Bio Fortificationof Lentil In Nepal

Identification of Bio-fortified high zinc and iron containing lines of lentil for alleviation of malnutrition 1 N K Yadav,2 ,A.Sarker5, S P Srivastava,2 B Adhikari,3 DN Pokhrel3, JB Sah3, BP Chaudhary 2 and BP Wagle 4

Abstract Eighteen genotypes of rich Fe & Zn containing lines were planted during 2005/06 at NGLRP Rampur, RARS Parwanipur and Nepalgunj while during 2006/07 it was also planted at NORP Nawalpur to select high yielding, disease resistant lines with high Fe & Zn in the seed. During 2005/06 all the genotypes produced poor yield although highest yield was produced by ILL 2716 (761 kg/ha) followed by RL-6 (716 kg\ha) while during 06/07 the highest yield was produced by Shital ( 916 kg/ha) followed by ILL 2716 ( 839 kg/ha) Pooled mean over the year and location indicated that highest yield of 806 kg/ha was recorded by Shital followed by ILL 2716 ( 800 kg/ha). The Fe & Zn contents in the seed were found up to 109 and 66 mgs/kg in the genotype RL- 12 respectively, where as the lowest content of iron 91 mg Fe/kg seed was observed in the tested variety Shital, ILL7723, and Khajura-2 and the lowest content of zinc was recorded in RL-4, RL-13, ILL 3768 and ILL6467 and ILL7715 (57 mg/kg seed) Introduction The goal of the proposed program is to improve the health of poor people by breeding staple food crops that are rich in micronutrients, a process referred to here as “biofortification.” The Biofortification Challenge Program seeks to bring the full potential of agricultural and nutrition science to bear on the persistent problem of micronutrient malnutrition. Micronutrient malnutrition, primarily the result of diets poor in bio available vitamins and minerals, affects more than half of the world’s population, especially women and pre school children. The costs of these deficiencies in terms of lives lost, for gone economic growth, and poor quality of life are staggering. To reach the Millennium Development Goal’s target of halving the proportion of undernourished people by 2015, new technologies and approaches are needed to help address the problem Bio-fortification of lentil under harvest plus challenge program of CGIAR was initiated in Nepal through NGLRP at different locations like Rampur, Parwanipur and Nepalgunj Nutritional security for the poorer section of the society is as much a problem as food security in Nepal. Malnutrition and diseases associated with poor intake of micronutrients is common among Nepalese farmers. This has resulted in negative effect on the ability of farmers to carryout farm operations efficiently. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Paper presented in 27th National Winter Crop workshop held at NARI hall Khumaltar,Kathmandu on 10-12 September,2008 2 Senior scientists, AGD, Khumaltar ARS,Parwanipur, and NORP,Nawalpur respectively 3 Technical Officers,NGLRP,Rampur and,Parwanipur 4 Technician NGLRP,Rampur 5 Sr. Lentil Breeder, ICARDA,Syria

Research carried out in India and elsewhere has indicated that the availability and consumption of food grains high in micronutrients have greater role to play for addressing the problems of nutrient deficiency/ malnutrition among the masses. The development of High Zn rice variety is being conceived as a noble idea by IRRI. Micronutrients have become limiting factors for the production of grain legumes. The intake of pulses with lower levels of micronutrients would lead to micronutrient deficiency and related diseases in humans. Therefore, identification and selection of varieties efficient in the uptake of micronutrients is suggested as a noble approach to address the problem of nutrient deficiency in humans. Malnutrition as a result of consumption of food grains with low content of micronutrients is a serious problem in developing countries including Nepal. The identification, selection and recommendation of lentil varieties with high micronutrient contents would result in the reduction of malnutrition prevalent among the poor farmers. Resource poor farmers are the primary beneficiaries of this project. Breeding for nutritional quality is a new research thrust of International lentil improvement program. In the past, lentil improvement at National and International levels was specially confined to quantitative terms (seed, biomass). To improve the nutritional status of its consumers, it is essential to develop micronutrient dense varieties. The most important micronutrients, which can be improved through breeding, are the iron and Zinc. Zinc, Iron, Calcium are the important micronutrient elements essential for human health, growth and development. Iron deficiency continues to be the most prevalent micronutrient disorder worldwide. Nearly 3.5 billion people in the developing world may be affected. Asia has the highest prevalence of anemia, the serious form of iron deficiency (ACC/SCN 2001). Women of reproductive age and children are most severely affected. It was reported that dehulled lentil seed contain calcium (68 mg/100 g seed), phosphorus (300 mg/100 g seed) and Iron (7 mg/100 g seed). It is also rich in Vitamin C and riboflavin. Food based approach a new dimension to alleviate iron deficiency are long term oriented. Objective To develop and select the cultivars having high level of micronutrient especially Zinc (Zn) and Iron content in the seed. Materials and MethodsForty-five lentil genotypes were tested at Rampur, Nepalgunj and Paramour during2004/05 and 2005/06 to identify high micronutrient content lentil lines. While during 2006/07 only seventeen genotypes identified as high in micronutrients were tested with one local check at four places. These trials were planted in RCBD with 3 replications in 4-meter row length. Row to row spacing was 25 cm. and plant-to-plant continuous. Data on Days to maturity, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 1000seed weight and Grain yield kg /ha were recorded. Nutrient analysis was done in Beirut, Lebanon by Dr. Anwar Agha, Regional Manager of ICARDA,Syria

Results and discussionDuring 2004/05, 45 different lines were planted at NGLRP,Rampur,RARS,Parwanipur and RARS,Nepalgung. Combined analysis of Days to flowering days to maturity, pods per plant,seeds per pod ,grain yield kg per ha and thousands seed weight were done. ANOVA showed significant differences among the tested location and tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed. Grain yield of the tested lines over locations indicated that genotype Shital (981 kg/ha), ILL 7723(938 kg/ha) and ILL7163 (923 kg/ha) were found high yielder than the other tested varieties. While considering into the location specific, different genotypes performed inconsistency in terms of yield components. At Parwanipur, the genotypes ILL 7163, RL-5 and RL 13 were better performers than the check while at Rampur, ICARDA lines ILL4139, ILL7723 and ILL7543 overwhelmed than the released lines (Table-1) During 2005/06 poor yield performance at all three tested sites were recorded (Table-2) During 2006/07 eighteen genotypes were tested at NGLRP, Rampur, RARS, Parwanipur and RAAS, Nepalgunj (Table-3). At RARS Nepalgunj significant differences among the genotypes were recorded. Highest grain yield of 953kg ha was produced by Shital followed by RL-6(853kg/ha) At Rampur genotypes ILL 7164 (1275 kg/ha), R2-4 (1142 kg/ha), ILL 2716 (1133 kg/ha), ILL 7715 (1095 kg/ha), ILL 3111 (1038 kg/ha) produced significantly higher grain yield than check Simal (613 kg/ha). At Parwanipur non significant difference among the genotypes were recorded. Pooled mean of location indicated that location is significant.Nepalgunj (953kg/ha) produced higher mean yield than Rampur (905kg/ha) and Parwanipur (475kg/ha). On the basis of two years data and micronutrient analysis done in Beirut 17 genotypes have been found high in zinc and iron i.e. ILL-2716,ILl-3111,RL-12,RL-11,RL-6,RL4,ILL-3768,RL-13,RL-9,ILL-7715,ILL-6447,ILL-7164,ILL-2580,ILL-7723,Sisir ,Khajura-1,Khajura-2.(Table-4). The Fe & Zn contents in the seed were found up to 109 and 66 mgs/kg in the genotype RL- 12 respectively, where as the lowest content of iron 91 mg Fe/kg seed was observed in the tested variety Shital, ILL7723, and Khajura-2 and the lowest content of zinc was recorded in RL-4, RL-13, ILL 3768 and ILL6467 and ILL7715 (57 mg/kg seed) Conclusion Out of 45 genotypes tested at 3 environments of Nepal out of that seventeen genotypes were found dense in iron and Zink. The Fe & Zn contents in the seed were found up to 109 and 66 mgs/kg in the genotype RL- 12 respectively, where as the lowest content of iron 91 mg Fe/kg seed was observed in the tested variety Shital, ILL7723, and Khajura2 and the lowest content of zinc was recorded in RL-4, RL-13, ILL 3768 and ILL6467 and ILL7715 (57 mg/kg seed)

Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. P.L.Karna, Executive Director and Dr. D..P. sherchan, Director, Crops and Horticulture Research, NARC for providing valuable suggestion and excellent support. Authors are grateful to Mr R.N. Chaudhary, Coordinator, NORP Nawalpur, Mr. M.L.sah, Director, RARS, Parwanipur for providing the facilities and management to conduct the experiment. We are indebted to Dr. Asutosh Serkar, Lentil Breeders of ICARDA for providing technical support and breeding materials for successful implementation of the program. We are also indebted to Dr. Siddique, Director and Dr. Francis, Deputy Director, CLIMA for providing the financial support to conduct the program. Lastly, not least all the supporting staffs are also thankful for their assistance to conduct these experiments successfully.

References . Bouis, H. 1996. Enrichment of food staples through plant breeding: A new strategy for fightingmicronutrient malnutrition. Nutrition Reviews 54(5): 131-137. Erskine, W. (1983) Relationship between the yield of seed and straw in lentil. Field crops Res, 7, 115-121. Graham, R.D. and Welch, R.M. 1996. Breeding for staple food crops with high mic ronutrient density.Agricultural Strategies for Micronutrients. Working Paper 3. pp. 1-72. Washington, D.C.: InternationalFood Policy Research Institute Hamdi, A., W. Erskine and P. Gates (1991) Relationship among economic character in lentil. Euphytica.57, 109-116. MOAC, 2006. Statistical information on Nepalese Agriculture 2005/06. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative. Business promotion and agriculture statistics division, Kathmandu, Nepal. Yadav N.K,R Srestha,R.K.Neupane,S.Joshi (2007) Lentil Research and Development in Nepal. Paper presented in International Traveling Workshop held at Dhaka, Bangldesh, 12 to 19 February 2007.

Table: 1 Days to maturity and Grain yield at different locations in Bio-fortification trial, 2004/05. Parwanipur SN 1 2 4 5 10 11 13 14 15 21 26 29 35 38 39 41 43 44

Name ILL-2716 Ill-3111 RL-12 RL-11 RL-6 RL-4 ILL-3768 RL-13 RL-9 ILL-7715 ILL-6447 ILL-7164 Shital ILL-7723 Simal Sisir Khajura-1 Khajura-2 Mean CV F test LSD(.05)

DM 128 129 131 133 133 129 132 133 133 131 130 132 131 135 129 130 131 130 131 0.62 ** 0.8

Yield 750 750 650 467 808 750 792 1092 692 1075 1017 575 932 858 825 800 900 1017 804 22.37 ** 179

Nepalgunj DM 130 128 129 134 131 133 131 132 133 129 128 132 132 134 127 125 128 126 130 1.95 ** 2.53

Yield 708 625 558 333 292 775 683 508 475 750 742 892 1183 850 800 667 742 617 704 21.23 ** 149

Rampur Yiel DM d 125 737 124 510 127 550 129 340 129 369 125 369 126 663 127 578 131 595 127 714 126 496 128 284 123 828 132 1105 124 830 123 567 124 799 123 743 126 686 1.71 24.2 9 ** Ns 2.1

Mean DM 128 127 129 132 131 129 130 131 132 129 128 131 129 134 127 126 128 126 129

Yield 732 628 586 380 490 631 713 726 587 846 752 584 981 938 818 678 814 792 731

Table: 2 Days to maturity and Grain yield(Kg/ha) at different locations in Biofortification trial, 2005/06. Parwanipur Nepalgunj Rampur Mean SN 1 2 4 5 10 11 13 14 15 21 26 29 35

Name ILL-2716 Ill-3111 RL-12 RL-11 RL-6 RL-4 ILL-3768 RL-13 RL-9 ILL-7715 ILL-6447 ILL-7164 Shital

DM

Yield

DM

Yield

DM

Yield

120 121 123 124 124 122 124 125 125 122 122 124 124

662 665 700 649 640 757 670 538 637 745 697 660 718

112 114 111 118 114 114 114 117 116 112 113 114 112

683 917 567 575 508 933 792 575 575 892 825 792 983

114 113 114 117 114 113 112 113 118 113 114 113 114

708 558 383 217 167 458 625 308 167 383 592 433 383

DM 115 116 116 86 117 116 117 118 120 116 116 117 117

Yield 684 713 550 480 438 716 696 474 460 673 705 628 695

38 39 41 43 44

ILL-7723 Simal Sisir Khajura-1 Khajura-2

123 121 121 124 123

597 663 718 663 722

116 111 112 111 112

708 767 767 708 658

114 113 113 114 114

275 442 483 292 458

118 115 115 116 116

527 624 656 554 613

Mean CV F test LSD

123 16.2 ns

672 18.4 S 130

114 14.3 S 6

108 12.8 ns

407 9.6 S 250

115 6.9

605

735 12.6 S 230

Table: 3 Days to maturity and Grain yield at different locations in Bio-fortification trial 2006/07. Grain Yield (Kg/ha)

En 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Name ILL2716 ILL3111 ILL3768 ILLl6467 ILL7164 ILL7715 ILL7723 RL-4 RL-6 RL-9 RL11 RL12 RL13 Shital Sishir Khajura1 Khajura2 Simal Mean CV F test LSD

RARSP 475 608 508 425 658 492 383 817 492 225 283 425 225 492 467

RARSN 1103 1104 946 1045 1092 1103 889 958 843 710 678 700 818 1623 753

NGLRP 1133 1038 850 1142 1275 1092 792 1142 850 692 879 625 563 883 929

Mean 904 917 768 871 1008 896 688 972 728 542 613 583 535 999 716

350

917

933

733

458 775 475 24.2 ns

846 1022 953 16.5 S 320

854 613 905 15.6 S 230

719 803 778

Table: 4 Grain yield and Micronutrient content in Bio-fortification trial during, 2004/05, 2005/06 and2006/07. En

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Name

ILL2716 ILL3111 ILL3768 ILLl6467 ILL7164 ILL7715 ILL7723 RL-4 RL-6 RL-9 RL11 RL12 RL13 Shital Sishir Khajura-1 Khajura-2 Simal Mean/range CV F test LSD

Micronutrient contents Fe(mg Zn(mg /kg) /kg) 97 58 93 60 90 57 94 57 93 58 94 57 91 59 92 57 103 64 102 58 92 63 109 66 101 57 91 59 98 64 94 59 91 58 91109

57-66

Grain yield kg /ha 2004/05 732 628 586 380 490 631 713 726 587 846 752 584 981 938 818 678 814 792 731

2005/06 684 713 550 480 438 716 696 474 460 673 705 628 695 527 624 656 554 613 605

2006/07 904 917 768 871 1008 896 688 972 728 542 613 583 535 999 716 733 719 803 778

18.6 S 160

17.5 ns

20.5 S 118

Mean 773 753 635 577 645 748 699 724 592 687 690 598 737 821 719 689 696 736