Chicago Style Referencing Workhop-students 1

REFERENCING WORKHOP How to Cite References – Chicago Style

Learning Aims    

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To understand what is Plagiarism To understand what is Referencing To understand why you should reference To learn to recognise details required to make up a citation To learn to construct citations

What is Plagiarism? 

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Plagiarism is presenting other people’s words and ideas as your own; or using other people’s words and ideas without acknowledgement It is a serious ACADEMIC OFFENCE. Will lead to your work being disregarded or disciplinary action being taken

In the United States…

72% …of students admitted cheating on a written assignment

Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers University Source: “CIA Research.” Center for Academic Integrity, Duke University, 2003 .

If you have… 

included the words and ideas of others in your work that you neglected to cite,

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had help you wouldn’t want your teacher to know about,

YOU HAVE PROBABLY PLAGIARISED!!

Intentional Plagiarism 

Copying a friend’s work

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Buying or borrowing paper

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Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting

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Media “borrowing”witho

Un-Intentional Plagiarism 

Careless paraphrasing  Poor documentation  Quoting excessively  Failure to use your own “voice”

It’s okay if I don’t get caught!

Excuse s Everyone does it!

This assignment was BORING!

My teachers expect too much!

I’ve got to get into ??? U.!

I was too busy to write that paper! (Job, big game, too much homework!)

I and parents/ bosses expect “A”s!

What are the Consequences?

Is it worth the risk?   

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“0” on the assignment Referral to administrators Suspension or dismissal from school and/or activities Note on student record Loss of reputation among the school community Loss of job Prosecution

Do we need to cite Everything?

Nope!  

Hooray for common knowledge!

Facts that are widely known Information or judgments considered “common knowledge” Need no documentation!

Examples of Common Knowledge 

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Pak Lah is the present Prime Minister of Malaysia The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

The Eiff el Towe r is in Pa ris (duh !)

No need to cite or quote when: 

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You are discussing your own experiences, observations, or reactions

Compiling the results of original research, from science experiments, etc. You are using common knowledge 

Why Must You Uphold Academic Integrity? 

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When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit your own learning. The consequences are not worth the risks! It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use Citing gives authority to the information you present Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source Education is not an “us vs. them” game! It’s about learning to learn! Cheating is unethical behavior

Examples of Plagiarism 

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Downloading essays from the Internet and submitting as your own work Buying, borrowing or stealing someone else’s essay and submitting as your own Copying, cutting and pasting text from the Internet Using the words of someone else and presenting it as your own – ie copying sections from a book or article and presenting it without acknowledgement Using significant ideas from someone else and presenting it as your own – i.e. putting someone else’s ideas without acknowledgment Quoting word for word without quotation marks and acknowledgment Using too much of other people’s work – Avoid long quotations, too much direct quotations (even with proper acknowledgment) is not acceptable

Then what is the right way of ‘borrowing’ the ideas of others?

How to Avoid Plagiarism Inevitably your writing will include discoveries, ideas and writings of experts in your field of study but this must be incorporated carefully in your work 1. Use your own words and ideas 2. Do not copy and paste information, write a few connecting sentences or paragraphs and then present it as your own work 3. If you have to incorporate the ideas and writings of others, incorporate it carefully making sure you give credit when you use: * Someone else’s ideas, opinion or theory * Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings or any information that is not common knowledge 4. Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarising are different ways to incorporate the work of other writers in your own writing

How to Avoid Plagiarism 5. Avoid using other people’s work and making minor “cosmetic” changes. Example: Changing the word “often” to “frequently” or reversing the order of a sentence 6. Whenever you are in doubt, it is safer to CITE.

Learn How Io Incorporate Work of Others Into Your Own Work To avoid plagiarism, you have to understand how to effectively incorporate materials into your own writing by knowing :  How to quote correctly from a source  How to paraphrase the words and ideas of others  How to summarise the words and ideas of others

What is a Quotation? 

The exact reproduction of the written or spoken words

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Matches the source word for word

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Appears within quotation marks

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Must be attributed to the original source

What is Paraphrasing? 

Presenting a text in your own words but keeping the same meaning

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Does not match the source word for word

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Must be attributed to the original source

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing   

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Re-read the original passage until you understand the full meaning Put the original away and write your paraphrase on a note card Write down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you how you would use the material. At top of note card, write keyword or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase Check your paraphrase with the original to ensure what you have written accurately express all the essential information in a new form Use quotation marks to identify unique terms or phrases you have borrowed exactly from the source Record the source(including the page) on your note card so that you can make acknowledgement easily when you incorporate the material in your assignment (Taken from Purdue university Online writing Lab at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ )

What is Summarising? 

Involves putting main ideas of the text in your own words

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Presents a broad overview; as such it is much shorter than the original text

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Does not match the source word for word

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Must be attributed to the original source

Useful Websites on Academic Writing University of New South Wales, The Learning Centre  How to Quote, Paraphrase and Summarise: http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/sumpara.html Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL)  http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ University of Wisconsin-Madison website on The Writing Center  http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/QuotingSources.html 

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html

Introduction : What is Referencing/Citation? A reference or citation is a consistent method of acknowledging another person’s idea, which you have used in your own essay or assignment 

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When writing an essay, project, dissertation, it is essential that you provide detailed and precise information on all the SOURCES you have consulted both in the text and in the Reference List at the end of your piece of work Remember to record the details of all items you have referred to

Why Do Referencing? 

To acknowledge the work of others and avoid accusation of plagiarism

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To prove that your paper / assignment is supported by facts

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To enable other researchers to trace or refer to your sources

The Four Steps to Referencing    

Record Organise Cite List

Record 

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At the time of reading an article/book/document,etc. record all information (bibliographic details) necessary to create a citation Record page numbers for : - direct quotation - journal articles - book chapters

Information required depends on whether you are citing a whole book, part of a book( eg. chapter, section or conference paper), a journal article or electronic source. Ensure you record all necessary details. Difficult to retrace your steps in locating information at a later stage.

Organise 

Keep the information in a format where you can easily retrieve later

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Suggestions: - cards which can be filed systematically - a master reference list on your computer

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Software packages for referencing, eg. EndNotes

Cite 

Based on the citation style you are expected to use, create in-text citation in the text of your essay/ assignment/ project paper, etc.

List 

Create your Reference List at the end of your written work. Your Reference List should list records : - in alphabetical order by author or title if there is no author - the use of capital letters, format and punctuation must be consistent to the citation style used - with hanging indentation

Citation In Text •

In the body of the text / paper, the source of a quotation, paraphrased material or summary must be cited

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Chicago Manual of Style 2003

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Chicago style, when referring to a source of information within the text, gives a short citation consisting of the name of the author and the date of publication. Three types of information are to be included in the text at appropriate points : *author’s surname *date of publication *page number (for direct quotation only)

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The short in-text citations are given in parentheses (round brackets) No distinction is made between books, journal articles, electronic documents or other formats Reference to electronic documents should be cited in the same way as a printed document The reference should be placed at the end of the sentence wherever possible. Alternatively, author’s name may be integrated into the text, and just the date and other additional information placed within brackets

Examples of Citations 

A reference to a book appearing in the text as (Smith 2003) will be found in the reference list as: Smith, John. 2003. An Introduction to Radio Production. New York : Prentice- Hall.

Examples of Citations 

A reference to a journal article appearing as (Pascale 1984) will appear in the bibliography as:

Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on Strategy: the Real Story Behind Honda’s Success. California Management Review 26 (3): 47-72.

Citation In text Citing a work by a single author Generally, use surname of author followed by the year of publication Example : Smith (1999) explained that knowledge……. OR In a recent study on knowledge management (Smith 1999) If the name of author appears as part of the narrative, as in the 1st example, cite only the year in parentheses. Otherwise

Citation In Text Citing a work by 2 authors When a book has 2 authors, ALWAYS cite both names in the text of your paper Example : In a recent study, Johnson and Taylor (1999) discussed… OR In a recent study on risk management… (Johnson and Taylor 1999)

Citation In Text Citing a work by more than 3 authors When a book has > 3 authors, use surname of first author listed and followed by “and others” or “et al.” Example : James and others (1998) discovered in their study… (This is for a document by James, Brown, Wood & Williams) OR According to the study…

(James et al.1998)

Please note that names of all authors are listed in the Reference List/Bibliography

Citation In Text Citing works by authors with same surnames When there are works by authors with same surnames, differentiate by including authors’ initials. Example : James, A. K. James, S.W.

Citation In Text Citing a work with no authors When the work has no author, cite in text, the first few words of the reference which is usually the title and the year. Use italics for title. Example : In The Passage through Time (1996, 236) …

Citation In Text Citing a work with no date of publication When the work has no date of publication, cite in text, the author’s surname and “n.d.”

Example : Smith (n.d.) stated that … OR

In a recent study… (Smith, n.d.)

Citation In Text Citing in text for newspapers If there is an author, cite the normal way with the author and date. If not, cite the newspaper title in italics. Include specific date, page and section if appropriate.

Example : In New Straits Times (25 Feb. 2002,12), it was reported

Citation In Text Multiple works by the same author in the same year If author has published >1 document in a year, differentiate by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year Example: Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge….. (Polanyi 1973a) Knowledge management….. (Polanyi 1973b)

Citation In Text More than one work cited  

(Smith 1998; Thomson 2001) OR Smith (1998) and Thomson (2001) demonstrated that …

Citation In Text Quoting in text or Direct quotes Example : Kuhn (1984, 123 ) observed that “ the transition from a paradigm …” When quoting directly from another source, ensure quotation marks are used and relevant page(s) no. given

Citation In Text 

Electronic Books and Electronic Journals For electronic books and journal articles, cite as for printed books and journal articles.

EXAMPLE: (Johnson 2003)

Citation In Text  • •

Internet Sites If there is an author, cite author and date. If there are no author, date or title, cite the internet address. Eg. (http://www.abc.com)

Citation In Text No Page Numbers for Electronic Documents For electronic sources with no page numbers, use paragraph no. if available. Use the abbreviation (par.) EXAMPLE: (Johnson 2000, Conclusion section, par.2)

Citation In Text 

Personal Communication Includes conversation, interviews, unsourced lecture materials, telephone conversation, letters and email messages. These are unpublished and not included in the reference list or bibliographies. They are not given formal parenthetical references in the text. Instead references to this form of material usually run into the text

Guide to Chicago Style In-Text Citation Murdoch University Library :  http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ -

Presentation of References Referencing is presented in 2 ways:  Citations in Text ( In-text Citation ) - referencing a work in body of the text  Reference List / Bibliography - presenting references at the end of research / paper / thesis You have to reference your sources properly in both places, ie in paper (In-text) and in detail at the end of your work (Reference List/ Bibliography)

Presentation of References 

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Citation Styles vary. It depends on what style is expected of you by the University/ Institution Examples of Citation Styles: Chicago Style Harvard Style Association of Psychological Association (APA) Modern Language Association (MLA) Vancouver Style

Reference List / Bibliography 

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Bibliographic references necessary to identify and retrieve the publications must be fully listed at the end of your text References cited in the text (In-text citations) must be listed with full details in the Reference List/ Bibliography

How to Provide Correct References For all materials you have consulted, whether a book, journal article, conference paper, etc, you must record the details of each source so that if you have to refer to it again, you can easily trace it. Details of a Book Refer to the title page of a book to get the information      

You must record the: Author/Editor Title Edition Date Publisher Place of Publication

Details of a Book 

Authors/Editors * Write the surname first, then followed by the initials of the forenames * If it is an edited book, use “ed.” after the name

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Title * Use the title and subtitle as found in the title page * Use italics

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Edition * Indicate only if it is not the first edition

Details of a Book   

Publisher Place of publication Date It is important to indicate this information which can be found in the title page or at the verso of the title page

Details of a Journal Article 

Authors * Write the surname first, then followed by the initials of the forenames

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Title of Article * Use the title and subtitle as found at the beginning of an article

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Title of the Journal * Use title as given in the front of the journal * Do not abbreviate title * Use italics

Details of a Journal Article 

Volume/ Issue No. * Both the vol./issue no. which can be obtained must be recorded

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Date * If possible record the month and year when the journal was published

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Pages * Must indicate the pages where the article can be found in the journal issue

Individual Types of Materials       

Conference Papers Thesis/Dissertations Newspaper Articles Maps Interviews Audio-visual Materials Electronic Materials

How to Put a Citation Together •

A citation / reference is created by putting together all the details required to find a particular piece of information

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Different details are required for different formats of information

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Order of the details and punctuation vary depending on styles

Basic Rules of a Particular Style 

It is important to understand the basic rules involved in any particular style before you start to do referencing

Basic Chicago Style Rules Rules for Authors • Record surname if author has a surname. This is followed by a comma and first name of author Eg.: Tan, Beng Choo Smith, John •

For authors without surnames, cite as they are known Eg.: Osman Bakar Karpal Singh

If there are 2 or more authors, enter name of subsequent authors with first name and then surname. Use “and” before the name of the last author Eg. : Sawyer, Charles, Paul McCarthy, and George F. Parkin Rule for Date Put year of publication after author’s name •

Basic Chicago Style Rules Rules for Title •

Capitalise all words except prepositions, conjunctions and artiles (a, an the) in the title. Example: Discovering Computers : Concepts for a Connected World Journal of Environmental Science and Health

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Journal and book titles must be in italics

Basic Chicago Style Rules Punctuation It is IMPORTANT to use appropriate punctuation as given in examples.

How to Cite a Book

Details Required to Cite a Book • • • • • •

Name of author(s) or editor(s) of book Title of book Edition (if applicable) Place of publication Publisher’s name Year of publication

Standard format for citation Author. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. USE INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM TITLE PAGE OF BOOK

Citation of a Book Author

Publication year

Title of book

Grant, Richard M. 2002. Contemporary Strategy Analysis : Concepts, Techniques, Applications . 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publisher. Publisher

Edition

Place of publication

Citation of Book with More than One Author Authors

Title of book

Publication year

Wood, Frank and Alan Sangster. 2001. Frank Wood’s A-level Accounting. 3rd ed. London: Prentice-Hall. Place of Publication

Publisher

Edition

Citation of an Edited Book Editor’s name

Pub. Date

Title of book

Walker, Anthony, Jr., ed. 2001. Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms. 9th ed. Washington, DC: American Edition Psychological Association. Place of publication

Publisher

Citation of Book without Author Title of book

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 1993. 10th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Pub. Date

Place of publication

Edition Publisher

Citation of a Chapter in a Book Details required to cite a chapter in a book: • Name of author(s) of chapter • Title of chapter • Name of editor(s) of book • Title of book • Edition (if applicable) • Publisher’s name • Place of publication • Year of publication • Page numbers Standard format for citation Author. Year. Title of chapter. In Title of book , Edition, ed. Editor’s name, inclusive pages. Place of publication: Publisher.

Citation of a Chapter in a Book Author of chapter

Title of chapter

Editors

Year of publication Slater, Ray. 1999. General Electric: The Jack Welch Era, 1981 – 1998. In Cases in Contemporary Strategy Analysis, ed. Richard M. Grant and Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford: Blackwell. Pages Place Title of book Publisher

How to Cite a Journal Article

Details Required to Cite a Journal Article • • • • • • •

Name of author(s) of article Title of journal article Title of journal Volume number Issue number Year of publication Page numbers

Standard format for citation Author. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal volume number (issue number) : inclusive pages.

Citation of a Journal Article Author of article

Year of publication

Title of article

Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on Strategy: The Real Story Behind Honda’s Success. California Management Review 26 (3): 47-72. Journal title

Vol./Iss. no.

Pages

Citation for Non-Book Format 

Standard Format For Citation Performer or Composer. Title: Subtitle. Year. format. Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date of recording.

Television Program 

What are we going to do with money? 1997. television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8 August.

NOTE: Format normally follows date of recording

Video Recording 

Grumpy meets the orchestra. 1992. video recording. Featuring the Sydney symphony Orchestra. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Radio Programme The search for meaning. 1998. radio program. Sydney: ABC Radio, 24 March.

Motion Picture 

Sunday Too Far Away. 1975. motion picture. Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd, Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg Lye and Max Cullen. Adelaide: South Australian Film Corporation.

Details Required to Cite an Electronic Document • • • • • • •

Name of author(s) if given Year or date of publication Title of document Title of website Pages, sections or paragraphs (if given) Website address Date site accessed

Citation of Documents from WWW Books, government documents annual reports, etc. are examples of documents published on the web. Cite documents published on the web according to specific guidelines for that type of document Standard format for citation Author.Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Source or supplier information. Web address. ( accessed date).

Electronic Document with No Author If there is no author or editor and the document is not a part, article or chapter, the citation is by TITLE and the format will precede the year How to Cite References.1996. Murdoch: Murdoch University Library. http: //wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refdes/cite/cite.htm l. (accessed June 6, 2004)

E-Books 

Format: Author. Title of e-book. Place of Publication: Publisher, date of original publication. Source.

Eg. Eckes, Thomas. 2000. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. NetLibrary e-book.

Citation of Journal Article from Full-text Databases

EXAMPLE : Ekholm, Paul & Ken Krogerus. 1998. Bioavailability of Phosphorus in Purified Municipal Wastewaters. Water Research, 32 (2), 343 – 351. ProQuest. http://www.umi.com/proquest/ (accessed June 28, 2004)

Citation of Journal Article from WWW Journal articles from the web are often available free of charge. Some publishers offer current issues for free and earlier issues for a fee. Standard format for citation Author.Year. Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume number (issue number): inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Web address. (accessed date).

Citation of Journal Article from WWW

EXAMPLE: Bauer, Frank. 1997. Selenium and Soils in Western United States. The Electronic Green Journal, 7, 10-15. http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm. (accessed July 3, 2003).

Electronic Mail List 

Example: Johnson, David. 2003. Suited for Success, email to National Journalists Association mailing list, April 18, 2003. http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/ (accessed May 28, 2004)

Note: Do not use italics or capitalise the title of unpublished document.

Reference List 

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The reference list is placed at the end of your written work It provides the details to enable a reader to trace and retrieve each source References cited in the text must appear in the reference list The reference list must be double-spaced and entries should have a hanging indentation (indented 5 spaces)

How to List references & Present the Reference List/Bibliography 

References are listed in alphabetical order by author

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When name of author cannot be determined, list by title in alphabetical order

Reference List 1. Grant, Richard M. 2002. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications, 4th ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publisher. 2. Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on Strategy: The Real Story Behind Honda’s Success. California Management Review 26(3): 47-72. 3. Slater, Ray 1999. General Electric: The Jack Welch Era, 1981 – 1998. In Cases in Contemporary Strategy Analysis, ed. Richard M. Grant and Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford: Blackwell.

Guide to Chicago Style Murdoch University Library :  http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ -