Business Intelligence 8 User Guide

COGNOS(R) 8 BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

GETTING STARTED

Cognos(R) 8 Business Intelligence Readme Cognos(R) 8 Business Intelligence Getting GETTING STARTED

THE NEXT LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE

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Product Information (R)

This document applies to Cognos 8 Version 8.1 and may also apply to subsequent releases. To check for newer versions of this document, visit the Cognos support Web site (http://support.cognos.com).

Copyright Copyright (C) 2005 Cognos Incorporated. Portions of Cognos(R) software products are protected by one or more of the following U.S. Patents: 6,609,123 B1; 6,611,838 B1; 6,662,188 B1; 6,728,697 B2; 6,741,982 B2; 6,763,520 B1; 6,768,995 B2; 6,782,378 B2; 6,847,973 B2; 6,907,428 B2; 6,853,375 B2. Cognos and the Cognos logo are trademarks of Cognos Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. All other names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. While every attempt has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate and complete, some typographical errors or technical inaccuracies may exist. Cognos does not accept responsibility for any kind of loss resulting from the use of information contained in this document. This document shows the publication date. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Any improvements or changes to either the product or the document will be documented in subsequent editions. U.S. Government Restricted Rights. The software and accompanying materials are provided with Restricted Rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to the restrictions in subparagraph (C)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, or subparagraphs (C) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights at 48CFR52.227-19, as applicable. The Contractor is Cognos Corporation, 15 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803. This software/documentation contains proprietary information of Cognos Incorporated. All rights are reserved. Reverse engineering of this software is prohibited. No part of this software/documentation may be copied, photocopied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, or translated into another language without the prior written consent of Cognos Incorporated.

Table of Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1: Cognos 8 7 Cognos Connection 7 Metric Studio 7 Query Studio 8 Analysis Studio 8 Report Studio 8 Event Studio 8 How Cognos 8 Works 9 Viewing and Organizing Content 10 Administration of Cognos 8 11 Security 11 Scheduling Content 12 The Software Development Kit 12 Integrating with Other Cognos Products 12 Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples 13 Example - Monitor Performance 13 Example - Run a Report 16 Example - Schedule a Report 18 Example - Create a Query 20 Example - Analyze Data 22 Example - Create a Report 25 Example - Manage an Event 30 Example - Create a Portal Page 33 Glossary 37 Index 41

Getting Started 3

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Introduction This document introduces the Cognos 8 architecture and provides examples to illustrate key functionality. Cognos 8 is an integrated business intelligence suite that provides a wide range of functionality to help you understand your organization’s data. For more information about using this product, visit the Cognos support Web site (http://support.cognos.com). For information about education and training, click the Training link from this site. The following documents contain related information, and may be referred to in this document. Note that the availability of the studios described in these documents depends on your licensing permissions. To change your licensing permissions, see your administrator. Document

Description

Cognos Connection User Guide

Using Cognos Connection to view, schedule, create, and distribute reports

Metric Studio User Guide Monitoring metrics within a scorecard application Metric Studio User Guide Authoring scorecard applications and monitoring the metrics within for Authors them Query Studio User Guide Creating ad hoc business intelligence reports Analysis Studio User Guide

Exploring, analyzing, and comparing dimensional data

Report Studio User Guide Authoring reports that analyze corporate data according to specific needs Event Studio User Guide

Creating and managing processes that monitor data and perform tasks when the data meets predefined thresholds

Cognos 8 Administration Managing servers, security, reports, and Cognos Portal Services; and Security Guide setting up Cognos samples; and customizing Cognos 8 Cognos 8 Planning and Architecture Guide

Planning the Cognos 8 architecture, developing installation strategies, and optimizing performance

This document is available as online help and as an online book. From within the online help, you can click the following link to open a printable version of this document (PDF). Our documentation includes user guides, tutorial guides, reference books, and other materials to meet the needs of our varied audience.

Online Help All information is available in online help. Online help is available from the help button in a Web browser, or the Help menu and help button in Windows products. You can also download the online help from the Cognos support Web site (http://support.cognos.com).

Getting Started 5

Introduction

Books for Printing The information in each online help system is available in online book format (PDF). However, the information from a given help system may be divided into more than one online book. Use online books when you want to print a document or when you want to search the whole document. You can print selected pages, a section, or the whole book. Cognos grants you a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to use, copy, and reproduce the copyright materials, in printed or electronic format, solely for the purpose of providing internal training on, operating, and maintaining the Cognos software. Online books are available from the introduction to the online help for each component. All online books are available on the Cognos documentation CD. You can also read the product readme files and the installation guides directly from Cognos product CDs.

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Chapter 1: Cognos 8 Cognos 8 is an integrated business intelligence suite that provides a wide range of functionality to help you understand your organization’s data. Everyone in your organization can use Cognos 8 to view or create business reports, analyze data, and monitor events and metrics so that they can make effective business decisions. Cognos 8 integrates the following business intelligence activities in one Web-based solution. Activity

Component

Publishing, managing, and viewing content

Cognos Connection

Scorecarding and metrics

Metric Studio

Ad hoc querying

Query Studio

Analyzing data

Analysis Studio

Managed reporting

Report Studio

Event management and alerting

Event Studio

Before you use Cognos 8, you should understand how each of the components that make up the Cognos Series 8 user interfaces can help you do your job. Depending on your licensing permissions, you may not have access to all the functionality available in Cognos 8.

Cognos Connection Cognos Connection is the Web portal for Cognos 8. It is the starting point to access the functionality of Cognos 8. Use the portal to publish, find, manage, organize, and view your organization’s business intelligence content, such as reports, scorecards, and agents. If you have the necessary permissions, you can access the various studios from the portal and use the portal for content administration, including scheduling and distributing reports, and creating jobs. You view reports in Cognos Viewer, the report viewer. System administrators also use the portal to administer servers, optimize performance, and set access permissions. For information about using Cognos Connection, see "Example - Run a Report" (p. 16), "Example - Schedule a Report" (p. 18), and "Example - Create a Portal Page" (p. 33).

Metric Studio Use Metric Studio to create a customized scorecarding environment to monitor and analyze business metrics throughout your organization. It helps you translate your organization's strategy into relevant, measurable goals that align each employee's actions and accountability with a strategic plan.

Getting Started 7

Chapter 1: Cognos 8 The scorecarding environment of Metric Studio shows you quickly where your organization is successful and where it needs improvement. It tracks performance against agreed targets and indicates the current status so that decision makers at every level of the organization can react and plan. With Metric Studio, you are self-sufficient and can readily see how the organization is progressing against its strategy. You can set priorities for your own actions and understand how your decisions affect the performance of the company. For information about using Metric Studio, see "Example - Monitor Performance" (p. 13).

Query Studio Casual or novice users use Query Studio to create ad hoc reports that answer simple business questions. Query Studio is an easy-to-use reporting tool. With minimal steps, you can author basic reports, change the report layout, filter and sort data, add formatting, and create charts. When you use Query Studio, you interact directly with visible data. For information about using Query Studio, see "Example - Create a Query" (p. 20).

Analysis Studio Managers and business analysts use Analysis Studio to explore and manipulate data so that they can analyze their business. Users can quickly analyze critical corporate data from any angle to understand why business events occur, and then make effective decisions. With analysis, it is possible to see trends and highlight exceptions that may not be evident with other types of reporting. Analysis Studio users can explore large volumes of dimensional data. When you use Analysis Studio, you interact directly with visible data. For information about using Analysis Studio, see "Example - Analyze Data" (p. 22).

Report Studio Report Studio is a report authoring tool that professional report authors and developers use to create sophisticated and managed reports. With Report Studio, users can create any business intelligence report that an organization requires, such as weekly sales and inventory reports. Use Report Studio for reports that • are intended for a wide audience • exist long enough to require maintenance for changing requirements and data • require detailed control over the appearance Report Studio provides powerful functionality, such as bursting, prompts, and advanced charting, and provides many ways to customize reports. When you use Report Studio, data is not visible. You must run the report to view current data. For information about using Report Studio, see "Example - Create a Report" (p. 25).

Event Studio By using Event Studio, decision-makers in your organization can be notified of business events as they happen so that they can make timely and effective decisions. Use Event Studio to create agents that monitor status changes, priority customers, or any other condition that is important to your business. When an agent detects an event, tasks are performed, such as sending an email, adding information to the portal, and running reports. 8

Chapter 1: Cognos 8 For information about using Event Studio, see "Example - Manage an Event" (p. 30).

How Cognos 8 Works When you view or create a report, you are viewing and manipulating data stored in your organization’s databases. The following diagram explains the steps involved in using Cognos 8. 



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(1) In Framework Manager, the modeler ensures that metadata is presented in a manner that business users can understand it. Modelers import the metadata from one or more databases, and then add to the model to meet user requirements. (2) In Metrics Designer, the modeler identifies the data items and calculations that form the targets and actual results for each metric. (3) The modeler then publishes and updates packages to Cognos Connection so that authors can use them to create reports, agents, and scorecards. (4) Business users and report authors use the published packages to understand their business data. (5) Users run, view, and manage their content in Cognos Connection. Depending on their security permission they may be able to simply run and view reports or manage schedules, portal layout, and other users’ permissions.

Getting Started 9

Chapter 1: Cognos 8 When you view or create a report, you are viewing and manipulating data stored in your organization’s databases. The following diagram explains the steps involved in using Cognos 8. For more information, see the Architecture and Planning Guide.

Report Specifications When authors create a report, they are actually creating a report specification. The report specification is an XML representation of the queries and prompts that are used to retrieve data, as well as the layouts and styles used to present the data. For simplicity, the report specification is called the report. Report specifications can be useful to report authors for troubleshooting. For information about working with report specifications, see the Report Studio User Guide and the Cognos 8 Developer Guide.

Models and Packages A model structures, adds to, and manages data in ways that make sense to business users. Planning and creating a model is an important task that should be performed by a modeler or a modeling team familiar with both the database structure and the needs of the business users. A package contains all the data required to meet the needs of the intended users. For example, one package can contain human resources data, and another sales data. When users open an authoring studio, they must select which package to use. Each report can contain data from only one package. For information about data modeling, see the Framework Manager User Guide.

Viewing and Organizing Content When you view and run a report, scorecard, or agent, the information that you see comes from data sources, the package, calculations, other things added by the author, and from Cognos 8 itself. You use Cognos Connection to organize your reports and other Cognos 8 content such as agents, metrics packages, URLs, and folders. You can access public content in the Public Folders tab or custom portal pages, and store and access your favorite content in the My Folders tab.

Report and Agent Views If you want to personalize an existing public report or agent, you can create a report or agent view and save the view in the My Folders tab. This allows you to make changes such as save prompt values, modify the schedule, and change the output format of reports. For more information, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

Report Outputs When a report is run, it contains the latest data from the data source. However, viewing the most recent data may not always meet your needs. When you want to view older data, you save and view the report output. Report outputs are created when you schedule a report, when a report has multiple formats or languages, when a report has a delivery method of save, print, or email, and when a report is burst. You can produce report outputs in the following formats: • HTML • PDF • Excel • delimited text (CSV) • XML

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Chapter 1: Cognos 8 If you are the owner of a report or have the necessary permissions, you can specify the default format for each report. You can also specify how many report output versions to keep. For more information, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

Drill-through Links A report can contain drill-through links, also known as Go To links, so that you can easily open a related report. A value in the report is linked to more detailed information in another report. For example, a report includes sales information for each continent. When you click a continent name, a more detailed report about sales for that specific continent opens. When you view report data in Cognos Connection, Query Studio, and Analysis Studio, you may also be able to drill down and drill up. When you drill down, you follow a link from one layer of data to a more detailed layer within the same report. When you drill up, you access a less detailed layer. For more information, see the online help.

Multilingual User Interface and Content Cognos 8 is a multilingual solution that lets you author reports once and deploy them globally. When users open a report, it automatically opens in the proper language, based on their locale settings. You can select the language that you prefer for the user interface. If your data and reports are available in multiple languages, you can also select the language that you prefer for the content. To deliver multilingual content, you can create each entry with multilingual properties in the appropriate studio. For more information about the multilingual capabilities of Cognos 8, see the online help in Cognos Connection or the Architecture and Planning Guide.

Portal Pages In Cognos Connection, you can create your own custom portal pages. You use these portal pages to view frequently-used content, to group related reports and folders, and to combine Cognos and non-Cognos content within a single page. Within your portal pages, you can add Cognos portlets, which you use to view and interact with your Cognos content. If you have the necessary permissions, you can create public pages that other users and groups can access and even use as their own. You can assign security permissions to allow only certain users to access the pages. For more information, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

Administration of Cognos 8 Cognos 8 administrators ensure that Cognos 8 runs smoothly and at its optimum performance. They can • define connections to the organization’s data sources • define security permissions for users and groups in the organization • specify distribution lists, contacts, and printers • manage servers and dispatchers and fine-tune the performance of Cognos 8 • pre-define links for an entire package that authors can then easily add to their reports. • customize the appearance and functionality of Cognos 8 For more information, see the Administration and Security Guide.

Security Cognos 8 is secured by setting permissions and enabling user authentication. If anonymous access is enabled, you can use Cognos 8 without authenticating as a specific user.

Getting Started 11

Chapter 1: Cognos 8 In Cognos 8, administrators define permissions so that users can access functionality. For example, to edit a report using Report Studio, you must have the appropriate security and licensing permissions. In addition, each entry in Cognos Connection is secured to define who can read, edit, and execute the entry. For more information, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

Scheduling Content You can schedule most content that appears in Cognos Connection to run at a time that is convenient for you. You can schedule • reports • metrics • metrics data refreshes • agents • deployments You can also create jobs to schedule multiple entries together. For more information, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

The Software Development Kit The Cognos 8 software development kit (SDK) provides a platform-independent automation interface for working with Cognos 8 services and components. Developers in your organization can use the Cognos 8 SDK to create custom reports, manage deployment, and integrate security and portal functionality to suit your needs, locale, and existing software infrastructure. The SDK uses a collection of cross-platform Web services, libraries, and programming interfaces. You can choose to automate only a specific task, or you can program the entire process from modeling through to reporting, scheduling, and distribution The SDK is available as a separate package. For more information, see the Developer Guide and Cognos 8 SDK Getting Started.

Integrating with Other Cognos Products Cognos 8 is fully integrated with other Cognos products so your business intelligence capabilities can grow with your needs. When you integrate Cognos Series 7 with Cognos 8, you can • access Series 7 reports from Cognos Connection • access PowerCubes built with PowerPlay Transformer 7 When you integrate Cognos Enterprise Planning products with Cognos 8, you can • access Cognos Planning - Contributor from Cognos Connection • create queries, analyses, and reports based on Cognos Enterprise Planning and Cognos Finance data For more information, see the Cognos Planning - Contributor Administration Guide.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples To give you a quick idea of how to use the different functionality of the various Cognos 8 components, we set up some examples to show you how to run and modify reports, analyze data, create agents, and monitor metrics. These examples show how to do the following: • monitor the performance of your business in Metric Studio(p. 13) • run a report in Cognos Connection (p. 16) • schedule a report in Cognos Connection (p. 18) • create a query in Query Studio (p. 20) • analyze data in Analysis Studio (p. 22) • create a report in Report Studio (p. 25) • manage an event in Event Studio (p. 30) • create a portal page in Cognos Connection (p. 33) You can do any of these examples without having to do them all. For example, you can start with the Analysis Studio example without doing the previous examples. Before you experiment with a data source of your own, we recommend that you try these examples using the sample data.

Cognos Samples Before you can work through these examples, ensure that the Cognos samples are set up. They show a good cross section of reports that you can create using Cognos 8. For more information, contact your administrator or see the Administration and Security Guide. The sample databases shipped with Cognos 8 contain data from the operations of a fictional retail company, The Great Outdoors. The Great Outdoors sells camping and sports equipment directly in retail stores across the world, and through other manufacturers.

Example - Monitor Performance With Metric Studio, you can track the performance of your organization against agreed targets. At a quick glance, decision makers at every level of the organization can see the current status of the organization, and then react or plan. A metric is an indicator of key measures that compares actual results to target values. A metric also records who is responsible for the results and the impact of the metric. A scorecard is a collection of performance metrics and projects that reflects the strategic goals of a unit in an organization. This exercise shows how to • review and understand the performance of a metric on a scorecard • create an action on a metric • add a metric to your watch list As the sales manager for a region for The Great Outdoors company, you regularly look at a scorecard that contains metrics about your sales area. The metrics give you an instant idea of how the current sales compare to the sales targets set by the company. Return quantity is one of the metrics. To perform this exercise, you must have the appropriate licensing and security permissions for this functionality.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

Things to Notice Metrics appear as either Poor (red), Average (yellow), or Excellent (green). For each metric, you can see whether the trend is getting better or getting worse. When you move your pointer over the title of a metric, you see a history chart that shows the performance of the metric.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. In Cognos Connection, open Metric Studio and select the GO Metrics package. 3. Explore the scorecard: • On the left pane, click Scorecards. • Expand the Corporate and Distribution scorecards. • Click each of the sales territory to view the metric related to return quantity. You notice that in the Asia Pacific scorecard, the Return quantity-Asia Pacific-Returns metric has the worst performance and its variance values appear in red.

4. Click the Asia Pacific - Return Quantity % metric and then click List. You see the actual and target values for the metric data for previous periods. You also see quarterly and yearly summaries.

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5. Explore the information available for the Return quantity metric: • Click the Reports tab. Metric authors link reports to a metric to help illustrate the reasons for the status of the metric and to help you solve issues related to the performance of a metric • Click the Diagrams tab. Impact diagrams show the relationships between the Return quantity metric and other metrics. • Click the Details tab. You see a description of the metric, how the metric is calculated, who owns the metric, and who has permissions to use the metric. 6. Create an action for one of your business analysts to have him or her investigate the performance of product returns: • Click the Actions tab. • Click the new action button. • In the Name box, type Kazumi Uragome, the person who will own the action. • In the Description box, type Please investigate. to let Kazumi know what to do. • Beside the Planned Finish box, click the calendar icon and select a date one week from today and then click OK. 7. Add the Returns metric to your watch list so that you can easily monitor it in the future: • On the upper toolbar, click the add to watch list button. • In the left pane, click My Folders and click Watch List. The Return quantity metric appears in your watch list.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

Try on Your Own •

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Add a comment to the metric to communicate information to users of the metric. Tip: Beside the metric, in the comment column, click the ellipsis (...). After you add a comment, a comment icon appears. Add an email notification for the metric to get notified when the metric changes. Tip: Beside the metric, click the email alerts button. You can also specify when and how often you receive email notification about changes to metrics in the watch list. Filter the scorecard according to the status of the metrics. Tip: On the Metrics tab, in the filter box, click the status or trend that you want.

For More Information For more information about using scorecards, see the Metric Studio online help.

Example - Run a Report Cognos Connection is the Web portal that gives you access to all the Cognos 8 functionality. In the portal, you can run all your organization’s reports. In this exercise, you will learn how to • navigate the portal • run a report • navigate within a report • view the report in a different format You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You are asked to study the percentage of products that are returned. Returned items reveal important information about the quality of products, especially when products are returned because they are defective or are missing parts.

Things to Notice The icon for a report shows the default format and default action of the report. Reports that have saved outputs have an additional icon in the Actions column.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples 2. In Cognos Connection, open Public Folders, click the Great Outdoors Company package, and then click Query Studio Report Samples. 3. Locate the Returns by Product Line Chart. Tip: The icons beside an entry identify its default action and format. The default format for this report is HTML and the default action is to run the report. 4. Click the report name to run the report. The report runs and opens with the latest data about product returns.

You notice that Camping Equipment products have the highest number of returns. You want to drill down to obtain more detailed information. 5. Click the Camping Equipment area in the pie chart to drill down to more detailed information. Tip: You can also drill down by right-clicking the pie area, by clicking the drill down button on the toolbar, or by clicking the legend label. At a quick glance, you notice that lanterns have the highest number of returns. 6. Drill down on Lanterns.

Getting Started 17

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples You notice that the EverGlow Lamp has the highest number of returns.

7. On the toolbar, click the home or return button to return to the portal.

Try on Your Own • • •

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Change the report format to PDF. Tip: Click the view in PDF format button on the toolbar. Send the report by email to a coworker. Tip: Click the email button on the toolbar. Change the language settings in your Web browser or in Cognos Connection (Preferences link) and run the report again. Because the sample data is multilingual, all data will be translated. Change the security permissions for the report to allow the Everyone group to run the report. Tip: In Cognos Connection, in the Actions column, click the set properties button for the report and then click the Permissions tab.

For More Information For more information about running reports, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

Example - Schedule a Report You can schedule entries that are stored in Cognos Connection, such as reports, queries, and agents, so that they run at a time that is convenient for you. In this exercise, you will learn how to • save a report as a report view • schedule a report so it runs daily • use the schedule management tool to view the status of the schedule You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You want to schedule the Returns by Product Type Chart report that you ran in the previous example because some people in your organization need the data updated daily. You schedule the report to run daily, and then check that it is properly scheduled.

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Things to Notice When a report runs according to a schedule, the report output is saved.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Locate the Returns by Product Type Chart report that you ran in the previous exercise. Tip: You can find it in Public Folders > Great Outdoors Company > Query Studio Sample Reports. You can also use any one of the Cognos sample reports. 3. Create a report view for a daily view of the report: • In the Actions column, click the report view button next to the report. • In the Name box, remove the words Report View of from the beginning of the name, type (Daily) at the end of the name, and then click Finish. A new entry appears in Cognos Connection, with the report view icon. 4. Schedule the report view to run daily: • For the entry, in the Actions column, click the schedule button. • Under Frequency, click By Day. • Accept the default time and other defaults. • Click OK. 5. Check the schedule: • In Cognos Connection, click the Tools menu and click Schedule Management. • Click the Schedule tab. • In the Scope box, select Any and click Apply. Your report appears in the list of scheduled reports.

Try on Your Own • • •

View the report output created by the schedule. Tip: In the Actions column, click the output versions button. Modify the schedule so that the report runs weekly. Permanently remove the schedule. Tip: In the Actions column, click More, and then click Remove the schedule.

For More Information For more information about scheduling reports, see the online help in Cognos Connection.

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Example - Create a Query Use Query Studio to retrieve information from a data source, when you want to create reports that answer simple business questions. Also use Query Studio to publish reports for audiences who do not require complex layout or formatting. In this exercise, you will learn how to • add columns • add calculations • add conditional formatting • apply a template to the report • save the report You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You want to create a report that shows which products have the highest rate of return and how much revenue was lost from product returns. You will create a report that looks like the Query Studio sample Returns by Product Type in the Great Outdoors Company sample package. To perform this exercise, you must have the appropriate licensing and security permissions.

Things to Notice Data that can be added to the report has a different icon depending on what type of data it is. The reports that you create in Query Studio can be viewed and edited in Report Studio.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Open Query Studio and select the Great Outdoors Company package. A blank report appears. 3. Add columns to the report: • From the Menu, click Insert Data. • Expand Products, double-click Product type and then double-click Product name to add them to the report. • Expand Measures and double-click Quantity sold to add it to the report. • Expand Other Measures and add Returns and Unit cost to the report. The item Unit cost will not appear in the final report, but you need it to build a calculation. 4. Create a calculation to show the lost revenue (Returns * Unit cost = Lost revenue): • In the working area, click the heading for Unit cost and Ctrl+click the heading for the Returns column. • Click the calculate button. • In the Operation box, click * (multiplication). • In the New item name box, type Lost revenue. • Click Insert. • Delete the Unit cost column. 5. Format the calculated column that you added: • Right-click the heading for the Lost revenue column and click Format Data. • In the Category list, click Currency. • In the Thousands separator list, click Yes, and then click OK.

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6. Create a calculation to show the percentage of returns ([Returns / Quantity sold)]*100): • In the working area, click the heading for the Returns column and Ctrl+click the heading for the Quantity sold column. • Click the calculate button. • In the Operation type box, click Percentage. • In the Operation box, click %. • In the New item name box, type % Returned. • Click Insert. 7. Sort the % Returned column in descending order: • Right-click the heading for the % Returned column and click Sort. • Under Sort Order, click Descending (9 to 1), and then click OK. 8. Apply conditional formatting to highlight products with a lost revenue greater than $20,000. • Click the heading for the Lost revenue column. • From the Change Layout menu, click Define Conditional Styles. • In the New value box, type 20000 and click Insert. • For the first range, in the Style column, click Poor, and click OK.

The cells with a lost revenue greater than $20,000 appear with a red background. 9. Apply a template to the report: • From the Change Layout menu, click Apply Template. • Select Apply a template and click Select a template. • In Public Folders, click Query Studio Templates, QS Template 1, and click OK twice. The report appears with the styles from the template. 10. Add a title to the report: • Above the report, click Title. • In the Title box, type Returns by Product Type and click OK. 11. Save the report as Returns by Product Type. The final report looks like this.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

You notice that the EverGlow Lamp and Firefly Lite lanterns are the products that have the highest return rate.

Try on Your Own • •

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Review the chart types in the online help, and then add a chart to the report. Every time you modify a report, Query Studio updates the results by running a query. Use the run options to preview the report with no data (Run Report menu, Preview with No Data). Tip: To preview a report with limited data, design filters must be defined in the model. Review the definition of all report items in the report (Manage File menu, Report Definition). This is useful for troubleshooting a report.

For More Information For information about using Query Studio, see the Query Studio online help.

Example - Analyze Data In Analysis Studio, you can manipulate your data interactively so that you can identify and understand the problems and issues in your business. In this exercise, you will learn how to • create a crosstab • show values as percentages • drill down • create a top or bottom filter You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You want to further analyze the returns data to find out where and why products are the most returned. You focus on tents and lanterns because they have the highest return rate.

22

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples You will create an analysis that looks like the Analysis Studio sample % Returned by Product in the Great Outdoors Company sample package. To perform this exercise, you must have the appropriate licensing and security permissions.

Things to Notice The items and measures that you can add to your analysis appear in the data tree in the left pane. The overview area above the work area is a convenient place to quickly explore and change the contents of your analysis. You manipulate rows and columns, drill up or down, and provide context for the work area. Analysis Studio uses sets, which are collections of similar data. You manipulate data by applying actions to sets. You can sort, filter, and nest sets. You can also save custom sets and view subtotals for your sets.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Open Analysis Studio. 3. Click the Great Outdoors Company package and click OK. 4. Insert data in the crosstab: • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Measures and Other measures, and drag Returns to either the cell in the upper-left corner of the work area or in the middle of the work area. • Insert Products in the Columns zone. • Expand the Retailer folder and insert Retailer in the Rows zone. You now see the number of product lines that each retailer category returned. By default, only five rows and columns are shown. The More subtotal is the sum of the values that are not visible in the work area and that still meet any filter criteria.

5. Click More and click 20. 6. Create a calculation to show the percentage of returned products. To create the calculation, you must add two measures in the crosstab: • In the Insertable Objects pane, in the Measures folder, Ctrl+click Quantity sold and Returns. • Drag the two measures below the Products set in the crosstab. A flashing black bar indicates where you can drop the item.

Getting Started 23

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

Two columns now appear below the Products set. Ctrl+click the Returns and Quantity sold column headers. Tip: To select a column header, click the area surrounding the value in the column headers. When you click the value, you drill down. • From the toolbar, click the calculate button, and click % (Returns, Quantity sold). 7. Rename the new calculated column: • Right-click the % (Returns, Quantity sold) column heading. • Click Rename. • In the Name box, type % Returned and click OK. You notice that Camping Equipment products in Department Stores have the greatest percentage of returned products at 1.5%. •

8. Drill down on data to see more details: • Drill down on Camping Equipment. Pause your pointer over the Camping Equipment column header text until the icon with the plus sign (+) and caret appears and the text is underlined, and then click. • In the columns, drill down on Lanterns. • In the rows, drill down on Department Store. Tip: To drill up, click the column header or cell, right-click, and click Drill Up. 9. There are more Lanterns than can be displayed on the screen. To focus on valuable information, create a top filter that shows the top three lantern products that have the highest percentage of returns: • In the overview area, under Columns, click Lanterns to select the set. • Click the top or bottom button. • Under Top or Bottom, click Top.

24

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples • Under Number of items, type 3. • In the By measure box, select the % Returned column that you created. • Click OK. The crosstab now shows only the top 3 lantern products with the highest percentage of returns. The store Esportes Grumari is responsible for the greatest percentage of returned lanterns 10. Find out more information about this store: • Drill down on the Esportes Grumari store. Only one store location exists in São Paulo. You now want to find out who is the sales representative responsible for this location. • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Sales Territory, Americas, and Brazil. • Right-click São Paulo, click Insert, and click As Nested Rows. You see that the sales person Eduardo Guimarães is responsible for the Esportes Grumari store. You can now contact Eduardo to obtain more information about why lanterns are returned at this store.

11. Save the analysis as % Returned by Product.

Try on Your Own • •

•

View data in a chart. Tip: Click the chart button. See how the sales person Eduardo Guimarães is performing with other product lines. Tip: Drill up on Lanterns and Camping Equipment. You can also replace the Products set by dragging a new product line over the Products set in the overview area or over the column headers in the work area. Edit the report in Report Studio. Tip: Click the Report Studio button. After you save an analysis in Report Studio, you can no longer edit it in Analysis Studio.

For More Information For information about using Analysis Studio, see the Analysis Studio online help.

Example - Create a Report Use Report Studio to create reports with complex layout, formatting, and report user interactions. These types of report are generally created by professional report authors, who have a good knowledge of the data and tools they work with. In this exercise, you will learn how to • create a chart • make the report interactive with prompts You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You create a chart report in Report Studio to show the performance of returns over the last few years. You make the report interactive by adding a prompt.

Getting Started 25

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples You will create a report that looks like the Report Studio sample Returns by Order Method Prompted Chart in the GO Sales sample package To perform this exercise, you must have the appropriate licensing and security permissions for this functionality.

Things to Notice When you use Report Studio, data is not live. You must run the report to view data. You can view the XML report specification. You can add multilingual capabilities.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Open Report Studio. 3. Click the GO Sales package. 4. Click Open an existing report or template, double-click GO Template Samples, click GO Crosstab, and click Open. 5. Insert data in the crosstab zones: • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand GO Sales, Returned items, Return reason and Return reason. • Insert Return reason in the Columns zone. • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Returned items. • Insert Return quantity in the Measures zone. • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Inventory, Product, and Product. • Insert Product line in the Rows zone.

6. Click the run report button to run your report and verify the content. The report output appears in Cognos Viewer. Tip: To return to Report Studio, close the Cognos Viewer Web browser.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

7. Insert another column in the report: • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Sales, Time, and Time. • Insert Year after the Return reason column. 8. Insert a chart in the report: • In the Insertable Objects pane, click the toolbox tab. • Click the Chart object and drag it below the crosstab. • Select the Column chart type. • Insert Return quantity as the Measure (y-axis), Product line as the Series, and Return reason and Year as the Category (x-axis).

Getting Started 27

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

9. Create a filter to exclude the Wrong product ordered return reason from the crosstab: • In the crosstab, click the Return reason column heading. • On the toolbar, click the filter button. • Click the Detail Filters tab. • Click the add button. • Define the following expression: [[Return reason] not in ([Returned items].[Return reason].[Return reason].[Return reason]->[all].[3]) Tip: Insert items from the Available Components pane. The value 3 is the code for the Wrong product ordered return reason. • Click the validate button to validate your expression. • Click OK twice. 10. Create a prompt page for the order method to allow users to filter data in the report and retrieve data only for the order method they select: • Click the background of the work area to deselect. • From the Tools menu, click Build Prompt Page. • Remove the Back and Next buttons and the prompt page title (Double-click to edit text) that are automatically created. • In the Insertable Objects pane, click the toolbox tab. • Click the Value Prompt object and drag it in the prompt page. The Prompt Wizard dialog box appears. • Click Next. • Beside the Package item box, click the ellipsis button (...). • In the Choose Package Item dialog box, expand Sales, and Order method twice. • Click the lowest-level Order method and then click OK. • Click Next. • Select the check box for Query 1 and Query 2 and then click Next. By selecting both queries, the prompt will apply to the crosstab (Query 1) and the chart (Query 2) in the report. • Click Finish.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples 11. Move the cursor over the Page Explorer between the Insertable Objects pane and the work area, and click Page1 under Report Pages to return to the report page. Tip: Click the folder title (Prompt Pages) to remove or rename a page or to edit properties.

12. Add a title to the report: • Double-click the title area (Double-click to edit text) and type Returns by Order Method. 13. Save the report: • From the File menu, click Save As. • Name the report Returns by Order Method - Prompted Chart and click Save. 14. Run your report and verify the content, • Click the run report button. • In the Order method drop down list, click E-mail and then click Finish. The report output appears in Cognos Viewer.

Getting Started 29

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

Try on Your Own •

•

•

Save the report as a template so you can create a new report with the same layout and include different data. Tip: From the File menu, click Convert to Template and then save the report with a new name. Add a custom palette to the chart. Tip: In the work area, click the chart. In the Properties pane, expand Color & Background, and click the ellipsis (...) next to Palette. View the XML specification for the report. Tip: From the Tools menu, click Show Specification.

For More Information For information about using Report Studio, see the Report Studio online help.

Example - Manage an Event Use Event Studio to define business events or exceptional conditions in your data that you must deal with. Create agents to monitor your data and perform tasks or deliver alerts when the data meets predefined thresholds. This exercise shows how to • define business events • define agent tasks • review the status of events

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples You are a business analyst for the Great Outdoors company. You want to ensure that your customers are satisfied with the products and services that you provide. In particular, if products are returned, you want to investigate why and ensure that you offer a replacement before your customers decide to shop elsewhere. Using Event Studio, you can be notified whenever a customer returns a product because it was defective, unsatisfactory, incomplete, or because the wrong product was shipped to them. You want to immediately send an email to your customer service department with details about the order and the customer so that they can contact the customer. You will create an agent that looks like the Event Studio sample Returns Agent in the GO Sales sample package. To perform this exercise, you must have the appropriate licensing and security permissions.

Things to Notice The tasks that you need to perform to create an agent in Event Studio appear in the I want to... area in the left pane. By default, when you open Event Studio, you start with the first task, defining an event.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Open Event Studio and select the GO Sales package. 3. Create the expression that defines the event: • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Returned items, Returned items, and insert the Return quantity measure in the Expression box. • Create the following expression: [Return quantity]>0 AND [Return reason] IN ('Unsatisfactory product', 'Defective product', 'Incomplete product', 'Wrong product shipped') Tip: Insert items from the Insertable Objects pane. To select from a list of possible values for the return reason, click the select value button. Move the values you want from the Select Value box to the Selected Items box and click OK. • Click the validate button to validate your expression. Tip: You can also click Preview Data from the Actions menu to see the data retrieved from the data source. 4. Add an email task: • In the I want to list, click Add a task and click Email. • In the To box, type the email address for the customer service department. Tip: Since this example is for learning purposes, the agent will not actually run. Therefore, you can type any email address. • In the Subject, type Products Returned. • Above the Body box, click the insert table button and add 5 columns and 2 rows. • In the table, add information about returned products as follows: Order Number

Product Name

Quantity

Retailer Name

[Order number]

[Product name]

[Return quantity]

[Retailer name] [Phone number]

•

Telephone Number

Tip: You can drag items from the Insertable Objects pane. When the agent runs, the data item for each event is replaced by the current value in the package. Select the top row and select the bold button to make the column headings stand out. Getting Started 31

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

5. Set the execution rules so that a notification is sent only for new events: • In the I want to list, click Manage the task execution rules. • In the Insertable Objects pane, expand Sales, Order header, Order number, and drag Order number to the Event key box. • Click Next. • Under Perform the selected task for, ensure that only New events is selected. • Click Finish. 6. Set the schedule: • In the I want to list, click Schedule the agent. • Under Frequency, click By day and select Every 1 hour. 7. Save the agent as Returns Agent. Each hour, the agent runs and the next time a customer returns a product, an email will be sent to the customer service department with information about the order.

Try on Your Own •

•

•

32

Attach the event list to the email. An event list shows the events processed by the agent. In this example, the event that we defined is when a customer returns a product. Tip: In the summary area, click the Products Returned email task. Below the Body box, click Attach. Add a report task so that the agent runs a report that is related to an important business event. Tip: In the I want to area, click Add a task, and click Report. Then, select the report that you want to run. To allow this report to be attached in an email task, under Options, click Set, and then select the Override the default values check box. Under Delivery, select the Enable attachment of the report in email tasks check box. Attach a report to the email. You can only attach reports that are included in report tasks and that have the Enable attachment of the report in email tasks check box selected. Tip: In the summary area, click the Products Returned email task. Below the Body box, click Attach.

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

For More Information For information about creating agents, see the Event Studio online help.

Example - Create a Portal Page You can customize your portal by creating your own portal pages. You can choose the information that is most important to you and make it available from your page. You can choose from different types of content and organize the pages in a way that works for you. This exercise shows how to • create a page • add content to a page • define the appearance of a page • enhance the content of a page You want to create a personal page that includes all of the reports and content that you worked on in the previous exercises so that you can easily view the content each time you log on to Cognos 8.

Things to Notice In a portal page, you can add Cognos content, such as business intelligence reports, utilities, such as URLs and bookmarks, and third-party portlets. You can make a portal page available to a group in your organization, such as to the sales team, or you can create a portal page for your personal use.

Steps 1. Open Cognos Connection: • Start your Web browser • In the address bar, type the URL supplied by your administrator, and then press Enter. The URL looks something like this: http://servername/cognos8 2. Click the new page button anywhere in Cognos Connection. 3. Type the name My Great Outdoors page, select a location in My Folders for the new page, and click Next. 4. Specify the page layout: • Under Number of columns, select 2 columns. • Change the width of the left column to 40% and the right column to 60%. 5. Add content to your page: • Under the left column, click Add. • Click Cognos Content. • Select the Cognos Navigator, Cognos Search, and Cognos Viewer portlets, and click the arrow to move them to the Selected entries box. Tip: You can preview the content of the portlets by clicking the view this portlet button in the Actions column. • Click OK. • In the left column, click Cognos Viewer and click the move one item right arrow.

Getting Started 33

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

• Click Next. 6. Define the appearance of the page: • In the Title box, type My Great Outdoors page. Tip: You can change the formatting of the text. • Click Next. • Select the Add this page to the portal tabs check box. • Click Finish. The My Great Outdoors Page that you created appears as a tab in Cognos Connection. 7. Enhance the content of your page: • Click the My Great Outdoors Page tab. • In the Cognos Viewer portlet, click the edit button. • Under Entry, click Select an entry and locate the Returns by Product Line Chart sample report. Tip: You can find this report in Public Folders > Great Outdoors Company > Query Studio Report Samples. You can also use any other sample report. • Under Portlet height in pixels, type 600. • Click OK. The report now appears in the right column of your portal page. If the report was not previously run and saved, click the run button in the Cognos Viewer portlet. In the Run with options page, click Save the report and then click Run. The portal page appears with your contents.

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Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

Try on Your Own • • •

Change the layout of your page. Tip: Click the edit button. Set the My Great Outdoors Page as your home page. Tip: Next to the home icon, click the down arrow, and click Set View as Home. Delete the page. Tip: From the page menu button, on the left side of the tab bar, click Remove this portal tab.

For More Information For information about creating portal pages, see the Cognos Connection online help.

Getting Started 35

Chapter 2: Cognos 8 Examples

36

Glossary agent The object type created and edited by Event Studio. An agent contains the event condition and the associated tasks to perform. Once defined, an agent can be scheduled to check for instances of the event.

analysis A process where a user interacts with data to gain insight and understanding. In Cognos 8, Analysis Studio is designed to facilitate analysis.

authentication The process of verifying the identity of users when they log on. Users must be authenticated before they can be authorized to use any secured resources.

condition An expression that yields a boolean value. Conditions are used in query expressions, query filters, and boolean report variables that can be used for conditional formatting, styles, data sources, layouts and blocks.

drill down The act of navigating from one level of data to a more detailed level. The levels are set by the structure of the data. See also drill up.

drill up The act of navigating from one level of data to a less detailed level. The levels are set by the structure of the data. See also drill down.

event An exceptional item of data, defined by specifying a query expression against items in a package. When data is detected matching the event condition, it causes an agent to perform tasks.

event key A combination of data items that uniquely defines an event instance. Identifying an event instance enables the agent to determine if it is new, ongoing or stopped. The task execution rules then determine which tasks to execute for each instance.

metric A measurement of performance in key areas of a business that compares current results to planned values.

model A physical or business representation of the structure of the data from one or more data sources. A model describes data objects, structure, and grouping, as well as relationships and security. A model, called a design model, is created and maintained in Framework Manager. The design model or a subset of the design model must be published to the Cognos 8 server as a package for users to create and run reports.

Getting Started 37

namespace For authentication and access control, a configured instance of an authentication provider. Allows access to user and group information. In XML, a collection of names, identified by a URI reference, which are used in XML documents as element types and attribute names. In Framework Manager, namespaces uniquely identify query items, query subjects, and so on. You import different databases into separate namespaces to avoid duplicate names.

package A subset of a model, which can be the whole model, to be made available to the Cognos 8 server.

portlet A mechanism for displaying Web content as part of a portal page.

publish To expose all or part of a Framework Manager model via a package to the Cognos 8 server, so that Cognos BI Users can use it to create reports and other content.

query A specification for a set of data to retrieve from a data source. A report specification can contain one or more queries. The type of object created and edited by Query Studio. A query is a subtype of report.

query item A representation of a column of data in a data source. It contains a reference to a database column, a reference to another query item, or a calculation. Query items may appear in a model or in a report.

query subject One of the types of objects inside a model. A query subject can be defined as a collection of references to items of other query subjects, or expressed as an SQL expression that represents selected query items. These query items will be retrieved from objects such as tables, synonyms, views, and so on. Query subjects contain query items.

report A set of data deliberately laid out to communicate business information. Depending on the context, "report" may refer to report specification or report output. Report (more precisely, report specification) is the generic term for the objects created by edited by Query Studio, Report Studio, and Analysis Studio.

report output A report output combines data at the point in time when the report was run with a report specification. It is a document that can be displayed, printed or emailed. Cognos 8 can produce report outputs in HTML, PDF, Excel, or CSV formats.

report specification The definition of queries, prompts, layouts, and styles that make up a report. A report specificaiton is combined with data by a run operation to create report outputs. You create report specifications by using Report Studio, Query Studio, Analysis Studio, or through the Software Development Kit.

report view A reference to another report that has its own properties, such as prompt values, schedules, and results. You use report views to share a report specification instead of making copies of it. 38

scorecard A collection of metrics representing the performance of one unit or aspect of an organization.

set A collection of related items or members. Members in the set may be selected by one or more filter rules or by selecting specific members. See also specific set definitions (detail-based set, selection-based set, and so on).

task An action performed by an agent if the event status meets the task execution rules. For example, an agent can send an email, publish a news item, or run a report.

template A reusable report layout or style that can be used to set the presentation of a query or report.

watch list A list of metrics that each user has chosen to monitor closely. If notification is enabled in Metric Studio, the user will receive email notification of changes to these metrics. Users can also choose to display their watch list as a portlet within Cognos Connection.

Getting Started 39

40

Index A

D

ad hoc reports, 8 adding to portal pages, 33 administering ReportNet, 11 agent views, 10 agents, 8 definition, 37 examples, 30 analyses Analysis Studio, 8 definition, 37 examples, 22 Analysis Studio, 8 examples, 22 authentication definition, 37 automating Cognos 8, 12

document version, 2 documentation printing, 5 related information, 5 drilling down, 22 definition, 37 drilling through, 11 drilling up definition, 37

C charts creating in Report Studio, 25 Cognos 8, 7 how it works, 9 Cognos Connection, 7 examples, 16, 18, 33 running reports, 16 Cognos Enterprise Planning integrating with Cognos 8, 12 Cognos PowerPlay for Windows integrating with Cognos 8, 12 Cognos samples, 13 Cognos Series 7 integrating with Cognos 8, 12 Cognos Viewer, 16 components of Cognos 8, 7 conditional formatting applying in Query Studio, 20 conditions defining in Event Studio, 30 definition, 37 copyright, 2 crosstabs creating in Analysis Studio, 22 CSV report outputs, 10 customer support contacting, 5

E event keys definition, 37 Event Studio, 8 examples, 30 events definition, 37 monitoring, 8 See also agents examples, 13 analyzing data in Analysis Studio, 22 creating a query using Query Studio, 20 creating a report in Report Studio, 25 creating portal pages, 33 managing events in Event Studio, 30 monitoring performance using Metric Studio, 13 running reports, 16 scheduling reports, 18 Excel report outputs, 10

F filters creating in Analysis Studio, 22 creating in Report Studio, 25 formatting conditional, 20 Framework Manager, 10

G Go To links, 11

H help related information, 5 HTML report outputs, 10

Getting Started 41

Index

I

Q

integrating other Cognos products with Cognos 8, 12 international solution, 11

queries definition, 38 examples, 20 query items definition, 38 Query Studio, 8 examples, 20 query subjects definition, 38

L languages, 11 linking reports, 11

M managed reports, 8 managing reports, 10 Metric Studio, 7 examples, 13 metrics, 7 definition, 37 examples, 13 models, 10 definition, 37 monitoring events, 8 multilingual solution, 11 My Folders, 10

R

namespaces definition, 38

report outputs, 10 definition, 38 report specifications, 10 definition, 38 Report Studio, 8 examples, 25 report views, 10, 18 definition, 38 reports, 12 advanced, 8 definition, 38 managing, 10 running, 16 scheduling, 18 simple, 20 running reports, 16

O

S

organizing entries in the portal, 10 outputs, 10

samples, 13 Cognos, 13 scheduling, 12 reports, 18 scorecards, 7 definition, 39 examples, 13 SDK, 12 security, 11 sets definition, 39 software development kit, 12 support contacting, 5

N

P packages, 10 definition, 38 PDF report outputs, 10 permissions, 11 required for samples, 13 personalizing portal pages, 11, 33 reports and agents, 10 planning data integrating with Cognos 8, 12 portal pages, 11 examples, 33 portals, 7 portlets, 11, 33 definition, 38 printing documentation, 5 prompts creating in Report Studio, 25 Public Folders, 10 publishing definition, 38

42

T tasks defining in Event Studio, 30 definition, 39 templates applying in Query Studio, 20 definition, 39 top or bottom filters, 22 tutorial, 13

V version document, 2

Index

W watch lists, 13 definition, 39 workflow, 9

X XML report outputs, 10 report specifications, 10

Getting Started 43

Index

44