Caribbean History Synopis And Lessons

CARIBBEAN HISTORY SYNOPSIS & LESSONS

A summary of the island nations geographically known as the “Caribbean”.

The Caribbean History Synopsis and Lessons Ebook was complied and prepared by Mrs. R Cecilia Askew, Teacher at Creative Vision Christian Academy for high school students. It is to be used as a supplement to the general history lessons approved by the Bahamas Ministry of Education. Data and information was obtained from the various agencies like the Caribbean Community [CARICOM] Secretariat [http://www.caricom.org/index.jsp] and Political Database of The Americas [http://pdba.georgetown.edu/] and OAS.

@2008 Caribbean History Synopsis and lessons is a supplement to the general history lessons for high school students as an elective. Students will be given basic information on each

island nation during regular class lessons. Extra Credit will be given to those students who complete essays on more than one of the island nations. Exercises: 1. Research the following and prepare an essay of 150 words or more on one of the Caribbean Islands. The essay should include the following information: Indigenous people National Anthem –History of National Sport National Symbols Country Motto Official Language Dialect[s] of the island Native Foods [fruits, vegetables, meats etc.] National Holidays Principal Religion 2. Students are to gather information on alliances and partnerships that each island nation has for the purposes of trade and industry [OAS, CARICOM, OES ACP, etc.] An essay of 150 words or more should be prepared. 3. From the list of persons provided, research the information on one or more of the individuals and prepare an essay for presentation to the class. Materials:

Computer with Internet Access Library Copy of Caribbean Historical Facts Ebook Other Resources

Anguilla: In 1493, Christopher Columbus sighted the island and named it for its eel-like shape: Anguilla means "eel" in Spanish. No attempt was made to colonize it, perhaps 2

due to the notoriously fierce, warlike Caribs, who knew the island as Malliouhana, [the Carib word for eel], who controlled it. The Caribs, a tribe of cannibals, had captured the island from the peaceful Arawak tribe and had completely eradicated them. English settlers arrived from nearby St. Kitts in 1650, followed by Irish invaders in 1688. Fleeing from Cromwell and religious persecution, they sought and found in Anguilla a faraway British territory in which they could live peacefully. This settlement is today known as Island Harbour. The French made two unsuccessful attempts to invade the island in 1745 and 1796. Thereafter, the island was left in peace. Anguilla became a Dependent Territory of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1969. Head of Government: Alan Eden Huckle, Governor Head of State: Hon. Osborne, B. Flemming, Chief Minister Antigua & Barbuda: Columbus landed on Antigua in 1493 and named the island after the church of Santa Maria de la Antigua in Seville, Spain. It was colonised by the English in 1632 and apart from a brief French occupation in 1667, remained British until becoming an 'Associated State' in 1967. The islands attained full independence on November 1, 1981. In the late 18th century the islands served as a major naval dockyard for the British fleet in the Eastern Caribbean. Governor General: Dame Louise Lake-Tack Prime Minister: Hon. Winston Baldwin Spencer Aruba: Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela. It was discovered and claimed for Spain in 1499. In 1636 the Dutch acquired the island. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba's request in 1990. Head of Government: Fredis Refundjol, Governor Head of State: Nelson O. Oduber, Prime Minister The Bahamas: An archipelago state which lies approximately 50 miles off the coast of Florida in the United States. It extends over 750 miles Southeasterly along the coast of Cuba to within 60 miles of Haiti and West of Turks and Caicos Islands. Although the archipelago comprises about 100,000 square miles with more than 4,000 islands, islets and cays, it is commonly known as the country of 700 islands. Was controlled by Spain from late 1400’s to 1600’s. The islands were colonised by the English in the 16th century and was a British Crown Colony from 1717 until internal self-rule in 1964. It gained independence on 10 July 1973. Has one of the oldest constitutional parliamentary systems, which is over 250 years old. [1728] The first Governor was Woodes Rogers from 1728-1732. Governor General: Hon. Arthur D. Hanna Prime Minister: Hon. Hubert Ingraham Barbados: First sighted by the Portuguese, but settled by the English in 1627 and remained a British colony until independence in 1966. Barbados has the third oldest constitutional parliamentary system. [1639] Most easterly of the Caribbean islands, approximately 120 km (75 mi) from Saint Lucia and 399 km (200 mi) northeast of Trinidad and Tobago. Dame Nita Barrow was Barbados' first female Governor-General. Governor General: H.E. Sir Clifford Husbands, GCMG, KA. Prime Minister: Hon. David John Thompson Belize: Located on the Caribbean coast of Central America with Mexico bordering on the north and part of the west and Guatemala on the southwest. Belize is known to have 3

been part of the Mayan empire of Central America, which flourished between 300 and 900 AD. The country changed hands between Spain and Britain from the early 1600s until 1862 when the country became known as British Honduras. The country was renamed Belize in 1973 and gained independence in 1981. Governor General: H.E. Sir Colville N. Young Sr., GCMG, MBE, PhD Prime Minister: Hon. Dean Oliver Barrow Bermuda: Has the oldest constitutional parliamentary system. [01-08-1620] Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists headed for Virginia. Tourism to the island first developed in Victorian times, and continues to be important to the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has developed into a highly successful offshore financial centre. A referendum on independence was defeated in 1995. [Associated Member of Caricom] Head of Government: Sir John Vereker, Governor Head of State: The Hon. Dr. Ewart F. Brown, JP, MP British Virgin Islands: The British Virgin Islands (BVI) archipelago is comprised of approximately sixty (60) islands, rocks and cays. These islands are located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea between 18° 20' North Latitude and 64° 30' West Longitude. The BVI is situated 60 miles East of Puerto Rico and North East of the USVI at the Eastern end of the Greater Antilles. Caribs and Arawaks originally inhabited the territory. In 1648, the Dutch established the first permanent European Community. In 1666, British planters took control of the islands, which became a British colony in 1672. A ministerial system of government was introduced in 1967. [Associate member of Caricom] Head of Government: His Excellency David Peary, Governor Head of State: Hon. Ralph Telford O'Neal, OBE, Premier Cayman Islands: Island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly one-half of the way from Cuba to Honduras [19 30 N, 80 30 W]. The Cayman Islands were colonised from Jamaica by the British during the 18th and 19th centuries. Administered by Jamaica from 1863, they remained a British dependency after 1962 when the former became independent. [Associate member of Caricom] Head of Government: W. McKeeva Bush Head of State: Bruce Dinwiddy, Governor Dominica: Dominica was occupied first by the Amerindians. It was sighted and named by Christopher Columbus in 1493. The island changed hands several times in the 18th century, but it finally became British in 1805. It was joined to the Leeward, then the Windward Islands, and achieved separate status in 1960. Dominica became a British Associate State in 1967, and gained independence on November 3, 1978. The most northerly and largest of the Windward Islands situated between Guadeloupe to the north, and Martinique to the south. Head of State: H.E. Dr. Nicholas Joseph Orville Liverpool, DAH, President Prime Minister: Hon. Roosevelt Skerritt Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic shares two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, [Haiti the remainder] and was originally occupied by Tainos, an Arawakspeaking people. The Tainos welcomed Columbus in his first voyage in 1492 after his initial landing on San Salvador in The Bahamas. Subsequent colonisers however, were

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brutal, reducing the Taino population from about 1 million to about 500 in 50 years. The In 1503 the Spanish brought African slaves to the island as labourers for plantations. In the next century, French settlers occupied the western end of the island, which Spain gave to France in 1697, and which today is known as the Republic of Haiti. From 18221844 the island was held by the Haiti when forces led by Juan Pablo Duarte, the hero of Dominican Independence drove them out and established the Dominican Republic as an independent state. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire. Due to the threat of European intervention, and ongoing internal disorders the U.S. occupied the island in 1916 with the establishment of a military government. The occupation ended in 1924, with a democratically elected Dominican Government. President: Leonel Fernández Vice-President: Rafael Alburquerque French Guiana: Before the first Europeans arrived, there was no written history in the territory. It was originally inhabited by a number of Native American peoples, among them the Carib, Arawak, Emerillon, Galibi, Palikour, Wayampi [also known as Oyampi] and Wayana. The first Europeans arrived in the expeditions of Columbus in 1498. Government: An Overseas Department of France Grenada: Affectionately known as the “Spice Island” it is the most southerly of the Windward Islands, 135 km (83.8 miles) north of Trinidad and Tobago. Columbus landed on the island in 1498. In 1650 the French settled on the island. The French and British alternately ruled it until 1783. The island was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Versailles and was joined to the Windward Islands in 1833. It was a part of the West Indies Federation during the period 1958-62. On 7 February 1973 the island nation gained independence. An Internal coup in 1983 toppled the Maurice Bishop Government, which had to power in 1979. Accordingly an interim government prepared the way for the 1984 elections. Governor General: H.E. Sir Daniel Williams, GCMG, QC Prime Minister: Hon. Tillman Thomas Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe is another island that was discovered by Columbus on his second journey to the New World in 1493. Its name was given in honour of the monastery of S. Maria de Guadalupe at Estremadura in Spain. In 1635 L'Olive and Duplessis took possession of it in the name of the French Company of the Islands of America. Guadeloupe has been a French possession since 1635. The island of Saint Martin is shared with the Netherlands; its southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles and its northern portion is named Saint-Martin and is part of Guadeloupe. Government: An Overseas Department of France Guyana: The island nation of Guyana is located on the northern coast of the South American continent bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil to the southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the northwest. Originally inhabited by Amerindians, Guyana was settled by the Dutch in the 16th century. The country changed hands between the Dutch, British and French from the late 16th to early 19th century, and finally relinquished to Great Britain in 1814. Independence was achieved in 1966 and in 1970 became the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. Head of Government: H. E. Bharrat Jagdeo, President

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Haiti: Haiti is 80% mountainous country and is located on the Western half of the island previously known as Hispaniola, 80 km east of Cuba and 750 miles southeast of Miami (Florida). [The Dominican Republic occupies the Eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola] Columbus encountered the island of Hispaniola, populated by Arawak Indians in 1492 [after landing first on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas]. The Spaniards brought the first African slaves to the island in 1503. However, in 1967 the colony was given over to France. Haiti is the world's first "Black Republic" and the second oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere. Head of Government: Rene Garcia Preval, President Jamaica: Located in the Caribbean Sea, 145 km (90 miles) south of Cuba and 160 km (100 miles) west of Haiti, Jamaica was first settled by Amerindians. Columbus visited the island in 1494. Before becoming a British sugar colony, the island was under Spanish control from 1509-1655. During the social unrest of the 1930s, two major political parties were formed - the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) by Alexander Bustamante, and the People's National Party (PNP) by Norman Manley. The country gained independence in 1962. The PNP instituted a democratic socialist government from 1974-80, and the JLP established free-enterprise government from 1980. Governor General: H.E. Professor Kenneth O. Hall, O.N., O.J. Prime Minister: Hon. Orette Bruce Golding Martinque: Located in the Eastern Caribbean Sea, Martinique is an overseas department of France. As with other islands in the Caribbean region, the island was populated by Arawaks. Columbus discovered the island in 1502. France however, colonized the island in 1635 by Pierre Belain d' Esnambuc. The first European colonists arrived about the middle of 17th century and quickly developed the sugar cane culture resorting to the African labour. This status remained until the official abolition of slavery, April 27, 1848, by the Republic. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte restored slavery giving rise to ceaseless wars between English and French. France won and the abolition of slavery is once again proclaimed. More than 70.000 slaves were released. Since 1946, Martinique has belonged to the French overseas departments. Regional President: Alfred Marie Jeanne Montserrat: One of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, 40 km (25 miles) southwest of Antigua. Known as the “Emerald Isle” it was sighted by Columbus in 1493. Anglo-Irish colonists settled Montserrat in 1632. Although, Montserrat fell under French occupation twice, it eventually remained under British rule. In 1967, Montserrat opted for colonial status instead of Associated Statehood. Currently the island is overseen by a coalition of the major political parties plus Independent Candidate, David S. Brandt. Head of Government: H. E. Deborah Barnes Jones, Governor Head of State: Dr. the Hon. Lowell Lewis, FRCS (Ed), DPH, Chief Minister Netherlands Antilles: The Netherlands Antilles is comprised of the following countries: Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten. These islands were once the heart of the Caribbean slave trade and, the island of Curacao was hardest hit by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity and that of its neighbour Aruba was restored in the early 20th century with the construction of oil refineries to service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. The island of Saint Martin is a shared with France and the southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles. It is

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an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954; Dutch Government is however responsible for defence and foreign affairs. Head of Government: Frits Goedgedrag, Governor Head of State: Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic. For centuries aboriginal peoples populated the island. In 1493 the Spanish Crown following Columbus’s second voyage to the New World claimed the island. After 400 years of colonial rule, which nearly brought about and the elimination of the indigenous peoples and the introduction of African slave labour, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self- government. Several years of voting on the issue of being a protectorate of the United State during 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status. Head of government: Anibal Acevedo-Vila, Governor Republic of Cuba: This island nation was first populated by Amerindians and was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 on his first journey to the New World. African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, with Havana becoming the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. The country was ruled by Spain until the United States intervened during the Spanish-American War in 1898 that finally overthrew Spanish rule. The “Treaty of Paris” established Cuban independence, which was granted in 1902 after a three-year transition period. In 1959 Fidel Castro led a rebel army to victory over the Batista Regime that was in power. In the early 1970’s Castro aligned himself with the USSR and in doing so became an enemy of the “Free World”. President: Raul Castro Vice-President: José Ramón Machado Ventura, M.D. St. Lucia: Also known as “Helen of the West”, Amerindians were the first inhabitants. Is one of the Windward Islands between Martinique [39.9 km (21 miles) to the north] and St. Vincent [49.4 km (26 miles) to the south]. It is also 209 km (110 miles) northwest of Barbados. French colonisation began in 1650 and the struggle for possession between the French and English ended in 1803 when the island became an English dependency. It gained independence in 1979. Governor General: H.E. Dame Perlette Louisy, GCMG, PhD Prime Minister: Honourable Stephenson King St. Kitts & Nevis: Known to some as “Mother Colony of the West Indies” the island was originally settled by Caribs and, by the British in 1623 that fought with the French for possession. In 1783 the island was finally ceded to Great Britain. Geographically, St. Kitts and Nevis is a part of the Leeward Islands group lying about 427.5 km [225 miles] south-east of Puerto Rico and to the north of the Windward group of islands. Became an independent island nation in 1983. Governor General: H.E. Sir Cuthbert Montraville Sebastian Prime Minister: Hon. Dr. Denzil L. Douglas

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St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Named Hairoun by the Caribs translated to mean [The Home of the Blessed] St. Vincent is situated in the Windward Islands at the lower end of the Caribbean chain; the Grenadines comprise a chain of little islands and rocks between St Vincent and Grenada. Was originally settled by Amerindians. Struggle for possession between the French and English ended with British control in 1783 [apart from French occupation from 1778-1783]. The island gained independence in 1979. Governor General: Sir Frederick Nathaniel Ballantyne Prime Minister: Dr. the Hon. Ralph E. Gonsalves Suriname: Amerindians inhabited the country up to the 15th century. Settlers came from England, The Netherlands and Germany among others. This island is located on the northern coast of South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the North, Guyana to the West, French Guiana to the East and Brazil to the South. African slaves, indentured labourers from India, Indonesia and China were brought to Suriname during the 18th century. Struggle for possession by the French, British and Dutch ended with control by the Netherlands in 1815. The country gained independence in 1975 and is an Independent Republic. Head of Government: H.E. Dr. Runaldo R. Venetiaan Trinidad & Tobago: [Known as the “land of the Humming Bird”] The islands are southernmost of the Lesser Antilles. Separated from Venezuela by the 11 km [7 miles] strait of the Gulf of Paria. Trinidad is the larger of the two islands and, is 30km (19 miles) from Tobago. Amerindians were settled on both islands. Trinidad became a Spanish outpost in the late 16th century. French and British settlers; African slaves, and indentured labourers also came during the 18th century. The two islands became one state in 1888. Gained independence in 1962 and in 1976 the twin-island State became a Republic. Head of Government: Hon. Patrick A.M. Manning, Prime Minister Head of State: H.E. George Maxwell Richards, President Turks and Caicos Island: The Turks and Caicos Islands are located 575 miles Southeast of Miami Florida, 30 miles South of The Bahamas and 90 miles North of the Dominican Republic. The main islands consist of two groups separated by the Columbus Island Passage: The Turks Group, which comprises Grand Turk and Salt Cay, and the Caicos Group, which includes West Caicos, Providenciales, North Caicos, Middle Caicos, East Caicos, and South Caicos. The name Turks is derived after the indigenous Turk's Head "fez" cactus, and the name Caicos is a Lucayan term "caya hico," meaning string of islands. Although some believe that Columbus discovered the islands in 1492, others contend that Ponce de Leon arrived first. However, the first people to truly discover the islands were the Taino Indians. Unfortunately only ancient utensils attributed to the Taino Indians was left behind. As with other Caribbean islands the Lucayans replaced the Tainos. By the middle of the 16th Century they also disappeared having become victims of Spanish enslavement and disease. During the 17th century settlers from Bermuda arrived and, established themselves on Grand Turk, Salt Cay and South Caicos. Head of State: H. E. Gordon Wetherell, Governor Head of Government: Hon. Dr. Michael Eugene Misick, Chief Minister U. S. Virgin Islands: the Ciboney, Carib, and Arawaks originally populated The Virgin Islands. Columbus named the islands during his second voyage in 1493. For three hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain, 8

England, Holland, France, the Knights of Malta, and Denmark. During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. In 1917, the United States purchased the Danish portion. Presently the islands are an organized, unincorporated province of the United States, with policy relations between the Virgin Islands and the United States under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior. Governor: John de Jongh Lieutenant Governor: Gregory R. Francis

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National Anthems

Fair Antigua, We Salute You Composer: Walter Garnet Picart Chambers [1908-2003] Author: Novelle Hamilton Richards [1917-1986] March on, Bahamaland Composer & Author: Timothy Gibson [1903-1978] Barbados National Anthem Composer: Roland Edwards [1912-1985] Author: Irving Louis Burgie [b.1924] Land of the Free [Belize National Anthem] Composer: Selwyn Walford Young [1899-1977] Author: Samuel Alfred Haynes [1898-1971] Beloved Isle Cayman Composer & Author: Leila Ross-Shier [1886-1968] Cuba National Anthem [La Bayamesa] Composer & Author: Pedro Figueredo [1819-1870] Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour [Dominican National Anthem] Composer: Lemuel McPherson Christian [1913-2000] Author: William O. M. Pond [1912-1985] Quisqueyanos valientes [Dominican Republic National Anthem] Composer: José Reyés [1835-1905] Author: Emilio Prud'homme [856-1932] Hail Grenada Composer: Louis Arnold Masanto [b.1938] Author: Irva Merle Baptiste-Blackett [b.1924] Dear Land of Guyana Composer: Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter [1899-1981] Author: Archibald Leonard Luker [1917-1971] La Dessalinienne [National Anthem of Haiti] Composer: Nicolas Geffrard [1871-1930] Author: French Words: Justin Lhérisson [1873-1907] Creole Words: Raymond A Moïse [dates not known] Jamaica, Land We Love Composer: Robert Charles Lightbourne [1909-1995] Author: Hugh Braham Sherlock [1905-1998]

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La Marseillaise [National Anthem of Martinque] Lyrics & Music: Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle O Land of Beauty [National Anthem of St. Kitts & Nevis] Composer & Author: Kenrick Anderson Georges [b.1955] Puerto Rico Territorial Song - La Boringueña Composer: Félix Astol Artés [1813-1901] Author: Manuel Fernández Juncos [1846-1928] Sons and Daughters of St. Lucia Composer: Leton Felix Thomas [b.1926] Author: Charles Jesse [1897-1985] St. Vincent! Land so Beautiful Composer: Joel Bertram Miguel [b.1938] Author: Phyllis Joyce McClean Punnett [1917-2004] God zij met ons Suriname! Composer: Johannes Corstianus de Puy [1835-1924] Author: Dutch Words: Cornelis Atses Hoekstra [1852-1911] Sranan Words: Henry de Ziel [1916-1975] Forged from the Land of Liberty [National Anthem of Trinidad & Tobago] Composer & Author: Patrick Stanislaus Castagne [1916-2000]

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Noteworthy Caribbean Persons Sir Vere Cornwall Bird, Sr. – first Prime Minister of Antigua & Barbuda Ms. Maria Elena John - the first Black woman valedictorian of New York's City College Mr. Bert Williams - the first black male to take a lead role on the Broadway stage Mr Calvin Lockhart [Bert Cooper] - first notable screen role was in Joanna, a 1967 film Sir Roland Theodore Symonette – first Premier of The Bahamas Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers – famous Cricketer Hon. Billie A. Miller – first female to sit in Cabinet of Barbados Mr. Edward K. Brathwaite – noted for his studies of Black cultural life in Africa and the African Diasporas. Dame Eugenia Charles – first first female Prime Minister in the Caribbean Archbishop Kelvin Felix – the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of Castries Mr. Maurice Bishop – Grenadian politician and revolutionary Slinger Francisco [Mighty Sparrow] – Calypso singer and songwriter Marie-José Pérec – 400 M World Champion at 1991 World Championships Forbes Burnham – one of the founding members of Peoples Progressive Party in Guyana in 1950, former President of Guyana Sir Shridath Surendranath 'Sonny' Ramphal – served as Commonwealth SecretaryGeneral from 1975-1990 Derek Walcott – Nobel Prize Winner for Literature in 1992 Sir Sidney Poitier – first black male to win an Academy Award for Best Actor Harry Belafonte - received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Anderson’s Almanac. UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Patrick Ewing – Retired Hall of Fame Basketball Player Marcus Garvey – National Hero of Jamaica Toussaint Louverture – leader of Haitian Revolution Frederick Morton, Jr. – visionary behind TEMPO Caribbean Television

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Study and Research Resources Books The West Indies: A History of the islands of the West Indian Archipelago Author: Amos Kidder Fiske – ISBN: 978-1-4021-5060-9 From Columbus to Castro: History of the Caribbean 1492-1969 Author: Eric Williams – ISBN: 0-394-71502-0 The Bahamas Rediscovered Author[s]: Nicolas & Dragon Popov – ISBN: 0-333-56603-3 A History of The Bahamas Author: Michael Craton – Publisher: Collins - London 1962 Internet Caribbean Islands History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/caribbean_islands/caribbean_islands_history_index.html Caribbean History http://www.gmu.edu/org/caribbean/Carib_flair/carib_history.htm History of The Bahamas http://www.historyofnations.net/northamerica/bahamas.html The World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/countrylisting.html Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia National Anthems by Country http://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/list/country

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