%b5%20%e 5%b9%b4%e8%be%93%e4%b8%80%e5%8d%83%e4%b8%87%e5%90%a8%e7%9f%b3%e6%b2%b9.htm

168

‘COSL Signs New Drilling Contracts in Myanmar & Australia.’ COSL Website, 23 November 2005. http://www.iprogilvy.com/NewsReleaseFile/23-11-05.pdf

54

vkyu f u G f A-3 (urf (ur;f vGeaf 'o) 2005 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd f;wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) ESihf a[mifaumif tajcpku d f PetroChina ukr% ` cD GJonf obm0"mwfaiG@rsm; 0,f,&l ef Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise ESihf MoU oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xkd;cJo h nf?169 ,if;oabmwlnrD w _ Gif CNPC rS 170 tpk&, S , f m 60 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid q f ikd +f yD;/ PetroChina rS 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ykid q f kid cf o Jh nf? vkyu f u G f A-4 (urf (ur;f vGeaf 'o)

ukr% ` D/ China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED Sihf Golden Aaron Pte. ponfu h rk `%w D kd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh SinoSingaporean Consortium wpfco k nf obm0"mwfaiG@&mS azGa&;twGuf jrefrmppftpk;d &ESihf 2004 ckEpS w f iG f xkwfvyk fa&;tpk&, S , f moabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf?171 2008 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif 4if;[email protected] G ftrSwf C-1 ESihf A-4 wkd@tm; xkid ;f Ekid if H PTT rS 20 &mckid f E_e;f ykid q f ikd fxm;onfh M-3 ESihf M-4 vkyfuu G Ef iS hf vJvn S rf nfjzpfa=umif; CNOOC rS tpD&ifcH 172 cJo h nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar

vkyu f u G f AD-1 (urf (ur;f vGeaf 'o/ a&wdryf ikd ;f / ysr;f r# rDwm 200) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) International ESihf jrefrmh pGr;f tif0ef}uD;Xmewkd@rS &SmazGa&;ESifh xkwfvyk af &; tpk&, S , f moabmwlcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJh onf? ,if;ae@tm; jrefrmEkid if t H ay: zdtm;ay;r_rsm;wk;d jrif&h ef urBmu h kvor*~v+kH cHKa&; aumifprD S xkyjf yefrnhfxkwjf yefausnmcsufudk w&kwEf idk if yH ,fcs+yD; oH;k &ufajrmufonfah e@jzpf onf?173 CNPC rS ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G ftm; 100 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid fqikd +f yD; ppfwrf; 174 aumuf avhvmr_rsm;jyKvkyaf wmhrnfjzpfonf?

169

‘印竞逐缅甸天然气采购权 (China & India Compete for Burma Natural Gas Rights).’ China Land & Resources News, 16 March 2007. http://www.clr.cn/front/chinaResource/read/news-info4.asp?ID=109029

170

‘China Replaces India in Deal for Shwe Gas.’ Shwe Gas Bulletin Vol.1 Issue 9., December 2005. http://burmalibrary.org/docs3/SGB01-09.pdf

171

‘China Ups Myanmar Acreage.’ International Oil Daily, 17 December 2004.

172

‘Thailand PTTEP in Deal with CNOOC in Myanmar.’ Reuters, 13 February 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSBKK2053820080213?rpc=401&

173

‘China Signs 3 Deals in Myanmar, Defying Western Pressure.’ International Oil Daily, 18 January 2007; & ‘CNPC Signs Oil & Gas Contracts with Myanmar.’ CNPC Website, 17 January 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/eng/press/newsreleases/CNPCsignsoilandgascontractswithMyanmar.htm

174

Ibid.

55

China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) ukr`%r D S ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G &f mS azGa&;twGuf 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Myanma Oil & 175 Gas Enterprise (MOGE) oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xk;d cJo h nf?

vkyu f u G f AD-6 (ur (ur;f vGeaf 'o a&eufyikd ;f / ysr;f r# rDwm 2000) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) International ESihf jrefrmh pGr;f tif0ef}uD;Xmewkd@rS &SmazGa&;ESifh xkwfvyk af &; tpk&, S , f moabmwlcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJh onf? ,if;ae@tm; jrefrmEkid if t H ay: zdtm;ay;r_rsm;wk;d jrif&h ef urBmu h kvor*~v+kH cHKa&; aumifprD S xkyjf yefrnhfxkwjf yefausnmcsufudk w&kwEf idk if yH ,fcs+yD; oH;k &ufajrmufonfah e@jzpf onf?176 CNPC rS ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G ftm; 100 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid fqikd +f yD; ppfwrf; 177 aumufavhvmr_rsm;jyKvkyaf wmhrnfjzpfonf? China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) ukr`%r D S ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G &f mS azGa&;twGuf 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Myanma Oil & 178 Gas Enterprise (MOGE) oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xk;d cJo h nf?

vkyu f u G f (AD-8) (urf (ur;f vGeaf 'o/ a&eufyikd ;f / ys ysr;f r# rDwm 2000) 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) International ESihf jrefrmh pGr;f tif0ef}uD;Xmewkd@rS &SmazGa&;ESifh xkwfvyk af &; tpk&, S , f moabmwlcsKyf vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJh onf? ,if;ae@tm; jrefrmEkid if t H ay: zdtm;ay;r_rsm;wk;d jrif&h ef urBmu h kvor*~v+kH cHKa&; aumifprD S xkyjf yefrnhfxkwjf yefausnmcsufudk w&kwEf idk if yH ,fcs+yD; oH;k &ufajrmufonfah e@jzpf onf?179 CNPC rS ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G ftm; 100 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid fqikd +f yD; ppfwrf; 180 aumuf avhvmr_rsm;jyKvkyaf wmhrnfjzpfonf? China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) ukr`%r D S ,if;obm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G &f mS azGa&;twGuf 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Myanma Oil & 181 Gas Enterprise (MOGE) oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xk;d cJo h nf? 175

‘China Signs 3 Deals in Myanmar, Defying Western Pressure.’ International Oil Daily, 18 January 2007; & ‘CNPC Signs Oil & Gas Contracts with Myanmar.’ CNPC Website, 17 January 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/eng/press/newsreleases/CNPCsignsoilandgascontractswithMyanmar.htm

176

177 178 179 180 181

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.

56

vkuu f u G f L (uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f ) China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co.

ukr% ` Donf Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G Yf uDvrdk w D m 300 0ef;usit f wGif; prf;wyfrj_ yKvky&f ef 182 tdE, Nd Ekid if H ESSAR rSavvH0,f,cl o Jh nf? vkyu f u G f M (uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f / ausmif;jzLa'o) 2005 ckEpS w f iG f China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) ukr% ` Dwkd@rS &rf;AD;uGse;f Y 183 2D prf;wyfrr _ sm;jyKvkycf Jhonf? Tvkyu f Gurf S "mwfaiG@wiG f;ESpw f iG f;tm; bDvyfajravmif; &ef/ prf;oyfwl;az:&efEiS fh "mwfaiG@t&nfxkw, f &l eftwGuf 2006 ckEpS f/ Zefe0g&v D wGif China Oilfield Services Limited rS CNOOC Myanmar ESihf w&kw, f eG af iG rDv, D H 40 oabmwl 184 vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED Sihf Golden Aaron Pte. ponfhurk % ` Dwkd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh Sino-Singaporean Consortium onf 2004 ckEpS /f atmufwkdbmvwGif Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise ESihf ESpa f ygi;f 20 xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S , f m oabmwlpmcsKyf 185 vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf? rEWav;wkid ;f yk*pH rD u H ed ;f (uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f ) Chinnery Assets onf China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Hong Kong ESihf CNPC International wkd@ tpk&, S , f mykid q f ikd rf _ oabmwlvufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonfh 2001 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv 16 &ufae@wiG f xlaxmifco Jh nf? ,if;tpk&, S f,mtm; (CNPC) Hong Kong ESihf CNPC 186 International 50 &mcki d Ef e_ f;pD ykid fqidk =f uonf? xkad e@rSmjyif Chinnery Assets rS yk*pH rD u H ed f;Y xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S , f moabmwlncD suf oH;k ckwiG f twkd; 70 &mckid Ef e_ f;&,l&ef Canada’s TG World ESihf oabmwlvufrw S fa&;xd;k cJ+h yD;/ 4if;tm; tar&duefa':vm 900000 wefonfh 182

‘缅甸L区块, 勘探川军迈步越 (Burma’s L Block, Prospects Advance).’ CNPC Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. Website, 19 July 2007. http://www.sgcprc.com/news_detail.aspx?id=489&cate_id=1

183

‘四川物探与中海油缅甸公司再度握手 (CNPC Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. & CNOOC Cooperate Again in Burma).’ CNPC Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. Website, 1 December 2005. http://www.sgc-prc.com/news_detail.aspx?id=148&cate_id=1

184

‘COSL Secured New Overseas Well Service Contracts in Myanmar.’ COSL Website, 16 January 2006. http://www.iprogilvy.com/NewsReleaseFile/16-01-06.pdf ; & ‘HK-Listed China Oilfield Wins CNY 40 Million Well Service Contracts in Myanmar.’ AFX News Limited, 17 January 2006.

185

‘China Ups Myanmar Acreage.’International Oil Daily, December 17, 2004.

186

CNPC Hong Kong 2002. CNPC Hong Kong 2001 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/2001cncp-e.pdf

57

vkufuu G f IOR-3, RSF-2 ESihf RSF-3 wGif yg0ifonf?187 Txkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S f,m oabm wlncD suftwGuf pwif&if;ED;S jrKwfESrH r_ mS a[mifaumifa':vm 5070000 [k CNPC Hong Kong . ESpy f wfvnftpD&ifcpH mwGif az:jyaomfvnf;/ &SmazGa&;vkyif ef;rsm; jyKvky+f yD;aemuf obm0"mwfaiG@t&if;tjrpf enf;yg;a=umif;awG@&rSd _EiS hf ,if;vkyu f Gurf sm;twGi;f &SmazGa&; vkyif ef;twGu&f if;ES;D jrKwfEcSH o Jh nfh a[mifaumifa':vm 6355000 onfvnf; t&SKH ;ay:ae ojzihf ukr`%rD S Tvkufuu G fukd pGef@vw G &f efqHk;jzwfco Jh nf[k 2007 ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH mY 188 az:jycJo h nf? vkyu f u G f IOR-3 (uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f / wufr-Tetma) Chinnery Assets rS China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC).Alra d b'odyy`H nm&Srd sm;. seismic testing rSavhvmawG@&cSd suft& a&eH (1) '\r (91) oef; bm&,f &SEd idk fonfh 481 puG, J m;uDvkdrw D mtus,ft0ef;&Sd a&eHwiG ;f . 70 &mcdik f E_e;f aom xkwv f yk af &;tpk&, S , f m oabmwlpmcsKyftm; ydik fqidk fxm;ygonf?189 2007 ckEpS /f ZGev f Y TvkyfuGuu f kd pGef@vw G &f ef CNPC Hong Kong ajyma&; qkcd iG &fh So d . l t}uHjyKcsut f m; 190 aemufyikd f;xGu&f v Sd monfh 2007 ESpyf wfvnf tpD&ifcpH mrS twnfjyKcJhonf? vkyu f u G f RSF-2 uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f / wl&ifawmif) Chinnery Assets rS puG, J m;uDvrkd w D maygi;f 1050 a'otwGif; cef@reS ;f ajcokad vSmifr_ ukAaAaygi;f 216 '\r 6 rDv, D &H So d nfh xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S f,moabmwlncD suf. 70 191 &mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ykid q f kid cf o Jh nf? 4if;.ta&twGuftm; China National Oil & Gas 187

‘CNPC/Parent Company Set Up JV Unit to Participate in Myanmar Oil Fields.’ AFX News, 18 November 2001. http://www.ituc-csi.org/spip.php?action=info_compburma&comp=318&lang=en; & ‘CNPC (Hong Kong) Limited Announcement of Results.’ CNPC Hong Kong Website, 22 April 2002. http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/report-20020422.pdf

188

CNPC Hong Kong 2003. CNPC Hong Kong 2002 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/report-20030419.pdf ; & CNPC Hong Kong 2008. CNPC Hong Kong 2007 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/2007Annualreport(e).pdf

189

‘Shareholder’s Agreement with CNPC International Limited & Farmout Agreement & Joint Operating Agreement with TG World Energy (Bahamas) Regarding & Oilfield & Exploration Areas in the Union of Myanmar.’ CNPC Hong Kong Website, 16 November 2001. http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/report20011116(e).pdf

190

‘CNPC Hong Kong Outlines Upstream Spending in SE Asia & Peru.’ International Oil Daily, 14 June 2007; & CNPC Hong Kong 2008. CNPC Hong Kong 2007 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/2007Annualreport(e).pdf 191 ‘Shareholder’s Agreement with CNPC International Limited (Connected Transaction) & Farmout Agreement & Joint Operating Agreement with TG World Energy (Bahamas) Regarding & Oilfield & Exploration Areas in the Union of Myanmar.’ CNPC Hong Kong Website, 16 November 2001. http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/report-20011116(e).pdf; & ‘CNPC Hong Kong Outlines Upstream Spending in SE Asia & Peru.’ International Oil Daily, 14 June 2007; & ‘中国石油集团在缅甸 (CNPC in Burma).’ CNPC Website. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/ywycp/cnpczqq/亚亚.htm

58

Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) .

blrad A'okawoeXmerS jyKvkyo f nfh prf;oyf r_tay: tajccHcyJh gonf? okawoevkyif ef;tqifhtm; +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/ y%mrppfwrf;aumuf,rl _ rsm;vnf; jyKvky+f yD;jzpfonf?192 2007 ckEpS /f ZGefvY TvkyfuGuu f kd pGef@vGw&f ef CNPC Hong Kong ajyma&; qkc d iG &fh Sdol. t}uHjyKcsut f m; aemufyidk ;f xGu&f Sv d monfh 2007 ESpyf wfvnf 193 tpD&ifcH pmrS twnfjyKcJhonf? vkyu f u G f RSF-3 (uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f / auG;csK-d i&Sr;f awmif) Chinnery Assets rS &SmazGa&;a'o uDvr kd Dwmaygi;f 1603 twGif; cef@rSe;f ajcokad vSmifr_ ukAaAaygi;f 288 '\r 2 rDv, D &H o Sd nfh xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S f,moabmwlncD suf. 70 &mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ykid fqikd cf Jhonf? 4if;.ta&twGut f m; China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) . blra d A'okawoeXmerS jyKvkyfonfh prf;wyfrt _ ajccH 194 onf? okawoevkyif ef;tm; +yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/ y%mrppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm; pwifvyk faqmif ae+yD;jzpfonf?195 okd@aomfvnf;yJ 2007 ckEpS f/ ZGefvY Tvkyu f Guu f kd pGef@vw G &f ef CNPC Hong Kong ajyma&; qkc d Gi&fh o Sd . l t}uHjyKcsut f m; aemufyidk f;xGu&f v Sd monfh 2007 ESpyf wf 196 vnf tpD&ifcH pmrS twnfjyKcJo h nf? rkwrW urf;ajc vkyu f u G f

M-2 (urf;vG ;vGe)f

ukr% ` D Myanmar, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED Sihf Golden Aaron Pte. ponfu h rk `%w D kd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh SinoSingaporean Consortium onf 9600 uDvkr d Dwm&Sd Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk u f u G t f wGuf

China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC)

192

‘中国石油集团在缅甸 (CNPC in Burma).’ CNPC Website.

http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/ywycp/cnpczqq/亚亚.htm

193

CNPC Hong Kong 2008. CNPC Hong Kong 2007 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/2007Annualreport(e).pdf

194

‘Shareholder’s Agreement with CNPC International Limited (Connected Transaction) & Farmout Agreement & Joint Operating Agreement with TG World Energy (Bahamas) Regarding & Oilfield & Exploration Areas in the Union of Myanmar.’ CNPC Hong Kong Website, 16 November 2001. http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/report-20011116(e).pdf; ‘CNPC Hong Kong Outlines Upstream Spending in SE Asia & Peru.’ International Oil Daily, 14 June 2007; & ‘中中中中中中中缅缅 (CNPC in Burma).’ CNPC Website. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/ywycp/cnpczqq/亚亚.htm

195

‘CNPC Hong Kong Outlines Upstream Spending in SE Asia & Peru.’ International Oil Daily, 14 June 2007; & ‘中中中中中中中缅缅 (CNPC in Burma).’ CNPC Website. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/ywycp/cnpczqq/亚亚.htm

196

IBID; & CNPC Hong Kong 2008. CNPC Hong Kong 2007 Annual Report. Available at http://www.cnpc.com.hk/report/2007Annualreport(e).pdf

59

ESihf 2005 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D ykid ;f Y obm0"mwfaiG@&mS azGa&;ESihf xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S , f m oabmwlpmcsKyfvufrw S fa&;xkd;cJo h nf?197

Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise

onf Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G f 198 &SmazGa&;twGuf Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise ESihf oabmwlpmcsKyfvufrw S fa&;cJo h nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar

vkyu f u G f M-3 (urf;vG ;vGe)f

onf 4if;. A-4 ESifh C-1 vkyu f GuEf iS hf vJvn S I f rS ykid q f ikd fonfh Tvkyfuu G rf S 20 &mckid fEe_ ;f tm; &&S&d ef

China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC)

xkid ;f PTT Exploration pDpOfco Jh nf?199

& Production

vkyu f u G f M-4 (urf (ur;f vGe)f

onf 4if;. A-4 ESifh C-1 vkyu f GuEf iS hf vJvn S I f rS ykid q f ikd fonfh Tvkyfuu G rf S 20 &mckid fEe_ ;f tm; &&S&d ef

China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC)

xkid ;f PTT Exploration pDpOfco Jh nf?200

& Production

vkyu f u G f M-10 (urf (ur;f vGe)f

ukr% ` D Myanmar, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED Sihf Golden Aaron Pte. ponfu h rk `%w D kd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh SinoSingaporean Consortium onf 15534 uDvr kd Dwm&Sd Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk u f u G t f wGuf obm0"mwfaiG@&mS azGa&;ESihf xkwv f yk fa&;tpk&S,f,moabmwlpmcsKyfudk MoU vufrw S f 201 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC)

197

‘中海油拿下缅甸3个油气区块 (CNOOC Secures 3 Burmese Oil & Gas Blocks).’ CNOOC Website,

27 January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/210729.shtml; & ‘中缅签署3个油气区块合同 (China & Burma Sign Contracts for 3 Oil & Gas Blocks).’ CNOOC Website, 31 January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/211931.shtml

198

‘Production Sharing Contract Inked.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 27 January 2005. http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/050127.htm

199

‘Thailand PTTEP in Deal with CNOOC in Myanmar.’ Reuters, 13 February 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSBKK2053820080213?rpc=401&

200

201

Ibid. ‘China Ups Myanmar Acreage.’ International Oil Daily, 17 December 2004.

60

yJc;l wkid ;f jynfa&eHuu G f 2006 ckEpS /f arvwGif

China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Huabei Petroleum

ESihf

China

wkd@rS jynfa&eHuGut f wGuf w&kw, f eG faiG 60 rDvD,w H ef a&eHwiG ;f wl;az:a&;pmcsKyfudk vufrw S f 202 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? a'owGi;f tajctaeudkaumif;pGmodusG r;f r_r&Scd jhJ cif;a=umifh 2004 ckEpS w f iG f vkyif ef;pwif&eftpDtpOfysujf ym;&onfhtay:/ 2006 ckEpS w f iG f Well Drilling No. 4 Company Team No. 4051 rS KYTC-1 ESihf KNC-1 a&eHwi G f;udk atmifjrifpmG wl;az:Ekid cf Jo h nf?203 National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Co. (CNODC) affiliated Kai Er Co.

vkyu f u G f IOR-4 (ukefe;f wGi;yd f;yidk ;f ) ;y

ukr% ` Donf jrefrmhprG ;f tif0ef}uD;XmeESifh jyKvkyf xm;onfph mcsKyfrw S qifh TvkyfuGu. f 100 &mckid fEe_ ;f ukd ykid q f kid x f m;onf?204 vkyu f Gut f rSwf IOR-4 rS a&eHwi G f;trSwf PSC-1 udk y%mrwl;az:&mY tusKd ;tjrwfwpHkw&m &&Scd ahJ =umif; CNPC rS tpD&ifcc H Jhonf?205 2006 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif CNPC Huabei affiliated Drilling No. 4 Company Team No. 40511 . vkyi f ef;+yD;pD;cJrh . _ tusK;d qufa=umif; a&eHwiG ;f trSwf PSC-101 tm; e*drk w D m 1200 rS rDwm 1960 txd wkd;cJs@co hJ nf?206 China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC)

ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f vkuu f u G t f rSwf

C-1 (uke;f wGi;f yki d ;f /

tif;awmawm-a&eH) China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) ukr% ` D Myanmar, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Singapore’s Golden Aaron Pte. ponfu h rk % ` Dwkd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm; onfh Consortium wpfckonf 17000 uDvrkd w D m&Sd Tobm0"mwfaiG@vkyu f Gut f wGuf

202

‘华北石油管理局缅甸市场淘金 (CNPC Huabei Petroleum Pans Burmese Market).’ CNPC Website, 24 May 2006...http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/xwzx/qydt/%e5%8d%8e%e5%8c%97%e7%9f%b3%e6%b2%b9%e 7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e5%b1%80%e7%bc%85%e7%94%b8%e5%b8%82%e5%9c%ba%e6%b7%98% e9%87%91.htm

203

Ibid.

204

‘CNPC in Myanmar.’ CNPC Website. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/eng/cnpcworldwide/asiaandpacific/Burma/

205

‘国家概况 (CNPC Myanmar Profile).’ CNPC Website. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/cnodc/hzygy/zygxx/zfjs/md.htm

206

‘中南半岛亮出中国石油“名片” (图) (Southeastern Peninsula Brightens CNPC’s Brand Name).’ CNPC Website, 13 November 2006. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/Paper/2006/11/13/plate6/005.htm

61

ESihf 2005 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D ykid ;f Y obm0"mwfaiG@&mS azGa&;ESihf xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S , f m oabmwlpmcsKyfvufrw S fa&;xkd;cJo h nf?207

Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE)

2007 ckEpS /f arvwGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE) wkd@rS 2D ppfwrf;aumuf,rl _ jyKvky&f ef China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar ESihf oabmwlvufrw S f 208 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? 2008 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif 4if;wk@d .vkyu f Gut f rSwf C-1 ESihf A-4 wkd@tm; xkid ;f Ekid if H PTT rS 20 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ykid fqikd fxm;onfh M-3 ESihf M-4 vkyfuu G Ef Sihf vJvn S rf nf 209 jzpfa=umif; CNOOC rS tpD&ifccH o Jh nf? vkyu f u G t f rSwf C-2 (uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f / a&$b-kd rH&k mG ) China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Co. ukr% ` ED iS hf Singapore’s Golden Aaron Pte. ponfu h rk % ` Dwkd@rS yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;

onfh Sino-Singaporean Consortium onf 26000 uDvrkd Dwm&Sd Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk fuu G f twGuf Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE) ESihf 2005 ckEpS f ESpOf D;ykid ;f Y obm0"mwf aiG@&mS azGa&;ESihf xkwfvyk af &;tpk&, S f,m oabmwlpmcsKyfvufrw S af &;xk;d cJhonf?210 2005 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif Tvkyu f u G fudk ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;jyKvky&f ef China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar ukr% ` rD S China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. ukr% ` u D adk &G;cs,cf o Jh nf?211

207

‘中海油拿下缅甸3个油气区块 (CNOOC Secures 3 Burmese Oil & Gas Blocks).’ CNOOC Website,

27 January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/210729.shtml; & ‘中缅签署3个油气区块合同 (China & Burma Sign Contracts for 3 Oil & Gas Blocks).’ CNOOC Website, 31 January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/211931.shtml

208

‘Production Sharing Contract Inked.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 27 January 2005. http://www.myanmar-

information.net/infosheet/2005/050127.htm; & ‘四川物探缅甸C1区块项目完工 (CNPC Sichuan Exploration of Burma’s C1 Block Complete).’ CNPC Website, 14 May 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/Paper/2007/05/14/plate6/003.htm

209

‘Thailand PTTEP in Deal with CNOOC in Myanmar.’ Reuters, 13 February 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSBKK2053820080213?rpc=401&

210

‘中海油拿下缅甸3个油气区块 (CNOOC Secures 3 Burmese Oil & Gas Blocks ).’ CNOOC Website, 27

January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/210729.shtml; & ‘中缅签署3个油气区块合同 (China & Burma Sign Contracts for 3 Oil & Gas Blocks).’ CNOOC Website, 31 January 2005. http://www.cnooc.com.cn/zhyww/xwygg/211931.shtml

211

‘四川物探与中海油缅甸公司再度握手 (CNPC Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. & CNOOC Cooperate Again in Burma).’ CNPC Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Co. Website, 1 December 2005. http://www.sgc-prc.com/news_detail.aspx?id=148&cate_id=1

62

rS Tobm0"mwfaiG@vyk u f u G t f m; &SmazGrr_ sm;jyKvky&f ef Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJo h nf?212 China National Offshore Oil Co. (CNOOC) Myanmar

vkyu f u G t f rSwf D (uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f / ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ESihf rauG;wkid ;f ) 2007 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif rkid af ygi;f 4763 &So d nfh Ta&eHvyk u f Gut f m; a&eHw;l az:&SmazG&ef 213 Sinopec rS pDpOfco Jh nf? a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@yu kd v f ikd ;f ppfawGEiS hf cGerf if;=um; uDvrkd w D maygi;f 2380 &Snfvsm;onfh "mwfaiG@yu kd fvkdi;f wnfaqmuf&ef Sinopec rS w&kwf,e G af iG 8 bDvD,H oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrw S fa&;xk;d cJhonf?214 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif rvufcga&vwf=um; (Straits of Malacca) ukad &Smifv+GJ yD; ta&Stv,fykid ;f ESihf tmz&durS a&eHrsm;tm; w&kwEf ikd if Ho@dk o,faqmifz@dk twGuf "mwfaiG@yu kd fvkdi;f wnfaqmuf&ef 215 China’s National Reform & Development Council rS twnfjyKcJhonf? rdr. d a&eHt&if; tjrSprf sm; xkwfvyk Ef ikd &f eftwGuf w&kwt f pk;d &rS jrefrmhppftpk;d &udk tar&duefa':vm 83 216 rDv, D H acs;aiGaxmufyHhay;cJo h nf? onf 4if;.ukr% ` cD GJ ChinaOil Singapore ESihf obm0"mwfaiG@ rDwmaygi;f 170 bDvD,H o,faqmifEikd fonfh &ckid jf ynfe,fEiS hf Chongqing =um; "mwfaiG@ykduv f kdi;f wnfaqmuf 217 &ef aqG;aEG;aeonf? PetroChina onf &ckid u f rf;ajcESihf w&kwEf ikd if H Kunming okd@r[kwf Chongqing ESihf csw d q f ufrnfh obm0"mwfaiG@EiS fh a&eHyu dk v f kid ;f ESpcf kwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf Myanma Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE) ESihf oabmwlnr D &_ &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif xkwaf 0onfh owif;tpD&ifcpH mrS az:jyxm;onf?218 PetroChina

212

‘Production Sharing Contract Inked.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 27 January 2005. http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/050127.htm

213

‘Sinopec to Drill for Oil in June.’ Myanmar Times, 28 May 2007.

214

‘Work on Oil Pipeline Expected to Start this Year.’ The Myanmar Times, 20 April 2007. http://www.mmtimes.com/no364/b004.htm; & ‘Sinopec Construction of China-Burma Oil Pipeline to Start in 2007.’ Xinhua via Comtex, 21 April 2007. http://www.zibb.com/article/811631/Sinopec+says+construction+of+ChinaBurma+oil+pipeline+to+start+in+2007

215

‘Sino-Burma Pipeline Receives NDRC Approval.’ China Energy Weekly, 25 April 2007.

216

‘Work on China-Myanmar Oil Pipeline to Start in 2007.’ Asia Today, 23 April 2007. http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/4/23/work-on-china-myanmar-oil-pipeline-to-start-in-2007/

217

‘China Hands Burma to Build Parallel Energy Pipelines.’ Comtex, 5 April 2007; & ‘Natural Gas Business.’ ChinaOil Website. http://www.chinaoil.com.cn/zly_en/zgs/detail.asp?id=414&sid=0

218

‘Sino-Burmese Energy Pipeline to Begin Construction.’ People’s Daily, 3 April 2007. http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/1038/59942/59955/5556045.html,

63

2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif China National Petroleum Co. (CNPC) ukr% ` rD S &ckid jf ynfwiG f; a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ykduv f ikd f; wnfaqmufrnfah e&mrsm;udk ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm; jyKvkyf 219 cJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif CNPC rS jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f a&eHykdufvidk ;f wpfck yl;aygi;f wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf enf;AsL[moabmwlncD suw f pfck vufrSwaf &;xk;d cJhonf?220 rnfokd@qkad p w&kwEf iS hf t*Fvyd b f momjzihf a&;om;xm;onfh yÉdyuQowif;rsm; qufwkduf xGufay:aeonfhtay: a&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvikd ;f . vufoavmtaetxm;rSm wdus &Si;f vif;r_r&Sad o;acs? Chongqing +rdK@awmf0ef Huang Qifan onf Chongqing +rdK@okd@ SinoBurmese a&eHyu kd v f ikd f;wk;d csJ@wnfaqmufrnfh w&kwt f pk;d &ESihf CNPC ukr`%. D tqifjh rSifh t&m&Srd sm;qHk;jzwfcsurf sm;ta=umif;tm; w&kwfowif;avmuwGif t&Sed t f [kejf rSifh ajymqkcd Jh 221 onf? 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Sino-Burmese yku d v f ikd f;rS a&eHrsm;udk ae&mcsoakd vSmifzkd@ Chongqing a&eHpuf&Hw k nfaqmuf&eftwGuf Huang Qifan rS w&kw, f eG faiG bDv, D Haygi;f 100 &SmazGa&;vkyif ef;tpDtpOfudk ausnmcJo h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f ZGefvwGif CNPC ukr% ` rD S a&eHpuf&Hk wnfaqmufa&;ESihf a&eHEiS o hf bm0"mwfaiG@yyhH kd;r_wkd;jrSiahf &;vkyif ef;wGif yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef 222 Chongqing ESifh oabmwlvufrSwa f &;xk;d cJo h nf?

219

‘中缅油气管道将使中缅两国联系更加紧密 (Sino-Burmese Pipeline Brings China & Burma Even Closer).’ CNPC Website, 28 February 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/CNPC/xwzx/hyxx/%e4%b8%ad%e7%bc%85%e6%b2%b9%e6%b0%94%e7%ae%a1 %e9%81%93%e5%b0%86%e4%bd%bf%e4%b8%ad%e7%bc%85%e4%b8%a4%e5%9b%bd%e8%81%94%e7 %b3%bb%e6%9b%b4%e5%8a%a0%e7%b4%a7%e5%af%86.htm

220

‘CNPC Speeds Up Preparations for Myanmar-China Oil Pipeline.’ Dow Jones, 2 December 2007. http://www.nasdaq.com/aspxcontent/NewsStory.aspx?cpath=20071202%5cACQDJON200712022231DO WJONESDJONLINE000386.htm&

221

‘中缅石油管线年内动工昆明将建炼油厂 (Sino-Burmese Pipeline Construction to Begin this Year).’ CNPC Website, 4 April 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/gdj/gdxw/%e4%b8%ad%e7%bc%85%e7%9f%b3%e6%b2%b9%e7%ae%a1%e7%ba% bf%e5%b9%b4%e5%86%85%e5%8a%a8%e5%b7%a5%e6%98%86%e6%98%8e%e5%b0%86%e5%bb%ba%e 7%82%bc%e6%b2%b9%e5%8e%82.htm; & ‘中缅输油管线或年内开建-重庆坐望千万吨原油 (Construction of Sino-Burmese Pipeline to Chongqing to Start Next Year).’ People’s Daily, 26 March 2007. http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/1038/59942/59955/5518259.html 222 ‘CNPC Signs Strategic Cooperation Agreement with Chongqing.’ CNPC Website, 27 June 2007. http://www.cnpc.com.cn/eng/press/newsreleases/_CNPCsignsstrategiccooperationagreementwithChongqing_.htm

64

owWKwGi;f vkyif ef; csi;f jynfe,f arGawmif a=u;jzL

Kingbao (Jinbao) Mining Co. ukr% ` Donf

a=u;jzLowWK&SmazG&eftwGuf &SmazGa&;ESifh jzpfEikd af jc avhvmr_rsm;jyKvky&f ef jrefrmowWKwGi;f 0ef}uD;trSwf (3) ESifh oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJh onf?223 ,if;owWKwGi;f onfh 1 '\r 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tqif&h aSd =u;jzLtm; wefcsed faygi;f oef; 10 wl;az:&&SEd idk o f nfhowWLwGi;f jzpfygonf?224 Jinbao (Kingbao) Mining Co. ukr% ` o D nf 2005 ckEpS Yf Zijin Mining Co ukr% ` yD ikd fonfh ukr`%cD GJ Gold Mountain (Hong Kong) International Mining Co ukr% ` ED iS hf China North Industries (NORINCO) ukr% ` yD ikd o f nfh Wanbao Mining Co ukr% ` Dwkd@ 50-50 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yl;aygi;f I wnfaxmifxm;onfh ukr`%jD zpfygonf?225 ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f vufyaH wmif; a=u;eD (rH&k mG )

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co ukr% ` rD S 226

TowWKwGi;f ukd ykid q f kid af =umif; 2006 ckEpS t f wGi;f

xGu&f Sdonfo h wif;rS az:jyonf? &Sr;f jynfe,f

wD*spaf usmufr;D aoG;"mwftm;puf&EkH iS fh owWKwGi;f (120 rD*g0yf) (wD*sp/f yifavmif;+rdK@e,f) 2001 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif China National Heavy Machinery Co. (CHMC) ukr% ` rD S jrefrmh v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;XmeESifh tar&duefa':vm 42 '\r 9 rDv, D H oabmpmcsKyf vufrSwf 227 a&;xkd;cJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS f/ rwfvwGif CHMC rS tar&duefa':vm 5 rDv, D Htzd;k wefonfh Belt Conveyors ESihf }udwp f ufrsm;tygt0if ypPn;f ud&x d m;rsm;o,faqmifonfh wwd, 223

‘China, Myanmar Sign Mineral Exploration Agreement.’ Asia Pulse Pte., 15 August 2005.

224

‘Zijin Mining Expands Overseas Mining.’ Interfax China, 17 April 2007. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/press1451.htm; & ‘Zijin to Double Gold Output after 68pc Profit Jump.’ South China Morning Post, 31 March 2006.

225

‘Jinbao Mining Company Limited.’ Zijin Mining Website, 19 July 2007. http://english.zjky.cn/Colla/view.asp?id=55

226

‘CN Acquires Largest Copper Mine in Northeastern China.’ China Business News Online, 2 March 2006.

227

Platts. 2007. Platts Myanmar Country Energy Profile. [Thanks to Courier Research Associates for providing this document.]

65

ajrmufEiS hf aemufq;Hk oabFmtm; jrefrmEkid if Ho@dk qkduaf &mufco Jh nf?228 aemufq;Hk vufcH &&Sd onfhajyv$mtm; vufrSwaf &;xd;k cJ+h yD;jzpf+yD;/ ,if;puf&t Hk m; vkyif ef;vnfywfae+yDjzpfonfh tav#muf ypPnf;o,fonfu h m;rSmvnf; owWKwGi;f rS pGr;f tm;puf&o Hk d@k ausmufr;D aoG;rsm; 229 o,faqmifaeonf? erf;wl-abmfwiG ;f bdvyfajr/ jr/ oGyjf ym;/ owWKwGi;f jrefrmhowWKwGi;f 0ef}uD;XmerS Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) ukr% ` t D m; erf;wl&v Sd yk fuu G fwiG f oGyEf iS hf lead rsm; xkwfvyk cf iG fhay;cJhonf?230 YMEC onf ae@pOf wefaygi;f 500 xkyv f yk Ef ikd &f ef tar&duefa':vm 5 rDvD,H &if;ESD;jrKwfc+Jh yD;/ 4if;tm; 2008 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif vkyif ef;vnfywfEidk rf nf[k arsmv f ifch o Jh nf? wESpfv#if tar&duef a':vmoef; 50 ausmu f ek u f srnfh wef 8 oef;xkw, f El idk rf nfh owWKwGi;f topfudv k nf; 231 pDpOfxm;onf? rEWav;wkid ;f waumif;awmif a=u;jzLowWKwGi;f (oydwu f sif;+rdK@e,f) 2004 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. (CNMC) ukr% ` rD S Ta=u;jzL owWKwGi;f tm; &SmazGa&;ESihf jzpfEidk af jcavhvmr_rsm;jyKvky&f ef jrefrmhowWKwGi;f 0ef}uD;XmeESihf oabmwlvufrSwaf &;xk;d cJo h nf?232 2007 ckEpS w f iG f CNMC rS 75 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ESihf Burma’s Mining Enterprise No. 3 rS 25 &mcki d Ef e_ ;f ykid q f ikd rf j_ zihf China’s National Reform and Development Council rS ,if;pDrHue d ;f udk twnfjyKcJo h nf?233 2007 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif jzpfEikd af jcavhvmr_ 228

‘More Equipment Arrived for Shan State Coal Mine.’ The Myanmar Times, 5 April 2004. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no211/MyanmarTimes11-211/012.htm

229

‘缅甸TIGYIT燃煤电站项目通过最终验收 (Burma’s Tigyit Coal Generator Plant Project Passes Final Inspection).’ CHMC Website, 2 February 2007. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1611; ‘缅甸TIGYIT电厂2#机组调式工作全面展开 (Burma’s Tigyit Power Plant generator No. 2).’ CHMC Website, 24 March 2005. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1166; & ‘中国重机公司总承包的缅甸TIGYIT电站2#机组并网发电 (CHMC’s Burma Tigyit Power Plant #2 Generator Produces Electricity).’ CHMC Website, 17 May 2005. http://www.chmc2003.net/news.do?cmd=show&id=1197

230

‘Development Projects of Namtu-Bawtwin Mineral Deposit in the Union of Myanmar.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/mining.htm [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing this link.]

231

‘Development Projects of Namtu-Bawtwin Mineral Deposit in the Union of Myanmar.’ YMEC Website. http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/mining.htm [Thanks to Burma Relief Center for providing this link.]

232

‘CNMC & Burma Sign Exploration & Feasibility Study Agreement.’ 中国国家企业网, 22 July 2004. http://www.chinabbc.com.cn/yljc/view.asp?newsid=200472213265635&classid=109102104; & ‘Myanmar Mining Annual Review December 2005.’ Mining Annual Review, December, 2005.

233

‘CN’s Nickel Mine Project Still Awaiting Burmese Government Approval.’ China Metals Weekly via Interfax, 15 June 2007; & ‘CN to Develop Nickel Mine in Burma.’ Interfax, 25 August 2006.

66

jyKvky+f yD;pD;cJ+h yD;/ jrefrmhowWKwGif;0ef}uD;XmerS twnfjyKay;cJhonf?234 2008 ckESp/f Zlvikd v f wGif CNMC Nickel Co ukr% ` ED iS hf Burma’s Mining Enterprise No. 3 wkd@rS Ttar&duefa':vm 800 rDv, D pH rD Hued ;f udk vkyfuidk f&ef oabmwlpmcsKyftopfwpfck vufrSwaf &;xkd;cJhonf? ,if;pDrH ude;f tm; 50 &mckid Ef e_ ;f pD ykdiq f ikd =f uonf?235 ESifh China Development Bank wkd@rS aiGa=u;rsm;axmufy+Hh yD;/ Canadian-based Hatch ESifh China Nonferrous Engineering & Research Institute wkd@rS pDru H ed ;f udk yl;wGI J 236 yHpk aH z:rnfjzpfonf? China EXIM Bank

yky`g;awmif Pozzolan owWKESihf puf&Hk Jiangsu Pengfei Group Co ukr% ` rD S ae@pOf wef 500 xkw, f El idk rf nfph uf&kHudk wnfaqmuf&ef twGuf jrefrmv#ypf pfprG ;f tm;0ef}uD;trSwf (1) ESihf oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xdk;cJo h nf?237

234

‘China Nonferrous Metal Group Starts Nickel Project in Burma.’ Sinocast via Comtex News Network, 29 June 2007.

235

‘CNMC to kick off construction on Myanmar nickel mine in H2.’ Interfax China Metals and Mining, 1 August 2008. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=8738; & ‘Mining Enterprise No. 3 and CNMC Nickel Co. Sign Contract.’ The New Light of Myanmar, 30 July 2008. http://myanmargeneva.org/NLM2008/eng/7July/n080730.pdf

236

IBID

237

‘缅甸一电部与中国江苏鹏飞集团公司签署日产500吨粉煤灰厂合作协定 (Burma No. 1 Ministry of Electric Power & China Sign Pozzalan Agreement).’ The Economic & Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Myanmar Website, 15 April 2007. http://mm.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/zxhz/sbmy/200704/20070404570475.html

67