Ceb20003 Lab Manual.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL & WORKSHEET CEB 20003 JANUARY 2019

INTRODUCTION The laboratory aims to give CEB 20003 students exposure to basic environmental testing with regards to water, air and soil. It is a hands on learning to develop student’s proficiency in scientific inquiry, laboratory skill, field techniques, and scientific writing. EACH STUDENT MUST RECORD INITIAL OBSERVATION DURING THE EXPERIMENT AND OBTAIN VERIFICATION FROM LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR. THE OBSERVATION SHEETS MUST BE SUBMITTED TO LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR AT THE END OF EVERY EXPERIMENT

The laboratory will cover: 1.

2.

Quantitative Hydrology (a)

Preparation and calibration of rain and stemflow gauges

(b)

Installation and monitoring precipitation / rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and interception

Soil Classification and Characterisation (a)

Soil Bulk Density and Moisture Content

(b)

Soil Particle Density and Particle Size Distribution

3.

Wastewater Quality Test – Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

4.

Air Pollution Monitoring or Control – HORIBA Emission Analyser

5.

Water Quality Test – Jar Test

6.

Solid Waste Properties – Disintegration of plastic material in composting medium

1.

QUANTITATIVE HYDROLOGY

The flow (discharge) of a water body influences the supply of drinking water and causal of floods that lead to the destruction of property, natural resources, and cultural heritage.

(a)

Monitoring Precipitation / Rainfall and Throughfall

Precipitation is liquid or solid condensation of water vapour deposited from air onto the ground. It includes rain, hail, snow, dew, rime, hoar frost and fog. Precipitation intensity is the amount of precipitation collected per unit time interval. The measurement unit of rainfall intensity is linear depth (mm) over time (hour or day or year)

Objectives To monitor daily rainfall intensity and through fall (in mm) over a month period (30 days)

Apparatus & Materials Preparation and calibration of DIY Rain Gauge (4) i.

1.5 Liter plastic bottle (4 nos) (Each group must bring their

own bottles to the lab) ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

Scissors Masking tape Clean pebbles, gravels Ruler Permanent marker Solder Iron

Methodology i)

Cut the top of the bottle off at the wide part just below where it begins to get narrow. Measure the diameter of the bottle and calculate the mouth area of the bottle (mm2).

ii)

Make a small hole at the side of the bottle with the solder to make it easy to pour collected rain water

iii)

Turn the top of the bottle upside down to act like a funnel as in Figure xx

Cut edges

iv)

Line up the cut edges, tape them together so the top part is held firmly in place.

v)

Use a long piece of tape to make a straight vertical line from the cut edge of the bottle to the bottom.

vi)

Calibration of Rain Gauge. 

Put the rain gauge on top pan balance. Tare



Pour 20ml of water into the rain gauge. Record the weight. Use the marker to draw a horizontal line on the tape at water level. Write the height (in mm) on the line



Add another 20ml . Record the weight. Use the marker to draw a horizontal line on the tape at water level.. Write the height (in mm) on the line

 vii)

Repeat till reaching the end of the tape Installation of Rain gauge and throughfall



Dig 3 holes 10 cm in diameter and 10cm depth. One on clear field for rainfall intensity and another two under a selected trees (7cm in diameter and more than 1.3m in height)



Put the rain gauge into the hole. The hole is to prevent the rain gauge from tumbling over.

viii)

Start monitoring rainfall and throughfall daily at the same time

Monitoring Stem Flow and Interception

Interception refers

to

precipitation

that

does

not

reach

the

soil,

but

is

instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer which subsequently evaporates. Interception has different roles in the hydrological cycle. The most important role is as a rainfall reducer, causing a significant amount of rainfall to be directly fed back to the atmosphere which is not available for infiltration. Second, interception influences the spatial distribution of infiltration. This has large influences on the soil moisture pattern and on subsurface flow paths. Finally, interception redistributes the water flows in time.

Interception = Precipitation – Throughfall – Stemflow

Objectives To monitor interception over a month period (30 days)

Apparatus & Material i)

3 Liters bottle (Each group must bring their own bottle to the lab)

ii)

Masking tape

iii)

Water

iv)

Ruler

v)

Permanent marker

vi)

1 meter rubber hose for gutters

vii)

Silicone

Methodology i)

Calibration of the 3liter bottle 

Use a long piece of tape to make a straight vertical line from top the bottom of the bottle



Put the bottle on top pan balance. Tare.



Pour 200ml of water into the bottle. Record the weight. Use the marker to draw a horizontal line on the tape at water level



Write the height (in mm) on the tape.



Repeat till reaching the end of the tape

ii)

Select a tree that is greater than 7cm in diameter and more than 1.3m in height

iii)

Prepare gutters by using flexible rubber hose

iv)

Fix the gutters helically onto the tree 130cm from the ground by using silicone. The end of the gutter lead to the calibrated 3 liter bottle

v)

Collect stemflow reading daily at the same time The amount of interception is : Rainfall – Throughfall - Stemflow

2.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION

There are four experiments to be conducted under this heading

(a)

Soil Bulk Density by Core Cutter Method

Soil density is dependent on soil organic matter, soil texture, the density of soil mineral (sand, silt, and clay) and their packing arrangement. It influences key soil processes and productivity through infiltration rate, rooting depth/restrictions, available water capacity, soil porosity, plant nutrient availability, and soil microorganism activity.

Objectives To determine the bulk density of soil by using core cutter method

Apparatus & Material i) ii)

Steel ruler graduated to 0.5 mm. Balance up readable to 1g

iii)

Rammer, cutter and dolly

iv)

Grafting tool, or spade, and a pickaxe.

Methodology i)

Measure the internal volume of the core cutter in cubic centimetres from its dimensions which shall be measured to the nearest 0.5 mm (Vc).

ii)

Weigh the cutter to the nearest 1 g (mc).

iii)

Expose a small area, approximately 300mm square, of the soil layer to be tested and level it.

iv)

Remove loose extraneous material. Place the core cutter with its cutting edge on the prepared surface.

v)

Place the steel dolly on top of the cutter, and ram the dolly and cutter down into the soil layer until only about 10 mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care being taken not to rock the cutter.

vi)

Dig the cutter out of the surrounding soil taking care to allow some soil to project from the lower end of the cutter. Trim the ends of the core flat to the ends of the cutter by means of the straightedge.

vii)

Determine the mass of the cutter containing the core to the nearest 1 g (ms).

 (g/mm3) =

𝑚𝑠−𝑚𝑥 𝑉𝑐

ms is the mass of soil and core cutter (in g); mc is the mass of core cutter (in g); Vc is the internal volume of core cutter (in mm3)

(b)

Soil Moisture Content

Objectives To determine dried moisture content of soil

Apparatus & Material i) ii) iii)

30ml aluminium pan. Oven (105oC) Balance (0.1g)

Methodology i)

Crumble the soil sample from the core cutter.

ii)

Do in duplicates

iii)

Weight aluminium pan up till 0.1g (m1)

iv)

Put approximately 30g of soil sample in the container and weight the container + soil up till 0.1g (m2)

v)

Put the soil and container in the oven at 105oC overnight

vi)

Cool the soil and container and weight up till 0.1g

(c)

Soil Particle Size Distribution

Particle size distribution of soil sample is important to determine the amount of clay, silt, sand and gravel content as per Table 1. Classification of the soil can be done by using soil texture triangle in Figure 1.

Table 1: Soil Particle Sizes Size (mm) Course gravel Medium gravel Fine gravel Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Course silt Medium silt Fine silt Clay

20.0 – 60.0 6.0 – 20.0 2.0 – 6.0 0.60 - 2.0 0.20 - 0.60 0.06 - 0.20 0.02 - 0.063 0.006 - 0.02 0.002 - 0.006 <0.002

Figure 1: Soil Texture Triangle

Objectives To determine soil particle size distribution using wet sieving, dry sieving and run sample in a particle size analyzer.

Apparatus & Material i)

200mL aluminum container

ii)

Sieve with size of 2.0mm, 1.18mm, 0.818mm, 0.425mm and 0.063mm

iii)

Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Particle size analyzer

iv)

4% Sodium Hexametaphosphate

v)

Distilled water

Methodology i)

Weigh 80g of soil sample from site and place into a 200mL aluminum container.

ii)

Add 80ml of 4% sodium hexametaphosphate until soil is fully submerged and leave it overnight

iii)

Sieve the sample through 63 µm sieve. Collect the filtrate into 30ml bottles to be measured using particle size analyzer later.

iv)

Once enough filtrate has been collected, wash the sample remaining on the sieve with distilled water and transfer it back to the 200mL container. Make sure every soil particles are transferred quantitatively.

vi)

Dry in the oven at 105oC overnight.

The dried sample later are sieve by using Sieve with size of 2.0mm, 1.18mm, 0.818mm, 0.425mm and 0.063mm

Malvern Mastersizer v)

Use water as dispersant in particle size analyzer. (RI of water: 1.33).

vi)

Add a drop of the filtrate into 1L of distilled water and mix well.

vii)

Run soil sample using Malvern Mastersizer 2000; laser diffraction particle size analyzer.

viii)

The setting of the analyser will be set at 5% obscuration, stir rate at 1700rpm and a period of 3 minutes to reach stability.

(d)

Soil Particle Density

Objectives To determine soil particle density

Apparatus & Material i) ii) iii)

Two 50ml pyknometer Analytical balance readable to 0.0001g Distilled water

Methodology i)

Crush the sample from moisture content by using pestle and mortar until fine.

ii)

Clean and dry the pyknometer

iii)

Weight the pyknometer (m1)

iv)

Add approximate 5g of the crushed soil into the pyknometer and weight (m2)

v)

Add distilled water into the pyknometer, ensure no bubbles. pyknometer, wipe the pyknometer dry and weight (m3).

Stoppered the

vi)

Pour away the content, fully clean the pyknometer.

vii)

Add distilled water into the pyknometer, ensure no bubbles. pyknometer, wipe the pyknometer dry and weight (m4).

viii)

Calculate the soil particle density is as follow:

(e)

SOIL POROSITY Porosity (%) = [1 – (Bulk density/Particle density] x 100

Stoppered the

3. BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) MEASUREMENTS Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is one of the most common measures of pollutant organic material in water. BOD indicates the amount of organic matter present in water. Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water. It measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period

Objectives To determine Biological Oxygen Demand of Surface water

Apparatus & Material i)

Prepare dilution water by adding the following per litre of required dilution water, then aerate to oxygen saturation (approx. 1 hour). A ready-made capsule can be used instead if they are available a.

1 mL phosphate buffer

b.

1 mL magnesium sulfate solution

c.

1 mL calcium chloride solution

d.

1 mL ferric chloride solution

e.

2 mL of settled raw sewage SEED

ii)

BOD bottle

iii)

Dissolved Oxygen Meter

iv)

Incubator

Methodology i)

Set up two seeded dilution water blanks. Note: BOD5 of seeded dilution water should range between 0.3 - 1.0 mg/L

ii)

By referring to Table 1, approximate the amount of BOD in the sample. Prepare two dilutions for sample collected and calculate dilution factor (P)

iii)

Table 1 present suitable dilutions prepared by direct pipetting into bottles of about 300 mL capacity.

iv)

Adjust the ph of the diluted sample to 6.5-7. 5

v)

Carefully pour the pH adjusted sample into the BOD bottles. Avoid entrapping air bubbles.

vi)

Measure the initial DO of each diluted sample (D1) and blank (B1) using a calibrated DO probe.

vii)

Incubate blanks, the samples at 20oC for five days.

viii)

After five days incubation, measure DO in each bottle sample (D2) and blank (B1) by DO probe, and calculate BOD5 as follows

(𝐷1−𝐷2)−(𝐵1−𝐵2) 𝑃

= BOD5 in mg/L

4

AIR POLLUTION MONITORING –HORIBA EMISSION ANALYSER

Objective To measure Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide from vehicle and report them according to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996

Apparatus & Materials i)

HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

ii)

Three petrol vehicles

Methodology i)

Follow instruction by demonstrator how to operate the HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

ii)

Select at least 3 different petrol vehicles and take measurement as follow a.

Accelerate the engine to a moderate speed (3rpm) with no load, maintain for at least 15 seconds, then return the engine to idle speed;

b.

While the engine idles, insert the sampling probe into the exhaust pipe as deeply as possible but in any case for not less than 300mm;

c.

Wait for at least 20 seconds and take the reading of Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide as given by the analyser. Record the data as required by SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996.

d.

Accelerate the engine to a moderate speed (3rpm) with no load and take measurement

e.

Compare emission from different cars against requirement of SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996.

f.

Compare emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide release during normal driving (3 rpm)

5.

WATER QUALITY TEST – JAR TEST

The jar test is a common laboratory procedure used to determine the optimum operating conditions for water or wastewater treatment. This method allows adjustments in pH, variations in coagulant or polymer dose, alternating mixing speeds, or testing of different coagulant or polymer types, on a small scale in order to predict the functioning of a large scale treatment operation. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes that encourage the removal of suspended colloids and organic matter which can lead to turbidity, odor and taste problems. The jar testing apparatus (Figure 1) contains six paddles which stir the contents of six 1 liter containers. One container acts as a control while the operating conditions can be varied among the remaining five containers. An rpm gage at the top-center of the device allows for the uniform control of the mixing speed in all of the containers (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Diagram of jar testing device.

Figure 2 Jar testing in laboratory

Objective To determine the optimum coagulant dosage and pH by using jar testing

Apparatus and Materials i)

1 jar flocculate with pH adjustment

ii)

6 graduated beakers (1L)

iii)

2 of 10 mL graduated cylinders

iv)

1 of 1000 mL graduated cylinders

v)

1 scale for weighing coagulants

vi)

1 pH meter

vii)

1 turbidity meter

viii)

Sample waste water

ix)

Distilled water

x)

10 grams of alum (industrial grade)

xi)

10 grams of lime (industrial grade)

xii)

Sulphuric acid (99% purify)

xiii)

1 gram of dry polymers

Methodology To determine the optimum coagulant dosage i)

Fill all 6 jar testing apparatus (1L graduated beaker) with 1000ml of sample water. Determine turbidity for each beaker.

ii)

Place the filled jars on the gang stirrer, with the paddles positioned identically in each beaker.

iii)

Mix the beakers at 40 – 50 rpm for 30 seconds. Stop.

iv)

Leave the first beaker as a Control, and add increasing dosages of coagulant to subsequent beakers. Add the coagulant solutions as quickly as possible, below the liquid level and about halfway between the stirrer shaft and beaker wall.

v)

Start the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 minute.

vi)

Reduce the stirrer speed from 100 rpm to 25-35 rpm and let it stirs for another 1 minutes.

vii)

Turn off the mixed and allow the containers to settle for 10 minutes.

viii)

Check the final turbidity (NTU) using turbidity meter to determine the optimum dosage.

To determine the optimum pH ix)

Fill all 6 jars testing apparatus (1L graduated beaker) with 1000ml of sample water. Determine turbidity for each beaker.

x)

Leave the first beaker as Control, change the pH of subsequent beakers to 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8

xi)

Place the filled jars on the gang stirrer, with the paddles positioned identically in each beaker.

xii)

Add the coagulant optimum dosage as quickly as possible in all beakers, below the liquid level and about halfway between the stirrer shaft and beaker wall.

xiii)

Start the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 minute.

xiv)

Reduce the stirrer speed from 100 rpm to 25-35 rpm and let it stirs for another 1 minutes.

xv)

Turn off the mixed and allow the containers to settle for 10 minutes.

xvi)

Check the final turbidity (NTU) using turbidity meter to determine the optimum dosage.

6

SOLID WASTE PROPERTIES - DISINTEGRATION OF PLASTIC MATERIAL IN COMPOSTING MEDIUM

Objective This experiment determine the degree of disintegration of normal and biodegradable plastic materials when exposed to a composting environment. Disintegration of the plastics are measured through reduction in mass of test sample after being composted in the composting matrix.

Apparatus & Materials i) ii) iii) iv) v)

Composting Materials 250 ml Plastic Containers with cap(6 nos) Solder iron Normal plastic bag Biodegradable plastic bag

(Each group must bring their own normal and biodegradable plastic bag to the lab)

Methodology i)

Prepare 100ml plastic container as reactors for composting:

ii)

Make a small hole 0.5mm in diameter using solder iron at 2, 4 and 6cm from the bottom. On perpendicular sides. Mark it as NP1, NP2 and NP3 for normal plastic and BP1, BP2 and BP3 for biodegradable plastic

iii)

Cut the normal and biodegradable plastic bag into 15 nos each of squares (2cm x 2cm).

iv)

Wash the cut plastic squares and put it in the oven at 80oC for half an hour or until dry. Use gloves to transfer and weigh using analytical balance every 5 nos of the squares . Record the weight.

v)

Add 20g of composting medium in the reactors.

vi)

Add the 5 weighted plastic squares into respective reactors

vii)

Add another 80g of the composting medium. Mix but make sure all the plastic squares are covered. Weight the whole reactors.

viii)

Incubate the reactors at 52oC for 45 days. Weight the reactors daily and replace the weight loss with same amount of water. Mix but make sure all the plastic squares are covered with compost.

ix)

After 45 days, take out the plastic squares, wash and dry in the oven 80oC for half an hour and weight. Record the data and calculate the deterioration

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Rain Gauge Calibration

Diameter (mm) Water added (ml)

Area (mm2) Weight (g)

Volume (mm3)

Height (mm)

1g=1cm3=1000mm3 Volume (mm3) / Area (mm2)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Stemflow Calibration

Diameter (mm) Water added (ml)

Area (mm2) Weight (g)

Volume (mm3)

Height (mm)

1g=1cm3=1000mm3 Volume (mm3) / Area (mm2)

250 500 750 1000 1250 DONE BY: SIGNATURE:________________________ DATE: _____________________________________ NAME: ____________________________STUDENT NO.:______________________________

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Daily Rainfall Intensity DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DATE

HEIGHT (mm)

DONE BY

REMARKS

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Daily Stemflow DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DATE

HEIGHT (mm)

DONE BY

REMARKS

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Daily Throughfall (1) DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DATE

HEIGHT (mm)

DONE BY

REMARKS

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Daily Throughfall (2) DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DATE

HEIGHT (mm)

DONE BY

REMARKS

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1) Daily Throughfall (3) DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DATE

HEIGHT (mm)

DONE BY

REMARKS

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 2) Soil Density by Core Cutter Method

Parameters Length of core cutter

Reading Lc

mm

Diameter of core cutter

Dc

mm

Volume of core cutter

Vc

mm3

Mass of core cutter

Mc

g

Mass of core cutter + wet soil

Ms

g

Ms-Mc

g

Mass of wet soil Bulk Density

(Ms-Mc)/Vc

g/mm3

Moisture Content

Parameters Aluminum container Aluminum container + wet sample Aluminum container + dried sample Moisture Content

1 WI W2 W3

g g g

[(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)] x 100

%

Average DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

%

2

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 2) Particle Density

Parameters Mass of Density Bottle Mass of Density bottle + dried soil Mass of Density bottle + dried soil + water Mass of Density bottle + water Particle Density

1 m1 m2 m3 m4 [(m2-m1)]/ [(m4m1)-(m3-m2)]

Average

Particle Size Distribution

Initial Dried Weight (A) (g): Sieve Size

Weight Retained (g)

DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

g g g g g/cm3

2

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 3)

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) Bottle No Initial DO for Blank

B1

Final Do for Blank

B2 AVERAGE

Blank, B = (B1-B2)

Bottle No Total sample

v2

Sample use

v1

Dilution factor

P = v1/v2

Initial DO for sample

D1

Final DO for sample

D2

BOD 5 [(D1-D2)-B]/P

mg/L

BOD 5 mg/L (AVERAGE)

DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 4) MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION TEST FOR PETROL ENGINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATION 1996 (4TH, 5TH AND 6TH SCHEDULE) VEHICLE TYPE REGISTRATION MODEL NO

Carbon Monoxide (CO), % Idle 3 RPM Idle 3 RPM Idle 3 RPM

Note : Permissible limit for CO is 3.5% and Hydrocarbon is 600 ppm DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

Hydrocarbon, ppm

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), %

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 5) Table 1 Observation for Optimum Coagulant Dosage. Jar

Coagulant Dosage (mL)

Turbidity (NTU) Before After experiment experiment

Remarks

1 (Control) 2 3 4 5 6

Table 2 Observation for Optimum pH.

pH Jar

Turbidity (NTU) Before After experiment experiment

1 (Control) 2 3 4 5 6

DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

Remarks

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 6)

LABEL

TOTAL REACTOR WEIGHT

PLASTIC INITIAL WEIGHT (g)

PLASTIC FINAL WEIGHT (g)

PLASTIC DETERIORATION (%)

A

B

C = [(A-B)/A] x 100

NP1 NP2 NP3 BP1 BP2 BP3

DONE BY: SIGNATURE:__________________________________ NAME: ______________________________________ STUDENT NO.:________________________________ DATE:_______________________________________

AVERAGE (%)