Nutrition & Health Assessment Lab
1.
To identify health risks associated with excessively high or low levels of total body fat high or low levels of total body fat
2.
To formulate dietary recommendations and exercise prescriptions
3.
To assess the effectiveness of nutrition and exercise interventions in altering body composition
4.
To monitor changes over time
1
y
Some techniques are better than others
y
For the best results: consider validity/reliability issues choose population‐specific prediction equations/norm charts for interpretation use same method for pre‐post comparisons
The sum of all 6 components = total body weight
These six components can be “grouped” g p to create two component systems
2
The most simple model divides the body into fat divides the body into fat and fat‐free mass y This is the basis for most body composition techniques y
Fat
Underwater weighing BMI Skinfold thickness measurements Bioelectrical impedance
Fat Bone mineral
Fat‐free body
Bone‐ free lean tissue
2-C
3-C
BMI, WHR, SKF, BIA
DXA
3
y
KNOW THESE CONVERSIONS!!!
Weight / height g g 2
lbs / 2.2 lbs. 2 2 = Kg
Kg/m2 Lbs/in2 * 703
inches * 2.54 = cm
y
BMI is a quick and easy way to determine if one’s weight is appropriate for their height
y
Strong evidence suggests that a BMI ≥ Strong evidence suggests that a BMI ≥ 25 25 2 kg/m greatly increases possible health risks
y y
Correlates well (r = 0.70) with HW SEE = 5% BF
70 Women
Body Fat (%)
60
Men
50 40 30 20 10 0
0
10
20
30
Body Mass Index
40
50
60
(kg/m2)
Adapted from: Gallagher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:694.
4
Underweight
< 18.5
Normal
18.5 ‐ 24.9
Overweight
25 ‐ 29.9
Class 1 Obesity Class 2 Obesity Class 3 Obesity (morbid obesity)
30 ‐ 34.9 35 ‐ 39.9 > 40
y
BMI (in kg/m2) is currently used in epidemiological studies to express weight adjusted for height and to studies to express weight adjusted for height and to classify obesity.
y
Cut points of 25 and 30 are used to define overweight and obesity in adults.
y
The 85th and 95th gender‐ and age‐specific percentiles are used to classify children and adolescents as at risk for overweight and overweight.
National Institutes of Health, 1998
5
y
There is considerable variability in body composition for any in body composition for any given BMI
y
BMI assumes that after adjusting weight for height, all individuals have the same relative fatness regardless of l ti f t dl f age, gender, race, and level of physical activity (or body build)
6
BMI--for BMI for--Age Percentiles Overweight (≥ 95th) At risk for overweight (85th – <95th) Healthy weight (>5th – <85th)
Underweight (≤ 5th)
y
Gallagher et al. (1996) equation % BF = (1.46 (1 46 * BMI) + (0.14 (0 14 * Age) – (11.6 (11 6 * gender) – 10 SEM = 5.7%
y
Zanovec et al. (2009) equation % BF = (1.54 * BMI) – (16.35 * gender) – (0.99 * race) – 4.94 4 94 R2 = 0.81; SEM = 4.1%
Note:
For gender: female = 0, male = 1 race: white = 0, black = 1
7
Distribution of fat can be a better indicator of disease risk than total fat
Android ‐ describes excess fat in the abdominal region z Gynoid ‐ excess fat in the hips and thighs z
z Android obesity is associated
with increased risk for: hypertension, CAD, Type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, premature death
8
y
How much is too much? Very high health risk: Young
Males Females y
> .94 > .82
60‐69 yrs.
> 1.03 > .90
Example Example: Waist = Hips =
32 inches 40 inches
WHR =
.80
40 inches 40 inches
1.0
y
Compared to WHR, WC provides a more accurate indirect measure of visceral fat and is not greatly indirect measure of visceral fat and is not greatly influenced by age, gender, standing height, and degree of overall adiposity
y
The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP, 2001) recommends using WC cutoff values of >40 in. ) g for men and >35 in. for women to evaluate obesity as a risk factor for CHD and metabolic diseases
9
z
Technique based on the assumption that ~50% of all fat in the body is subcutaneous fat
z
There are 9 standardized sites for skinfold measurements
z
%BF estimated from skinfolds correlates well with hydrostatic weighing (r > 0.8)
z
SKF prediction is ~3‐5% compared with H2O weighing (w/ trained tech; appropriate equations)
z
Greatest source of error is site location and technique
10
y
Take all measurements on the right side
y
Grasp the SKF firmly between the thumb and index Grasp the SKF firmly between the thumb and index finger of your left hand at a distance 1 cm above the marked site
y
Place the jaws of the caliper halfway between the crest and base of the fold
y
Take the SKF measurement 4 sec after the pressure is released
y
Read the dial to the nearest 0.5 mm
y
Take a minimum of 2 measurements at each site and a third measurement if >10% difference
y
Take SKF measurements in a rotational order (triceps, calf, triceps, calf, etc.)
y
Two‐site Skinfold test ‐ easiest Triceps and calf
y
Calculating % BF (Slaughter et al., 1988) Males: % BF = 0.735 (Σ SF) + 1 Females: % BF = 0.610 (Σ SF) + 5.1 SEE = 3.8%
y
Most appropriate for White and Black boys and girls ages 8‐17
y
Note: for males >18, use (‐5.5) instead of (+1)
11
z Involves low dosage energy beams used to
scan the body th b d z Assumes a three compartment model: (fat,
bone mineral, and non‐bone lean tissue) z Each compartment has a different density z Errors are reported to be 1.2 to 4.8%
12
DXA partitions the body into two separate 2C models: 1. Soft tissue and bone mineral 2. Fat and lean
When the dual-energy Xray beams pass over an area that does contain bone, DXA can analyze the area for soft tissue mass and bone mineral
mass
13
Lean individual 4.4% fat
Obese individual 45.9% fat
z Assumes that tissues high in water content
(lean (lean mass) conduct current better than mass) conduct current better than those low in water (fat mass) Muscle is ~73% H2O z Fat is ~13‐15% H2O z
TANITA – foot-to-foot
XITRON – hand-to-foot
14
y
The following conditions help ensure accuracy of measurement: No alcohol 48 hours before the test Avoid intense exercise 12 hours before the test Avoid eating or drinking (especially caffeinated products) 4 hours before the test hours before the test Empty bladder 30 minutes before test
1.
Subtract fat‐free mass (FFM) estimated from BIA from total body weight (kg) from total body weight (kg)
2.
Divide your answer (fat‐mass) by total weight and multiply by 100 SEE = 5.1%
15
y
Compare % BF of class subject predicted f from BMI, BIA, and measured by DXA d db Does the predicted value fall within the CI created using the standard error of the measurement (SEM)? 68% CI = ± 1 SD or 2*SEM 95% CI = ± 2 SD or 2*SEM
FYI: For interactive body composition tutorials, go to http://nutrition.uvm.edu/bodycomp/
y
16