Chapter 1 Cp
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Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words.
CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words.
S.C Biology I Standards •
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Diversity Function Inquiry Structure Issue Biology Biosphere Biodiversity Biotechnology
variety an activity or job asking questions, investigation the way parts are assembled topic of discussion or debate scientific study of life all life on earth and where it lives different types of life on earth the use of living things
KEY CONCEPT Biology is the study of all forms of life.
Diversity Function Inquiry Structure Issue Biology Biosphere Biodiversity Biotechnology
• • • • •
B-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry and technological design, including mathematical analysis, can be used appropriately to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions. B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. B-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. B-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. • The biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found.
biosphere = everywhere life exists
1
Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.
The biosphere includes . . .
• Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part. • The biosphere includes many environments. – land environments
all living things and all the places they are found.
Even some really strange forms of life!
• The biosphere includes many environments. – saltwater and freshwater environments Tidepool
Estuary
• Biodiversity is the variety of life. – Biodiversity generally increases from the poles to the equator. – Biodiversity is greater in areas with consistently warm temperatures.
Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator.
– portions of the atmosphere
• A species is one particular type of living thing. – Members of a species can interbreed to reproduce. – There are about 2 million different living species have been identified.
Organisms are living things. All living things share certain characteristics. Biology is the Scientific study of life.
2
So, what are the properties of Life? Which of the following are organisms? • • • • • • •
Cat Dog Tree Rock Water Air Chipmunk
• • • • • • • • •
Reproduce Respond to stimuli Complex Acquire and use energy Cells DNA Grow Develop Evolve
All living things are called organisms.
• An organism is any individual living thing. – All living things are made of one or more cells. – (part of cell theory)
Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • All cells come from other cells • The cell is the basic unit of life
• An organism is any individual living thing. – – – –
All are made of one or more cells. All need energy for metabolism. All respond to their environment. All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.
KEY CONCEPT Unifying themes connect concepts from many fields of biology.
3
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Organism 2. Cell 3. Metabolism 4. Species 5. DNA 6. System 7. Ecosystem 8. Homeostasis 9. Evolution 10. Adaptation
Vocabulary: Get out you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Organism Cell Metabolism Species
5. DNA 6. System 7. Ecosystem 8. Homeostasis 9. Evolution 10. Adaptation
individual living thing basic unit of life sum total of the living chemical processes similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring with one another genetic deoxyribonucleic acid molecules related parts working together for goal biological system containing living and non living parts ability to keep a stable internal environment change in living things over time inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage
All levels of life have systems of related parts. •
A system is an organized group of interacting parts working together for a common goal or function. – A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. – A body system includes organs that interact. – An ecosystem includes living and nonliving things that interact.
• Biologists study many different systems.
Structure and function are related in biology.
Or . . . Helping Jerry decide who’s yo DADDY?
• Structure determines function. – Proteins with different structures perform different functions. – Heart muscle cells have a different structure and function than stomach muscle cells. – Different species have different anatomical structures with different functions.
4
Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. – Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. – Negative feedback systems return a condition to its normal (set) point.
• Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain homeostasis.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. • Evolution is the change in living things over time. – The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes. – Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. – Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations.
• Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity of life.
5
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is biology? 2. What is a particular category of living thing that can breed and reproduce fertile offspring with others? 3. What is the smallest unit of life? 4. What is homeostasis? 5. When body parts work together for a common purpose that group of parts is called a? 6. In biology, structure is related to? 7. What would happen if an organism cannot maintain proper metabolism? 8. What is an inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage?
KEY CONCEPT Science is a way of thinking, questioning, and gathering evidence.
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Observation collection of information about a topic 2. Data the recorded observations/results of an experiment 3. Hypothesis if and then statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment 4. Experiment scientific testing of a hypothesis 5. Independent variable the one factor that is changed in order to see how it affects the outcome of the experiment 6. Dependent variable the outcome or data from an experiment 7. Constant that which does not change in an experiment 8. Theory proposed explanation for a wide range of observations 9. Microscope tool used to provide enlarged images of objects or living things 10. Technology practical application of knowledge to accomplish a task or learn new infromation
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is biology? Study of life 2. What is a particular category of living thing that can breed and reproduce fertile offspring with others? species 3. What is the smallest unit of life? cell 4. What is homeostasis? Stable internal environment 5. When body parts work together for a common purpose that group of parts is called a? system 6. In biology, structure is related to? function 7. What would happen if an organism cannot maintain proper metabolism? Death 8. What is an inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage? adaptation
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Observation 2. Data 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Independent variable 6. Dependent variable 7. Constant 8. Theory 9. microscope 10. Technology
Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. • Scientists make careful and systematic observations. • Scientists record observations as data. • Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to answer a question. • Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data.
6
Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. Scientists must test a hypothesis in order for it to be useful.
Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses. • Observational studies allow scientists to describe a phenomenon. (First Step in Scientific Method)
A hypothesis is an if and then statement that offers an explaination for an observation (prediction)
• Controlled Experiments allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon, because a controlled experiment has only one independent variable.
• Experimental studies allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon. – Independent variables are manipulated. – Dependent variables are observed, measured and recorded as data.
– Constants are conditions that are kept the same.
A theory explains a wide range of observations. • Theories explain a wide range of observations and experimental results. • A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence. • Theories can change based on new evidence.
KEY CONCEPT Technology continually changes the way biologists work.
7
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Gene Molecular Genetics Genomics Biotechnology Transgenic Genetic Screening
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Gene segment of DNA that stores genetic information 2. Molecular Genetics study and manipulation of DNA 3. Genomics study of the entire DNA sequence of organisms 4. Biotechnology Use of living things in biological processes 5. Transgenic an organism that has had genes transplanted into it from a different organism 6. Genetic Screening form of biotechnology to determine a persons genetic makup
Imaging technologies provide new views of life.
Imaging technologies provide new views of life.
• A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
• A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
– light microscopes (LM)
– light microscopes (LM) – scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
stoma
stoma
Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
• Imaging technology is used in medicine. – X-ray images
– light microscopes (LM) – scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
stoma
8
• Imaging technology is used in medicine.
• Imaging technology is used in medicine.
– X-ray images
– X-ray images
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – functional MRI (fMRI)
Complex systems are modeled on computers. • Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. – heart attacks – effect of medicines on the human body – movement of water molecules into and out of a cell – spread of a disease through a population
Normal heartbeat
The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. • A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information.
Heart attack
• Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical.
• Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. – molecular genetics – genomics
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
What is a transgenic organism? If a person at risk for a genetic disorder should get what kind of test? The study of the entire human DNA sequence is called? What is a gene? What is the manipulation of DNA on a molecular level? What is the only thing that can be changed or manipulated in a scientific experiment? What variable is collected or written down during an experiment? What is a proposed answer to a wide range of observations and experiments? What is the proposed outcome of a specific scientific question or experiment? What is the first step in the process of scientific inquiry?
9
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is a transgenic organism? Organism that has genes from a different organism 2. If a person at risk for a genetic disorder should get what kind of test? Genetic screening 3. The study of the entire human DNA sequence is called? genomics 4. What is a gene? Segment of DNA that stores genetic information 5. What is the manipulation of DNA on a molecular level? Molecular genetics 6. What is the only thing that can be changed or manipulated in a scientific experiment? Independent variable 7. What variable is collected or written down during an experiment? Dependent variable 8. What is a proposed answer to a wide range of observations and experiments? theory 9. What is the proposed outcome of a specific scientific question or experiment? hypothesis 10. What is the first step in the process of scientific inquiry? observation
Your health and the health of the environment depend on your knowledge of biology. • Knowledge of biology helps you understand your health. – food allergies – potential effects of obesity
KEY CONCEPT Understanding biology can help you make informed decisions.
• Knowledge of biology helps you understand your health. – food allergies – potential effects of obesity – cancer – effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs brain
lungs heart liver kidneys
• Knowledge of biology can help you understand environmental issues. – interactions in ecosystems – pollution – biodiversity
Biotechnology offers great promise but also raises many issues. • Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes.
10
• Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes.
What then is Genetic Engineering?
– DNA testing in medicine and forensics • The use of biotechnology to remove DNA from one organism and insert it into another organism making the second transgenic • Genetic engineering technology solves practical problems such as genetic disorders • Genetic technology solves practical problems such as identifying a criminals DNA – transgenic (genetically modified) – transgenic bacteria
Or . . .
Is Bert really genetically engineered? • Questions are raised about the use of biotechnology. – safety of genetically modified crops
– spread of undesirable genes – decrease in biodiversity – ethical considerations
Biology presents many unanswered questions. • Over the past 50 years, biological knowledge has greatly increased.
• There are still many questions to answer in biology. – How are memories stored in the brain?
11
• There are still many questions to answer in biology. – How are memories stored in the brain? – How do viruses mutate? capsid
nucleic acid
Review for Test
lipid envelope
surface proteins
– Does life exist on planets other than Earth?
12
CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words.
S.C Biology I Standards •
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Diversity Function Inquiry Structure Issue Biology Biosphere Biodiversity Biotechnology
variety an activity or job asking questions, investigation the way parts are assembled topic of discussion or debate scientific study of life all life on earth and where it lives different types of life on earth the use of living things
KEY CONCEPT Biology is the study of all forms of life.
Diversity Function Inquiry Structure Issue Biology Biosphere Biodiversity Biotechnology
• • • • •
B-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry and technological design, including mathematical analysis, can be used appropriately to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions. B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. B-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. B-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. • The biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found.
biosphere = everywhere life exists
1
Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.
The biosphere includes . . .
• Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part. • The biosphere includes many environments. – land environments
all living things and all the places they are found.
Even some really strange forms of life!
• The biosphere includes many environments. – saltwater and freshwater environments Tidepool
Estuary
• Biodiversity is the variety of life. – Biodiversity generally increases from the poles to the equator. – Biodiversity is greater in areas with consistently warm temperatures.
Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator.
– portions of the atmosphere
• A species is one particular type of living thing. – Members of a species can interbreed to reproduce. – There are about 2 million different living species have been identified.
Organisms are living things. All living things share certain characteristics. Biology is the Scientific study of life.
2
So, what are the properties of Life? Which of the following are organisms? • • • • • • •
Cat Dog Tree Rock Water Air Chipmunk
• • • • • • • • •
Reproduce Respond to stimuli Complex Acquire and use energy Cells DNA Grow Develop Evolve
All living things are called organisms.
• An organism is any individual living thing. – All living things are made of one or more cells. – (part of cell theory)
Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • All cells come from other cells • The cell is the basic unit of life
• An organism is any individual living thing. – – – –
All are made of one or more cells. All need energy for metabolism. All respond to their environment. All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.
KEY CONCEPT Unifying themes connect concepts from many fields of biology.
3
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Organism 2. Cell 3. Metabolism 4. Species 5. DNA 6. System 7. Ecosystem 8. Homeostasis 9. Evolution 10. Adaptation
Vocabulary: Get out you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Organism Cell Metabolism Species
5. DNA 6. System 7. Ecosystem 8. Homeostasis 9. Evolution 10. Adaptation
individual living thing basic unit of life sum total of the living chemical processes similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring with one another genetic deoxyribonucleic acid molecules related parts working together for goal biological system containing living and non living parts ability to keep a stable internal environment change in living things over time inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage
All levels of life have systems of related parts. •
A system is an organized group of interacting parts working together for a common goal or function. – A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. – A body system includes organs that interact. – An ecosystem includes living and nonliving things that interact.
• Biologists study many different systems.
Structure and function are related in biology.
Or . . . Helping Jerry decide who’s yo DADDY?
• Structure determines function. – Proteins with different structures perform different functions. – Heart muscle cells have a different structure and function than stomach muscle cells. – Different species have different anatomical structures with different functions.
4
Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. – Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. – Negative feedback systems return a condition to its normal (set) point.
• Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain homeostasis.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. • Evolution is the change in living things over time. – The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes. – Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. – Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations.
• Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity of life.
5
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is biology? 2. What is a particular category of living thing that can breed and reproduce fertile offspring with others? 3. What is the smallest unit of life? 4. What is homeostasis? 5. When body parts work together for a common purpose that group of parts is called a? 6. In biology, structure is related to? 7. What would happen if an organism cannot maintain proper metabolism? 8. What is an inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage?
KEY CONCEPT Science is a way of thinking, questioning, and gathering evidence.
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Observation collection of information about a topic 2. Data the recorded observations/results of an experiment 3. Hypothesis if and then statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment 4. Experiment scientific testing of a hypothesis 5. Independent variable the one factor that is changed in order to see how it affects the outcome of the experiment 6. Dependent variable the outcome or data from an experiment 7. Constant that which does not change in an experiment 8. Theory proposed explanation for a wide range of observations 9. Microscope tool used to provide enlarged images of objects or living things 10. Technology practical application of knowledge to accomplish a task or learn new infromation
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is biology? Study of life 2. What is a particular category of living thing that can breed and reproduce fertile offspring with others? species 3. What is the smallest unit of life? cell 4. What is homeostasis? Stable internal environment 5. When body parts work together for a common purpose that group of parts is called a? system 6. In biology, structure is related to? function 7. What would happen if an organism cannot maintain proper metabolism? Death 8. What is an inherited characteristic that gives an organism an advantage? adaptation
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Observation 2. Data 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Independent variable 6. Dependent variable 7. Constant 8. Theory 9. microscope 10. Technology
Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. • Scientists make careful and systematic observations. • Scientists record observations as data. • Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to answer a question. • Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data.
6
Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. Scientists must test a hypothesis in order for it to be useful.
Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses. • Observational studies allow scientists to describe a phenomenon. (First Step in Scientific Method)
A hypothesis is an if and then statement that offers an explaination for an observation (prediction)
• Controlled Experiments allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon, because a controlled experiment has only one independent variable.
• Experimental studies allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon. – Independent variables are manipulated. – Dependent variables are observed, measured and recorded as data.
– Constants are conditions that are kept the same.
A theory explains a wide range of observations. • Theories explain a wide range of observations and experimental results. • A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence. • Theories can change based on new evidence.
KEY CONCEPT Technology continually changes the way biologists work.
7
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Gene Molecular Genetics Genomics Biotechnology Transgenic Genetic Screening
Vocabulary: Get our you Composition book and write complete sentences to define the following words. 1. Gene segment of DNA that stores genetic information 2. Molecular Genetics study and manipulation of DNA 3. Genomics study of the entire DNA sequence of organisms 4. Biotechnology Use of living things in biological processes 5. Transgenic an organism that has had genes transplanted into it from a different organism 6. Genetic Screening form of biotechnology to determine a persons genetic makup
Imaging technologies provide new views of life.
Imaging technologies provide new views of life.
• A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
• A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
– light microscopes (LM)
– light microscopes (LM) – scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
stoma
stoma
Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object.
• Imaging technology is used in medicine. – X-ray images
– light microscopes (LM) – scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
stoma
8
• Imaging technology is used in medicine.
• Imaging technology is used in medicine.
– X-ray images
– X-ray images
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – functional MRI (fMRI)
Complex systems are modeled on computers. • Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. – heart attacks – effect of medicines on the human body – movement of water molecules into and out of a cell – spread of a disease through a population
Normal heartbeat
The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. • A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information.
Heart attack
• Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical.
• Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. – molecular genetics – genomics
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
What is a transgenic organism? If a person at risk for a genetic disorder should get what kind of test? The study of the entire human DNA sequence is called? What is a gene? What is the manipulation of DNA on a molecular level? What is the only thing that can be changed or manipulated in a scientific experiment? What variable is collected or written down during an experiment? What is a proposed answer to a wide range of observations and experiments? What is the proposed outcome of a specific scientific question or experiment? What is the first step in the process of scientific inquiry?
9
Quiz: Write a complete sentence that explains both the question and the answer. 1. What is a transgenic organism? Organism that has genes from a different organism 2. If a person at risk for a genetic disorder should get what kind of test? Genetic screening 3. The study of the entire human DNA sequence is called? genomics 4. What is a gene? Segment of DNA that stores genetic information 5. What is the manipulation of DNA on a molecular level? Molecular genetics 6. What is the only thing that can be changed or manipulated in a scientific experiment? Independent variable 7. What variable is collected or written down during an experiment? Dependent variable 8. What is a proposed answer to a wide range of observations and experiments? theory 9. What is the proposed outcome of a specific scientific question or experiment? hypothesis 10. What is the first step in the process of scientific inquiry? observation
Your health and the health of the environment depend on your knowledge of biology. • Knowledge of biology helps you understand your health. – food allergies – potential effects of obesity
KEY CONCEPT Understanding biology can help you make informed decisions.
• Knowledge of biology helps you understand your health. – food allergies – potential effects of obesity – cancer – effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs brain
lungs heart liver kidneys
• Knowledge of biology can help you understand environmental issues. – interactions in ecosystems – pollution – biodiversity
Biotechnology offers great promise but also raises many issues. • Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes.
10
• Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes.
What then is Genetic Engineering?
– DNA testing in medicine and forensics • The use of biotechnology to remove DNA from one organism and insert it into another organism making the second transgenic • Genetic engineering technology solves practical problems such as genetic disorders • Genetic technology solves practical problems such as identifying a criminals DNA – transgenic (genetically modified) – transgenic bacteria
Or . . .
Is Bert really genetically engineered? • Questions are raised about the use of biotechnology. – safety of genetically modified crops
– spread of undesirable genes – decrease in biodiversity – ethical considerations
Biology presents many unanswered questions. • Over the past 50 years, biological knowledge has greatly increased.
• There are still many questions to answer in biology. – How are memories stored in the brain?
11
• There are still many questions to answer in biology. – How are memories stored in the brain? – How do viruses mutate? capsid
nucleic acid
Review for Test
lipid envelope
surface proteins
– Does life exist on planets other than Earth?
12
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