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www.cdacnoida.in
Issues & Challenges in Developing Multilingual Applications for Mobile: Indic Languages Perspective
Photo Courtesy: Gour Mohan , C-DAC Noida
W3C Workshop on the Mobile Web in Developing Countries December 5-6, 2006 Vijay Gugnani, Karunesh Arora , V N Shukla C-DAC Noida Wednesday, October 15, 2008
1
The Developing Markets
• Philippines • Malaysia • India • Indonesia
- 86 million residents, over 32 million mobile subscribers - 14.6 million subscribers, population of 25 million, - over 1.1 billion people - mobile subscribers - over 129 million* - over 29 million subscribers , population of 233 million
Opportunities ? – More revenue generation by Service providers through Value Added Services by adapting content– Culturally & Linguistically
www.cdacnoida.in
“The quickest way to get out of poverty right now is to have one mobile telephone.” - Muhammad Yunus http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10787612051Harvard_Forum_2003_-_Summary.pdf
Source: http://www.redbusdev.com/bnry_brew/pdf/brew_2005/b602_chhajlani_webdunia.pdf , * Hindustan Times
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
2
Mobile Devices and India 22 constitutionally recognized Indian languages World's fastest growing wireless services market with 129.53 million subscribers and increasing >>> • Use mobile devices mainly for communication through low-end devices • Accessing web through mobile devices has already begun • Demand for utility applications & web content
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• •
3
www.cdacnoida.in
India cellular subscriptions, 2004-2006
Source: http://www.gsm-3gworldseries.com/india/files/GSM_INDIA_lowres.pdf
www.cdacnoida.in
India cellular subscription forecasts, 2006-2011
Source: http://www.gsm-3gworldseries.com/india/files/GSM_INDIA_lowres.pdf
• • • • • •
Basic Communication & Connectivity SMS (Communication, Services Access, Interactive TV/Radio shows, polls……) Camera Games Applications (Address book, Calculator, Alarm, Clock, Stopwatch) Web browsing
www.cdacnoida.in
Mobile Devices :User preferences
Utility Applications
www.cdacnoida.in
Service providers can compete by offering better applications/content instead of lowering prices.
Server
Use of Mobile Camera, OCR & Machine Translation to provide application for common conversational phrases
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
7
Utility Applications: Games
If some string is written in vertical mode, then writing each character on a new line may not be suitable
www.cdacnoida.in
Presentation / Styling issues Vertical arrangement of characters
http://www.w3.org/International/notes/firstletter.html
Educational games :Crossword in local languages
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
8
www.cdacnoida.in
Information people can use
Mobile Specific Search using LBS/GPS
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
9
• • • • •
TTS enabled SMS and contacts reader Predictive Input for fast text entry, stylus Talking Dictionaries (with pronunciation) Applications like Map use for booking Parking space Conversation Guides for tourists to communicate in local languages
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Utility Applications
10
Internationalization & Localization ? Internationalization(i18n), depicts the practice of designing & developing an application, product or document in a way that makes it easily localizable for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language.
Following i18N in software development ensures that minimal changes are required while modifying for different languages, writing systems, regions. In nutshell internationalization can be seen as an architectural issue.
www.cdacnoida.in
i18N aims at separating Core application code from dynamic content containing Culture specific data, such as text strings on the UI.
Localization(L10N) is the actual adaptation to meet the language, cultural & other requirements for specific target audience. Together these two concepts makes it possible to develop a localized version of a software product.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
11
Internationalize Information ? • Internet has changed the way we access information
• There is a paradigm shift in the way information needs to be processed and translated for access by anyone independent of Country, Culture, Language. • Research shows that users are more likely to make purchases when the communication is in native language and they spend more time on website.
www.cdacnoida.in
• Empowering users to access information anywhere, anytime through any device.
• Internet documents are 3-D, rather than reading these are navigated from top to bottom. • Browsing Internet content through mobile devices is different from desktop devices. Wednesday, October 15, 2008
12
Mobile Web I18N
• Character set and encoding • Specifying the language of content, using language tags in Mark up, checking browser language settings etc. • Handling composite messages, string reuse, styling • Writing Systems • Developing websites running on any browser any OS • Using standards such as XHTML, SVG etc. • Using standard validation tools for conformance check • Locale data such as dates, formatting of numbers, currencies • Processing locale information for content display using localized resources • Display issues while using different encodings • Culture Specific sensitive information • Local Memory in devices • Caching, Long URI’s • Access Keys Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Considerations
13
L10N: Mobile Devices Mobile devices industry is growing at a very fast rate, that means more demand for localization.
Challenges • • • • • • • • • • • •
Number of devices : handheld, wireless, Pocket PCs, palmtops, palm-size devices Relatively new area Limited Screen size, resolution of devices Large no of OS Different architecture of OS affects the localization process Shorter Development Cycles Lack of deployment experience Device manufacture offer products as part of OEM deal Customized development process for different implementations Users need entire document in their language. Testing on different physical devices instead of relying totally on emulator Localization of Installation set up files for each targeted language
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Localization process involves translating all text to the new language and in some cases changing some of the images or resources
14
L10N : Considerations
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Identify ‘Translatable’ and ‘Non-translatable’ strings Many languages can take at least 30% more space, Design should be compatible, or else the UI may have to be redesigned . Tool (HI) & - customer (EN) Designing GUI as per Size of Screen Involve languages experts for UI design. Switching between Language in UI Bitmap / Vector fonts Grammatical structure in a menu or set of check boxes Same script different collation order Different word order Word wrapping, hyphenation Communication Language Avoiding use of text or numbers in graphics. Avoiding use of metaphors which may not have equivalence in other languages Acronyms, Abbreviations. The same application functions do not necessarily apply to all cultures. Use context while translating Use domain dictionaries
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• •
15
Indic languages : Layout Considerations Ligatures impacting cursor movement Visible length of the string may be less than the storage length Height of glyphs may vary Styling issues such as underlining while using CSS
•
Word length may vary across languages
•
Input method :Devanagari has around 57 basic characters to use. Developer has to fit these in only 10-11 keys. That is a large number of characters onto each key, increasing the number of taps.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• • • •
16
Aspects of locale Names & Titles -Do not translate necessarily
Calendars -Hijri, Vikram Samwat in India -various religions where year 0 was not 2006 years ago -No abbreviations in use for month names in Hindi
Numeric -locale dependent, not the language of application -Number of digits in a group (In English and ISO it is 3 while for Indic languages its different 1,23,456) - Group separator (In English ‘,’, but ISO uses space, and some locales use ‘.’ or none, -Decimal separator ‘.’, ‘.’, ‘,’
www.cdacnoida.in
-Sorting by Last Name/First Name -Surname not always in last -Different addressing modes Dear-
Date and Time formats, -Date separators (/ , - , .) Addresses Order of information cant be fixed i.e City followed by State etc. Wednesday, October 15, 2008
17
Aspects of locale
e.g Different ways of expressing Rs. 1000 Rs.1000 OR Rs. 1000/- or Rs.1,000/- or Rs. 1000.00 INR 1000, 1000 Rupees, 1000 रपये , र 1000.00 (Indian currencies are written with decimal precision (e.g. 2 digits after the decimal point for paisa) •Measurement can be expressed differently (kg/lbs)
www.cdacnoida.in
•Currencies, Paper size, Weights & measures -INR doesn’t automatically translate to £ or $ when the locale changes -Different languages use different size to express currencies (INR/$/Rs./ £) -Position of currency differs (in beginning or last)
•Language Selection -Through flags - Display language in which language •Oral Pronunciation •Application makes impact when local dialect is represented
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
18
• • • • • • •
Icons, symbols and images Colors, myths, beliefs and feelings Emphasizing has different meaning in different languages Humour (No humour is internationally acceptable) Geographical & environmental effects Customs & traditions Social Security Numbers
Icons & Symbols •
• •
Icons that are a play on words do not translate – A image can say thousand words e.g. • A dust bin for dumping files or A scissor for cutting in edit operation • “B”, “I”, “U” Some concepts have been found extremely hard to represent as an icon – E.g. Sorting (‘A->Z’ is not universal) Images of people or body parts such as hands – Considered inappropriate in some cultures – What skin colour to use? – localized People Images for each country
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Cultural Aspects
19
Indic languages : Characteristics
www.cdacnoida.in
• Few Languages share same script e.g. Devanagari (Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Sindhi etc.) • More than one script for a language (Kashmiri, Sindhi, Santhali etc.) • Devanagari is syllabic and phonetic • Languages are shared across borders (Bengali, Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi…) • Ligatures are used which have impact on cursor movement, deletion and insertion points in text. • Both European and Devanagari digits are used • Height of the text area required is more. Even Chinese and Japanese need more height. • No concept of Small & Capital letters
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
20
Testing : Mobile Devices
• • • • • •
Review by experts of the targeted language speakers Simulation on hardware supporting native language operating systems Testing with add-ons such as external memory, storage card, keyboard or stylus, external keyboard etc. Remote Testing may not result in desired results as developer is not able to monitor the User expectations from UI Testing on use of tools developed by third party Testing error messages for localization
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
The testing includes tasks such as:
21
What’s required
www.cdacnoida.in
• Technologies & Tools for making applications and websites for mobile devices • The representation of information in a way that is easy to be localize • Products for automation of localization • Language Pack/Resources for localization on mobile devices • Local Language Fonts for all devices • Few fonts for Indic languages are available but that are handset specific • Tools should be tested for Indic languages such as Fonts and database converters • Localization guidelines with use cases, best practices • Common & Standard encoding scheme for exchange of messages across devices • Testing all the mobile web browsers for the issues related to display and rendering of Indic languages. • Testing for latest technologies
Image Source : http://www3.dw-world.de/mobile_emulator/emulator.php?lang=hindi
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
22
www.cdacnoida.in
Html file with horizontal justification alignment (css)
Mozilla/5.0 Firefox/1.5.0.8
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
23
www.cdacnoida.in
Sample of webisite on mobile
Source http://shop.my-symbian.com/PlatformProductDetail.jsp?siteId=695&jid=BF481XEF71E7DEC618245A7F63A14C24&platformId =4&productType=2&catalog=0§ionId=0&productId=197730
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
24
How can we contribute ?
www.cdacnoida.in
• Develop more Indic fonts covering all mobile devices • Test browsers for native support for Indic languages • Develop Guidelines and best practices for Localization of websites for Indic languages for mobile browsers • Contribute in W3C process of evolving recommendations in the area of I18N and Mobile Web Initiative to represent Indic languages better. • Provide feedback and test cases for existing recommendations for future modifications if any • Deploy & test applications for mobile in local languages • Make websites content browsable through mobile devices • Develop L10N tools for automating the process • Develop localizability testing scripts programs • Establish Protocol standards for next generation mobile devices
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
25
References & Acknowledgements
• • • • • • • •
http://www.w3.org/international Articles on Internationalization by Mr.Richard Ishida XML Internationalization & Localization : Yves Savourel Forum Nokia- resources for mobile application developers http://www.forum.nokia.com/ W3C Mobile Web Initiative http://www.w3.org/Mobile/ http://www3.dw-world.de/mobile_emulator/emulator.php?lang=hindi http://www.site.uottawa.ca/ftppub/courses/Winter/csi5122/coursenotes/5122Internation alization.ppt http://www.worldlingo.com/en/solutions/white_paper.html Internationalization: What it takes, http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/vns.ppt Internationalization & Indian Languages, http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/KKAIntl.ppt Delivering Complex Script Applications with BREW, Vinay Chhajlani http://www.redbusdev.com/bnry_brew/pdf/brew_2005/b602_chhajlani_webdunia.pdf http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10787612051Harvard_Forum_2003_-_Summary.pdf
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• • • •
26
www.cdacnoida.in Wednesday, October 15, 2008
27
Remove all files (सभी फाईले हटाएँ ) Search in all files (सभी फाईलो मे खोजे)
www.cdacnoida.in
Reuse Volume : Low / Medium / High धीमा (मंद)/मधयम/ऊँचा Print Quality : Low / Medium / High कम / मधयम/उचच Time (Clock/duration) : Time : समय Long time लंबी अविध
Back
Issues & Challenges in Developing Multilingual Applications for Mobile: Indic Languages Perspective
Photo Courtesy: Gour Mohan , C-DAC Noida
W3C Workshop on the Mobile Web in Developing Countries December 5-6, 2006 Vijay Gugnani, Karunesh Arora , V N Shukla C-DAC Noida Wednesday, October 15, 2008
1
The Developing Markets
• Philippines • Malaysia • India • Indonesia
- 86 million residents, over 32 million mobile subscribers - 14.6 million subscribers, population of 25 million, - over 1.1 billion people - mobile subscribers - over 129 million* - over 29 million subscribers , population of 233 million
Opportunities ? – More revenue generation by Service providers through Value Added Services by adapting content– Culturally & Linguistically
www.cdacnoida.in
“The quickest way to get out of poverty right now is to have one mobile telephone.” - Muhammad Yunus http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10787612051Harvard_Forum_2003_-_Summary.pdf
Source: http://www.redbusdev.com/bnry_brew/pdf/brew_2005/b602_chhajlani_webdunia.pdf , * Hindustan Times
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
2
Mobile Devices and India 22 constitutionally recognized Indian languages World's fastest growing wireless services market with 129.53 million subscribers and increasing >>> • Use mobile devices mainly for communication through low-end devices • Accessing web through mobile devices has already begun • Demand for utility applications & web content
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• •
3
www.cdacnoida.in
India cellular subscriptions, 2004-2006
Source: http://www.gsm-3gworldseries.com/india/files/GSM_INDIA_lowres.pdf
www.cdacnoida.in
India cellular subscription forecasts, 2006-2011
Source: http://www.gsm-3gworldseries.com/india/files/GSM_INDIA_lowres.pdf
• • • • • •
Basic Communication & Connectivity SMS (Communication, Services Access, Interactive TV/Radio shows, polls……) Camera Games Applications (Address book, Calculator, Alarm, Clock, Stopwatch) Web browsing
www.cdacnoida.in
Mobile Devices :User preferences
Utility Applications
www.cdacnoida.in
Service providers can compete by offering better applications/content instead of lowering prices.
Server
Use of Mobile Camera, OCR & Machine Translation to provide application for common conversational phrases
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
7
Utility Applications: Games
If some string is written in vertical mode, then writing each character on a new line may not be suitable
www.cdacnoida.in
Presentation / Styling issues Vertical arrangement of characters
http://www.w3.org/International/notes/firstletter.html
Educational games :Crossword in local languages
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
8
www.cdacnoida.in
Information people can use
Mobile Specific Search using LBS/GPS
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
9
• • • • •
TTS enabled SMS and contacts reader Predictive Input for fast text entry, stylus Talking Dictionaries (with pronunciation) Applications like Map use for booking Parking space Conversation Guides for tourists to communicate in local languages
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Utility Applications
10
Internationalization & Localization ? Internationalization(i18n), depicts the practice of designing & developing an application, product or document in a way that makes it easily localizable for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language.
Following i18N in software development ensures that minimal changes are required while modifying for different languages, writing systems, regions. In nutshell internationalization can be seen as an architectural issue.
www.cdacnoida.in
i18N aims at separating Core application code from dynamic content containing Culture specific data, such as text strings on the UI.
Localization(L10N) is the actual adaptation to meet the language, cultural & other requirements for specific target audience. Together these two concepts makes it possible to develop a localized version of a software product.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
11
Internationalize Information ? • Internet has changed the way we access information
• There is a paradigm shift in the way information needs to be processed and translated for access by anyone independent of Country, Culture, Language. • Research shows that users are more likely to make purchases when the communication is in native language and they spend more time on website.
www.cdacnoida.in
• Empowering users to access information anywhere, anytime through any device.
• Internet documents are 3-D, rather than reading these are navigated from top to bottom. • Browsing Internet content through mobile devices is different from desktop devices. Wednesday, October 15, 2008
12
Mobile Web I18N
• Character set and encoding • Specifying the language of content, using language tags in Mark up, checking browser language settings etc. • Handling composite messages, string reuse, styling • Writing Systems • Developing websites running on any browser any OS • Using standards such as XHTML, SVG etc. • Using standard validation tools for conformance check • Locale data such as dates, formatting of numbers, currencies • Processing locale information for content display using localized resources • Display issues while using different encodings • Culture Specific sensitive information • Local Memory in devices • Caching, Long URI’s • Access Keys Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Considerations
13
L10N: Mobile Devices Mobile devices industry is growing at a very fast rate, that means more demand for localization.
Challenges • • • • • • • • • • • •
Number of devices : handheld, wireless, Pocket PCs, palmtops, palm-size devices Relatively new area Limited Screen size, resolution of devices Large no of OS Different architecture of OS affects the localization process Shorter Development Cycles Lack of deployment experience Device manufacture offer products as part of OEM deal Customized development process for different implementations Users need entire document in their language. Testing on different physical devices instead of relying totally on emulator Localization of Installation set up files for each targeted language
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Localization process involves translating all text to the new language and in some cases changing some of the images or resources
14
L10N : Considerations
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Identify ‘Translatable’ and ‘Non-translatable’ strings Many languages can take at least 30% more space, Design should be compatible, or else the UI may have to be redesigned . Tool (HI) & - customer (EN) Designing GUI as per Size of Screen Involve languages experts for UI design. Switching between Language in UI Bitmap / Vector fonts Grammatical structure in a menu or set of check boxes Same script different collation order Different word order Word wrapping, hyphenation Communication Language Avoiding use of text or numbers in graphics. Avoiding use of metaphors which may not have equivalence in other languages Acronyms, Abbreviations. The same application functions do not necessarily apply to all cultures. Use context while translating Use domain dictionaries
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• •
15
Indic languages : Layout Considerations Ligatures impacting cursor movement Visible length of the string may be less than the storage length Height of glyphs may vary Styling issues such as underlining while using CSS
•
Word length may vary across languages
•
Input method :Devanagari has around 57 basic characters to use. Developer has to fit these in only 10-11 keys. That is a large number of characters onto each key, increasing the number of taps.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• • • •
16
Aspects of locale Names & Titles -Do not translate necessarily
Calendars -Hijri, Vikram Samwat in India -various religions where year 0 was not 2006 years ago -No abbreviations in use for month names in Hindi
Numeric -locale dependent, not the language of application -Number of digits in a group (In English and ISO it is 3 while for Indic languages its different 1,23,456) - Group separator (In English ‘,’, but ISO uses space, and some locales use ‘.’ or none, -Decimal separator ‘.’, ‘.’, ‘,’
www.cdacnoida.in
-Sorting by Last Name/First Name -Surname not always in last -Different addressing modes Dear-
Date and Time formats, -Date separators (/ , - , .) Addresses Order of information cant be fixed i.e City followed by State etc. Wednesday, October 15, 2008
17
Aspects of locale
e.g Different ways of expressing Rs. 1000 Rs.1000 OR Rs. 1000/- or Rs.1,000/- or Rs. 1000.00 INR 1000, 1000 Rupees, 1000 रपये , र 1000.00 (Indian currencies are written with decimal precision (e.g. 2 digits after the decimal point for paisa) •Measurement can be expressed differently (kg/lbs)
www.cdacnoida.in
•Currencies, Paper size, Weights & measures -INR doesn’t automatically translate to £ or $ when the locale changes -Different languages use different size to express currencies (INR/$/Rs./ £) -Position of currency differs (in beginning or last)
•Language Selection -Through flags - Display language in which language •Oral Pronunciation •Application makes impact when local dialect is represented
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
18
• • • • • • •
Icons, symbols and images Colors, myths, beliefs and feelings Emphasizing has different meaning in different languages Humour (No humour is internationally acceptable) Geographical & environmental effects Customs & traditions Social Security Numbers
Icons & Symbols •
• •
Icons that are a play on words do not translate – A image can say thousand words e.g. • A dust bin for dumping files or A scissor for cutting in edit operation • “B”, “I”, “U” Some concepts have been found extremely hard to represent as an icon – E.g. Sorting (‘A->Z’ is not universal) Images of people or body parts such as hands – Considered inappropriate in some cultures – What skin colour to use? – localized People Images for each country
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
Cultural Aspects
19
Indic languages : Characteristics
www.cdacnoida.in
• Few Languages share same script e.g. Devanagari (Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Sindhi etc.) • More than one script for a language (Kashmiri, Sindhi, Santhali etc.) • Devanagari is syllabic and phonetic • Languages are shared across borders (Bengali, Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi…) • Ligatures are used which have impact on cursor movement, deletion and insertion points in text. • Both European and Devanagari digits are used • Height of the text area required is more. Even Chinese and Japanese need more height. • No concept of Small & Capital letters
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
20
Testing : Mobile Devices
• • • • • •
Review by experts of the targeted language speakers Simulation on hardware supporting native language operating systems Testing with add-ons such as external memory, storage card, keyboard or stylus, external keyboard etc. Remote Testing may not result in desired results as developer is not able to monitor the User expectations from UI Testing on use of tools developed by third party Testing error messages for localization
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
The testing includes tasks such as:
21
What’s required
www.cdacnoida.in
• Technologies & Tools for making applications and websites for mobile devices • The representation of information in a way that is easy to be localize • Products for automation of localization • Language Pack/Resources for localization on mobile devices • Local Language Fonts for all devices • Few fonts for Indic languages are available but that are handset specific • Tools should be tested for Indic languages such as Fonts and database converters • Localization guidelines with use cases, best practices • Common & Standard encoding scheme for exchange of messages across devices • Testing all the mobile web browsers for the issues related to display and rendering of Indic languages. • Testing for latest technologies
Image Source : http://www3.dw-world.de/mobile_emulator/emulator.php?lang=hindi
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
22
www.cdacnoida.in
Html file with horizontal justification alignment (css)
Mozilla/5.0 Firefox/1.5.0.8
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
23
www.cdacnoida.in
Sample of webisite on mobile
Source http://shop.my-symbian.com/PlatformProductDetail.jsp?siteId=695&jid=BF481XEF71E7DEC618245A7F63A14C24&platformId =4&productType=2&catalog=0§ionId=0&productId=197730
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
24
How can we contribute ?
www.cdacnoida.in
• Develop more Indic fonts covering all mobile devices • Test browsers for native support for Indic languages • Develop Guidelines and best practices for Localization of websites for Indic languages for mobile browsers • Contribute in W3C process of evolving recommendations in the area of I18N and Mobile Web Initiative to represent Indic languages better. • Provide feedback and test cases for existing recommendations for future modifications if any • Deploy & test applications for mobile in local languages • Make websites content browsable through mobile devices • Develop L10N tools for automating the process • Develop localizability testing scripts programs • Establish Protocol standards for next generation mobile devices
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
25
References & Acknowledgements
• • • • • • • •
http://www.w3.org/international Articles on Internationalization by Mr.Richard Ishida XML Internationalization & Localization : Yves Savourel Forum Nokia- resources for mobile application developers http://www.forum.nokia.com/ W3C Mobile Web Initiative http://www.w3.org/Mobile/ http://www3.dw-world.de/mobile_emulator/emulator.php?lang=hindi http://www.site.uottawa.ca/ftppub/courses/Winter/csi5122/coursenotes/5122Internation alization.ppt http://www.worldlingo.com/en/solutions/white_paper.html Internationalization: What it takes, http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/vns.ppt Internationalization & Indian Languages, http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/KKAIntl.ppt Delivering Complex Script Applications with BREW, Vinay Chhajlani http://www.redbusdev.com/bnry_brew/pdf/brew_2005/b602_chhajlani_webdunia.pdf http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10787612051Harvard_Forum_2003_-_Summary.pdf
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
www.cdacnoida.in
• • • •
26
www.cdacnoida.in Wednesday, October 15, 2008
27
Remove all files (सभी फाईले हटाएँ ) Search in all files (सभी फाईलो मे खोजे)
www.cdacnoida.in
Reuse Volume : Low / Medium / High धीमा (मंद)/मधयम/ऊँचा Print Quality : Low / Medium / High कम / मधयम/उचच Time (Clock/duration) : Time : समय Long time लंबी अविध
Back
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