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Kate Cerully PhD Pre‐Candidate Georgia Institute of Technology
1)Background and Motivation 2) Case Study y Objectives y Methodology y Results y Limitations
4) Conclusions and Recommendations
Background And Motivation
y More than 6 million y y y y y
people 18 counties More than 2/5 of CA’s land area 450 miles in length 40 to 60 miles wide San Joaquin Valley (SJV) is thought to be the most productive agricultural region in the U.S. Photo: © 2004 Matthew Trump
y Ranked first in U.S. milk
Just a glimpse of Harris Ranch, the largest meat lot west of the Mississippi River!
production in 2006 y SJV is home to about 2.5+ million cattle y In August 2005, the SJV Air Pollution Control District issued a report identifying dairies as a main source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter in the valley
y For 20 years, most important air pollution sources
from dairies were thought to be manure and storage lagoons y Rowland‐Blake Group has found that ethanol,
methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde are produced in major quantities throughout the SJV as by‐products of yeast fermentation of silage and photochemical oxidation
Free Stalls Exercise Pens Silage Piles Food Storage Treatment Lagoon
Silage Piles
y SJV classified by the U.S. EPA as a serious non‐attainment
area for the eight‐hour federal ozone standard
VOCs
NO
y Oxygenates play an important role in O3 formation within
the valley…
Oxygenate
MIR (g O3/g C)
Lifetime
Ethanol
1.69
4 days
Methanol
0.71
16 days
Acetone
0.43
16 days
Acetaldehyde
6.84
11 hours MIR values: Carter (1998) Lifetimes: Seinfeld and Pandis (1998)
Case Study
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Perimeter Study: July 23, 2009 Grid Study: July 24, 2009
Flight 1: July 22, 2009 Flight 2: July 24, 2009
y Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography
in the Rowland‐Blake Lab y Flame Ionization Detector y Electron Capture y Mass Spectrometer
1 - SARPSOURCE #2 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 14.45 2 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 3 peaks manually assigned] mV
BF7990 BF6201A
Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
12* - 2,2-Dimethylbutane (B) - 11.125
9.00
12 4.67 4.26
9* - Isoprene (B) - 10.482 10 - 10.553 11 - 10.624
8* - acetone (B) - 10.070
7* - Ethanol (B) - 9.863
6* - Methanol (B) - 8.695
4* - acetaldehyde (B) - 7.696 5* - n-Butane (B) - 7.739
3* - CH3Cl (B) - 5.976
6.00
2* - Propane (B) - 4.657
7.00
1* - Propene (B) - 4.511
8.00
min 5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.40
Figure Courtesy of Melissa Yang
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Methanol Concentration (pptv)
14000 12000
Airplane Sample Taken Under 1500 ft Upwind Grid Sample Downwind Grid Sample
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
2.100
2.200
Ethanol Concentration (pptv)
12000 10000
Airplane Sample Taken Under 1500 ft Upwind Grid Sample Downwind Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
2.200
2.300
y Surrounding area
contains many dairies (all of which can influence peripheral cans) y Wind direction and speeds variable y Not every farm has silage piles
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Methanol Concentration (pptv)
14000
Upwind Perimeter Sample
12000
Downwind Perimeter Sample
10000
Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
2.200
2.100
2.200
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
Ethanol Concentration (pptv)
14000 12000 10000
Upwind Perimeter Sample Downwind Perimeter Sample Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
y Silage piles are contributing oxygenates to the Central
Valley Air Basin y Methanol and ethanol concentrations taken from
dairy perimeter samples are consistent with concentrations seen within the boundary layer y Perimeter Samples on high end of concentrations
y Grid study shows that emissions even higher than our
case study dairy exist
y Locate a more secluded farm for future studies y Carefully document wind direction and duration y Samples may need to be obtained on a different day
y Compare samples taken around farms with and
without silage
y Melissa Yang, Dr. Don
Blake, Dr. Sherwood Rowland and the rest of the Rowland‐Blake Research Group y UCI
y NSERC y NASA y Fellow SARP Students y Nenes Research Group
1)Background and Motivation 2) Case Study y Objectives y Methodology y Results y Limitations
4) Conclusions and Recommendations
Background And Motivation
y More than 6 million y y y y y
people 18 counties More than 2/5 of CA’s land area 450 miles in length 40 to 60 miles wide San Joaquin Valley (SJV) is thought to be the most productive agricultural region in the U.S. Photo: © 2004 Matthew Trump
y Ranked first in U.S. milk
Just a glimpse of Harris Ranch, the largest meat lot west of the Mississippi River!
production in 2006 y SJV is home to about 2.5+ million cattle y In August 2005, the SJV Air Pollution Control District issued a report identifying dairies as a main source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter in the valley
y For 20 years, most important air pollution sources
from dairies were thought to be manure and storage lagoons y Rowland‐Blake Group has found that ethanol,
methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde are produced in major quantities throughout the SJV as by‐products of yeast fermentation of silage and photochemical oxidation
Free Stalls Exercise Pens Silage Piles Food Storage Treatment Lagoon
Silage Piles
y SJV classified by the U.S. EPA as a serious non‐attainment
area for the eight‐hour federal ozone standard
VOCs
NO
y Oxygenates play an important role in O3 formation within
the valley…
Oxygenate
MIR (g O3/g C)
Lifetime
Ethanol
1.69
4 days
Methanol
0.71
16 days
Acetone
0.43
16 days
Acetaldehyde
6.84
11 hours MIR values: Carter (1998) Lifetimes: Seinfeld and Pandis (1998)
Case Study
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Perimeter Study: July 23, 2009 Grid Study: July 24, 2009
Flight 1: July 22, 2009 Flight 2: July 24, 2009
y Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography
in the Rowland‐Blake Lab y Flame Ionization Detector y Electron Capture y Mass Spectrometer
1 - SARPSOURCE #2 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] 14.45 2 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 3 peaks manually assigned] mV
BF7990 BF6201A
Int_Chan_5 Int_Chan_5
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
12* - 2,2-Dimethylbutane (B) - 11.125
9.00
12 4.67 4.26
9* - Isoprene (B) - 10.482 10 - 10.553 11 - 10.624
8* - acetone (B) - 10.070
7* - Ethanol (B) - 9.863
6* - Methanol (B) - 8.695
4* - acetaldehyde (B) - 7.696 5* - n-Butane (B) - 7.739
3* - CH3Cl (B) - 5.976
6.00
2* - Propane (B) - 4.657
7.00
1* - Propene (B) - 4.511
8.00
min 5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.40
Figure Courtesy of Melissa Yang
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Methanol Concentration (pptv)
14000 12000
Airplane Sample Taken Under 1500 ft Upwind Grid Sample Downwind Grid Sample
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
2.100
2.200
Ethanol Concentration (pptv)
12000 10000
Airplane Sample Taken Under 1500 ft Upwind Grid Sample Downwind Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
2.200
2.300
y Surrounding area
contains many dairies (all of which can influence peripheral cans) y Wind direction and speeds variable y Not every farm has silage piles
Compare ethanol, methanol, and methane concentrations from aircraft, dairy perimeter, and grid samples in order to investigate the following: 1) Are dairy farm silage piles greatly influencing concentrations seen throughout the valley? 2) How do the perimeter samples compare with the grid data?
Methanol Concentration (pptv)
14000
Upwind Perimeter Sample
12000
Downwind Perimeter Sample
10000
Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
2.200
2.100
2.200
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
Ethanol Concentration (pptv)
14000 12000 10000
Upwind Perimeter Sample Downwind Perimeter Sample Grid Sample
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
Methane Concentration (ppmv)
y Silage piles are contributing oxygenates to the Central
Valley Air Basin y Methanol and ethanol concentrations taken from
dairy perimeter samples are consistent with concentrations seen within the boundary layer y Perimeter Samples on high end of concentrations
y Grid study shows that emissions even higher than our
case study dairy exist
y Locate a more secluded farm for future studies y Carefully document wind direction and duration y Samples may need to be obtained on a different day
y Compare samples taken around farms with and
without silage
y Melissa Yang, Dr. Don
Blake, Dr. Sherwood Rowland and the rest of the Rowland‐Blake Research Group y UCI
y NSERC y NASA y Fellow SARP Students y Nenes Research Group
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