Catalyst Characterization CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 126: KINETICS OF HETEROGENEOUS REACTION 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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Properties to be investigated 1. 2. 3. 4.
Surface area Void Volume Density of solid material in the particle Distribution of void volume according to void size (pore‐volume distribution)
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Properties to be investigated 1. Surface area 2. Void Volume 3. Density of solid material in the particle 4. Distribution of void volume according to void size (pore‐ volume distribution)
Schematic representation of a typical catalyst pellet comprised of small porous particles.
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The main terms for describing physical catalyst properties are as follows: • Morphology: steric conditions and topology of the surface • Porosity: share of the hollow space (pore volume) of a catalyst pellet • Texture: generally refers to the pore structure of the particles (pore size, pore size distribution, pore shape)
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The BET Surface Area
Adsorption isotherms for various gases on a 0.606‐g sample of silica gel.
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The BET Surface Area
multilayer
V monolayer
VM
“Point B” Type II isotherm submonolayer
BET area of a catalyst or a catalyst support is one of the first properties one wants to know in catalyst development
P/P0 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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The BET Surface Area volume of a gas (usually N2) that gives monomolecular coverage is measured
Capillary condensation
Typical isotherm for physisorption 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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The BET Surface Area BET equation, was derived from a model that extended the Langmuir isotherm and included the following assumptions 1. Each adsorbed molecule in the 1st layer serves as a site for the 2nd layer (lateral interactions are ignored). 2. The rate of adsorption (condensation) on any layer (x) equals the rate of desorption (evaporation) from the layer above it (x + 1). 3. The heat of adsorption of the 2nd layer and all those above it equals the heat of liquefaction of the adsorbate. •
P 1 C −1 P = + ⋅ V ( P0 − p ) Vm C Vm C P0 BET Model 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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The BET Surface Area
P 1 C −1 P = + ⋅ V ( P0 − p ) Vm C Vm C P0 P × 103 V ( P0 − p )
BET Isotherm
P P0 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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The BET Surface Area
Specific surface areas of catalysts and support materials
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Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution
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Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution • Hg Porosimetry Method – is used to determine pore volumes and the pore size distribution of larger pores, i.e., those with radii larger than about 10 nm • N2 Desorption Method – Is used to determine the distribution of pores with diameters smaller than 20 nm,
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Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution 0.6
0.2
(
0.4
)
(
−3 CumPen ⋅ cm ⋅ gm
)
−3 Dist ⋅ cm ⋅ gm
0.1
0 100
0.2
1 ×10
3
( )
0 4 1 ×10
−1 a ( P) ⋅ A
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Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution 2
Cumulative Pore Volume, cm3/g
1.8 1.6 1.4
(
) − 11.2
(
)
3 −1 Y hi ⋅ cm gm 3 −1 Y lo ⋅ cm gm
−1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
1 ×10
100
3
1 ×10
4
−1 −1 Xhi ⋅ A , X lo ⋅ A
Pore radius a, A 12/6/2008 12/6/2008 University of the Philippines
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Pore Volume and Pore Distribution micropores
macropores
4 −1 3 − 1) ( Dist Pore hi ⋅ cm gm
(
Distribution 3 −1 Dist lo ⋅ cm gm
)− 1 2
0 10
100
1 ×10
3
1 ×10
4
1 ×10
5
−1 −1 Xhi ⋅ APore Radius , Xlo ⋅ A
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