Cells
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Chapter 3 An Introduction to: Organizational Levels Cells
Ch. 3 – Levels of Organization
Cells Tissues
Cells working together
Organs
Tissues working together
Ch. 3 – Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
Organs working together
Organism
The Human Body
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Column-shaped Tile like
Functions of all Cells
Metabolism
Reproduction
Responding to surroundings
Mobility
Creating new cells
Irritability
Sum of all chemical reactions
Moving substances through the cell
Ability to grow, digest food, excrete wastes
3 Main Areas in all Cells
Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane
Nucleus – “Headquarters” Has 3 regions
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane with pores Selectively permeable
Nucleoli
Dark, round body Can have one or more in the nucleus Site where ribosomes are made
Chromatin
Thread like bumps of DNA and protein
Blueprint with all instructions needed for building the whole body Instructions for building proteins
Only present when a cell isn’t dividing Will condense to form chromosomes
Plasma Membrane (see p. 58)
Also called cell membrane
Represented by purple in the diagram
Boundary between cell & environment Selectively permeable barrier
Plasma Membrane
Structure:
Two lipid layers (fats or phospholipids) Layers are “tail” to “tail” “Heads” are hydrophilic – water loving “Tails” are hydrophobic – water hating
Plasma Membrane
Structure:
Proteins help transport molecules through the membrane into the cell
Provide receptor sites for hormones or chemicals
Glycoproteins (sugar proteins) attach to proteins
Increase absorption Bind to bacteria, viruses, or toxins Involved in cell-cell interactions Determine blood type Help bind sperm to egg
Plasma Membrane
Specializations:
Microvilli – “little shaggy hairs”
Tiny, fingerlike projections Increase surface area Makes absorption occur quicker
Plasma Membrane
Specializations: Membrane Junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Impermeable junctions that bind cells together Form leakproof sheets Plasma membrane from several cells fuse together like a zipper Anchoring junctions Keep cells from being pulled apart
Gap junctions
Allow communication Found in the heart and between embryonic cells
Cytoplasm
Cellular material outside the nucleus but inside plasma membrane
Represented by yellow in the diagram
Cytoplasm
Three major parts:
Cytosol
Inclusions
Semitransparent fluid that holds organelles in place Chemical substances: stored nutrients, cell products, fat droplets, pigments, mucus, secretions, cell wastes
Organelles
“mini organs” with specific functions
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Lysosomes
Found: Scattered in cytoplasm Function: Digest ingested materials and worn out organelles
Mitochondria
Found: Scattered thru out the cell Function: Control release of energy from foods; form ATP
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Found: Near the nucleus (in cytoplasm) Function: Packages proteins; responsible for cellular secretions
Centrioles
Found: Near the nucleus (Centrioles are two rod-shaped bodies) Function: Direct formation of the spindle during mitosis
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism
Rough E.R.
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Transports proteins (made by its ribosomes) to other site; makes lipids for membranes
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Ribosomes
Found: Attached to the Rough ER or scattered in cytoplasm Function: Synthesize proteins
Chromatin
Found: In nucleus Function: Contains genetic material (DNA); coils into chromosomes during mitosis
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Peroxisomes
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
Inclusions
Found: Dispersed in the cytoplasm Function: Provide nutrients; make up stored products or cell waste
Ch. 3 – Levels of Organization
Cells Tissues
Cells working together
Organs
Tissues working together
Ch. 3 – Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
Organs working together
Organism
The Human Body
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Cylindrical Tile like
Cells – Different Shapes
Disc shaped
Branching
fat cells
Cubelike
nerve cells
Round spheres
blood cells
skin cells
Column-shaped Tile like
Functions of all Cells
Metabolism
Reproduction
Responding to surroundings
Mobility
Creating new cells
Irritability
Sum of all chemical reactions
Moving substances through the cell
Ability to grow, digest food, excrete wastes
3 Main Areas in all Cells
Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane
Nucleus – “Headquarters” Has 3 regions
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane with pores Selectively permeable
Nucleoli
Dark, round body Can have one or more in the nucleus Site where ribosomes are made
Chromatin
Thread like bumps of DNA and protein
Blueprint with all instructions needed for building the whole body Instructions for building proteins
Only present when a cell isn’t dividing Will condense to form chromosomes
Plasma Membrane (see p. 58)
Also called cell membrane
Represented by purple in the diagram
Boundary between cell & environment Selectively permeable barrier
Plasma Membrane
Structure:
Two lipid layers (fats or phospholipids) Layers are “tail” to “tail” “Heads” are hydrophilic – water loving “Tails” are hydrophobic – water hating
Plasma Membrane
Structure:
Proteins help transport molecules through the membrane into the cell
Provide receptor sites for hormones or chemicals
Glycoproteins (sugar proteins) attach to proteins
Increase absorption Bind to bacteria, viruses, or toxins Involved in cell-cell interactions Determine blood type Help bind sperm to egg
Plasma Membrane
Specializations:
Microvilli – “little shaggy hairs”
Tiny, fingerlike projections Increase surface area Makes absorption occur quicker
Plasma Membrane
Specializations: Membrane Junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Impermeable junctions that bind cells together Form leakproof sheets Plasma membrane from several cells fuse together like a zipper Anchoring junctions Keep cells from being pulled apart
Gap junctions
Allow communication Found in the heart and between embryonic cells
Cytoplasm
Cellular material outside the nucleus but inside plasma membrane
Represented by yellow in the diagram
Cytoplasm
Three major parts:
Cytosol
Inclusions
Semitransparent fluid that holds organelles in place Chemical substances: stored nutrients, cell products, fat droplets, pigments, mucus, secretions, cell wastes
Organelles
“mini organs” with specific functions
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Lysosomes
Found: Scattered in cytoplasm Function: Digest ingested materials and worn out organelles
Mitochondria
Found: Scattered thru out the cell Function: Control release of energy from foods; form ATP
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Found: Near the nucleus (in cytoplasm) Function: Packages proteins; responsible for cellular secretions
Centrioles
Found: Near the nucleus (Centrioles are two rod-shaped bodies) Function: Direct formation of the spindle during mitosis
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism
Rough E.R.
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Transports proteins (made by its ribosomes) to other site; makes lipids for membranes
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Ribosomes
Found: Attached to the Rough ER or scattered in cytoplasm Function: Synthesize proteins
Chromatin
Found: In nucleus Function: Contains genetic material (DNA); coils into chromosomes during mitosis
Cytoplasm – Organelles
Peroxisomes
Found: In cytoplasm Function: Detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
Inclusions
Found: Dispersed in the cytoplasm Function: Provide nutrients; make up stored products or cell waste
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