Chapter 19

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education

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Chapter 19

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education INTRODUCTION Without a doubt, “live” media coverage of events has elevated public concern regarding potential hazards, dangerous practices, and safe environments. The increased demands now placed on firefighters and other emergency responders necessitate a clear understanding of and active participation in all aspects of public fire prevention and education. Every public action taken by a fire service organization can project a lasting consequence on both its firefighters and the citizens it serves. Firefighters respond to fires and other life-threatening incidents that could have been prevented had the individual causing the situation clearly understood the consequence of the unsafe act or the danger posed by the hazards encountered. The foundation of every successful fire prevention endeavor is grounded in a clear understanding of past problems and current needs (Figure 19.1). Before anyone (emergency services provider or citizen) can institute corrective action, they must be able to recognize and properly interpret the potential risk, need, or condition being encountered. Firefighters must direct their efforts at reducing known hazardous conditions or preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. This may be accomplished in many innovative ways such as conducting presentations, distributing safety brochures, providing news articles, writing public safety announcements (PSAs), or establishing meaningful displays in well-visited areas (Figure 19.2). Proper utilization of the news media during or just after a preventable accident has occurred can many times pay public awareness dividends.

Figure 19.1 Firefighters must determine where fire problems may be encountered.

Figure 19.2 Typical public service announcements (PSAs).

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On such occasions, normally the department’s public information officer or other chief officer works with media contacts (Figure 19.3). This chapter provides information to aid the firefighter in fire prevention and public fire education. It begins with an overview of fire prevention and the various types of fire hazards. The next section discusses the two types of fire safety surveys: the pre-incident survey and the residential fire safety survey. The last part of the chapter discusses public fire and life safety education. It provides information on fire safety topics a firefighter may be asked to provide to the public during presentations or as part of a fire station tour.

tion efforts. Many informational benefits can be accomplished by studying previous incidents, reviewing data obtained from various fire reports and comparing statistical data. Such a review helps identify major fire causes and raises questions about possible solutions. Another important fire prevention activity is the fire safety inspection. Fire inspections are usually conducted by fire inspectors specially trained in these procedures (Figure 19.4). Their findings not only make firefighters aware of potential hazards but permit inspection personnel to communicate unsafe conditions to building occupants and owners. Any person expected to take a more authoritative role in public safety inspections should be trained to meet the objectives found in NFPA 1031, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Inspector. Additional guidance regarding inspection practices can be found in IFSTA’s Fire Inspection and Code Enforcement manual.

Figure 19.3 The public information officer acts as a liaison between the incident commander and the media. Courtesy of Champaign (IL) Fire Department.

FIRE PREVENTION [NFPA 1001: 3-5.1]

Fire safety surveys in public, commercial, and residential occupancies can have an important effect on community fire prevention and pre-incident planning. Fire safety surveys involve those activities that have been planned or legislated to ensure that citizens have a safe physical environment in which to live, work, study, worship, or play. The survey process requires firefighters to become familiar with community structures and to recognize safety hazards quickly. Observed problems can then be resolved diplomatically. Fire incident records, which contain a wealth of knowledge that represent the documented fire history of a community, can also further fire preven-

Figure 19.4 Fire inspections are usually conducted by fire inspectors trained in these procedures.

FIRE HAZARDS [NFPA 1001: 3-5.1; 3-5.1(a); 3-5.1(b); 4-5.1; 4-5.1(b)]

A fire hazard is a condition that encourages a fire to start or increases the extent or severity of a fire (Figure 19.5). Basic fire chemistry suggests fire cannot survive without a fuel supply, sufficient heat source, oxygen supply, and a self-sustained chemical reaction (fire tetrahedron). Therefore, hazardous fire conditions can be prevented by eliminating one or all of these elements. Control of the oxygen-supply hazard is only practical under special cases because 21 percent oxygen is normally present in air. The self-sus-

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Figure 19.5 Spray booths are examples of hazards that firefighters should especially notice. Courtesy of Des Plaines (IL) Fire Department.

tained chemical chain reaction is required after a fire starts. Control of the hazards associated with fuel supply and heat sources are the most manageable. Any heat source may be dangerous. If heat sources are kept separated from fuel supplies, the condition remains safe. Not all fuel supplies can be ignited easily, but misuse of any fuel under extreme heat conditions can lead to a fire. Some common fuel and heat-source hazards include the following: Fuel Hazards • Ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth or paper •

Flammable and combustible gases such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG)

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Flammable and combustible liquids such as gasoline, oils, lacquers, or alcohol (Figure 19.6)

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Chemicals such as nitrates, oxides, or chlorates

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Dusts such as grain, wood, metal, or coal

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Metals such as magnesium, sodium, or potassium

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Plastics, resins, and cellulose

Figure 19.6 Look for obvious hazards such as this flammable liquid container stored next to a heater.

with each other and react (oxidizer and reducing agent), or they may decompose and generate heat. •

Electrical heat energy — Poorly maintained electrical appliances, exposed wiring, and lighting are sources of electrical heat sources.

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Mechanical heat energy — Moving parts on machines, such as belts and bearings, are a source of mechanical heating (Figure 19.7).

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Nuclear heat energy — Nuclear heat is created by fission; however, this is not commonly encountered by most firefighters.

Heat Source Hazards (See Chapter 2, Fire Behavior) •

Chemical heat energy — Materials being improperly stored can result in chemical heat energy. Materials may come in contact

Figure 19.7 Many types of machines, even automobiles, have belts and bearings that can overheat and start a fire if not operating properly.

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Common Fire Hazards The term common could be misleading to some individuals. It refers to the probable frequency of a hazard being found, not to the severity of the hazard. A common fire hazard is a condition that is prevalent in almost all occupancies and encourages a fire to start. Firefighters need to be alert to the dangers posed by the following common hazards: • •

Poor housekeeping and improper storage of packing materials and other combustibles Defective or improperly used heating, lighting, or power equipment

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Improper disposal of floor cleaning compounds

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Misuse of fumigation substances and flammable or combustible liquids

acteristics of the individual occupancy. Commercial, manufacturing, and public-assembly occupancies each have their own particular hazards. COMMERCIAL OCCUPANCIES

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Lack of automatic sprinklers or other relevant fixed fire protection system

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Display or storage of large quantities of products

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Mixed varieties of contents

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Difficulties in entering occupancies during closed periods

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Existence of party walls, common attics, cocklofts and other open voids in multiple occupancies (Figure 19.8)

Poor housekeeping can make maneuvering through an area difficult. Poor housekeeping also increases the fire load in an area and increases the chance that a flammable or combustible material may come in contact with an ignition source. It also hides fire hazards in the clutter. Improperly functioning heating, lighting, or other electrical equipment can provide an ignition source for nearby combustibles. Floor cleaning compounds, fumigating substances, and other flammable and combustible liquids that are improperly used and stored can provide a volatile fuel source should an ignition source be present. Common fire hazards also have a personal component. The term personal takes into consideration the individual traits, habits, and personalities of the people who work, live, or visit the occupancy, structure, or property in question. Personal fire hazards refer to those common hazards caused by the unsafe acts of individuals. Personal hazards, often considered intangible, are always present. A comprehensive program geared toward public awareness, fire and life safety education, and good safety practices can reduce the hazards caused by unsafe personal acts. Special Fire Hazards A special fire hazard is one that arises as a result of the processes or operations that are char-

Figure 19.8 Strip shopping centers often have common cocklofts that promote the spread of fire throughout the building.

MANUFACTURING

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High-hazard processes using volatile substances, oxidizers, or extreme temperatures

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Flammable liquids in dip tanks, ovens, and dryers; plus those used in mixing, coating, spraying, and degreasing processes

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High-piled storage of combustible materials (Figure 19.9)

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Operation of vehicles, fork trucks, and other trucks inside buildings (use, storage, and reservice hazards)

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Large, open areas

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Large-scale use of flammable and combustible gases

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Lack of automatic sprinklers or other fixed fire protection systems

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Figure 19.10 Pay particular attention to target hazards such as this hospital.

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Theaters

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Nursing homes

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Rows of frame tenements

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Schools

FIRE SAFETY SURVEYS [NFPA 1001: 3-5.1; 3-5.1(a); 4-5.1; 4-5.1(a)]

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Lack of automatic sprinklers, detection systems, or fire notification systems

Fire safety surveys include pre-incident surveys for public and commercial occupancies and residential fire safety surveys (Figure 19.11). All of these surveys are used to make citizens aware of hazards or dangerous conditions. Of course, these citizens must then understand the urgency of the situation and take appropriate action to resolve the problems identified, otherwise the fire department’s effort may be of little consequence.

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Large numbers of people present, exceeding posted occupant limits

The pre-incident survey in public and commercial occupancies gives “up-front” information

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Insufficient, blocked, or locked exits

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Storage of materials in paths of egress

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Highly combustible interior finishes

Figure 19.9 High-piled storage produces extreme fire loads.

PUBLIC ASSEMBLY

Target Hazard Properties A target hazard is viewed as a facility in which there is a great potential likelihood of life or property loss from a fire (Figure 19.10). The occupancies should receive special attention during surveys. Some examples include the following: •

Lumberyards

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Bulk oil storage facilities

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Area shopping centers

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Hospitals

Figure 19.11 Firefighters conducting a pre-incident survey of a commercial occupancy.

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required to better assess conditions during any emergency situation that might occur in these occupancies. Such insight is a must if firefighters expect to safely, efficiently, and effectively control fire incidents. Residential fire safety surveys may be accomplished as part of a house-to-house fire prevention program, or they can be done when requested on an individual basis. Fire departments that provide residential fire safety survey services usually do so as part of a public awareness and education program. Firefighters need a wide range of personal and technical skills to conduct fire safety surveys properly. Development of good interpersonal skills may include those needed for communication, mitigation, facilitation, negotiation, or mediation. Technical knowledge and skills require firefighters to understand building construction, fire and life safety requirements, common and special hazards, building utilities, energy systems, and various fire protection appliances and systems. Personal Requirements In the public’s eyes, the firefighter’s uniform and badge indicate that the wearer is professionally qualified to discuss important aspects of fire prevention and give reliable advice on how fire safety hazards can be corrected. When performing any public fire prevention activity, the firefighter should project a well-groomed, neat appearance. The uniform should be clean and in good condition. A neat appearance gains the respect of the citizens being dealt with and bolsters the fire department’s public image (Figure 19.12).

Level I and Level II firefighters who meet the fire prevention and public fire and life safety education objectives found in NFPA 1001 will possess a basic understanding of fire prevention principles and can approach their assignments with confidence. Firefighters who perform fire safety surveys are expected to recognize basic hazards and report them through the appropriate channels established within their organization. They can aggressively tackle assigned situations they are trained to handle and may offer corrective advice, especially during voluntary residential surveys. However, firefighters are by no means fully qualified inspectors or public fire and life safety educators; therefore, they must be aware of their limitations in the field. Each firefighter engaged in public prevention efforts such as fire safety surveys must be capable of meeting with the public and clearly communicating solutions to problems encountered. Firefighters who exhibit technical confidence convey a favorable public impression that benefits both the firefighter and the organization they represent. A firefighter’s ability to judge conditions will improve with study, experience, and on-the-job training. Skills required to transpose visual information into written reports and sketches will also improve with time and practice. The company officer, fire prevention officer, and other individuals from a wide range of technical backgrounds can provide needed insight on those occasions when answers to unexplainable situations are required. Firefighters should have the confidence to ask for the help of the company officer or other available experts. Survey Equipment The equipment needed by firefighters to adequately perform a fire safety survey may be divided into equipment needed at the place of survey and equipment used at the fire station (Figure 19.13). AT THE SURVEY SITE

Figure 19.12 A firefighter should present a neat, professional image when performing public fire prevention activities. Courtesy of Joe Marino.

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Coveralls for crawling into attics and concealed spaces

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Safety glasses, hard hat, gloves

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education

Figure 19.13 The equipment pictured may be needed at the fire safety survey site.

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Approved respirator when airborne particles exist

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Clipboard, survey forms, grid or engineering paper, and standard plan symbols

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Pen or pencil

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50-foot (15 m) tape measure

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Flashlight

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Camera equipped with flash attachment

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Pitot tube and gauges when water flow tests are required

AT THE FIRE STATION

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Reference books

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Survey reports and forms

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Survey file, preferably on a computer database

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Code and inspection manuals

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Adequate records

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Drawing board

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Drawing scales, rulers, and materials

Scheduling the Fire Safety Survey A primary management endeavor of every fire department administrator is the balancing of the multiple demands competing for the firefighter’s time (Figure 19.14). Fire organizations cannot choose the moment when fires or other emergencies require their investment of time, but they have the prerogative of selecting the time and place to perform fire prevention activities. Because of this choice, the fire department administration should set a schedule for survey activities.

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Figure 19.14 A fire officer uses a computer to manage schedules.

The company officer should contact the building owner or occupant ahead of time to arrange for the survey (Figure 19.15). The company officer will inform the owner of the purpose of the fire safety survey and find out what day and time would be most suitable. This will ensure that the survey schedule coincides with the availability of the building owner or occupants. This procedure enables fire safety surveys to be scheduled at a time that will not inflict a hardship on either the occupants or the fire company. A fire safety survey should never be attempted without proper permission. Commercial surveys are usually made during normal business hours, but night surveys are sometimes necessary because of operating schedules.

Figure 19.15 Call ahead so that the visit will not be a surprise to the occupant.

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PRE-INCIDENT SURVEY [NFPA 1001: 4-5.1; 4-5.1(a); 4-5.1(b)]

Pre-incident surveys provide knowledge of building construction, hazardous materials storage, building layout, special processes, fire notification and suppression features, and occupancy concerns. This knowledge greatly improves fire department operations and substantially improves both firefighter and citizen safety when suppression efforts are required. Firefighters use maps, sketches, photographs, and written notes to complete pre-incident surveys. The information learned helps firefighters achieve the following: •

Become familiar with area structures, their uses, and their associated hazards (Figure 19.16).

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Visualize how existing strategies apply to the occupancies.

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Recognize hazards.

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Aid citizens with fire prevention and life safety endeavors.

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Gain valuable on-site information for preincident planning.

tablish a courteous and cooperative relationship (Figure 19.17). Firefighters should enter the premises at the main entrance and contact the individual with whom the survey was scheduled. If necessary, firefighters may have to wait to see the proper individual because this person may be busy with other important matters. Reporting to the person in authority (exit interview) after the survey also shows the owner the importance of the survey. The company officer should introduce the crew and state their business. If the owner has been informed of the purpose of the survey in advance, this introduction will be much easier. A representative of the occupant should accompany firefighters during the entire survey. Such a guide will help obtain ready access to all areas of the building and provide answers to questions.

Figure 19.17 The firefighter must make a positive impression on the occupant.

Figure 19.16 Hazardous occupancies command extra attention during pre-incident surveys.

The fire department administration must specify how assigned firefighters are to conduct fire safety surveys in various public, commercial, or industrial complexes. Firefighters must be familiar with the department’s policy and clearly understand the survey process. An earnest effort by firefighters to create a favorable impression upon the owner helps to es-

Making the Survey After the initial meeting with the owner (or delegate), the survey team should return to the outside of the building to survey the exterior to make certain observations, preliminary notes, and photographs. This procedure makes the survey of the interior easier and provides the necessary information for drawing the exterior walls on a sketch of the floor plan (layout of each floor of a building). Firefighters should note the location of fire hydrants, standpipe or sprinkler connections, and existing fire alarm boxes (Figure 19.18). The type of building construction and the height and occu-

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basement and proceed with a systematic survey. From a survey point of view, it does not matter whether to start on the roof and work downward or start in the basement and work upward. From a practical standpoint, however, many firefighters find it helpful and less confusing to start on the roof. No matter what procedure is used, the route should be planned so that the firefighters can systematically look at each floor in succession.

Figure 19.18 Firefighters should note the location of fire hydrants, sprinkler connections, and water control valves during a survey.

pancy of adjacent exposures is included. Also worth noting is the general housekeeping in the area surrounding the occupancy, the accessibility to all sides of the property, and the condition of the streets. Such factors become extremely important when considering fire apparatus response. Firefighters should check and include the following in the preliminary notes: •

Are address numbers sufficiently visible?

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Are all sides of the building accessible?

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Is natural cover encroachment a threat?

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Are there forcible entry problems posed by barred windows or high-security doors?

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Are there overhead obstructions or other deterrents (Figure 19.19) that would restrict emergency operations?

To make a thorough survey, firefighters must take sufficient time to make notes and take photographs. Sketches of the interior layout’s functional areas, egress routes, and important features should be drawn (or upgraded on existing sketch) or photographed. The sketching function is particularly important when survey information is used for pre-incident planning purposes. A complete set of notes, photographs, and wellprepared sketches of the building provide dependable information from which a complete preplan can be developed (see Maps and Sketch Making and Photographs sections) (Figure 19.20).

When the survey of the exterior is completed, the survey team should go directly to the roof or

Figure 19.20 Some occupancies may have their building layout on computer. A hard copy of this information would save firefighters from having to sketch the layout.

Figure 19.19 Look for large overhangs and trees that might pose an obstacle to aerial apparatus.

Firefighters should ask that all locked rooms or closets be opened and explain tactfully why it is necessary to see these areas. For example, if the guide says, “There is nothing in this locked room,” a firefighter might say, “Yes, we understand, but a knowledge of the size, shape, and construction features of the room are necessary.” If admission to an area or room is refused because of a confidential or

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secure process, the firefighter should suggest that the process be covered or screened to permit the survey to continue. Secret areas from which the survey crew are barred should be reported to the fire marshal, fire prevention officer, or chief administrative official so that appropriate action can be taken. Firefighters should be particularly observant of hazardous materials (haz mat) commonly used in their response areas. Much of the firefighter’s haz mat identification training can be performed at local commercial and industrial facilities. Surveys at these sites allow the firefighter to document the locations of hazardous materials and the physical layout of the plants. Cleanliness, maintenance, and good housekeeping in hazardous materials areas are important precautions against fire. It should be recommended that a marking system such as that outlined in NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Material for Emergency Response, be affixed to the outside of such structures. In large or complicated buildings, it may be necessary to make more than one visit to complete the survey. If the property includes several buildings, each should be surveyed separately. It is a good idea to start on the roof of the highest building from which the firefighter can get a general view. A sketch of each floor should be completed before proceeding to the next floor. If a floor plan used on a previous survey is available, the survey can proceed more rapidly. Make sure to record any changes that have been made, and update the floor plan sketch accordingly. Allowing adequate time to discuss the survey results as well as any fire and life safety concerns with the owner or occupant usually benefits all concerned. Maps and Sketch Making Maps that convey information relative to construction, fire protection, occupancy, fire loading, special hazards, and other details of building complexes are an asset to fire suppression personnel. Large occupancies or complexes may already have maps that were prepared by insurance companies. These maps normally use some form of common map symbols (Figure 19.21).

For buildings where existing maps are not accurate or available, fire department personnel should include some sort of sketch with their survey notes to show the general arrangement of the property with respect to streets, other buildings, and any other important features that will help determine fire fighting procedures. This sketch is commonly called a plot plan of the area. A firefighter’s sketch of an area frequently constitutes the most informative part of a survey and should be made with neatness and accuracy. A sketch that is made during a survey may be done with the aid of a clipboard and a rule. Data should be recorded by using standardized plan symbols as much as possible. Engineering or graph paper can make the process somewhat simpler. The use of computerized Graphic Information System (GIS) mapping programs saves hours and should be strongly considered where available. By using standard symbols on a floor plan, a firefighter can show the type of construction, thickness of walls, partitions, openings, roof types, parapets, and other important features. In addition to these features, fire protection devices, water mains, automatic sprinkler control valves, and other miscellaneous features of fire protection can be included (Figure 19.22).

Figure 19.22 A basic floor plan sketch.

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Figure 19.21 Standard map symbols that firefighters may choose to use.

A sectional elevation sketch of a structure, consisting of a cross section or cutaway view of a particular portion of a building along a selected imaginary line, may be needed to show elevation changes, mezzanines, balconies, or other struc-

tural features (Figure 19.23). The easiest sectional view to portray is to establish the imaginary line along an exterior wall. This location theoretically removes the exterior wall and exposes such features as roof construction, floor construction,

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Figure 19.23 Sectional views show a cross section of the occupancy from top to bottom.

parapets, basements, attics, and other items that are difficult to show on a floor plan. Establishing the imaginary line along an exterior wall may not always show the section of the building that is desired. In this case, it may be better to divide the building near the center or along a line where a separate wing is attached to the main structure. From the firefighter’s sketch and notes, a permanent drawing can be made to file for future reference and classroom study. The permanent drawing should be drawn to scale. Photographs Photographs show worthwhile detail for preincident plans, especially if they can be taken from more than one angle. A view that is especially good from a fire fighting standpoint is one from an elevated position (Figure 19.24). An adjoining building or elevated tower can be used for this purpose. Interior and close-up photographs are very effective aids in making a complete preincident plan.

Figure 19.24 When possible, get an elevated view of the building.

The Exit Interview Reporting to the person with authority of the building being surveyed can do much to maintain a cooperative attitude of the owner (Figure 19.25). To leave the premises without consulting that person might give the impression that the survey was unimportant. During this interview, a firefighter or the company officer should comment on the conditions that were found. An exit interview also gives firefighters an opportunity to express thanks for the courtesies extended to the fire department and opens the way to explain how firefighters will study these reports from the standpoint of fire fighting procedures. In the final portion of the exit interview, firefighters should answer any questions they can and refer the owner/ occupant to the fire marshal’s office for further assistance.

Figure 19.25 Following the pre-incident survey, review the results with the occupant.

RESIDENTIAL FIRE SAFETY SURVEYS [NFPA 1001: 3-5.1; 3-5.1(a)]

National statistics annually suggest that over 70 percent of all fires and the vast majority of civilian casualties occur in residences. All fire organizations should make a concerted effort to improve safety in the home setting (Figure 19.26). Fire safety surveys in existing residential occupancies (particularly one- and two-family dwellings) can only be accomplished on a voluntary basis. Codes require inspections for structures that house three or more families, but surveys of other than common areas in these structures may still be at the discretion of the occupants.

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home increase fire awareness and the interest in public education efforts. The best time to distribute fire prevention literature, promote exit drills in the home (EDITH), check emergency telephone stickers, discuss smoke detector and residential sprinkler options, and provide other relevant safety information about such subjects as treatment of burns or CO detectors is during a safety survey (Figure 19.27). Firefighters can explain each item in the literature and possibly tie in a “local angle” of a fire experience. Figure 19.26 For the firefighter, residential fire safety surveys are educational tools for preventing fires and accidents that could take the lives of occupants and destroy homes.

When residential fire safety surveys are conducted as part of an organized public awareness and education program, a great deal of advanced planning and publicity is necessary to gain full acceptance by the community. It must be made clear that the program is a fire prevention activity and not a code enforcement activity. In other words, the firefighter is coming to make family members aware of safety hazards, not point out code violations. When firefighters enter the home to conduct a residential fire safety survey, their main objectives should include the following: •

Preventing accidental fires

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Improving life safety conditions

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Helping the owner or occupant to understand and improve existing conditions

Because residential safety surveys are voluntary, the fire department reaps many peripheral benefits in addition to the primary one of reducing loss of life and property. Citizens get to know and trust their firefighters. Safety surveys give residents the feeling that they are getting a complete service, not just an emergency service. This tends to increase citizen support for other fire department programs. During important periods, such as budget time, citizens can remember they get “more for their money.” When residents get to know their firefighters, they gain an appreciation of the many duties and services their firefighters provide. In addition to generating positive public relations and community support, safety surveys in the

Figure 19.27 Firefighters can provide homeowners with printed fire prevention materials during the survey.

Some fire departments also print special cards or slips to compliment the homeowner when the dwelling is found in a fire safe condition. Other cards saying “We’re sorry we missed you” are used to notify absent households that firefighters were in the neighborhood conducting safety surveys. Firefighters also gain valuable information when performing residential safety surveys. They become more acquainted with home construction, occupancy conditions, local development trends, streets, hydrants, and water supply locations. Notes on these items and other useful information should be made and discussed during training sessions. While these fringe benefits are helpful, the primary reason for conducting surveys is to reduce hazards associated with loss of life and property.

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Firefighter Responsibilities Residential fire safety survey campaigns can reduce the number of fire incidents and deaths occurring in homes. Therefore, it is the firefighter’s responsibility to professionally represent his organization. The public has every right to expect firefighters to be qualified on matters pertaining to home fire and life safety. For a successful residential safety survey program, a firefighter should use the following guidelines: •

Provide proper identification.

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Introduce yourself and the purpose of your visit (Figure 19.28).

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Maintain a courteous attitude at all times.

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Request permission to conduct the survey.

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Remember that the primary interest is to prevent a fire.

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Compliment when favorable conditions are found.

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Do not order that corrections must be made when hazards are found.

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Make constructive comments regarding the elimination of hazardous conditions.

Figure 19.28 An occupant may be apprehensive of an unexpected uniformed firefighter conducting a door-to-door program such as a smoke detector survey.

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Survey the basement, attic, utility room, storage rooms, kitchen, and garage.

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Keep the survey confidential; the results are not provided to any outside entity.

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Thank the owners or occupants for the invitation into their home.

If no one is at home, leave appropriate materials between the doors or partially beneath the doormat; do not use the mail box. Conducting the Residential Fire Safety Survey There are several items firefighters should look for when conducting residential safety surveys. Fill out an established survey form for each residence and provide a copy to the occupant. The form can serve as a guide for firefighters, and it can be used to make summaries of the survey results. Firefighters should be alert for the following signs of the most common causes of fires: •

Heating appliances

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Cooking procedures

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Smoking materials

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Electrical distribution

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Electrical appliances (Figure 19.29)

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Combustible or flammable liquids

Firefighters must know the common causes of home fires in order to conduct meaningful residential surveys and make citizens aware of dangerous conditions. For the homeowner or tenant, the residential fire safety survey provides a valuable life safety service. There is no better way for a Figure 19.29 The firefighter should firefighter to effec- be alert for unsafe conditions when conducting residential fire safety tively carry out the re- surveys. sponsibility of protecting lives and property. Firefighters should note the concerns in the following sections during the residential fire safety survey.

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education

vices, for manual supply line shutoff, for corroded piping, the condition of vents, and for possible gas leaks.

INTERIOR SURVEY CONCERNS

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Combustible materials — Are clothing, unused furniture, cardboard boxes, papers, and other materials stored properly? Are combustibles stored in close proximity to registers or heating appliances?

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Appliances — Inquire about proper operations, maintenance, and conditions, including electrical cords.

Oil burning installations — Check for the existence of annual service records and the condition of oil burners, chimney pipes, supply tanks, and piping.

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Furnaces, hot water heaters, and vent pipes — Is the unit properly installed and clear of combustibles? Is the vent pipe in good condition? Inquire about hot water temperature settings to protect against scalds and burns (Figure 19.30).

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Shop or work rooms — Encourage good housekeeping in work areas and the safe, orderly storage of materials.

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Accumulated waste — Note stacks of paper, discarded furniture, old rags, and improperly stored items.

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Flammable liquids — Are flammable sprays, chemicals and other dangerous solutions properly stored and out of the reach of children?

Electrical wiring and equipment — Check for old, frayed, or exposed wiring and improperly installed electrical conductors. Check for unprotected light bulbs or improperly maintained equipment such as exhaust fans encrusted with dust and dirt. Portable heating units — Note if equipment is listed with Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Factory Mutual (FM), or some other laboratory and is adequately separated from combustible furniture or other materials.

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Woodstoves or fireplaces — Note whether the unit is properly installed and clear of combustibles and that the vent pipe is in good condition. Inquire as to the frequency of chimney cleaning and maintenance.

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Heating fuel — Inquire as to where wood or other fuel is stored. What is the procedure for ash disposal?

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General housekeeping practices — Does the occupant use ash trays for smoking materials? Are matches and lighters kept out of the reach of children? Are open flame items such as candles used safely? Are exhaust vents and dryer vents cleaned regularly of lint?

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Smoke detectors — Check for and encourage the installation of smoke detectors and testing on a regular basis.

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Electrical distribution panels — Check for proper circuit protection and clearance.

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Gas appliances — Check for improper clearance to combustible materials, the existence of automatic gas control safety de-

Figure 19.30 Check the home heating unit for obvious problems.

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OUTSIDE SURVEY CONCERNS

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Roof — Check condition of roof. Does it have composition roofing instead of wood shingles or shakes?

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Chimneys and spark arrestors — Check condition of chimneys and spark arrestors (Figures 19.31 a and b).

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Yard and porch areas — Is there unkempt vegetation? Are items stored under porches (Figure 19.32)?

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Barbecues and fuel — How are barbecues used? Is fuel stored properly?

Figure 19.31a Masonry chimneys are found on many homes with fireplaces.

Figure 19.31b Many newer chimneys are of the metal, prefabricated type.

Figure 19.32 Keep tall grass at least 30 feet (9 m) from all structures.

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Outside waste burners — Discourage use of outside waste burners. Check for conformity to local restrictions.

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Garages, sheds, barns, and outbuildings — Note storage of dangerous chemicals or other substances (swimming pool chlorine, propane cylinders, charcoal, lighter fluid, gasoline, ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and pesticides). Are old paint cans, turpentine, and similar liquids stored properly?

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Flammable liquids and gases — Recommend that flammable liquids be kept in a safety-type can and stored only in an outside storage area (Figure 19.33). Gasoline, propane, and other similar flammable liquids and gases should never be brought into a dwelling. Remember flammable liquids should never be used, inside or out, for cleaning or other purposes that would expose the user and\or structure to explosive vapors.

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Lightning protection — Recommend that the system components of fixed lightning protection systems on structures be tested periodically.

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Security devices — Note security devices and pets that may hamper ingress or egress (window bars, security fences, dogs).

Figure 19.33 Flammable and combustible liquids should be stored in tool sheds.

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education HOME SAFETY ISSUES

In addition to performing a residential fire safety survey of the premises, firefighters should also provide occupants with fire and life safety awareness information. Firefighters must skillfully sell occupants on the value of making safe practices a way of life. PUBLIC FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY EDUCATION [NFPA 1001: 3-5.2; 3-5.2(a); 3-5.2(b)]

Educating citizens, at all ages, to recognize potential hazards and take appropriate corrective action is a fire department function. The teaching of fire survival techniques such as stop, drop and roll or crawl low under smoke can favorably alter behavior and impact life safety (Figure 19.34).

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presentation on smoke detectors might be to appeal to their desire to protect their children. Arousing curiosity, developing interest, and developing a sense of personal involvement on the part of the participants are all parts of preparation. The second step in making a presentation is for the firefighter to actually transfer facts and ideas (make the subject come alive) to the audience. Presentation involves explaining information, using visual aids (smoke detector, telephone for dialing 9-1-1, fire alarm pull station), and demonstrating techniques (stop, drop, and roll; crawl low in smoke; alert others of an emergency). In the third step — perhaps the most important one — the participants use or apply the information they have been taught. This step provides the audience with the opportunity to practice using new ideas, information, techniques, and skills. Whenever possible, each person should apply new knowledge by performing the task. For example, the participants could demonstrate how to report a fire, perform the stop, drop, and roll technique, or test a smoke detector. The firefighter should supervise the application step closely, checking key points and correcting errors (Figure 19.35).

Figure 19.34 By playing the “blanket game” with the children, a firefighter teaches a desired behavior: Crawl low under smoke.

Presenting Fire and Life Safety Information Although this section is not designed to make a firefighter an accomplished speaker or instructor, it presents some basic information that will assist a firefighter in presenting fire and life safety information to a small group of individuals. When making a fire and life safety presentation, a firefighter can take certain steps to make sure that all the information is presented and that the audience can perform basic fire and life safety skills such as calling the fire department or testing a smoke detector. The first step in making a presentation is to prepare the audience to learn. Preparation involves gaining the attention of participants and letting them know why the material is important to them. An example of motivating a parent during a

Figure 19.35 A firefighter watches as a participant demonstrates the ability to change a smoke-detector battery.

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Fire and Life Safety Presentation Topics Because fire stations are such busy places, a firefighter may be asked to assist in or teach a fire and life safety class from time to time. Some of the topics a firefighter may be asked to present during a fire safety presentation include the following: •

Stop, drop, and roll technique

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Home safety practices

•

Placing, testing, and maintaining smoke detectors

STOP, DROP, AND ROLL

Firefighters should do more than simply inform people of what action to take if their clothing catches on fire. Both adults and children need to be effectively educated with firefighters first demonstrating and then soliciting individuals to perform the action. Demonstrate that if their clothes catch on fire, they must immediately STOP moving, DROP to the ground (covering their faces with both hands as they drop), and ROLL over and over until the flames are smothered (Figure 19.36).

HOME SAFETY

The discussion of home safety can be presented as part of a group presentation or as part of the residential fire safety survey. As stated earlier, firefighters must skillfully sell the audience or occupants on the value of making safe practices a way of life. Firefighters should promote and favorably comment on escape plans, EDITH, and other practiced safety efforts conducted by home members (Figure 19.37). The proven fact is that citizens can safely escape during home fire emergencies with proper preparation and practice. Communicate the following fire and life safety rules to occupants: •

Keep doors to bedrooms closed during sleeping hours.

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Have two (or more) escape exits from every room.

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Ensure that windows can be easily opened by anyone to indicate his location to someone outside, to get fresh air, or for purposes of secondary escape in case of a fire emergency (exact action must be a predetermined activity).

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Train children properly if they are expected to use fire escape ladders (particularly in two- to three-story dwellings).

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Alert other family members of possible danger if awakened by the smell of smoke (for example, by blowing a whistle kept by every bed).

Figure 19.36 Young children learn fire and life safety skills by practicing the skills they have been taught.

Point out that if someone’s clothes catch on fire, an observer may need to assist the person in dropping to the ground and smothering the flames. Coats, rugs, blankets or other heavy cloth items in close proximity to the victim can be used to help smother the flames. Once the fire is out, cool the area with cold water (if available), and remove burned clothing that is not adhered to the victim’s skin if possible. Summon emergency medical assistance immediately.

Figure 19.37 During a home visit, a firefighter demonstrates how to draw a home escape plan.

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education •

Roll out of bed onto the floor (if awakened by a smoke detector sounding an alarm) (Figure 19.38).

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Stay low because dangerously heated gases may be at the top of the room (Figure 19.39).

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Crawl to the door. Feel the door; if it is warm, use the window for escape (Figure 19.40).

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Establish a meeting place outside the home so that all members can be accounted for after escaping. Never go back inside the house once outside.

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Call the fire department from a cellular telephone or a neighbor’s house (Figure 19.41).

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SMOKE DETECTORS

As was stated earlier in this chapter, an important part of conducting home safety surveys is to communicate to occupants the importance of smoke detectors (Figure 19.42). Therefore, it is essential that firefighters have a good working knowledge of various residential smoke detectors (ionization and photoelectric types).

Figure 19.38 Emphasize that children should roll out of bed in a fire situation. They should not sit or stand. Figure 19.42 All homes need smoke detectors.

Smoke detectors provide early warning and facilitate egress for responsive occupants faced with a fire emergency, especially during sleeping hours. This factor has been the key to survival of residents during fire situations. Figure 19.39 To teach the “crawl low under smoke” behavior, the firefighter demonstrates the appropriate action.

Figure 19.40 Children should be instructed to feel the door for heat before opening it.

Figure 19.41 Children should demonstrate that they know how to call the fire department.

Fire fighting has been listed as one of the most hazardous occupations in the United States (search and rescue services significantly increase the possibility of firefighter casualties). While an early warning is often credited with saving the lives of a home’s occupants, do not forget that the smoke detector’s warning may have also protected a firefighter from having to enter the burning structure. When smoke detectors are not in the home, a firefighter may be forced to enter the home to rescue the occupants. Smoke detector location. A smoke detector in every room would provide the fastest detection times. However, this may not be economically feasible for many residents. What should be strongly recommended is the placement of a smoke detector in every bedroom and at every level of the living unit (Figure 19.43). When providing this “everylevel” detection, the user should consider locations such as hallways, stairways, and normal exit routes.

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ESSENTIALS

Figure 19.44 Locate smoke detectors outside the sleeping area of the home.

the alarm can be heard when the bedroom door is closed. It is most desirable to mount the detectors on the ceiling. However, if the ceiling mount is not possible, position them as high on the walls as possible, but not within a dead air space (Figure 19.45). Figure 19.43 Smoke detectors should be located on each level of the structure.

As a minimum, users should install a smoke detector in the hallway outside each sleeping area and between the sleeping area and other rooms in the house (Figure 19.44). The detectors should be close enough to the bedrooms so that

Maintenance and testing. The smoke detector should be maintained and tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Maintenance is usually just a matter of keeping the detector always in operating condition and clean and free of dust by occasional vacuuming. Never disable detectors because of nuisance alarms.

Figure 19.45 Smoke detectors should be placed to avoid dead air space such as corners between the wall and the ceiling.

Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education The test buttons on some detectors may only check the device’s horn circuit so being cognizant of the manufacturer’s smoke-test procedure is vital to maintaining a functional detector. Only when the detector incorporates a test button that simulates smoke or checks the detector’s sensitivity can the “smoke test” be eliminated (Figure 19.46). Smoke detectors with test buttons that simulate smoke or check sensitivity are recommended for those locations where the physically impaired or elderly live and smoke testing cannot realistically be conducted. When testing with smoke is necessary, only safe ways of producing smoke should be used. Smoke from burning incense or a small piece of smoldering cotton rope or string in an ashtray can be used, especially when testing photoelectric detectors. Ionizing detectors can also be tested by blowing over the top of the flame on a wood or paper match, directing the invisible or visible smoke particles toward the direction of the smoke detector. Aerosol spray (canned smoke) is also available for smoke-detector testing. Some aerosol sprays

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can contaminate the ionization chamber, resulting in nuisance alarms. These types of sprays should only be used if they are acceptable to the smoke detector manufacturer. FIRE STATION TOURS [NFPA 1001: 3-5.2(a)]

Firefighters are frequently required to give tours of the fire station to civilians. These may be either spur-of-the-moment visits from people who walk in off the street or organized citizens’ groups. Fire Prevention Week tours for groups of children are common (Figure 19.47). Firefighters should consider such tours more than just an opportunity to impress the public. It is important to fortify such visits with a strong safety message and relevant awareness materials. Such an approach not only helps support fire safety efforts but fosters a good image for the fire department as well. During the time that citizens are in the station, firefighters should be dressed appropriately. What citizens witness while at the station remain in their memories for a very long time, so activities should be productive. Firefighters should answer all questions courteously and to the best of their ability. Fire safety and prevention information can also be passed on to visitors at this time. When firefighters allow visitors to climb on apparatus or don equipment items, they should be confident that no form of injury will result.

Figure 19.46 Test the smoke detector to make sure that it functions properly.

Figure 19.47 Firefighters often provide tours of the fire station to groups of children.

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Never allow visitors, especially children, to roam around the fire station unescorted (Figure 19.48). Visiting groups should be met by an assigned firefighter or officer who carefully explains what steps citizens must take in case of an alarm. Special care should be taken to protect curious children or other individuals around shop areas or

Figure 19.48 Safety is a primary concern when conducting station tours.

sliding poles. All groups should be kept together and, if necessary, rearranged into smaller groups with a firefighter assigned to each group. Equipment and apparatus should be demonstrated with considerable caution to ensure that no one gets into a dangerous position. Place a firefighter at each corner of an apparatus to prevent young visitors from getting near the apparatus during demonstrations. Taking visitors on elevating platforms or aerial ladders should be prohibited. Firefighters should refrain from blowing sirens in the presence of children because the decibels produced can be detrimental to their hearing. Station mascots (dogs, cats, etc.) can be potential safety and liability hazards. Excited animals have been known to strike out and bite visitors; therefore, many organizations restrict the presence of animals. If animals are kept in the fire station, they should be cared for by a veterinarian and receive all the necessary inoculations to assure good health.