[chem] Nomenclature Basic Gchem

CauldronCast #1

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds Naming Simple Inorganic Compounds Dr. Carl Hoeger profcah Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature-History • Early: Compounds named by those who discovered them; usually had some historic significance • Oil of Vitrol • Blue Vitrol • Laughing gas

• Problem: No real system; region/researcher specific; needed systematic, well-defined nomenclature system • Answer: IUPAC development of standardized nomenclature schemes; some trivial names accepted and retained Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature-Basics Two general classes of inorganic molecules: 1. Those containing a metal cation and a nonmetal anion OR a metal cation and a polyatomic anion (ionic compounds); 2. Those containing only nonmetals (molecular compounds; Type III compounds)

Two different types of the first class: a) Those whose metal has only one possible positive oxidation state (Type I compounds); b) Those whose metal has more than one possible positive oxidation state (Type II compounds)

The nomenclature scheme reflects the compounds class/type Basic Nomenclature

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“Type I” Elements +1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA IVA

VA

VIA

5 B 10.8 1 13 Al 26.9 8 31 Ga 69.7 2 49 In 114. 8 81 Tl 204. 4

7 N 14.0 1 15 P 30.9 7 33 As 74.9 2 51 Sb 121. 8 83 Bi 209. 0

8 O 16.0 0 16 S 32.0 6 34 Se 78.9 6 52 Te 127. 6 84 Po (209 )

VII A 9 F 19.0 0 17 Cl 35.4 5 35 Br 79.9 0 53 I 126. 9 85 At (210 )

IA 1 H 1.00 8 3 Li 6.94 1 11 Na 22.9 9 19 K 39.1 0 37 Rb 85.4 7 55 Cs 132. 9 87 Fr (223 )

+2

+2

IIA

4 Be 9.01 2 12 Mg

24.3 0 20 Ca 40.0 8 38 Sr 87.6 2 56 Ba 137. 3 88 Ra 226. 0

IIIB 21 Sc 44.9 6 39 Y 88.9 1 57 La 138. 9 89 Ac 227. 0

Lanthanide series Actinide series

IVB 22 Ti 47.9 0 40 Zr 91.2 2 72 Hf 178. 5 104 Rf (261 )

VB 23 V 50.9 4 41 Nb 92.9 1 73 Ta 180. 9 105 Db (262 )

58 Ce 140. 1 90 Th 232. 0

VIB 24 Cr 52.0 0 42 Mo 95.9 4 74 W 183. 9 106 Sg (263 )

59 Pr 140. 9 91 Pa 231. 0

= Type I Metal

60 Nd 144. 2 92 U 238. 0

VII B 25 Mn 54.9 4 43 Tc (99) 75 Re 186. 2 107 Bh (262 )

VIII 26 Fe 55.8 5 44 Ru 101. 1 76 Os 190. 2 108 Hs (265)

61 Pm (147 ) 93 Np (237 )

62 Sm 150. 4 94 Pu (244 )

VIII VIII 27 28 Co Ni 58.9 58.7 3 0 45 46 Rh Pd 102. 106. 9 4 77 78 Ir Pt 192. 195. 2 1 109 110 Mt Db (266 (269 ) ) 63 Eu 152. 0 95 Am (243 )

= Type II Metal

64 Gd 157. 3 96 Cm (247 )

IB 29 Cu 63.5 5 47 Ag 107. 9 79 Au 197. 0

IIB 30 Zn 65.3 8 48 Cd 112. 4 80 Hg 200. 6

6 C 12.0 1 14 Si 28.0 9 32 Ge 72.5 9 50 Sn 118. 7 82 Pb 207. 2

18 VIII A 2 He 4.002

+3

10 Ne 20.18 18 Ar 39.95 36 Kr 83.80 54 Xe 131.3 86 Rn (222)

+1 65 Tb 158. 9 97 Bk (247 )

66 Dy 162. 5 98 Cf (251 )

= Type III Non-metal

Basic Nomenclature

67 Ho 164. 9 99 Es (252 )

68 Er 167. 3 100 Fm (257 )

69 Tm 168. 9 101 Md (258 )

70 Yb 173. 0 102 No (259 )

71 Lu 175. 0 103 Lr (260 )

= Does not form compounds

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“Type II” Elements 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA IVA

VA

VIA

5 B 10.8 1 13 Al 26.9 8 31 Ga 69.7 2 49 In 114. 8 81 Tl 204. 4

7 N 14.0 1 15 P 30.9 7 33 As 74.9 2 51 Sb 121. 8 83 Bi 209. 0

8 O 16.0 0 16 S 32.0 6 34 Se 78.9 6 52 Te 127. 6 84 Po (209 )

VII A 9 F 19.0 0 17 Cl 35.4 5 35 Br 79.9 0 53 I 126. 9 85 At (210 )

IA 1 H 1.00 8 3 Li 6.94 1 11 Na 22.9 9 19 K 39.1 0 37 Rb 85.4 7 55 Cs 132. 9 87 Fr (223 )

IIA

4 Be 9.01 2 12 Mg

24.3 0 20 Ca 40.0 8 38 Sr 87.6 2 56 Ba 137. 3 88 Ra 226. 0

IIIB 21 Sc 44.9 6 39 Y 88.9 1 57 La 138. 9 89 Ac 227. 0

Lanthanide series Actinide series

IVB 22 Ti 47.9 0 40 Zr 91.2 2 72 Hf 178. 5 104 Rf (261 )

VB 23 V 50.9 4 41 Nb 92.9 1 73 Ta 180. 9 105 Db (262 )

58 Ce 140. 1 90 Th 232. 0

VIB 24 Cr 52.0 0 42 Mo 95.9 4 74 W 183. 9 106 Sg (263 )

59 Pr 140. 9 91 Pa 231. 0

60 Nd 144. 2 92 U 238. 0

VII B 25 Mn 54.9 4 43 Tc (99) 75 Re 186. 2 107 Bh (262 )

VIII 26 Fe 55.8 5 44 Ru 101. 1 76 Os 190. 2 108 Hs (265)

61 Pm (147 ) 93 Np (237 )

= Type I Metal

62 Sm 150. 4 94 Pu (244 )

VIII VIII 27 28 Co Ni 58.9 58.7 3 0 45 46 Rh Pd 102. 106. 9 4 77 78 Ir Pt 192. 195. 2 1 109 110 Mt Db (266 (269 ) ) 63 Eu 152. 0 95 Am (243 )

64 Gd 157. 3 96 Cm (247 )

IB 29 Cu 63.5 5 47 Ag 107. 9 79 Au 197. 0

IIB 30 Zn 65.3 8 48 Cd 112. 4 80 Hg 200. 6

65 Tb 158. 9 97 Bk (247 )

= Type II Metal

66 Dy 162. 5 98 Cf (251 )

67 Ho 164. 9 99 Es (252 )

6 C 12.0 1 14 Si 28.0 9 32 Ge 72.5 9 50 Sn 118. 7 82 Pb 207. 2

68 Er 167. 3 100 Fm (257 )

= Type III Non-metal

69 Tm 168. 9 101 Md (258 )

70 Yb 173. 0 102 No (259 )

18 VIII A 2 He 4.002 10 Ne 20.18 18 Ar 39.95 36 Kr 83.80 54 Xe 131.3 86 Rn (222)

71 Lu 175. 0 103 Lr (260 )

= Does not form compounds

Basic Nomenclature

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“Type III” Elements: Nonmetals 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA IVA

VA

VIA

5 B 10.8 1 13 Al 26.9 8 31 Ga 69.7 2 49 In 114. 8 81 Tl 204. 4

7 N 14.0 1 15 P 30.9 7 33 As 74.9 2 51 Sb 121. 8 83 Bi 209. 0

8 O 16.0 0 16 S 32.0 6 34 Se 78.9 6 52 Te 127. 6 84 Po (209 )

VII A 9 F 19.0 0 17 Cl 35.4 5 35 Br 79.9 0 53 I 126. 9 85 At (210 )

IA 1 H 1.00 8 3 Li 6.94 1 11 Na 22.9 9 19 K 39.1 0 37 Rb 85.4 7 55 Cs 132. 9 87 Fr (223 )

IIA

4 Be 9.01 2 12 Mg

24.3 0 20 Ca 40.0 8 38 Sr 87.6 2 56 Ba 137. 3 88 Ra 226. 0

IIIB 21 Sc 44.9 6 39 Y 88.9 1 57 La 138. 9 89 Ac 227. 0

Lanthanide series Actinide series

IVB 22 Ti 47.9 0 40 Zr 91.2 2 72 Hf 178. 5 104 Rf (261 )

VB 23 V 50.9 4 41 Nb 92.9 1 73 Ta 180. 9 105 Db (262 )

58 Ce 140. 1 90 Th 232. 0

VIB 24 Cr 52.0 0 42 Mo 95.9 4 74 W 183. 9 106 Sg (263 )

59 Pr 140. 9 91 Pa 231. 0

= Type I Metal

60 Nd 144. 2 92 U 238. 0

VII B 25 Mn 54.9 4 43 Tc (99) 75 Re 186. 2 107 Bh (262 )

VIII 26 Fe 55.8 5 44 Ru 101. 1 76 Os 190. 2 108 Hs (265)

61 Pm (147 ) 93 Np (237 )

62 Sm 150. 4 94 Pu (244 )

VIII VIII 27 28 Co Ni 58.9 58.7 3 0 45 46 Rh Pd 102. 106. 9 4 77 78 Ir Pt 192. 195. 2 1 109 110 Mt Db (266 (269 ) ) 63 Eu 152. 0 95 Am (243 )

= Type II Metal

64 Gd 157. 3 96 Cm (247 )

IB 29 Cu 63.5 5 47 Ag 107. 9 79 Au 197. 0

IIB 30 Zn 65.3 8 48 Cd 112. 4 80 Hg 200. 6

65 Tb 158. 9 97 Bk (247 )

66 Dy 162. 5 98 Cf (251 )

= Type III Non-metal

Basic Nomenclature

67 Ho 164. 9 99 Es (252 )

6 C 12.0 1 14 Si 28.0 9 32 Ge 72.5 9 50 Sn 118. 7 82 Pb 207. 2

68 Er 167. 3 100 Fm (257 )

69 Tm 168. 9 101 Md (258 )

70 Yb 173. 0 102 No (259 )

18 VIII A 2 He 4.002 10 Ne 20.18 18 Ar 39.95 36 Kr 83.80 54 Xe 131.3 86 Rn (222)

71 Lu 175. 0 103 Lr (260 )

= Does not form compounds

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Nomenclature Periodic Table 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA IVA

VA

VIA

5 B 10.8 1 13 Al 26.9 8 31 Ga 69.7 2 49 In 114. 8 81 Tl 204. 4

7 N 14.0 1 15 P 30.9 7 33 As 74.9 2 51 Sb 121. 8 83 Bi 209. 0

8 O 16.0 0 16 S 32.0 6 34 Se 78.9 6 52 Te 127. 6 84 Po (209 )

VII A 9 F 19.0 0 17 Cl 35.4 5 35 Br 79.9 0 53 I 126. 9 85 At (210 )

IA 1 H 1.00 8 3 Li 6.94 1 11 Na 22.9 9 19 K 39.1 0 37 Rb 85.4 7 55 Cs 132. 9 87 Fr (223 )

IIA

4 Be 9.01 2 12 Mg

24.3 0 20 Ca 40.0 8 38 Sr 87.6 2 56 Ba 137. 3 88 Ra 226. 0

IIIB 21 Sc 44.9 6 39 Y 88.9 1 57 La 138. 9 89 Ac 227. 0

Lanthanide series Actinide series

IVB 22 Ti 47.9 0 40 Zr 91.2 2 72 Hf 178. 5 104 Rf (261 )

VB 23 V 50.9 4 41 Nb 92.9 1 73 Ta 180. 9 105 Db (262 )

58 Ce 140. 1 90 Th 232. 0

VIB 24 Cr 52.0 0 42 Mo 95.9 4 74 W 183. 9 106 Sg (263 )

59 Pr 140. 9 91 Pa 231. 0

= Type I Metal

60 Nd 144. 2 92 U 238. 0

VII B 25 Mn 54.9 4 43 Tc (99) 75 Re 186. 2 107 Bh (262 )

VIII 26 Fe 55.8 5 44 Ru 101. 1 76 Os 190. 2 108 Hs (265)

61 Pm (147 ) 93 Np (237 )

62 Sm 150. 4 94 Pu (244 )

VIII VIII 27 28 Co Ni 58.9 58.7 3 0 45 46 Rh Pd 102. 106. 9 4 77 78 Ir Pt 192. 195. 2 1 109 110 Mt Db (266 (269 ) ) 63 Eu 152. 0 95 Am (243 )

= Type II Metal

64 Gd 157. 3 96 Cm (247 )

IB 29 Cu 63.5 5 47 Ag 107. 9 79 Au 197. 0

IIB 30 Zn 65.3 8 48 Cd 112. 4 80 Hg 200. 6

65 Tb 158. 9 97 Bk (247 )

66 Dy 162. 5 98 Cf (251 )

= Type III Non-metal

67 Ho 164. 9 99 Es (252 )

6 C 12.0 1 14 Si 28.0 9 32 Ge 72.5 9 50 Sn 118. 7 82 Pb 207. 2

68 Er 167. 3 100 Fm (257 )

69 Tm 168. 9 101 Md (258 )

70 Yb 173. 0 102 No (259 )

18 VIII A 2 He 4.002 10 Ne 20.18 18 Ar 39.95 36 Kr 83.80 54 Xe 131.3 86 Rn (222)

71 Lu 175. 0 103 Lr (260 )

= Does not form compounds

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Cation Basics To name a cation (or the first element in a Type III compound):  Type I: Use the name of the element; if you are talking about an ion by itself put ‘ion’ after the name: Na+ = sodium ion; Mg+2 = magnesium ion Special cations: NH4+ = ammonium ion; H3O+ = hydronium ion

 Type II: Use the name of the element AND its oxidation state (or charge); use roman numerals in parentheses to denote this; if you are talking about an ion by itself put ‘ion’ after the name: Cu+2 = copper (II) ion; Cr+6 = chromium (IV) ion

 Type III : Use the name; denote number of that element present using greek prefixes (more later) Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Anion Basics To name a monatomic anion (OR the second element in a binary Type III compound):  For ALL: Take the root name of the element and add -ide to the end: if you are talking about an ion by itself put ‘ion’ after the name: Cl- = chloride ion; S-2 = sulfide ion; P-3 = phosphide ion

 Type III Compounds ONLY: Add to the name of the second element a prefix denoting how many of that element there are: XO2 would be “X dioxide”

 POLYATOMIC ANIONS: These have their own nomenclature you need to know Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Polyatomic Anions Learn these polyatomic anions NOW: HCO3HSHSO4HSO3H2PO4ClO4ClO3ClO2ClOBrO3BrO2BrOIO4IO3C2H3O2-

Hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfate Hydrogen sulfite Dihydrogen phosphate Perchlorate Chlorate Chlorite Hypochlorite Bromate Bromite Hypobromite Periodate Iodate Acetate

NO3Nitrate NO2Nitrite OH Hydroxide MnO4- Permanganate CO3-2 Carbonate SO4-2 Sulfate -2 SO3 Sulfite C2O4-2 Oxalate CrO4-2 Chromate Cr2O7-2 Dichromate SCNThiocyanate CNCyanide HPO4-2 Hydrogen Phosphate PO4-3 Phosphate

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Polyatomic Anions Learn these polyatomic anions NOW: HCO3 HSHSO4HSO3H2PO4ClO4ClO3ClO2ClOBrO3BrO2BrOIO4IO3C2H3O2-

Hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfate Hydrogen sulfite Dihydrogen phosphate Perchlorate Chlorate Chlorite Hypochlorite Bromate Bromite Hypobromite Periodate Iodate Acetate

NO3Nitrate NO2Nitrite OHHydroxide MnO4- Permanganate CO3-2 Carbonate SO4-2 Sulfate SO3-2 Sulfite -2 C2O4 Oxalate CrO4-2 Chromate Cr2O7-2 Dichromate SCNThiocyanate CN Cyanide HPO4-2 Hydrogen Phosphate PO4-3 Phosphate

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Oxyanions Systematic nomenclature based on oxoacids of origin; End in -ate or -ite; may have per- or hypo- as prefixes; Learn name, formula, and charge of all -ate ions, then: a) If an ion has ONE LESS oxygen than the -ate ion, change -ate to -ite (charge does not change!); b) If an ion has TWO LESS oxygens than the -ate ion, change -ate to -ite and add hypo- as a prefix (charge does not change!); c) If an ion has ONE MORE oxygen than the -ate ion, add per- as a prefix (charge does not change!).

ClO4

One more O

perchlorate

One lessO

ClO3 chlorate

ClO2 chlorite

Basic Nomenclature

Two less O

ClO hypochlorite 12

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Nomenclature: Type I and II Compounds Simple: take name of cation and anion and combine: CaCl2 = calcium chloride ZnS = zinc sulfide Ba3(PO4)2 = barium phosphate CrO3 = chromium (VI) oxide PbI4 = lead (IV) oxide Fe2O3 = iron (III) oxide Basic Nomenclature

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Determining cation charge for Type II ions • Based on knowing your anions and their charges! • A compound is neutral and has a charge of zero. • The sum of all the oxidation states in a compound must equal the overall charge on the ion or molecule. • Set up and solve for the unknown algebraically; so for Fe2O3: "#( # irons ) ! ( charge of iron ) $% + "#( # oxygens ) ! ( charge of oxygen ) $% = charge of Fe 2O 3 "#( 2x ) $% + "#( 3( &2 )) $% = 0; solve to get x = +3

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Type III Compounds 1. START by naming as if it were a Type I compound: N2F4: nitrogen fluoride 2. THEN add a greek prefix to tell how MANY of each element there are: N2F4: dinitrogen tetrafluoride * Note: if there is only one of the first element, the prefix mono is NOT used: SO2 is sulfur dioxide NOT monosulfur dioxide 1 = mono 2 = di 6 = hexa 7 = hepta

3 = tri 8 = octa

4 = tetra 9 = nona

5 = penta 10 = deca

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Practice Try the following: C2O4 Na2SO3 MgO CrO2 P5O10 AsO3

SeO4 Al2Cr2O7 Mo(CO3)2 Rh(NO3)5 H2 O N2 O

Basic Nomenclature

Give yourself five minutes

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Nomenclature: Practice Answers: C2O4 dicarbon tetroxide Na2SO3 sodium sulfite MgO magnesium oxide CrS2 chromium (IV) sulfide P5O10 pentaphosphorous decoxide AsO3 arsenic trioxide

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Practice Answers: SeO4 selenium tetroxide Al2Cr2O7 aluminum dichromate Mo(CO3)2 molybdenum (IV) carbonate Rh(NO3)5 rhodium (V) nitrate H2O dihydrogen monoxide N2O dinitrogen monoxide

Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Exceptions (1) 1. Some compounds have been known and used for so long that their trivial (or common names) have become accepted by the IUPAC as official: H2O = water NH3 = ammonia

CH4 = methane SiH4 = silane

PH3 = phosphine N2H4 = hydrazine

2. Oxides of some nonmetals will sometimes be named as if they were Type II compounds: P2O5 = phosphorous (V) oxide; SeO4 = selenium (VI) oxide Note: this is an older system that is slowly being phased out Basic Nomenclature

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Nomenclature: Exceptions (2) 3. For Type II metals with only two common oxidation states an older, Latin system was once used; while it is not employed very often it is useful to know some simple rules regarding it. It is sometimes called the “-ous/-ic” system, where the LOWER charged cation will be denoted by the latin root name for that element plus -ous and the HIGHER charged cation will be denoted by the latin root name for that element plus -ic : Fe2+ = ferrous ion/Fe3+ = ferric ion; Sn2+ = stannous ion/Sn4+ = stannic ion Not used much but still can be found being employed

4. Compounds containing hydrogen listed as the first element are acids and named differently, as are many carbon compounds. Basic Nomenclature

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Acid Nomenclature An acid is a compound that contains an acidic hydrogen (a H that ionizes in water) : HX(aq) !! " H + (aq) + X – (aq)

Not all hydrogens are ionizable; by convention, to indicate when one IS, we begin the chemical formula with it: HC2H3O2 (acetic acid) has four hydrogens but only ONE is acidic (underlined for emphasis)

There are two types of acids: binary and oxoacids

Basic Nomenclature

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Binary Acid Nomenclature For BINARY acids (HX(aq), where X does NOT contain oxygen; it MUST be in aqueous solution); Add hydro…ic acid to the root of the element X: H2 S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid; HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid; HN3 (aq) = hydrazoic acid Note: if phase is NOT aqueous, name as if it were a Type I compound (even though they are considered to be molecular in nature): H2 S(g) = hydrogen sulfide; HI(g) = hydrogen iodide; HN3 (l) = hydrogen azide

Basic Nomenclature

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Oxoacid Nomenclature If the acid contains oxygen (HOX or HXOn) its name will be a function of the name of the anion portion (i.e. the portion remaining after all the acidic H’s have been removed: OX- or XOn-); so: – Determine the anion name; If the name ends in -ate, replace -ate with -ic acid If the name ends in -ite, replace -ite with -ous acid Leave prefixes alone; the root name is sometimes tweaked to aid in pronunciation H2SO4(aq) → anion is SO4-2 (sulfate) → acid name is sulfuric acid HClO(aq) → anion is ClO- (hypochlorite) → acid name is hypochlorous acid

Basic Nomenclature

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Acid Nomenclature: Practice Try the following: H2 C 2 O 4 H2SO3 HCN H2CrO4 H3PO4 H2Se

HIO4 H2CO3 HF HC2H3O2 HNO3 HNO2

Basic Nomenclature

Give yourself five minutes

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Acid Nomenclature: Practice Answers: H2 C 2 O 4 H2SO3 HCN H2CrO4 H3PO4 H2Se

oxalic acid sulfurous acid hydrocyanic acid chromic acid phosphoric acid hydroselenic acid

Basic Nomenclature

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Acid Nomenclature: Practice Answers: HIO4 H2CO3 HF HC2H3O2 HNO3 HNO2

periodic acid carbonic acid hydrofluoric acid acetic acid nitric acid nitrous acid

Basic Nomenclature

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