Capital Markets & Money Markets

  • April 2020
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Indian Financial System

Financial System •

Existence of a well organized financial system



Promotes the well being and standard of living of the people of a country



Money and monetary assets



Mobilize the saving



Promotes investment

Financial System Financial System of any country consists of financial markets, financial intermediation and financial instruments or financial products Flow of funds (savings)

Seekers of funds (Mainly business firms Flow of financial services and government) Incomes , and financial claims

Suppliers of funds (Mainly households)

Indian Financial System

Organized Regulators Financial Institutions Financial Markets Financial services

Non- Organized Money lenders Local bankers Traders Landlords Pawn brokers Chit Funds

Evolution of Financial System Barter Money Lender Nidhi's/Chit Funds Indigenous Banking Cooperative Movement Societies

Banks

Joint-Stock Banks

Consolidation Commercial Banks Nationalization Investment Banks Development Financial Institutions Investment/Insurance Companies Stock Exchanges Market Operations Specialized Financial Institutions Merchant Banking Universal Banking

Interrelation--Financial system & Economy Financial System Households Foreign Sectors

Savers Lenders

Investors Borrowers

Corporate Sector Govt.Sector

Economy

Un-organized Sector

Organized Indian Financial System Regulators

Financial Instruments

Forex Market

Financial Markets Capital Market

Money Market

Primary Market Secondary Market

Money Market Instrument

Capital Market Instrument

Financial Intermediaries Credit Market

Financial Markets •

Mechanism which allows people to trade



Affected by forces of supply and demand



Process used



In Finance, Financial markets facilitates

Why Capital Markets Exist •





Capital markets facilitate the transfer of capital (i.e. financial) assets from one owner to another. They provide liquidity. – Liquidity refers to how easily an asset can be transferred without loss of value. A side benefit of capital markets is that the transaction price provides a measure of the value of the asset.

Role of Capital Markets • • • • • •

Mobilization of Savings & acceleration of Capital Formation Promotion of Industrial Growth Raising of long term Capital Ready & Continuous Markets Proper Channelisation of Funds Provision of a variety of Services

Indian Capital Market Historical perspective •

Stock Market was for a privileged few



Archaic systems - Out cry method



Lack of Transparency - High tones costs



No use of Technology



Outdated banking system



Volumes - less than Rs. 300 cr per day



No settlement guarantee mechanism - High risks

Indian Capital markets Chronology • • • • • • • •

1994-Equity Trading commences on NSE 1995-All Trading goes Electronic 1996- Depository comes in to existence 1999- FIIs Participation- Globalisation 2000- over 80% trades in Demat form 2001- Major Stocks move to Rolling Sett 2003- T+2 settlements in all stocks 2003 - Demutualisation of Exchanges

Capital Markets - Reforms • • • • • • • •

Each scam has brought in reforms - 1992 / 2001 Screen based Trading through NSE Capital adequacy norms stipulated Dematerialization of Shares - risks of fraudulent paper eliminated Entry of Foreign Investors Investor awareness programs Rolling settlements Inter-action between banking and exchanges

Reforms / Initiatives post 2000 • • •

• • • •

Corporatisation of exchange memberships Banning of Badla / ALBM Introduction of Derivative products - Index / Stock Futures & Options Reforms/Changes in the margining system STP - electronic contracts Margin Lending Securities Lending

MARKET STRUCTURE (JULY 31, 2005)

• 22 Stock Exchanges, • Over 10000 Electronic Terminals at over 400 locations all over India. • 9108 Stock Brokers and 14582 Sub brokers • 9644 Listed Companies • 2 Depositories and 483 Depository Participants • 128 Merchant Bankers, 59 Underwriters • 34 Debenture Trustees, 96 Portfolio Managers • 83 Registrars & Transfer Agents, 59 Bankers to Issue • 4 Credit Rating Agencies

Indian Capital Market

Market

Primary

Instruments

•Brokers •Investment Bankers •Stock Exchanges •Underwriters

Secondary

Equity

CRA

Intermediaries Regulator

Hybrid

Corporate Intermediaries

Individual

SEBI

Debt

Banks/FI

Players

FDI /FII

Stock Exchanges in INDIA • • • • • • • • • • • •

Mangalore Stock Exchange Hyderabad Stock Exchange Uttar Pradesh Stock Exchange Coimbatore Stock Exchange Cochin Stock Exchange Bangalore Stock Exchange Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Pune Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange OTC Exchange of India Calcutta Stock Exchange Inter-connected Stock Exchange (NEW)

• •





• • •

• •



Bombay Stock Exchange Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange Vadodara Stock Exchange The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange Magadh Stock Exchange Gauhati Stock Exchange Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange Jaipur Stock Exchange Delhi Stock Exchange Assoc Ludhiana Stock

The role of the stock exchange •

Raising capital for businesses



Mobilizing savings for investment



Facilitate company growth



Redistribution of wealth

The role of the stock exchange •

Corporate governance



Creates investment opportunities for small investors



Government raises capital for development projects



Barometer of the economy

Growth Pattern of the Indian Stock Market

Sl.N o.

As on 31st December

1

No. of Stock Exchanges

2

1946

1961

1971

1975

1980

1985

1991

1995

7

7

8

8

9

14

20

22

No. of Listed Cos.

1125

1203

1599

1552

2265

4344

6229

8593

3

No. of Stock Issues of Listed Cos.

1506

2111

2838

3230

3697

6174

8967

11784

4

Capital of Listed Cos. (Cr. Rs.)

270

753

1812

2614

3973

9723

32041

59583

5

Market value of Capital of Listed Cos. (Cr. Rs.)

971

1292

2675

3273

6750

25302

11027 9

47812 1

6

Capital per Listed Cos. (4/2) (Lakh Rs.)

24

63

113

168

175

224

514

693

86

107

167

211

298

582

1770

5564

7

Market Value of Capital per Listed Cos. (Lakh Rs.) (5/2) Appreciated value of Capital per

358

170

148

126

170

260

344

803

8

Capital Market Instruments

Hybrid

Equity

Equity Shares

Preference Shares

ADR / GDR

Debentures Zero coupon bonds

Debt

Deep Discount Bonds

Factors contributing to growth of Indian Capital Market •

• • •

Establishment of Development banks & Industrial financial institution. Legislative measures Growing public confidence Increasing awareness of investment opportunities

Factors contributing to growth of Indian Capital Market • • • •

Growth of underwriting business Setting up of SEBI Mutual Funds Credit Rating Agencies

Indian Capital Market deficiencies • • • • •

Lack of transparency Physical settlement Variety of manipulative practices Institutional deficiencies Insider trading

Money Market •

Market for short-term money and financial assets that are near substitutes for money.



Short-Term means generally period upto one year and near substitutes to money is used to denote any financial asset which can be quickly converted into money with minimum transaction cost

Money Market •

It is a place for Large Institutions and government to manage their short-term cash needs



It is a subsection of the Fixed Income Market



It specializes in very short-term debt securities



They are also called as Cash Investments

Defects of Money Market •

Lack of Integration



Lack of Rational Interest Rates structure



Absence of an organized bill market



Shortage of funds in the Money Market



Seasonal Stringency of funds and fluctuations in Interest rates



Inadequate banking facilities

Money Market Instruments •

Treasury Bills



Commercial Paper



Certificate of Deposit



Money Market Mutual Funds



Repo Market

Segment Issuer

Instruments

Govern ment

Zero Coupon Bonds, Coupon Bearing Bonds, Capital Index Bonds, Treasury Bills.

Public Sector

Private

Central Government

Government Agencies / Statutory Bodies Public Sector Units

Govt. Guaranteed Bonds, Debentures

PSU Bonds, Debenture, Commercial Paper

Corporate

Debentures, Bonds, Commercial Paper, Floating Rate Bonds, Zero Coupon Bonds, InterCorporate Deposits

Banks

Certificate of Deposits, Bonds

Financial Institutions

Certificate of Deposits, Bonds

Financial Regulators

Financial Regulators •

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)



Reserve Bank of India



Ministry of Finance

Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI) •





Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 Its a non-statutory body for regulating the securities market It became an autonomous body in 1992

Functions Of SEBI •

Regulates Capital Market.



Checks Trading of securities.



Checks the malpractices in securities market.

Functions Of SEBI •

It enhances investor's knowledge on market by providing education.



It regulates the stockbrokers and sub-brokers.



To promote Research and Investigation

Objectives of SEBI •

It tries to develop the securities market.



Promotes Investors Interest.



Makes rules and regulations for the securities market.

The Recent Initiatives Undertaken •

Sole Control on Brokers



For Underwriters



For Share Prices



For Mutual Funds

Reserve Bank of India •

Established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the RBI Act, 1934.



The Central Office of the Reserve Bank has been in Mumbai.



It acts as the apex monetary authority of the country.

Functions Of RBI Monetary Authority: • Formulation and Implementation of monetary policies. • Maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to the Productive sectors. Issuer of currency: • Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins. • Provide the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and coins.

Functions Of RBI Regulator and supervisor of the financial system: • •

Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations Maintain public confidence, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services.

Authority On Foreign Exchange: • •

Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Facilitate external trade, payment, promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market.

Functions Of RBI Developmental role: Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives. •

Related Functions: Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. • Maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks. •

Monetary Measures (a) Bank Rate: The Bank Rate was kept unchanged at 6.0 per cent. (b) Reverse Repo Rate: The Repo rate is around 7 per cent and Reverse repo rate is around 6.10 per cent. (c) Cash Reserve Ratio: The cash reserve ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks is currently at 5.0 per cent.

Reforms in the Financial System •

Pre-reforms period



Steps taken



Objectives



Conclusion

Pre-Reforms Period •

The period from the mid 1960s to the early 1990s.



Characterized by: – – – – –

Administered interest rates Industrial licensing and controls Dominant public sector Limited competition High capital-output ratio

Pre-Reforms Period •

Banks and financial institutions acted as a deposit agencies.



Price discovery process was prevented.



Government failed to generate resources for investment and public services.



Till 90s it was closed, highly regulated, and segmented system.

Steps Taken •

Economic reforms initiated in June 1991.



The committee appointed under the chairmanship of M Narasimham.



He submitted report with all the recommendations



Government liberalized the various sectors in the economy.



Reform of the public sector and tax system.

Objectives •

Reorientation of the economy



Macro economic stability



To Increase competitive efficiency in the operations



To remove structural rigidities and inefficiencies



To attain a balance between the goals of financial stability & integrated & efficient markets

Recommendations •

Reduce the level of state ownership in banking



Lift restrictions on foreign ownership of banks



Spur the development of the corporate-bond market



Strengthen legal protections

Recommendations •

Deregulate the insurance industry



Drop proposed limits on pension reforms



Increase consumer ownership of mutualfund products



Introduce a gold deposit scheme

Recommendations •

Speed up the development of electronic payments.



Separate the RBI's regulatory and centralbank functions



Lift the remaining capital account controls



Phase out statutory priority lending and restrictions on asset allocation

Conclusion •

The financial system is fairly integrated, stable, efficient.



Weaknesses need to be addressed.



The reforms have been more capital centric in nature.



Foreign capital flows and foreign exchange reserves have increased but absorption of foreign capital is low.

Thank you

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