Basics for roadlighting
Uwe Rabenstein LiDAC Hochschule Wismar April 8, 2009
Road lighting
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Freedom of design - Free arrangements of the luminares? - bright-/darkzones on the roadsurface? - Which luminare design?
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Freedom of design - The safety for the traffic has abolute priority! - The arrangement of the luminare, spacing and height are results of the official standards. - Using Luminares with a good design is allowed. - Different light colours are possible, but the target is an efficacy lightinstallation.
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Classification of roadlighting mainroads sideroads junction / roundabout tunnels / subway crossing shopping roads residential roads
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Standards/recommendations for roadlighting DIN EN 13201 part 1 to 4, some parts from DIN 5044 part 1 and 2; (ME-classes with appr. 0.5cd/m² to 2cd/m²); CIE 115-1995 DIN EN 13201 part 1 to 4, some parts from DIN 5044 part 1 and 2; (ME- or S-classes with appr. 0.5cd/m² or 3lx resp. 7lx); CIE 115-1995 DIN EN 13201 part 1 to 4, some parts from DIN 5044 part 1 and 2; (CE-classes with 7.5lx to 50lx); CIE 115-1995 DIN 67524 part 1 to 2; RABT 2006
DIN EN 13201 part 1 to 4, some parts from DIN 5044 Teil 1 and 2; (CE- or S-classes); CIE 115-1995 DIN EN 13201 parts 1 to 4, some parts from DIN 5044 Teil 1 and 2; (ME- or S-classes with appr. 0.3cd/m² or 2lx resp. 10lx) ; CIE 115-1995
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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cd/m² ?
lx? basics of light
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Visual job: recognize objects on the road
- Ko
luminance cd/m²
ntra s
t
illuminance lx
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level of brightness 100000lx - sunlight
20000lx - cloudy sky in the summer
5000lx - cloudy sky in the winter betw. 2 and 30lx - roadlighting max. 1lx - moonlight
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Requirements for roadlighting Negativ-contrast (dark object opposite to the bright background)
• luminances • illuminances • uniformity • Threshold increment
Laverage Ehaverage UL(along) UO(hole) TI
= 0,3 - 2,0 cd/m2 = 2 - 30 lux = 0.5 - 0.7 = min/average 0.3 - 0.4 = 10-20 %
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Influence of the luminace level for the traffic
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luminace of the road L
L p = q • E hP
q = q (α , β , γ )
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Influence of the local uniformity for the traffic
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
uniformity U0 and UL Uniformity overall
U0 =
Uniformity along
∑L
p
n
n
UL = LRmin / LRmax LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Glare?
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What is glare? Glare is light in high differences of luminace in the field of view, which is created by luminares. This differences create a physiologicalpsychological effect which has influence to: • Visual comfort • Visual power
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Kinds of glare Psychological glare (discomfort) -> create a discomfort and with a influence over a long period, the working capacity is reduced.
Physiological glare (disability glare) -> reduce the visiual power in kind of - visual sharpness - contrast recognization - lower working capacity
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Base for the visibility … is the contrast between difference objects.
Lo − Lu Co = Lu Co Lu Lo
contrast luminance in the surrounding luminance on the object LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Influence from glare for the visibility The contrast will be reduced between the two objects.
Lo − Lu Co = Lu + Lv Co Lu Lo Lv
contrast luminance in the surrounding luminance on the object equivalent veiling luminance LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Threshold increment
influence from glare for visibility
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Threshold increment
θ
Object dimension = 8’
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Threshold increment
TI = 65
Lv 0.8 Lu
n
Lv = K ∑
k =1
Lv
equivalent veiling luminance
Lu
adapted luminace
Ek
illuminace in the eye of the observer
Ek
θ
2 k
θk
angle in grad between the line of view and the line of connection from observer to the luminare
K
age factor (K=10 for a observer which is 23 years old)
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Threshold increment values for threshold increment
Threshold Increment (TI)
Glare level
> 15
disagreeable
10
acceptable
< 10
good
Achtung: Eine Beleuchtungsanlage kann am Beobachterauge die Schleierleuchtdichte erhöhen, ohne notwendigerweise die mittlere Leuchtdichte im Gesichtsfeld zu erhöhen. LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Threshold increment
age factor K= f(age of the observer)
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Threshold increment When is the Threshold increment procedure are valid?
• The direction of view is in one line with the area which is observed. • The observed area has to be in the field of view from the observer.
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Threshold increment Not more luminares has to be controlled as located in a 20° field of view.
30m
20°
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Lightingdesign for a boulevard
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Information for a lighting design based on the DIN-standard - speed of the traffic - main user and other user which is allowed to use - impossible user - sectional view of the road (with/without middlelane) - number of traffic in the darkness (cars per hour and lane) - surroundbrightness and crime - intensity of bicycles - precaution for less traffic and parking cars - surface on the road (only for luminance calculation) LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Information (example) - Character:
mainroad
- average luminance
1.0cd/m²
- uniformity overall U0
0.40
- uniformity along UL
0.60
- Character:
footpath
- average illuminance
5lx
- minimum illuminance
1lx
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Choose a luminare
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Choose a luminare
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Choose a luminare
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Choose a luminare
IRIDIUM 252
IRIDIUM 253
KOFFER 70
MINIKOFFER
KOFFER 100
KOFFER 150
KOFFER 250
SGS 201
SGS 203
SGS 204
SEILKOFFER 70
SEILKOFFER 150
SEILKOFFER 250
Flache Ansatzleuchte
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Flache Seilleuchte
RESIDIUM
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Asymmetrical floodlight
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: round and symmetrical optic
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Lineshape uplighting optic
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Linear small UrbanLine (S)
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Linear symmetrical with UrbanLine (SC)
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Linear asymmetrical with UrbanLine (A)
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Roadlighting optic
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Roadlighting optic
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting with roadlighting optic for T-lamps - height of the luminare regarding a good uniformity ME ideal
height of the luminare
= road width +1m
1-3
acceptable
height of the luminare
= road width
4-5
minimum
height of the luminare
= road width -1m
6
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting with roadlighting optic for T-lamps - spacing of the luminare for ME-classes regarding a good uniformity ME ideal
spacing = height of the luminare x 4-5
1-3
acceptable
spacing = height of the luminare x 5-6
4-5
minimum
spacing = height of the luminare x 6-7
6
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting with roadlighting optic for T-lamps - spacing of the luminare for S-classes regarding a good uniformity Optic CT, OR, T Spacing
=
height of the luminare x 5 - 7
=
height of the luminare x 8 - 10
Optic WB Spacing
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting with decorativ optics height of the luminare for S-classes regarding a good uniformity ideal
height of the luminare
= road width
acceptable
height of the luminare
= road width -1m
minimum
height of the luminare
= road width -2m
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting with decorativ optics spacing of the luminare for S-classes regarding a good uniformity
Spacing
=
height of the luminare x 5 - 7
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting - Location of the poles location
appr. –2m to +2m behind the kerbstone
- Mounting on a arm Angle of the arm
max. 15°
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Rule of thumb for dimension of roadlighting The values for the brightness is controlled by the lamppower. Which lamppower is necessary? This information can find in same design sheets or via calculation by software. Foundation for this is to have all the information on the pages before.
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Reflector positions
Position 1
Position 3 (5)*
Position 5 (11)*
* sodium lamps (cosmopolis lamps)
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Arrangement of luminares singlesided
doublesided
central
Doublesided shifted
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
wallmounted
rope
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Determination of the illuminance classes www.planungstool.philips.com Calculux Road Wizard C:\Programme\Calculux\Road Wizard\road wizard.exe
Link for downloads of calculux and road wizard http://www.lighting.philips.com/de_de/tools_downloads/calculux/index. php?main=de_de&parent=1_8&id=de_de_calculux&lang=de
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Software and tools for light calculation • Calculux 7.0 (Philips) • DIALux 4.6 (DIAL) • Relux 2009 (Relux) • Designtools as PDF-Files (Philips) • LCI – Lightingdesign software (Prof. Stockmar) • …
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Design tools
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Pedestrian crossing
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Pedestrian crossing – basics (german standard DIN 67523)
Definition: b
= roadwith
c
= width of the pedestrian crossing
w
= waiting area
dL
= spacing of the valuation grid
A –F
= valuation points
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Pedestrian crossing – basics (german standard DIN 67523) The evaluation has to be done separat in each driving direction.
Definition:
= valuation points
- Spacing of the valuation points on lane E-F max. 1m - height of the valuation level 1m
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Pedestrian crossing without any additional light DIN 67523-1 : 1988-04 Luminance (nominal value)
Lm = 2cd/m²
DIN 67523-1: 2009-XX Average road luminance (maintenance value)
Lm ≥ 1.5 cd/m²
Uniformity overall
U0 = 0.4
Uniformity overall (Minimum)
U0 ≥ 0.4
Class of the glare limitation
KB = 1
Uniformity along (Minimum)
Ul ≥ 0.7
This lightsituation has to be realized min. 50m before and behind the pedestrian crossing.
Threshold increment (highest value)
TI ≤ 15 %
Surround ratio (Minimum)
SR ≥ 0,5
Vertical illuminance on the axis E-F (maintenance value)
EV ≥ 4 lx
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Pedestrian crossing without any additional light
DIN 67523-1 : 1988-04
DIN 67523-1: 2009-XX
Average vertical illuminance on the axis in the middle of the pedestrian crossing (nominal value)
Evm = 40 lx
Average vertical illuminance on the axis in the middle of the pedestrian crossing (maintenance value)
Evm = 30 lx
Average vertical illuminance on each calculation points (nominal value)
Evmin ≥ 5 lx
Average vertical illuminance on each calculation points (maintenance value)
Evmin ≥ 4 lx
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Pedestrian crossing - requirements
DIN 67523-1 : 1988-04 Luminance of the road (nominal value)
Lm = 0.3cd/m²
DIN 67523-1: 2009-XX Average luminance of the road (maintenance value) ME6
Lm ≥ 0.3 cd/m²
Uniformity overall
U0 > 0.3
Uniformity overall (Minimum)
U0 ≥ 0.35
Klasse der Blendungsbegrenzung
KB = 1
Uniformity along (Minimum)
Ul ≥ 0.4
Diese Beleuchtungsverhältnisse müssen mindestens 100m vor und hinter und dem FGÜ gegeben sein.
Threshold increment (Highest value)
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
TI ≤ 15 %
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Pedestrian crossing – design tools
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Pedestrian crossing – design tools
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Pedestrian crossing - example
Fußgängerüberweg in Hessisch-Oldendorf LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Roundabout
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roundabaout – luminare arrangement (standard)
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Roundabout – design tools
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Roundabout – design tools
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Roundabout - example Aachen – Europaplatz, Metronomis
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Car park lighting
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Freedom of design - Free arrangements of the luminares? - Bright-/darkzones on the roadsurface? - Which luminare design?
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Limitation for the design - safety for footsteps from persons are neccesarry - Visibility from persons/faces are benefical - The arrangement of the luminare, spacing and height are results of the official standards. - Using Luminares with a good design is allowed. Different light colours are possible, but the target is an efficacy lightinstallation
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Standards/recommendations for car park lighting
DIN EN 13201 part 1 to 4 - Roalighting (light for official car parcs included) DIN EN 12464 part II - Light on outdoor workspaces (light for privat car parcs included)
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LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
Requirements Visibility from steps, persons, objects and cars
• illuminance • Uniformity overall
DIN EN 13201
12464 part II
Ehaverage = 7.5 - 30 lux U0 = 0.40
5 – 20 lux 0.25
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Colour of the light and colourrendering
CDM/CP O
SON Ra 25
SOX Ra --
Ra 80 LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Rules of thumb for a car park lighting design Number of luminares
Spacing anlong
n=
En x A x 1.25 ηB x ΦL
n
number of luminares
A
area in m²
ηB
utilisationfactor for the installation
ΦL
Luminous flux from the luminare = height of the luminares x 3 ... 4 (along)
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Standarddimension on a car park
detail
4.5-5m
6-8m
2.5m
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Asymmetrical floodlight
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Possible luminare arrangement with floodlights
height = 8-10m
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: round and symmetrical optic
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Possible luminare arrangement with lantern
height = 4-6m
LiDAC, Uwe Rabenstein, April 8, 2009, Basics for roadlighting
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Choice regarding the lightdistribution: Roadlighting optic
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Possible luminare arrangement with street lighting luminares
height = 6-8m
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Valuation of the number of luminares regarding the utilisation factor method Dimension of the car park
70m x 74m
Dimension of the store
53m x 31m
Kind of luminare
Koffer² 70
lamp/luminous flux
CPO-TW 60W/6800lm
utilisationfactor for installation
appr. 0.45 – 0.50
x 1.25 = 15lx x 3537m² x 1.25 = 22 luminares n = Enηx xA Φ 0.45 x 6800lm B L
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Results of the lighting design via computer
1xCPO-TW 60W Lph = 6m
Em = 15.2lx g1 = 0.27
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Decorative luminares for roadlighting
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Energiesaving but how?
Full/normal operation
Each 2.luminare are switched off
Reduced operation
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Thank you very much for your attention.
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