Bitumen Project.docx

GROUP REPORT TOPIC: BITUMEN COURSE CODE

BFC 10502

COURSE NAME

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS



AF 170279

2. ABDULLAH KHALED AHMED



AF170003

3. ANIS SUHAILA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN



AF 170102

4. AISHAH HUMAIRAH BINTI MUSTAPA



AF 170056

5. ADHHIYAH BT MAHMUD FUZI



AF170084

6. ASHYRA BINTI JAMIL



AF170086

STUDENT’S NAME 1. ARKAN HUSSEIN AL-RAWHANI

SECTION

S 01

LECTURER’S NAME

 

SUBMISSION DATE

DR. DAVID YEOH ENG CHUAN DR. GOH WAN INN

14TH DECEMBER 2017 PROJECT’S MARK

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2.TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO.

CONTENTS

PAGE

1

COVER PAGE

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2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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3

INTRODUCTION

3

4

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

4

5

CONCLUSION

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6

REFERENCE

25

7

APPENDICES

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MANUFACTURING OF BITUMEN TYPES OF BITUMEN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BITUMEN TEST FOR BITUMEN APPLICATION OF BITUMEN

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3.INTRODUCTION Bituminous materials are largely and vastly used for road paving application, primarily because of their extremely good and outstanding binding characteristics and possess water proofing and relatively low cost. Bituminous materials consists of bitumen that are usually in black colour or dark-coloured (solid, semi-solid, viscous) consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive properties, and is soluble in carbon disulphide. Tars are residue from decomposition of an organic substances (petroleum, wood, coal) by heating it in a closed container and collecting the volatile constituents. Thus, tars are temperature sensitive than bitumen. Unlikely tar, bitumen will be dissolved in petroleum oils. Often coal tar solutions are confused with bitumen, but they are two completely different chemical products and should not be wrong. Depending on the sources and characteristic of the crude oil and bitumen properties that are needed, more than one processing method that can be used to produce bitumen with different consistency and other desired traits. Various filtration process such as solvent extraction, straight distillation process and so on are the process that can be used. Thus, bitumen can be found in different forms such as cutback bitumen, bitumen emulsion, bituminous primers and modified bitumen. Performance-based specifications can be defined as limits and requirements developed from extensive databases relating to performance-based tests through a robust performance predictive model, which has been verified by correlation in place field performance data. In the 4th Eurobitume Conference held in Madrid, the Spanish Shell Laboratories Laboratory Amsterdem presented the Qualagon concept for performance-based specifications. This concept consists of 9 tests covering 6 bitumen tests and 3 tests on bituminous mixes that include three main performances that includes (cohesion – low temperature ductility, adhesion – retain marshall stability, durability) The background philosophy of quality polygon for performance emanates from the fact that by proper choice of feedstock and processing conditions, the bitumen may be produced with right balanced in properties such as a balance in molecular weight distribution, a balance in chemical composition and a balance in physical properties.

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4.1

MANUFACTURING OF BITUMEN

4.1.1 Distillation i.Distillation Bitumen is produced by fractional distillation (as shown in Figure 4.1.1) of crude oil. Usually, distillation is done in two steps. First the crude oil is heated up to 300-350°C and introduced into an atmospheric distillation column. Lighter fractions like naphtha, kerosene and gas oil are separated from the crude oil at different heights in the column. The heaviest fractions left at the bottom of the column are called heavy residue. The long residue is heated up to 350-400°C and introduced into a vacuum distillation column. By using reduced pressure it is possible to further distillate lighter products from the residue because the equivalent temperature (temperature under atmospheric conditions) is much higher. If second distillation were carried out under atmospheric conditions and by increasing the temperature above 400°C, thermal decomposition/cracking of the heavy residue would occur. The residue at the bottom of the column is called short residue and is the feedstock for the manufacture of bitumen. The viscosity of the short residue depends on the origin of the crude oil, the temperature of the long residue, the temperature and pressure in the vacuum column and the residence time. Usually, the conditions are such that short residue is produced with a Penetration between 100 and 300 dmm. The amount of short residue decreases and the relative amount of asphaltenes increases with increasing viscosity of the short residue. Bitumen manufactured from the short residue is called Vacuum Bottom. The differences in properties between high and low penetration grade bitumen are mainly caused

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by different amounts of molecule structures with strong interactions. Low penetration grade bitumen contains more of these molecule structures. A second distillation, at reduced pressure, may be used to remove additional amounts of the more volatile products and create vacuum residues of the desired consistency. These one-stage and two-stage distilled asphalt fractions are referred to as straight-run bitumen, because the bitumen is separated from the crude oil while preserving its chemical properties. Different crude oils contain different quantities of vacuum bottom and require specific refining techniques to produce the desired straight-run bitumen. Oxidized bitumen from the bottom of the reactor is sent to the separator, where bitumen vapors are separated which are returned to reactor and then to storage Straight-run bitumen, constitutes oxidized bitumen, the basic material that may be tailored for specific paving or industrial demands. Because oxidized bitumen is a viscous, semisolid material, it is difficult to mix with other substances at ambient temperatures. By heating it, the oxidized bitumen may be made more liquid and can coat aggregates to produce hot-mix paving materials. Other methods to reduce oxidized bitumen’s viscosity are to disperse particles of it in water (emulsified bitumen) or to dissolve it in petroleum solvents (cutbacks bitumen). The volatility of the petroleum solvent determines the speed with which the cutback bitumen cures. Bitumen may be modified by exposure to air while the bitumen is at an elevated temperature. The resulting dehydrogenation and polymerization yield a material known as blown or oxidized bitumen. Blown bitumen display greater flexibility, less brittleness, and less susceptibility to changes in weather. They are commonly used in roofing applications, as the process raises the softening temperature of the asphalt and decreases the penetration rate.

ii. Propane Deasphalting Bitumen is also produced by propane deasphalting and there are differences in the properties of bitumen prepared by propane deasphalting and those prepared by vacuum distillation from the same feed stock. Propane deasphalting also has the ability to reduce a residuum even further and to produce a bituminous product with lower viscosity, higher ductility, and higher temperature susceptibility than other bitumen, although such properties might be anticipated to be very much crude oil dependent. Propane deasphalting is conventionally applied to low-bitumen-content crude oils, which are generally different in type and source from those processed by distillation of higher-yield crude oils. 5

iii. Air Blowing The properties of bitumen can be modified by air blowing in batch and continuous processes. On the other hand, the preparation of bitumen in liquid form by blending (cutting back) bitumen with a petroleum distillate fraction is customary and is generally accomplished in tanks equipped with coils for air agitation or with a mechanical stirrer or a vortex mixer. Air is heated up to 150–250°C and introduced at the bottom of a blowing column. It then migrates through the bitumen to the top of the column. The chemical reactions result in bitumen with a different mixture of molecular structures. Catalysts can influence this process. Blown bitumen has more and stronger molecular interactions than the original bitumen and is therefore more cohesive. Blowing causes the softening point to increase and the penetration to decrease. However, the increase in softening point is usually more than the decrease in penetration. This means that blowing reduces the temperature susceptibility of bitumen. The effectiveness of blowing depends largely on the original bitumen (i.e. the original mixture of molecular structures). With respect to the composition, generally the amount of saturates do not change, the amount of aromates decreases because some oxidized aromates behave like resins, the amount of asphaltenes increases due to trans-formation of some resins and the total amount of resins stays the same. When bitumen is strongly blown it becomes so cohesive that the adhesive properties become so poor that it is not suited for asphalt applications anymore. Therefore, only semiblown bitumen is suited for asphalt applications. Semi-blown bitumen can have both improved cohesion and improved adhesion. iv. Visbreaking Light products have a higher selling value than heavy products like bitumen. Visbreaking is a way to break heavy products (e.g. the residue from crude oil distillation or even very heavy crude oils) into lighter products. Hereto, the crude oil or residue is heated up to 450 °C and kept at that temperature for 1 to 20 minutes. During this period a large amount of molecular structures are broken into smaller structures. The product from the visbreaking process (VB product) is further normally distilled.

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4.2

TYPES OF BITUMEN

Bitumen can be found in different properties, specification and the uses are based on the requirement of the industry. Bitumen is available in variety of grade types which are penetration grade bitumen, oxidised bitumen, cut-back bitumen, bitumen emulsion and polymer modified bitumen. Penetration grade bitumen (as shown in Figure 4.2.1) is bitumen that is refined and manufactured at different viscosities. Penetration test need to be carried out to characterise its hardness. Thus, it was named by penetration bitumen. The range of penetration grade bitumen for road bitumen is from 15 to 450. But the range that usually used is 25 to 200. By fluxing the remaining bitumen with oils under partial control could bring the needed hardness of the bitumen.

Figure 4.2.1 Penetration grade bitumen The BS EN 1426 and BS EN 1427 distribute the penetration and softening point values for the respective grades. This will be a big help in pinpointing the equiviscosity of the bitumen grade and its hardness. Penetration values denote the grades, for instance, 40/60 as a penetration value of 50 ± 10. The BS EN 13303 also contributes to the measure of loss on heating with respective limits for all penetration bitumen grades. This is to certify that there are no volatile components present. So, the setting and hardening of the bitumen during the preparation is undergone do not get disturb. The BS EN 12592 provides the solubility values to make sure there is less or no contaminant in the bitumen material. Penetration grade bitumen advantages are this bitumen may provide a better interrelationship with a low temperature asphalt binder properties than the viscosity test, which is performed at 60°C. Besides, the test is quick and inexpensive, thus it can be used in the field. In contrast, there are also its disadvantages. This bitumen’s shear rate is variable and high during the test. Since asphalt binders typically behave as non-Newtonian fluid at 25° C, this will affect the test

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results. The test also does not provide information with which to establish mixing and compaction temperatures. Other than that is cut-back bitumen (as shown in Figure 4.2.2) is bitumen that was blended with more or less volatile hydrocarbon component. The viscosity of this bitumen has been minimised by the addition of solvent which is normally obtained from petroleum. After the application is done, the bitumen’s original viscosity is reclaimed. The solvent that had been used in cutback bitumen is called the "cutter" or "flux".

Figure 4.2.2 Cut-back Bitumen There are three types of solvents that have been used for the blending process which are slow-curing, medium-curing or rapid-curing solvents. The rate for bitumen to cure when get exposed to air can be determined by the choice of the solvents. A rapid-curing (RC) solvent evaporated much faster than a medium-curing (MC) solvent. The setting time of bitumen is influenced by the evaporation rate of the solvent. The proportion of solvent added determines the viscosity of the cutback bitumen at which the higher the proportion of solvent, the lower the viscosity of the cutback. Cutbacks are more workable than penetration grade bitumen at which they are more easily reshaped. Only slight amount of heat are required to liquefy cutback bitumen than penetration bitumen, thus make it much facile to be used at lower temperatures. Cutback bitumen can be applied at lower temperatures compared to penetration grades due to its lower bitumen solvents viscosity. However, cutback bitumen does have its own weakness which it consumes non-renewable energy resources which are fundamentally lost through evaporation. Oxidised Bitumen (as shown in Figure 4.2.3)

is the refined bitumen that through

further treatment by the introduction of processed air. This process gives us oxidised bitumen. Soft bitumen is being instigated by the air that is under pressure into it by maintaining the controlled temperature. Reaction of this introduced oxygen and bitumen component forming the compounds of higher molecular weight. Thus, rise in asphaltenes and maltenes content causing a harder mix. This is lessening the ductility and temperature 8

vulnerability of the mix. Normally, oxidised bitumen is applied in industrial practices. Both softening point and penetration test become the references in designing and specifying this bitumen. For instance, oxidised bitumen 85/40 has softening point of 85 ± 5°C and penetration point of 40 ± 5 dmm. Oxidised bitumen also has to follow the solubility, loss on heating and streak point criteria. Oxidised bitumen is utterly water resistant, highly flexible and durable.

Figure 4.2.3 Oxidised Bitumen Furthermore, it is chemically really stable. It is a very adaptable compound that is not only chemically stable but also very durable compound apart from being completely water resistant. It also has some conspicuous practical advantages that make it very sought after compound in various applications. However, this modified bitumen has one disadvantage to use in coating composition, which has tendency to provide solutions that tend to extend the body on aging. These undesirable body characteristics more pronounced in some solvents than in others. It is significantly unhealthy among the case of the additional volatile crude solvents. The initial high body of modify bitumen solutions is of course undesirable, visible of the subsequent low solid content of solutions having viscosities sufficiently low for application by the while a substitute for slightly of the latter, with none substantial increase in body of the answer. Bitumen emulsion (as shown in Figure 4.2.4)

is the products in which droplets of

bitumen preparation are scattered in an aqueous medium. An emulsifier is applied to stabilise the mixture. Bitumen emulsion is mainly implemented in road surfacing applications. This type of bitumen forms a two-phase system consisting of two immiscible liquids, bitumen and water, stabilised by an emulsifier. One of them is dispersed as fine globules within the other liquid. Bitumen emulsion is formed when discrete globules of bitumen disseminate in a continual form of water. It is essential for laying purposes. Basically, emulsions with low bitumen content and low viscosity are prone to settlement. This settlement can be minimised

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by balancing the densities of two phases. To achieve this, addition of calcium chloride to the aqueous phase is a main way.

Figure 4.2.4 Bitumen Emulsion However, the coefficient of thermal expansion of bitumen and aqueous phase are not the same. Only at a specific temperature can make their densities to be the same. The phase behaviour's viscosity can be increased by introducing a yield value, thus settlement can be eliminated. There are many advantages of bitumen emulsion, one of them are bitumen emulsion provides environmentally friendly option as it is water based. Besides, it doesn’t need additional heat while placing. It is also used in bituminous road construction, maintenance and repair work. However, bitumen emulsions do have its flaw. The setting time may differ due to temperature, wind and type of emulsion. In addition, not all single type of bitumen emulsion can be applied for all works. It relies on the aggregate type setting time. Lastly ,polymer modified bitumen (as shown in Figure 4.2.5) is the type of bitumen achieved by the modification of strength and the rheological properties of the penetration graded bitumen. The polymer used can be either plastic or rubber. These polymers differs the strength and the viscoelastic properties of the bitumen. This is achieved by elastic response increase, improvement in cohesive property, enhancement in fracture strength and providing ductility. Some of the examples of rubber polymers used are styrene block copolymers, synthetic rubbers, natural and recycled rubbers. Plastics which are thermoplastic polymers are also used. It is normal bitumen with added polymer which gives its extra strength, high cohesiveness and resistance to fatigue, stripping and deformations, making it a favourable material for infrastructure. Polymer becomes more elastomeric when it is added to regular bitumen which provides it with additional elasticity.

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Figure 4.2.5 Polymer Modified Bitumen The polymer that is added is styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) acts as a binder modification agent. The main objective of SBS polymer modified bitumen is to provide extra life to pavement, roads and construction designs. Polymer modified bitumen exhibit higher rigidity, increase resistance to deformations, increase resistance to cracks and stripping, better water resistance properties and high durability. Although polymers improve bitumen properties to some extent, it costly prices, low ageing resistance and deficient storage stability of polymer modified bitumen.

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4.3

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BITUMEN

Have we asked ourselves why we need this material or what the benefits and drawbacks about it.

Let's delve deeper into the material and get more information about the pros and

cons.

Figure 4.3.1 Bitumen

THE ADVANTAGES OF BITUMEN

i.

Economy One major advantage of bitumen is economy resurfacing an asphalt pavement creates

a road that’s smooth, durable, safe, and quiet and just as good as a new one. In addition, bitumen pavement gives the best return on investment of any paving materials.Moreover, Lower roadside noise levels of asphalt wearing course can save money in avoiding or reducing indirect noise reducing systems such as sound barriers, special windows or any other noise protection system. An additional advantage of Asphalt and bitumen is 100% re-usable and the most recycled and re-used construction product. Reclaimed asphalt contains a lot of bitumen, and reheating and reusing it is very achievable. Therefore, reclaimed asphalt is a valuable raw material when the bitumen - the most expensive component of asphalt can be reused and enhanced to reach similar performance levels as new material. For these reasons reusing reclaimed asphalt produces considerable savings, especially if the transportation distances of the reclaimed old asphalt are reasonably short.

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ii.

Safety Racing cars and motorcycles require a durable, predictable and smooth surface.

Asphalt and bitumen are the only surface that is suitable for the rigorous requirements of the pinnacle of motorsport. The circuit designers must take into account not only the extreme performance of the cars, but also the safety of drivers, riders and spectators. The excellent friction properties of asphalt also provide grip for the extreme cornering angles experienced during motorcycle racing, a lesser surface than asphalt would cause them to slip as if they were riding on soap. The best visibility during rainy conditions. Porous Asphalt allows rainwater to drain through the pavement surface, reducing the amount of splash and spray kicked up by vehicles, and is providing the best visibility during raining conditions.Asphalt pavements are flexible, this means that they are better able to accommodate variations in temperature without sudden failures. Asphalt pavements can be built without the need for joints which move due to thermal expansion and contraction. Without such joints there is no chance for dangerous “blow-ups” to occur. Asphalt is not only used for its adhesive and waterproofing properties, it is also often used to protect the environment from hazardous materials. Landfill sites need to stop leachate (water containing soluble hazardous materials) from contaminating groundwater. Asphalt concrete is an excellent waterproofing material and well established in hydraulic engineering for many decades. Because of its unique properties asphalt concrete is routinely used for lining the landfill sites

iii.

Comfort Quiet pavement technologies include Porous asphalt, Double-layered porous asphalt,

and fine graded surfaces. Noise reductions of 3 to 6 decibels are common. We can color the bitumen and asphalt nicely textured by adding some special materials to produce attractive designs and form so, they look like e.g. block-paving. They have a perfect evenness and look attractive.

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Figure 4.3.2 Shell Bitumen iv. Sustainability Bituminous asphalt pavements with intrinsic viscos-elastic properties can be re-used several times at the highest performance level, even in new asphalt roads having the same performance level.Hot Mix Asphalt protects the environment by providing impermeable caps for abandoned landfills and deposits of hazardous materials.Asphalt pavements require about 20% less energy to produce and construct than other pavements.

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THE DISADVANTAGES OF BITUMEN

i.

Environmental Issues

The main disadvantage of bitumen is created from petroleum. In this process, hydrocarbons are released, which in turn lead to pollution. The most commonly used bitumen for roadways and parking lots is known as coal tar. Cutback bitumen emit a higher amount of hydrocarbons than emulsion asphalts. Figure 4.3.2 Air Pollution ii.

Care and Sealing

Asphalt and bitumen pavement require more maintenance than concrete, according to the website Home Addition Plus. Every three to five years, asphalt pavement must be resealed to prevent cracking. Sealers must be applied and then the surface left alone for two to three days before cars can drive on the surface. Resealing the asphalt surface every three to five years will cost money and time. Figure 4.3.3 Crack Road

iii.

Health risk

Bitumen with impurities can cause pollution to soil, hence ground water by their melting. These may have hydrocarbons in small amounts. It is highly sensitive to heat and has a negative health risk. When heated gases and vapors are harmful to health and the environment, for example: Carbon monoxide: - It is a gas that has no smell or color and does not result in irritation of the skin, but the absorption of red blood cells is faster than the absorption of oxygen when the spread of a number of them in the air accelerated body to replace them instead of oxygen and this causes tissue damage and death in some cases.

Figure 4.3.4 Soil Pollution

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4.4

I.

TEST FOR BITUMEN

Penetration Test

In penetration test or “pen” test, it is used to measure the hardness of bitumen. The lower penetration indicate the greater hardness. During the test, a container containing bitumen is set at standard temperature, 25℃. Then, a needle of specified dimensions is allowed to penetrate a sample of bitumen, under a known load for a known time. The needle is let to bear on the surface of bitumen for 5 seconds under a load of 100g. The penetration measurement is 0.01mm showing the distance that the needle penetrates under specified conditions of temperature, load and load duration. After specified conditioning at the test temperature, three individual measurements of penetration are taken. The average of measurements recorded in nearest integer. On the basis of this test, bitumen are classified into five standard grades of penetration from hardest to softest. The lower the value of penetration, the harder the bitumen.

Figure 4.4.1 Penetration Test

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II.

Softening Point Test

This test commonly used to determine the consistency of a penetration grade or oxidized bitumen and it is a fair indicator of melting properties of bitumen. Bitumens with high softening point melt at higher temperature and have better rutting resistance. This situation is called as failure by rutting. In this test, a small steel ball is placed on a sample of bitumen contained in a brass ring and then it is suspended in a bath that contains water or glycerine. For bitumen with softening point of 80℃ and below, the water bath is used whereas bath with glycerine is used for bitumen with softening point that higher than 80℃. Softening point temperature is defined as the temperature indicated by thermometer at the instant the bitumen surrounding the ball touches the bottom plate 25mm below the ring. The bath temperature is raised at 5℃ per minute before the bitumen will softens and deforms slowly with the ball through the ring. This softening test is performed twice and the average of two measures temperatures is reported to the nearest 0.2℃ for softening points that below or equal to 80℃ and 0.5℃ for softening points above 80℃.

Figure 4.4.2 Softening Point Test

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III.

Viscosity Test

Viscosity is a ratio between the applied sheer stress and the rate of shear strain. There are rheometers and three types of viscometers to take measurements that are the cup viscometer, capillary viscometer and rotational viscometer. Dynamic shear rheometers used to characterize the visco-elastic behaviour of bitumens. To measure using cup viscometer, a metal cup is filled with the material at a standard volume of material to flow out through the orifice in the bottom of the cup. For capillary viscometers, it has narrow and wide glass tubes which bitumen flows and it provided with two or marks to indicate a particular volume or flow. To measure the value of kinematic viscosity, it was determined by the timing flow of bitumen through a glass capillary viscometer at given temperature. When the viscometer is calibrated, the product of the flow time and the viscometer calibration factor gives the kinematic viscosity. For rotational viscometers, it are used to determine the viscosity of bitumens at application temperatures. Rotational viscometers are based on the concept that the torque required to rotate an object in a fluid at a certain speed is a function of the viscosity of the fluid and consist of a thermostatically controlled chamber containing a sample of hot bitumen.

Figure 4.4.3 Viscocity Test IV.

Flash and Fire Test

This test used to determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic bitumen. Flash point means the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the vapours from material to momentarily catch fire in the form of flash under specified conditions of the test. Fire point defined as the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified conditions of test. 18

Figure 4.4.4 Flash and Fire Test

To conduct flash point test, firstly the bitumen should be soften between 75℃ and 100℃ then stir thoroughly to remove air bubbles and water. Next, fill the bitumen into the cup until it reach filling mark then put in on the bath to be stirred with high or low range thermometer. After that, light the test flame and supply heat to record the temperature neither less than 5℃ nor more than 6℃ per minute. Open flash point is taken as that temperature produces a flash at any point on the surface of bitumen. Fire point is continued after flash point and heating process also continued at such a rate that the increase in temperature recorded by thermometer still 5℃ or 6℃ per minute. Fire point is considered when the temperature on the thermometer at which the test flame causes bitumen to ignite and burn for at least 5 seconds.

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4.5

APPLICATIONS OF BITUMEN

We will discuss at this point the applications of bitumen in all our lives at the civil level of society and the individual. There are a lot of applications we will try to conclude the most important and which have a great impact in our daily lives. Most of these applications are largely related to civil engineering. Bitumen plays an important role in many everyday applications above and beyond asphalt streets and roofing. Bitumen’s waterproofing and adhesive properties, durability and resistance to heavy loads make it the ideal material for use in all-weather environments. Where strength and weatherproofing are essential requirements, bitumen is a prime contributor to the performance of a vast range of products. Bitumen membranes are also extensively used as sound-deadening panels in the automobile market. i.

Road Construction

Bitumen is particularly utilized as a part of street development, for instance with hot asphalt fixing machines, to overlay asphalt and repair road damage. They are additionally utilized as a part of basic innovation and seal for solid surfaces and asphalt. Pressure hoses are often used with both hot and cold recycling. They keep the bitumen at 180 ° C so the flow is still free. In cold recycling the old road surface is grinded, and at the same time a new base layer is installed, all in one step with recycled grinded material. Hot bitumen is needed to process to achieve a homogeneous surface while using the material that has been removed. These supply

lines

are

heated

so

that

the

materials

remain

flow-free.

An overall bitumen mix is used in the construction of flexible pavement to serve the following needs, Structural Strength, Surface Drainage, Surface Friction

Figure 4.5.1 Example of street development

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The bitumen as a raw material in flexible road construction and bitumen as a mix (composing other materials i.e. aggregates/ pozzolans) serves certain advantages, that prompt to use bitumen widely in road construction. ii.

Building and Hydraulic Engineering When you make a decision that you will start building your home, one of the most

important points to think about is the insulation that you should use. Traditionally used to weatherproof low slope roofs, bituminous membranes are finding new uses in the movement towards carbon-neutral buildings. These membranes can be used to support roof gardens or eco-roofing, in both commercial and residential developments.

It is proven by experiment that the warm bitumen of the bases and foundations is more effective than the first things. The first thing is the strength of adhesion and the degree of thickness. It has the ability to stick to your name plate, even if for one time, it has a warm asphalt. It has the characteristic to expel all the artificial and microscopic objects. Gases and evaporation of hydrocarbons and these forms of its geological composition.

Figure 4.5.2 Use of Bitumen in building and hydraulic engineering These components prevent the approach of small insects known to exist in such places cool or warm and most important of all it has adhesion with the soil dedicated for burial purposes of the rules where Shape with the soil layer is almost thick, leading to downright mind and effective moisture. What is more being that, bitumen can be used to waterproof dams, reservoirs, landfill sites and flood protection basins, dyke protection, ditch linings, drainage gutters, structures, Embankment protection, jetties, levee protection, mattresses for levee & bank protection,

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membrane linings, waterproofing, reservoir linings, revetments, Sewage lagoons, oxidation ponds. Bitumen gain certain unique properties that are inbuilt in it during its manufacture.

iii.

Agriculture Modern farms rely on bitumen and products using refined bitumen for a number of vital applications. Bitumen paving provides flooring in barns, barnyards and feed platforms while tanks, vats and other concrete structures can be waterproofed with a bitumen solution. We can also use for trees paints and fence post coating Figure 4.5.3 Bitumen in Agriculture

iv.

Industry Bitumen is everywhere – even in places where you wouldn’t expect to find it such as Conduit insulation, lamination Insulating boards, Paint compositions, Papers, Pipe wrapping, Insulating felts, Panelboards etc.… It’s in a variety of grease and lubricant products for different applications. It’s in corrosion-resistant paints and printing inks. Figure 4.5.4 Bitumen in Industry

v.

Sport and Leisure Bitumen is in the asphalt that paves perfectly smooth cycle paths and rugged, high-grip hiking trails, and much more. It is used to waterproof swimming pools and in numerous applications in event locations, from a huge stadium to a local playground. It’s in the rubberized surface of running tracks and the waterproofing solutions used to treat outdoor clothing. In tennis courts and other sports surfaces.

Figure 4.5.4 Bitumen in Sport and Leisure 22

5. CONCLUSION Bitumen is an important material which is a black sticky mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally or as remains from petroleum distillation. It is used for road surfacing and roofing. Natural bitumen is the thickest form of petroleum there is, carbon is contributed about 83%, and 10% hydrogen and lesser amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. It is clear that bitumen is considered as an essential material in construction of asphalt roads (as it is shown in figure 5.1), runways, and platforms, but there are other uses for bitumen in our life such as: 

Water proofing to prevent water leaking.



As a mastic material used for flooring the factories.



Canal covering to prevent disintegration.



Damp-proof coat for masonry.



Tank foundation.

Figure 5.1 Construction of Asphalt History of Bitumen Bitumen existed in natural around the world and was used for construction water proofing long before refining was invented. For instance, the first known uses of bitumen was located in Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization located in modern Iraq. In this ancient times, bitumen was taken directly from natural fields or lakes. It was mainly used for water proofing or ship caulking. It said that (without bitumen, Noah’s ark would never have floated). Traces of early uses of bitumen has been found in every continent around the world. All ancient civilizations used natural bitumen for various applications such as (adhesives, 23

mortars, and water proofing).Bitumen has used by the ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies. Interestingly, bitumen has also used in sculptures at all times of history turning a construction materials into a work of art. The first use of bitumen as a construction material for road pavement appeared in Europe in the 1830s, simultaneously in France and England and then bitumen became widely used for pavement and roofs.One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 30,000 square yards at the plaza de la Concorde in 1835.The first British patents for the use of bitumen in world constructions were issued in the 1830s. This technology was later introduced in the United States in the1870s, it has continuously improved ever since.

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6. REFERENCE

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7. APPENDICES

Picture 7.1 The members of Group 1

Figure 5.2 Example of Bitumen as a work of Art

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