Bell

Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency 20-21 May 2009

Hybrids operate with engine off during declaration and when stopped Traditional two-phase systems must have electric drives, power control and energy storage •  Increase cost and weight •  Decrease efficiency

Small high efficiency diesels and other fossil fueled vehicles require supplemental heating •  Combustion heaters being phased out •  Resistive heaters very ineffective

EVs require more comprehensive changes •  Range heavily impacted by winter cold and summer hot startup •  No source of waste heat Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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Presently, heating is primarily done by combusting fossil fuels •  Converting to electric resistive heating consumes 50% to 150% more energy •  Heat pumps will be a solution in mild climates, but present systems emit GHG and costs do not scale down in small capacity systems

Heating and cooling from the same system creates compromises, adds to vibration and noise Reducing environmental impact is difficult with present technology •  Efficient local (zonal) operation adds complexity and substantial cost •  On demand local operation is expensive to incorporate

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3

Compatible with the long-term trend toward greater electrification Provides heating and cooling Converts electric power directly to heating and cooling Compatible and interactive with advanced energy management systems Generic technology for a broad range of temperature control requirements Enables efficient distributed temperature conditioning systems with individual occupant control Eliminates direct GHG emissions

Characteristics of TE systems Potential of lower cost, weight and complexity compared to electric motor driven compressor based systems Easily scaled down to small size at relatively low cost No gaseous emissions Increases reliability due to few, if any, moving parts As materials improve with time, efficiently should continue to increase Provides heating efficiency 3 times that of resistive heaters

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4

Thermoelectric heat engines (A) When current is run across a thermoelectric junction, it heats or cools through the Peltier effect, depending on the direction of current flow. (B) When heat flows across the junction, electrical current is generated through the Seebeck effect. (C) Practical thermoelectric generators connect large numbers of junctions in series to increase operating voltage and spread heat flow.

Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

BSST Proprietary and Confidential

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  256-element (16x16 array) ErAs:InGaAlAs/Bi2Te3 segmented module fabricated. Element size 1.4x1.4mm2

Element
bonded
on
the
 lower
plate
 Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

Bi2Te3
/ErAs:InGaAlAs
 Segmented

module
 BSST Proprietary and Confidential

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Coolers/Heaters/Temperature Controllers Solid state heat pump systems that are capable of absorbing thermal power directly at one junction and rejecting thermal power at a second junction Heat pumping properties reverse, when the direction of current flow is reversed Heat pumping power is a function of current flow through the junctions and the material properties Generally TEDs are fabricated from suitable dissimilar, electrically conductive, doped ceramic materials.

Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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7

TE HVAC system efficiency has been too low (1/4 that of R134A) to be competitive New thermodynamic cycles double TE system efficiency, partially reducing the efficiency disadvantage Prospect of improved materials could eventually eliminate the efficiency disadvantage over time Zonal operating capability raises system level efficiency

Cost have been too high to be competitive for HVAC applications New designs use 1/6 to 1/25 the amount of TE material overcome former cost disadvantages Green house gas emission reduction requirements increase present system cost

Design/usage experience was lacking, creating concerns about usage New computer models and design tools result in improved, more efficient, cost effective designs Seat heating and cooling systems (Amerigon’s CCS) have proven TEs performance in vehicles on a worldwide scale

Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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8

The figure of merit, ZT, is determined by three material parameters: the thermopower α, the electrical conductivity σ , and the thermal conductivity κ= κe + κph, where the κe and κph are the thermal conductivities of electrons and phonons, respectively. OSU has demonstrated bulk p-type material, scalable to volume manufacturing

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MSU has demonstrated bulk n-type material, scalable to volume manufacturing

BSST data

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OSU and MSU enhancement mechanisms can be combined for further ZT gains

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Metallic particles in semiconductor matrix reduce thermal conductivity AND increase Seebeck coefficient (electron filtering).

High-resolution TEM images of ErAs nanoparticles within InGaAs.

UC data

UC materials are currently manufactured by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The technology needs to be transitioned to a cheaper, preferably bulk, manufacturing technique to be commercially viable Strong modeling background with systemic approach Expandable to other temperature ranges Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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Press Coverage of the CCS Discussing Efficiency Gains:

Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

BSST Proprietary and Confidential

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Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

BSST Proprietary and Confidential

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950WH 1000WH

Transport Fossil Fuel

T E

650WH

1000WH

Power Plant

Home Heating Home Heat Production: Burn Fuel: ~900WH

1000WH

TE heat pump from power plant: ~1,800WH TE heat pump from wind: ~2,500WH

Wind Machine Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

BSST Proprietary and Confidential

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Long term societal forces require new concepts to provide thermal management to electrified vehicle systems in homes, and for industry Replacement of waste heat and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels as sources of heat are needed New HVAC systems must have reduced GHG impact TE technology offers a sustainable technology platform with reduced CO2 emissions and GHG impact As the performance of TE materials improves, the technology should become a sustainable solution for the foreseeable future

We have gained important experience using thermoelectric devices in vehicles The CCS system produced by BSST’s parent, Amerigon, has been installed in over 3,000,000 vehicles Reliability, durability, performance and customer acceptance have been very satisfactory. Usage is growing rapidly in Asia (Nissan, Toyota, Honda, Hyundai), and America (Ford, GM) and is starting in Europe (Jaguar, Rover) Santa Barbara Summit on Energy Efficiency, 20-21 May 2009

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