Chapter 3 Computer System And Information Processing

CHAPTER 3: IT Infrastructure and Information Processing

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Define IT infrastructure and describe its

components. Describe how information is represented and processed in a computer system. Assess contemporary computer hardware platform trends. Compare the major input and output devices and approaches to input and processing. Evaluate the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions. 2

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It consists of a set of physical devices and

software applications that are required to operate the entire enterprise. It is also a set of firmwide services budgeted by management and comprising both human and technical capabilities. It provide various types of services in various departments for an organization, such as…

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Computing platforms used to provide

communications among the employees, customers and suppliers through desktop computers, mainframes and Internet appliances. Telecommunications services that provide voice, data, and video connectivity Data management services that store and manage corporate data and provide capabilities for analyzing the data Application software services that provide enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management, etc. 5

IT management services that plan and develop

the infrastructure, coordinate with the business units for IT services, manage accounting for the IT expenditure IT education services that provide training in system use to employees offer managers training in how to plan for and manage IT investments. IT research and development services that provide the firm with research on potential future IT projects and investments that could help the firm differentiate itself in the 6

Computer hardware platforms – mainframe

server, storage, chips, desktop machines Computer software platforms – operating system: Unix, & Linux, Enterprise Software Applications Data management and storage Networking/Telecommunications platforms Internet platforms – web host server Consulting and system integration services – provide some skill advice in computing and make sure new infrastructure works with the existing system.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) Primary storage Secondary storage Input devices Output devices Communication devices

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Communication Devices

Secondary Storage

Primary Storage

•Keyboard •Mouse •Touch screen •Source data automation

•Optical disk •Magnetic tape

BUSES

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Magnetic disk

•Printers Input Devices

Output devices

•Video display terminals •Plotter

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•Audio output

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



Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Also called the processor

CPU

 CU ALU

CPU

CLOCK REGISTER

Control Unit

Arithmeti c/ Logic Unit (ALU)



Directs and coordinates operations in computer

Control unit repeats four basic operations: 

Control Unit   

Fetch - obtain program instruction or data item from memory Decode - translate instruction into commands Execute - carry out command Store - write result to memory

 Four

operations of the CPU comprise a machine

cycle  Also called instruction cycle • Instruction time (i-time) - time taken to fetch and Execution time (e-time) - time taken to execute • decode and store e-time i-time

2. Decode Instruction

3. Place into instruction register

I-Cycle Decoder 1. Fetch instruction

8. Send result to accumulator

Instruction register Address Register Storage Register Accumulator

7. ALU performs desired operation

4. Place into address register

5. Send data from main Memory to storage register

E-cycle

5. Cmd ALU to perform Desired operation

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An example of a machine cycle Student enters math problem (100 x 52) into computer’s memory Result in memory displays on monitor’s screen

100 x 52

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CPU componen t that performs execution part of the machine cycle

Comparison

(greater than, equal to, or less than)

Arithmetic

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division)

. d n a . .or. .not. Logical

(AND, OR, NOT)



Temporar y storage area that holds data and instructio ns

Stores instruction while it is being decoded

Stores location from where instruction was fetched

Stores results of calculation

Stores data while ALU processes it

 Primary Storage  Part of computer that temporarily stores

program instructions and data being used by the instructor  3 functions : 3. Stores all or part of the program that is being executed 4. Its stores the OS programs that manage the operation of the computer 5. Holds data that the program is using Internal primary storage – RAM because it directly access any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time ROM – can only be read from it cannot be written SNA to. 19

Microprocessor – very large scale

circuit technology that integrates the computer’s memory, logic and control on a single chip The speed and performance of computer microprocessor help determine a computer processing power

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

Word length – number of bits that computer can process at one time. Larger the word length, the greater computer speed eg: 16-bits, 32-bits, or 64-bits



Megahertz – A measure of cycle speeds, or the pacing of events in a computer; one megahertz equals to one million cycles per second



Data Bus width – The number of bits that can be moved at one time between the CPU, primary storage, and other devices of a computer

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 Coprocessor  Additional processor that enhances performance by performing specific tasks to free the CPU for other processing activities  Parallel processing  Type of processing in which more than one instruction can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously with multiple processors  Massive Parallel Processing  Computers that use hundred or thousands of processing chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously

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Program

Program Task 1

CPU Result

CPU Task 1

CPU Task 2

CPU Task 3

CPU Task 4

Program Task 2 Result

CPU Result Sequential Processing

Parallel Processing SNA

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 Relatively long-term, nonvolatile storage data

outside CPU and primary storage  It retains data even when the computer is turned off  Kinds of secondary storage  magnetic disk  optical disk  magnetic tape

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Data are stored by means of magnetized

spots on a hard or floppy disk 2 kinds of magnetic disk  Floppy Disk  Removable magnetic disk storage primarily used with PC’s  Hard Disk  Magnetic disk resembling a thin metallic platter used

in large computer systems and in most PCs  RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disk) : disk storage technology to boost up disk performance SNA

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 CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read-only Memory),

WORM (Write Once/Read Many) and CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) , DVD  CD-ROM : read-only optical disk storage used for imaging  WORM : optical disk system that allows users to record data only once; data cannot be erased but can be read indefinitely  CD-R: optical disk system that allow individuals and organizations to record their own CD-ROMs  DVD (Digital video Disk) : high-capacity, optical storage medium that can store full-length videos and large amounts of data SNA

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Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium

in which large volumes of information are stored sequentially

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Pointing Devices Mouse – computer handheld input device  Touch screen –input device technology that permits the entering commands and data by touching the surface 

2. 

Source Data Automation Input technology that captures data in computer-readable form at the time and place the data are created

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Eg : POS, Optical bar code scanners OCR – translate specially designed marks, characters and codes into digital form. Eg: Barcode MICR- Banking industry-translates characters written in magnetic ink into digital codes for processing Pen-based input devices – consist of flatscreen display tablet and a pen like stylus that digitizes handwriting Digital scanners – translates images such as pictures or documents into digital form for processing Voice input devices-convert spoken words into digital form for processing by the computer Sensors- devices that collect data directly SNA from the environment for input into a

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Batch processing  A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are accumulated and stored until a specified time when its convenient or necessary to process then as a group Online Processing  A method of collecting and processing data in

which transactions are entered directly into the computer system and processed immediately

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 Transaction file  Contains all transactions for a particular time

period. The file is used to update master file  Master File  Contains permanent information on entities and

its updated during processing by transaction data.  Eg : Payroll master file

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 CRT (video display terminal (VDT) that provides a

visual image of both users input and computer output  Printers and Plotters  Printers – a computer output device that provides paper hard-copy output in the form of text or graphics  Plotters – Output device using multi-colored pens to draw high-quality graphic documents  Other Output Devices – voice output device, a converter of digital output data into spoken words

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 Multimedia

 Integration of 2 or > types of media such as

text, graphics, sound, voice, full-motion video, animation into computer-based application

 Video and audio clips

 Streaming technology : technology for

transferring data so that they can be processed as a steady and continuous stream as they are downloaded from WEB

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 5 categories of computers:

Personal computers – computer that can perform DPC activities by itself. a. Desktop Computers – designed so that the system unit, input, output and other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table b. Notebook/Laptop Computers- portable, small enough to fit on your lap

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1. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices. 

Mobile computer PC that you can carry form place to place Notebook Computer/Laptop Computers Tablet PC-special designed notebook computer allows you to write on the screen using digital pen Handheld Computers- computer small enough to fit in 1 hand while you operate it with the other hand. Eg: Meter reader and parcel delivery ppl



Mobile device Computing device small enough to hold in your hand a) PDA - lightweight mobile devices b) Smart Phones –Web-enabled telephone allows you to send and receive email and access to internet SNA

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3.

Midrange Servers

 Powerful and larger than a workstation computer  Support several 100 and a few 1000 connected

computers at the same time  Stores data and programs less powerful than mainframe

4. Mainframes

 Large, expensive, very powerful comp that can handle

’00, ‘000 of connected user simultaneously  Stores tremendous data, instructions and information  Large companies such as banks, airlines, insurance companies uses mainframes

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5. Supercomputers  Fastest, most powerful computer and most

expensive  Eg : Sophisticated mathematical calculations, aerospace, automotive design, forecasting

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 Distributed processing – multiple computers

linked by a communications network for processing work  Centralized processing – processing that accomplish by one large central computer  Client/server computing – a model for computing that splits processing between ‘clients’ and ‘servers’ on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the function  Client – user point-of-entry for the required function and is normally a desktop computer, workstation, laptop computer SNA

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Server – provides the client with services,

mainframes. It stores and process shared data and also perform back-end functions not visible to users Downsizing - Process of transferring applications from large computers to smaller ones

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Network computers (NC)

 Simplified desktop computer that does not store

software programs or data permanently.

Total cost of ownership (TCO)

 The total cost of owning technology resources,

includes initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support and training

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ANY QUESTIONS???