Chapter 17-part 2

Kevin Zheng October 5th, 2007 Euro History 6th Period Chapter 17 Outline – Part 2

V.

The War of Religion A. French Wars of Religion 1. Henry II died accidentally a. Francis II his son came to rule b. Catherine de Medicis 2. 3 powerful families competed for French throne a. Bourbons – south and west powers b. Montmorenct-Chatillions – center c. Guise – east (strongest family) 3. Aristocrats and townspeople joined Calvinist churches in opposition to the Guise-dominated French Monarchy 4. Over 2/5 of French aristocracy became Huguenots 5. Catherine wanted to preserve the monarchy 6. Sought allies among Protestants so she let them freely worship outside towns 7. Queen Catherine wanted Catholic-France not Guise dominated monarchy\ 8. August 24th, 1572 Coligny and 3,000 followers were butchered in Paris 9. In 3 days ~20,000 Huguenot were executed 10. mid-1580s Catholic League supported by Spanish, became completely dominated Paris 11. king ordered duke and the cardinal of Guise killed 12. King formed alliance with Protestant cousin and heir, Henry of Navarre B. Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556-1598)

1. Philip II of Spain defeated Turks 2. ~30,000 Turks died and over 1/3 of Turkish Navy Fleet was sunk or captured 3. Netherlands = richest 4. 12 years truce gave the northerners freedom

VI. England and Spain A. Elizabeth I 1. Most astute politician in both domestic and foreign policy 2. Repealed the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor(Bloody Mary) 3. Stopped assassination plots 4. Dealt cautiously with Puritans, and Protestants who seek to purify the churches 5. 16th century Puritans worked through Parliament to create alternative church B. Deterioration of Relationships with Spain 1. Spark set off on execution of Mart, Queen of Scots 2. Armanda was prevented from leaving shores of Spain 3. “English Wind” helped disperse the fleet and over 1/3 did not make it back to Spain 4. Elizabeth died with nation poised to expand into global empire C. The Thirty Years’ War 1. Last and most destructive of Religious wars 2. Religious and political differences set Catholics against Protestants and Calvinist against Lutherans 3. All of Europe was either directly or indirectly D. Fragmented Germany 1. 2nd half of 16th century Germany was most ungovernable land 2. Opening of 17th century Germany became united like Spain, England, or even strife torn France E. Religious Divisions

1. Holy Roman Empire abruptly divided into Catholic and Protestant 2. Peace of Augsburg attempted to freeze territorial holdings of the Lutherans and Catholics 3. In the coming years the Lutherans gained some political control in some Catholic areas as well as Catholics in a few previously Lutheran areas 4. Pease of Augsburg didn’t qualify Calvinism as a religion until the Palatinate in 1559 5. Calvinist headed protestant defensive alliance supported by Spain’s 16th century enemies: England, France, Netherlands 6. 30 years’ war is worst European catastrophe since the Black Death of the 14th century F. The Treaty of Westphalia 1. All hostilities were brought to an end 2. Gave Calvinist legal recognition 3. During 17th century states established firmly to the modern world

VII. Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within A. Witch Hunts and Panic 1. 1400-1700 ~70,000-100,000 sentenced to death for harmful magic 2. Attended mass meetings where they fly 3. Sexual orgies with the devil who appeared in the form of he-goat 4. Cunning folk, people turned to them for magic help to restore things after natural disasters 5. Witches insult every Christian belief and value B. Influence of the Clergy 1. Christian clergy practiced magic for holy sacraments and the exorcism of demons 2. Late 13th century church declared only priest posses legit magic powers 3. Power not human so thought to come from god or devil 4. Practice magic outside of church = power from devil 5. Removed cunning folk from villages = Christian beachhead in village society

C. Why Women? 1. 80% of victims of witch hunts were women between 45-60 and most single 2. Male hatred and sexual fear of women 3. Witch hunts maybe = women hunts caused by basic social reasons 4. Some accused witches were women who sought to protect and empower themselves within their communities by claiming supernatural powers D. Witch Panics 1. Popes pronounced their competitors devilish 2. Reformation is the cause of witch panic 3. Reformation is said to have forced people to protect themselves by executing perceived witches E. End of Witch Hunts 1. Emergence of more scientific view 2. Witches curse is merely words 3. People learn to rely on themselves 4. Accused witches sometimes said important towns people attended sabbats, judge was also accused 5. Trials were dysfunctional but threatened anarchy as well 6. Believed God has absolute supremacy over time and eternity, including the devil F. Writers and Philosophers 1. End of 16th century people no longer embrace Catholic or Protestant absolutes 2. Writers and philosophers aware they lived in period of transition 3. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) a. Spanish literature was influenced by peculiar religions and political history b. Dominated by Catholic Church i. Piety strongly promoted by the state c. Studied by reading vernacular literature and immersion in the school of life d. Young: worked in Rome for cardinal

e. Solider f. Wrote Don Quixote while in prison for theft g. Satirize romances in Spain h. Don Quixote: young, prove worthiness for pheasant girl who he thinks is a noble lady to whom he can honor with his life i. Dies shamed and heartbroken man j. Truly happy= dreams 4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) a. Worked as schoolteacher where he acquired knowledge of Renaissance learning and literature b. Not inclined to defend his queen c. Politic interest reflected in play d. Viewed government simply e. Demonstrated unquestioned patriotism f. King’s Men: principal dramatist and member g. Playwright, actor, and part owner of a theater h. Mastered psychology of human motivation and passion, had talent for physiological penetration i. Histories, comedies, tragedies j. Tragedies: Hamlet (1603), Othello(1604), King Lear(1605), and Macbeth(1606) k. Romeo and Juliet(1597) i. Most original and transformed old story into moving drama of “starcross’d lovers.” 5. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) a. French mathematician and physics scientist b. Distortion of Christian teaching and skeptics c. Wrote against Jesuits in his Provincial Letters (1656-1657) d. Left behind reflections on humankind and religion under the name Pensees

e. Early influenced by Jansenist(17th century Catholic opponents of the Jesuits) f. Saw 2 truths in Christianity: loving God; human beings corrupted in nature and are unworthy of God g. Real danger lied in surrender of religious values 6. Baruch Spinoza a. Jewish merchant of Amsterdam b. Treatise on Religious and Political Philosophy i.

criticized dogmatism of Dutch Calvinist

ii.

during life time both Jews and Protestants attacked him as a atheist

c. Ethics: nature of substance and of God d. Views denied creation of the world by God 7. Thomas Hobbs a. Most original political philosopher b. Never broke with Church of England but shared Calvinist beliefs c. Low views of human nature and ideal of commonwealth d. Lived as exile in Paris until 1651 e. Spent time with Galileo and took special interest in works of William Harvey f. Harvey was famed for discovery of how blood circulated through the body g. Viewed human kind and society in thoroughly materialistic and mechanical way 8. John Locke a. Most influential political thinker of the 17th century b. Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 c. Essays Concerning Human Understanding (1690) d. Two Treaties of government(1690) i. wrote against the argument that rulers were absolute in their powers e. his view: absolute monarchy was “inconsistent” VIII. IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE

A. The Renaissance and Reformation 1. rediscovered classical heritage 2. Chinese and Japanese admirers of Jesuits, who arrived in Japan with the Portuguese 3. Chinese government and office religious philosophy of Confucianism remained more unified. 4. Chinese readily tolerate other religions No western tolerance for Asian philosophy 5. Later middle ages Japan experienced its own political and social break down after 1467 6. Iran isolated itself 7. India prepared to live with and learn from the west.