Bosquejo Guerras De Independencia

Bosquejo Guerras de Independencia I.Roots to Revolution Criollos frustrated by political and economic power of colonial officials High Taxes Imperial Monopolies Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers French and American Revolutions II.Napoleon Invades Spain and Portugal (1808) Crisis of Legitimacy Royal Family of Portugal leaves for Brazil Spanish King Ferdinand VII is forced to abdicate/ Joseph Bonaparte takes over III. The Junta Central and its Impact in the Colonies Most residents showed obedience Small group of powerful individuals objected Subjects of the King Local Juntas Spanish Loyalists opposed local Juntas Resulted in armed uprisings Responded with increased repression Creation of Junta Central in Spain Claimed rights to exercise King’s power over the colonies IV.The junta central... Divide in public opinion Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia develop popular movements that overthrow colonial officials to create juntas New round of revolutions ensue V. Spanish South America Revolutionary junta led by criollos declares independence in Venezuela (1811) Sovereignty/Democracy Led by landowners Defended slavery Loyalists and Church hierarchy rallies thousands of slaves and free blacks to defend Empire Revolutionary junta turns leadership to Simón Bolivar (1783-1830) VI.Simon Bolivar Son of wealthy Venezuelan planters Studied classics and works of the Enlightenment

Strong military leader First opposed abolition, then agreed to support emancipation to draw slaves and freemen to the cause Defeated Spanish Army in 1824 Attempts to merge Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into a single nation but his plans fail VII.Buenos Aires Junta of militia commanders, merchants, and ranchers overthrows viceroy in 1830 Intially declares its loyalty to imprisoned King (Ferdinand VII) In 1816 it declares independence of United Provinces of Río de la Plata VIII. Bolivar Liberates South America 1817 Coalition between Chileans and Argentines led by José de San Martín (17781850) crossed the Andes to attack Spanish military forces in Chile and Peru Coalition fails in Peru in 1820 Tupac Amaru II Rebellion instilled in colonist fear of Indian uprisings Simón Bolivar takes over struggle and wins Peruvian independence in 1824 IX.Mexico Spain’s richest and most populous colony News of Napoleon invasion of France lead conservative Spaniards in Mexico to overthrow viceroy described as too friendly towards creoles Amerindians are displaced from their lands mining and commercial enterprises and crops Crop failures Epidemics Discontent brews… X.Padre Hidalgo The first stage of Mexico’s revolution for independence was led by Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who rallied the rural masses of central Mexico to his cause. His defeat, trial, and execution made him one of Mexico’s most important political martyrs. Parish priest from Dolores Rang the church bells and pronounced a speech urging crowd to rise up against oppression of Spanish officials The rural and urban poor responded by attacking ranches and taking revenge on criollos XI. Independence of Mexico Wealthy Mexicans initially supported people’s uprising but later lent their

support to the authorities. Why? Padre Hidalgo was captured, tried, and executed in 1811 José María Morelos, a former student of Hidalgo, continued the insurrection but was captured and executed in 1815 XII. Independence of Mexico... Influenced by news of military revolt in Spain, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide Declares Mexico’s independence Claims himself as the Emperor In 1823 the army overthrows Iturbide and Mexico becomes a Republic