Chapter 17 Outlines

Huy Lam World Studies 3rd period September 27th, 2007 Chapter #17, pages 449-470

The Age of Reformation and Religious Wars I. On the Eve of Reformation A. The Discovery of a New World 1. Christopher Columbus – successfully voyaged to America. B. Gold and Spices 1. Prince Henry the Navigator – main objective: gold trade. 2. Bartholomew Dias – opened Portuguese empire in East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa. 3. Vasco da Gama – sailed to India. C. The Voyages of Columbus 1. Marco Polo – sailed to China. 2. Indians (Tainos) that Christopher Columbus met were very nice. 3. Amerigo Vespucci – after whom America is named. 4. Ferdinand Magellan – explored the coastline of South America with Amerigo. D. Impact on Europe and America 1. The voyages greatly changed Europe and America. II. Religion and Society 1. Protestant Reformation – occurred at a time of sharp conflict between the emerging nation–states of Europe and the self-governing small towns and regions. A. Social and Political Conflict 1. Martin Luther and his comrades wrote, preached, and sang about priesthood of all believers. From Germany. A monk, his parents wanted him to become a lawyer. Part of the Brothers of the Common Life. Finds the church corrupt, believes in original sin. Against transubstantiation. Believes in justification by faith alone. B. Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church 1. The laity in the cities was becoming increasingly knowledgeable about the world and those who controlled their lives. (By translated readings, printing press, letters, and travel and trade routes.) C. The Modern Devotion 1. The Brothers of the Common Life fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows. D. Secular Control over Religious Life 1. On Eve of the Reformation, Rome’s international network of church offices began to fall apart. *** Vernacular – The common language. III. The Northern Renaissance 1. Northern Humanists tended to come from more diverse social backgrounds and to be more devoted to religious reforms than were their Italian counterparts. They were also more willing to write for lay audiences. 2. Johannes Gutenberg – invented printing with moveable type in Germany, city of Mainz around 1450. 3. Desiderius Erasmus – “Prince of the humanists”. Criticized papacy. Believed in the church fixing itself, not destroying it. Translated Bible into Greek and other northern languages. Considered himself Catholic. Accused of piety. Criticized Julius II. Wrote “Satines” and “Praise of Folly. Folly – mistakes. 4. Sir Thomas More – English humanist. Close friend of Erasmus. Wrote Utopia. Worked for Henry VIII. 5. Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros – confessor to Queen Isabella. Wrote the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. From Spain. Considered himself Catholic. Translated the New Testament.

IV. The Reformation A. Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525 1. Martin Luther – son of a successful Thuringian miner, against indulgences. Wrote “Freedom of A Christian”. B. The Attack on Indulgences 1. Indulgences – a remission of the temporal penalty imposed by the priest on penitents as a “work of satisfaction” for their sins. 2. 95 Theses – Luther’s proposal. Posted in Wittenburg. 3. Problem with indulgence – Luther believed salvation isn’t something that could be bought or sold. C. Election of Charles V and the Diet of Worms (Vern) 1. Charles V – King of Spain. 2. Edict of Worms – gave Luther a chance to recant, taking back what he said. Put on Luther by Catholic Church. D. The Peasants’ Revolt (1524-1525) 1. Peasants revolt because they didn’t want to be tied to serfs any longer. 2. Peasants revolt, wants Luther’s help, Luther calls them “unchristian”. 3. Luther helps (along with priests) put an end to the revolt. If he helped the peasants, he would contradict his freedom of religion with freedom of following rules. V. Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation A. The Reformation in Zurich 1. Ulrich Zwingli – leader of Swiss Reformation. Against indulgences. Opposed Anabaptists. B. The Marburg Colloquy 2. Landgrave Philip of Hesse – wanted to bring Luther and Zwingli together. VI. Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 1. Anabaptists – rejected infant baptism. Opposed Catholics. Protistant. VII. John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 1. Calvinism – religious ideology that inspired or accompanied massive political resistance in France, the Netherlands, and Scotland. Says Christian elements are helpful to capitalism. Capitalism – an economic system in which everyone competes. 2. Weber writes “Protestant Ethic”. A. Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva 1. John Calvin – humanist and lawyer. Wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. Exiled. Reformer. Protestant. From Spain. Requested to go to Geneva. Drew up rules for the government of Geneva based on the Bible. B. Calvin’s Geneva 1. Geneva – home to thousands of exiled Protestants who had been driven out of France, England, and Scotland. Calvin ruled Geneva by being the leader, starting the attempt of Reformation. People get fined for misbehaving In church. Simple belief. Believes in Godly actions by everyone. The elect – special people chosen at birth to go to heaven. This choosing by God is called predestination.

VIII. Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation A. Diet of Ausburg 1. Diet of Ausburg – a meeting of Protestant and Catholic representatives assembled to resolve religious divisions. 2. Schmalkaldic League – Lutheran’s defensive alliance. B. Expansion of the Reformation 1. Christian II – introduced Lutheranism into Denmark. C. Reaction Against Protestants: The “Interim” 1. The Peace of Ausburg – September 1555; made division of Christendom permanent. IX. The English Reformation to 1553 A. The King’s Affair 1. Henry VIII – married Catherine of Aragon 2. Catherine of Aragon - a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, aunt to Emperor Charles V. 3. Mary Tudor – sole surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine. 4. Anne Boleyn – Henry VIII puts Catherine aside to marry her. Henry’s advisor. B. Reformation Parliament 1. Act of Supremacy – made Anne Boleyn’s children legitimate heirs to the throne, declared Henry VIII “the only supreme head in earth of the church of England”. Declared Henry VIII head of English Church. 2. Anglican Church – protestant Church. Divorce is allowed. Six articles changed so Henry could divorce. Reaffirmed transubstantiation (didn’t change).Denied transubstantiation to laity. C. The Protestant Reformation Under Edward VI 1. Edward VI – Henry VIII’s son by his third wife, Jane Seymour. Became king at ten years of age. Repealed the six articles. Made it so laity could receive the cup. 2. 1553 - Mary Tudor succeeds the throne and proceeds to restore Catholic doctrine and practice with a single-mindedness that rivaled of her father. 3. Elizabeth I – created a lasting religious settlement that worked out in England. Daughter of Anne. Changes church back to Protestant. Became a (politique – someone who puts politics first.) X. Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation A. Sources of Catholic Reformation 1. Many new religious orders sprang up in the sixteenth century to lead a broad revival of piety within the church. B. Ignatius of Loyola and the Society of Jesus. 1. Ignatius of Loyola – a heroic figure. A person could shape his or her own behavior, even create a new religious self, through disciplined study and regular practice off of the Spiritual Exercises”. 2. A new order of Jesuits – Part of the Counter-Reformation (Anglican Church), a successful new order, part of the Society of Jesus. C. The Council of Trent 1. The Council of Trent – a council under the pope’s control, with high Italian prelates prominent in the proceedings. Created to reassert church doctrine. Charles V called this meeting. Wants to stop church corruption. Makes clergy dress better. XI. The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions A. Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life 1. In the fifteenth century, there were frequent fasting, and clergy could pay to marry and have children. B. Religion in Sixteenth-Century life 1. Number in the churches reduced by at least one-third. 2. The church loosens up. C. The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

1. Luther believed that men are nothing without women.

XII. Family Life in Early Modern Europe 1. Different culture and times greatly affected the behavior of family members. A. Later Marriages 1. The church required parental consent agreement and public vows in church before a marriage was recognized as fully licit. B. Arranged Marriages 1. Parents, in some cases, would meet to discuss marriage plans for their children, who would have to agree. C. Family Size 1. Families usually consisted of a father, mother, and two to four children out of about seven or eight (a birth about every two years) who survived into adulthood. It was rare that a family did not experience infant mortality and child death. D. Birth Control 1. The church opposed birth control methods, which weren’t very effective. E. Wet Nursing 1. Wet nurses – women who had recently had a baby or were suckling a child of their own, and who, for a fee, agreed also to suckle another child. F. Loving Families? 1. Although it seemed cruel, practices in modern Europe were ideal to be beneficial. Practices included sending off a child between eight and thirteen years of age, and people remarrying again a few months after their spouses’ deaths. XIII. The Wars of Religion A. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) 1. Catherine de Médicis – Francis I’s mom. 2. Bourbons – had power in the south and west. 3. Montmorency-Chatillons – controlled the center of France. 4. Guises – dominant in eastern France, the strongest. 5. Huguenot sympathies – developed by Guises. B. Catherine de Médicis and the Guises 1. Catherine de Médicis allies with Protestants. C. Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre 2. Henry III – Henry II’s third son and the last Valois king. 3. Saint Bartholomew’s Day - A massacre on this day, Protestants against Catholics. Sparked by Catherine. 4. Henry IV – came into power when Henry III was murdered. Originally The Bourbon Huguenot Henry of Navarre. D. The Edict of Nantes 1. Edict of Nantes – proclaimed a formal religious settlement. XIX. Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556-1598) A. Revolt in the Netherlands 1. Netherlands – richest area in Europe. 2. William Nassau (Prince of Orange) – formed opposition to Spanish overlords. Exiled in Germany. 3. Pacification of Ghent – declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion. A Netherlands version of the Peace of Ausburg.

XX. England and Spain

REGIO RELIGIO – An effort to stop the reformation. Resolved by Peace of Ausburg A. Elizabeth I 1. Elizabeth I – daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Repealed the anti-Protestant legislation of her predecessor Mary Tudor and guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being asunder by religious difference in the sixteenth century, as the Continent was. 2. Puritans’ two special grievances: 1) The retention of Catholic ceremony and vestments within the Church of England. 2) The continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance. B. Deterioration of Relations with Spain 1. Hawkin/Drake – pirates supported by English government. 2. Causes of the war between England and Spain: a. Elizabeth I signed a treaty that committed English soldiers to the Netherlands. Politique. Protestant. b. Elizabeth I was reluctant to execute Mary, Queen of Scots for complicity in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. Philip II ordered his Armada to make ready. 3. The Armada is defeated. 4. France soon dominates the Continent while the Dutch and English whittled away Spain’s overseas empire. XXI. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) 1. 1586 – Ships from Spain sent to Coast of England. 2. Was in the Holy Roman Empire. 3. Last and most destructive wars of religion. A. Fragmented Germany 1. Peace of Ausburg had given the 360 autonomous political entities present in Germany a significant degree of sovereignty within its own borders. B. Religious Division 1. Catholic and Lutherans gain an amount of political control over each other. 2. Calvinism established a strong foothold within the empire when Elector Frederick III, a devout convert to Calvinism, made it the official religion within the Palatinate. 3. Staunchly Catholic Bavaria, supported by Spain, became militarily and ideologically for the Counter-Reformation what the Palatinate was for the Protestantism. 4. Maximilian – duke of Bavaria. He organized a Catholic League to counter a new Protestant alliance that had been formed by the Calvinist Elector Palatine, Frederick IV. 5. Count Johann von Tilly – commanded a great army. C. The Treaty of Westphalia 1. Treaty of Westphalia – brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. It firmly reasserted the major feature of the religious settlement of the Peace of Ausburg, as rulers were again permitted to determine the religion of their lands. Also, it gave Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition. The independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of Holland became law. It perpetuated German division and political weakness into the modern period.

XXIII. Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within XXVI. Witch Hunts and Panic A. Village Origins 1. The origin of witchcraft might’ve come from women who said they had powers to draw power and attention to themselves. B. Influence of the Clergy 1. Because magic was to be practiced only by the church, those who did outside of church were thought to be tied to Satan. 2. The church attacked witches to extend their power and influence into new areas. C. Why Women? 1. Men feared women were rising in power. Therefore, witch hunts were like women hunts. D. Witch Panics 1. The Reformation is said to have forced people to protect themselves by executing perceived witches.

E. End of the Witch Hunts 1. Witch hunts stopped when the people realized that mind and matter were two different things. Also, important townspeople were accused of attending sabbats (mass meetings of witches). The witch stopped when it started to dysfunctional and threatened anarchy. XXV. Writers and Philosophers A. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) 1. Cervantes – generally acknowledged as the greatest Spanish writer of all time. Worked on strengths and weaknesses of religious idealism. His famous work is “Don Quixote”. It was split in two parts. B. William Shakespeare 1. William Shakespeare – the greatest playwright in the English language. Wrote plays. A playwright, actor, and part owner of a theater. Wrote “Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet”. Wrote about human compassion. C. Blaise Pascal 1.Blaise Pascal – a French mathematician and a physical scientist widely acclaimed by his contemporaries. Wrote against the Jesuits in “Provincial Letters”. Convinced that belief in God measurably improved earthly life psychologically and disciplined it morally. D. Baruch Spinoza 1. Baruch Spinoza – the most controversial thinker of the seventeenth century. The son of a Jewish merchant of Amsterdam. Published “Treaties on Religious and Political Philosophy”. This criticized the dogmatism of Dutch Calvinists and championed freedom of thought. Wrote “Ethics”. Believed everything is a part of God. E. Thomas Hobbes 1. Thomas Hobbes – most political philosopher of the seventeenth century. Exiled to Paris. Wrote “Leviathan”. Viewed humankind and society in a thoroughly materialistic and mechanical way. Believed people escape the impossible state of nature only by entering a social contract that creates a commonwealth tightly ruled by law and order. Believed that the dangers of anarchy were far greater than those of tyranny. Said people were selfish. Says strict government better than a nice, out of control one.

F. John Locke 1. John Locke – proven to be the most influential political thinker of the seventeenth century. Wrote :Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government”. Main difference with Hobbes – Locke believed that the natural human state was one of perfect freedom and equality in which the natural right of life, liberty, and property were enjoyed, in unregulated fashion, by all. Has a positive view of human nature, believes that all people can work and be good.