Bio Nano

BIONANOTECHNOLOGY B. Sherfudeen M.Sc-Bioinformatics.

Nanotechnology • Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 – 100 nanometer range. .Examples: • One billionth (10^9) of a meter • Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm • Proteins ~ 1-20 nm • Diameter of human hair ~ 10 µm • Carbon nano tubes(CNT) ~ 1.5 nm diameter • DNA and water molecule.

Bionanotechnology • Nanotechnology tools and concepts to applied in biology. Human Body => Individual Cell => Individual DNA/RNA (Macro) (Micro) (Nano) • Manipulate biological systems using nanotechnology tools rather than traditional chemical or biochemical approaches.

The advantages of applying nanotechnology to biological systems • Most animal cells are 10,000 to 20,000 nm in diameter. • Nanoscale devices ( >100 nm) can enter cells and interact with DNA and proteins. • Tools developed through nanotechnology may be able to detect disease.

Carbon Nanotube(CNT): • CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1 nm. Length: few nm to microns. • CNT is rolled into a tube (single wall vs. multiwalled). • CNT is strongest and most flexible molecular material because of C-C covalent bonding. SWNT MWNT

Applications of CNT: • • • •

DNA sequencing through AFM imaging Artificial muscles and drug delivery devices. Retinal cell transplantation CNT based Biosensor: Probe molecules for a given target can be attached to CNT tips for biosensor development. 2+

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Applications of Bionanotechnology • • • • • • •

Drug delivery system Bio-detection of pathogens Detection of proteins Probing of DNA structure Tissue engineering Cancer diagnosis and treatment Separation and purification of biological molecules and cells.

Drug delivery system: • carbon nanotubes useful as drug delivery vehicles because their nanometer size enables them to move easily inside the body. • Paclitaxel: protein-stabilized nanoparticle • which is used to treat breast, bladder cancer.

Bio-detection of pathogens: • The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsors a project in Biosensor. • “This project is detect bacteriological infections. • Chemiluminescence Based E. Coli Detection. Microbivore

Microbivore: • It is nanorobotic device, called a microbivore. • which eradicates blood-borne pathogens by digesting. • It is similar to natural scavenger cells.

Detection of proteins: • Gold nanoparticles are used in immunohistochemistry to identify protein-protein interaction. • A silver coating biotin is to detect surface recognition proteins. • Raman scattering spectroscopy is a well technique for detection and identification of single dye molecules. • In this single dye molecules used in protein detection.

Tissue Engineering: • The osteoblasts are responsible for growth of the bone matrix and are found on the developing bone. • Titanium is a well-known bone repairing material widely used in orthopaedics and dentistry • ceramic nanoparticles and poly (methyl methacrylate) copolymer.It is remove a viscoelastic behaviour of the human teeth

Cancer diagnosis and treatment : • Many nanotechnology tools possible for clinicians to run tests without physically altering the cells or tissue. • Cantilevel is cncer diagnosis tool. It diagnosis various stages of cancer. • Nanotubes, carbon rods about half diameter of a molecule of DNA, will also help identify DNA changes in cancer. Treatment:

• Nanotechnology may useful for developing ways to eradicate cancer cells without harming healthy.

Commercial exploration: • Most of the companies developing pharmaceutical applications for drug delivery. • A number of companies are applying nano-ceramic materials to tissue engineering and orthopaedics. • Colloidal silver is widely used in antimicrobial formulations and dressings. • Titania nanoparticles is used for bactericidal purposes in filters. • Nano-ceramics also commercialisation. • The Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) uses antibodies to target particular cells.

Ethics: Potential dangerous:

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Weapons: o Miniature Weapons and Explosives o Disassemblers for Military Use Nanomachines: o Self Replicating Nanomachines Surveillance: o Monitoring o Tracking

References: • Nanotechnology and Cancer-National Institutes of Health,November 7, 2001. • Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine-OV Salata Published: 30 April 2004. • Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology-by Ineke Malsch • Nano-Bio-Genesis: tracing the rise of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology as 'big science‘ by Rajan P Kulkarni Published: 14 July 2007.

Thank you…