Chapter 3 - The Millennium Development Goals
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Chapter 3
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WHY did the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) become such a big deal? And why do international development agencies and countries give a big fuss over its localization? “The End of Poverty” The answer can be found in a Time magazine article containing excerpts from the book “The End of Poverty” written by the economist Jeffrey D. Sachs, head of Columbia University’s Earth Institute and special adviser to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. The following quote sums up the ambitious undertaking embarked upon by the United Nations when it gathered for the Millennium Summit in September 2000: [O]ur generation, in the U.S. and abroad, can choose to end extreme poverty by the year 2025.... The sources of poverty are multidimensional. So are the solutions. In my view, clean water, productive soils and a functioning health-care system are just as relevant to development as foreign exchange rates. The task of ending extreme poverty is a collective one – for you as well as for me. The end of poverty will require a global network of cooperation among people who have never met and who do not necessarily trust one another. In that Time article, Sachs outlined nine steps that will help achieve the ambitious goal of ending extreme poverty*, which affects 1.1 billion of the total world population. The second step, he said, is to follow through on the UN Millennium Development Goals, which had been approved by all of the world’s governments at the start of the millennium. The MDGs Described Broadly, what are MDGs? How and when did they start? The website of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) explains: MDG stands for Millennium Development Goals – a set of time-bound and measurable goals and targets for combating poverty, hunger, diseases, illiteracy, *There
are three degrees of poverty: extreme (or absolute) poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as getting by on an income of less than $1 a day, means that households cannot meet basic needs for survival. Moderate poverty, defined as living on $1 to $2 a day, refers to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just barely. Being in relative poverty, defined by a household income level below a given proportion of the national average, means lacking things that the middle class now takes for granted.
6
environmental degradation and discrimination against women. It consists of 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators, covering the period 1990 to 2015 In September 2000, member states of the United Nations (UN) gathered at the Millennium Summit to affirm commitments towards reducing poverty and the worst forms of human deprivation. The Summit adopted the UN Millennium Declaration which embodies specific targets and milestones in eliminating extreme poverty worldwide. A total of 189 countries, including the Philippines committed themselves to making the right to development a reality for everyone. What makes them so special? The recently issued report of the Millennium Project entitled “Investing in Development” has this to say: The [MDGs] are the most broadly supported, comprehensive, and specific poverty reduction targets the world has ever established, so their importance is manifold. For the international political system, they are the fulcrum on which development policy is based. For the billion-plus people living in extreme poverty, they represent the means to a productive life. For everyone on Earth, they are a linchpin to the quest for a more secure and peaceful world. MDG in the Philippines The Philippines ranked first among the 11 Southeast Asian nations, and fourth in the Asia-Pacific region, in terms of data availability to support MDG tracking. The same assessment showed that out of the 48 indicators, 29 could be obtained from the various government surveys and administrative records; 8 indicators are not available; and 11 are found not applicable in the Philippines. For some of the 8 indicators which are not available, country estimates from international organizations were used instead. Table 1 presents the list of available indicators for the MDGs in the Philippines, as summarized in the NSCB website.
7
TABLE 1 Available Indicators for the MDGs in the Philippines
Goal 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 1
1
Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
2.
Poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)
3
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the 4 proportion of people who suffer from hunger 5
Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age
Target 2
Halve, between 1990s and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2 ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION GOAL AND TARGET Target 3
INDICATOR
Ensure that, by 2015, children 6 everywhere, boys and girls alike, 7 will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 8
Net enrolment ratio in primary education Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 6 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds
Goal 3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN GOAL AND TARGET Target 4
INDICATOR
Eliminate gender disparity in 9 primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all 10 levels of education no later than 2015 11 12
Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Ratio of literate females to males of 1524 year-olds Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4 REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 5
13
Under-five mortality rate
14
Infant mortality rate
15.
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
8
Goal 5 IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 6
16
Maternal mortality ratio
17
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal 6 COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 7
18
HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women
19
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate
20
Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS (to be measured by the ratio or proportion of orphans to non-orphans aged 10-14 who are attending school)
Target 8
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Have halted by 2015 and begun 21 to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 22
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
23
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
24
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)
Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures
Goal 7 ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY GOAL AND TARGET Target 9
Target 10
INDICATOR
Integrate the principles of 25 sustainable development into country policies and programmes 26 to reverse the loss of environmental resources 27
Proportion of land area covered by forest Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP)
28
Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons)
29
Proportion of population using solid fuels
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of 30 people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
Proportion of population with sustainable access to improved water source, urban and rural
9
Target 11
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
31
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
32
Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (owned or rented)
Goal 8 DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 15
Deal comprehensively with the 44 debt problems of developing countries through national and international measues in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 16
In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
45
Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds, each sex and total
Target 17
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
46
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 18
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
47
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
48
Personal computers in use per 100 population and internet users per 100 population
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board
10
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WHY did the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) become such a big deal? And why do international development agencies and countries give a big fuss over its localization? “The End of Poverty” The answer can be found in a Time magazine article containing excerpts from the book “The End of Poverty” written by the economist Jeffrey D. Sachs, head of Columbia University’s Earth Institute and special adviser to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. The following quote sums up the ambitious undertaking embarked upon by the United Nations when it gathered for the Millennium Summit in September 2000: [O]ur generation, in the U.S. and abroad, can choose to end extreme poverty by the year 2025.... The sources of poverty are multidimensional. So are the solutions. In my view, clean water, productive soils and a functioning health-care system are just as relevant to development as foreign exchange rates. The task of ending extreme poverty is a collective one – for you as well as for me. The end of poverty will require a global network of cooperation among people who have never met and who do not necessarily trust one another. In that Time article, Sachs outlined nine steps that will help achieve the ambitious goal of ending extreme poverty*, which affects 1.1 billion of the total world population. The second step, he said, is to follow through on the UN Millennium Development Goals, which had been approved by all of the world’s governments at the start of the millennium. The MDGs Described Broadly, what are MDGs? How and when did they start? The website of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) explains: MDG stands for Millennium Development Goals – a set of time-bound and measurable goals and targets for combating poverty, hunger, diseases, illiteracy, *There
are three degrees of poverty: extreme (or absolute) poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as getting by on an income of less than $1 a day, means that households cannot meet basic needs for survival. Moderate poverty, defined as living on $1 to $2 a day, refers to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just barely. Being in relative poverty, defined by a household income level below a given proportion of the national average, means lacking things that the middle class now takes for granted.
6
environmental degradation and discrimination against women. It consists of 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators, covering the period 1990 to 2015 In September 2000, member states of the United Nations (UN) gathered at the Millennium Summit to affirm commitments towards reducing poverty and the worst forms of human deprivation. The Summit adopted the UN Millennium Declaration which embodies specific targets and milestones in eliminating extreme poverty worldwide. A total of 189 countries, including the Philippines committed themselves to making the right to development a reality for everyone. What makes them so special? The recently issued report of the Millennium Project entitled “Investing in Development” has this to say: The [MDGs] are the most broadly supported, comprehensive, and specific poverty reduction targets the world has ever established, so their importance is manifold. For the international political system, they are the fulcrum on which development policy is based. For the billion-plus people living in extreme poverty, they represent the means to a productive life. For everyone on Earth, they are a linchpin to the quest for a more secure and peaceful world. MDG in the Philippines The Philippines ranked first among the 11 Southeast Asian nations, and fourth in the Asia-Pacific region, in terms of data availability to support MDG tracking. The same assessment showed that out of the 48 indicators, 29 could be obtained from the various government surveys and administrative records; 8 indicators are not available; and 11 are found not applicable in the Philippines. For some of the 8 indicators which are not available, country estimates from international organizations were used instead. Table 1 presents the list of available indicators for the MDGs in the Philippines, as summarized in the NSCB website.
7
TABLE 1 Available Indicators for the MDGs in the Philippines
Goal 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 1
1
Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
2.
Poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)
3
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the 4 proportion of people who suffer from hunger 5
Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age
Target 2
Halve, between 1990s and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2 ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION GOAL AND TARGET Target 3
INDICATOR
Ensure that, by 2015, children 6 everywhere, boys and girls alike, 7 will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 8
Net enrolment ratio in primary education Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 6 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds
Goal 3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN GOAL AND TARGET Target 4
INDICATOR
Eliminate gender disparity in 9 primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all 10 levels of education no later than 2015 11 12
Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Ratio of literate females to males of 1524 year-olds Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4 REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 5
13
Under-five mortality rate
14
Infant mortality rate
15.
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
8
Goal 5 IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 6
16
Maternal mortality ratio
17
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal 6 COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 7
18
HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women
19
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate
20
Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS (to be measured by the ratio or proportion of orphans to non-orphans aged 10-14 who are attending school)
Target 8
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Have halted by 2015 and begun 21 to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 22
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
23
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
24
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)
Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures
Goal 7 ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY GOAL AND TARGET Target 9
Target 10
INDICATOR
Integrate the principles of 25 sustainable development into country policies and programmes 26 to reverse the loss of environmental resources 27
Proportion of land area covered by forest Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP)
28
Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons)
29
Proportion of population using solid fuels
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of 30 people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
Proportion of population with sustainable access to improved water source, urban and rural
9
Target 11
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
31
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
32
Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (owned or rented)
Goal 8 DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT GOAL AND TARGET
INDICATOR
Target 15
Deal comprehensively with the 44 debt problems of developing countries through national and international measues in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 16
In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
45
Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds, each sex and total
Target 17
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
46
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 18
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
47
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
48
Personal computers in use per 100 population and internet users per 100 population
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board
10
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