By: Shashank Chauhan

By: Shashank Chauhan

Introduction 

Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.

Parts of Optical Fiber Core  Cladding  Buffer Coating 

How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light?

Physics of Total Internal Reflection The angle of the light is always greater than the critical angle  Cladding does not absorb any light from the core  The extent that the signal degrades depends upon the purity of the glass and the wavelength of the transmitted light 

Types of Optical Fiber 

Single mode fiber



Multimode fiber



Step index fibers



Graded index fibers

Manufacturing   

Making a preform glass cylinder Drawing the fibers from the preform Testing the fibers

Fiber optic data links

Wavelength Division Multiplexing 

signals with different wavelengths are combined, transmitted together, and separated again.

Time Division Multiplexing  several

optical signals are combined, transmitted together, and separated again based on different arrival times.

Fiber Optic Connectors  Terminates

the

fibers  Connects to other fibers or transmission equipment

Advantages Less expensive  Thinner  Higher carrying capacity  Less signal degradation  Light signals  Low power  Digital signals 

 Low

power  Digital signals  Non-flammable  Flexible  Zero

Resale Value

Disadvantages  Fiber

optics are that the cables are expensive to install.  The termination of a fiber optics cable is complex and requires special tools.  They are more fragile than coaxial cable.

Applications      

Carry plain old telephone service (POTS, LECs) For transmission of data Transmitting broadband signals Intelligent transportation systems In the biomedical industry Non-Communication Applications (sensors etc…)

Transmission windows

Comparison with electrical transmission

OPTICAL FIBRE

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION

Low Bandwidth

Longer Distances

Short Distance

Low Material Cost Low Cost of Transmitter & receiver Cheaper

Low Loss

Higher Wavelength High Data carrying capacity Long Distance Between Amplifiers & Repeaters

No Crosstalk

Some manufacturers of optical fibers Furukawa  Fujikura  LG Cables  Corning  Philips-Fitel  Pirelli  TTL  Sterlite Cables 

Thank you