B01dggr3rw_ebok.pdf

MT WARNING KINESIOLOGY P.O. Box 904 Murwillumbah, 2484 AUSTRALIA Tel: Fax:

61 2 6672 7544 61 2 6672 7545 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.kinstitute.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner. The procedures and techniques described in this publication are solely for informational purposes. This publication is for research purposes only. HUGO TOBAR and MT WARNING KINESIOLOGY are not dispensing advice, diagnosis, o prescriptions, either directly or indirectly. There are no representations suggesting that the materials presented relate to the condition of the reader. Persons using the kinesiological procedures and techniques given here do so at their own risk.

A Special Acknowledgement My children Luen and Germain Denise & John Crundall for the Reiki and Akashic records teachings Richard Utt for Applied Physiology Kerrie McFarlane my partner in the Chakra Hologram Kinesiology College of Energetic Sciences for my Kinesiology training Charles Krebs PhD for his untiring support Louise Barrett for her long hours in front of a computer Penny Chesney for the cover artwork 2001 Hugo Tobar. Mt Warning Kinesiology, Murwillumbah Australia 1st edition, September 2001 2nd edition, August 2005

Table of Contents Page No.

What is Sacred Physiology

4

The Bodies of Light & Their Chakras The Modern Magic of the Meridian System

8 38

The Nervous System, the Physical – Etheric Interface DNA, Codons & the Truth

99

The Endocrine System, Our Bodies Magic Messengers Bibliography About Kinesiology International contacts

61

160 166 169

137

What is Sacred Physiology?

Sacred Physiology is a philosophy and a course that integrates the energetic systems of chakras including the 7 major chakras, 5 out of body chakras and numerous minor chakras, the Nadi system and the Aura. It also incorporates Figure 8 energies and integrates all of those with the actual physiological facts of the human body. That is with the Nervous system, the Genetics and the Endocrine System specifically is what is looked at in this Sacred Physiology book and course. The course in fact is a 4 day course, the 1st day is taken up with the study of the energetics of the human body, the so called hidden structures if you like. The 2nd day we deal with Neurology and we look at the importance of the nervous system because this system is actually what interfaces with the etheric body. Chakras down step energy into the etheric it is from here that the etheric energy, which is found in Nadi’s and the Meridian system actually interfaces directly with the nervous system. This is why we can use the meridian system as a way of accessing stress in the nervous system and other physiological components of the human body. This what is done in Kinesiology. Sacred Physiology is taking the work that I have done, I have written over 20 workshops in Kinesiology and it is a summary of some of the work which I think is important for lightworkers to understand. The first thing we look at is the nervous system. Why do we look at the nervous system? Well, you may or may not have heard of the Triune brain, it was first expounded by a great neurologist named Paul McLean. He divided the brain into the Neomammillian brain (the thinking brain), the Limbic brain (the emotional feeling brain) and the reptilian brain, (the instinctual reflex action brain). The Reptilian brain also runs all of your autonomic nervous system, breathing, heart, etc. Everything that is automatic is all run from the reptilian brain. There is no thinking about it, it is all automatic. We humans have our Neocortex or the Neomammillian brain, which is our thinking brain and this is what humans have which is far greater than any other mammillian species. It is our cerebral cortex and our ability to think. Over time we have evolved emotional survival systems, that have been essential for survival of mammals in the jungle. They are involved with the survival of the individual and the species, all mammals have the same systems. They are sometimes called primary emotions. Jaak Panksepp in his book called Affective Neuroscience recognised this, he coined the following systems. The RAGE System, The FEAR System, Separation Distress or The PANIC system, Nurturance or the CARE System, The LUST System, which is to do with Sexuality/sexual drive. The LUST system is essential for the survival of the species, that is we have to have sex to procreate. There are other things such as The PLAY system,which is what is called Rough and Tumble Play – with every mammillian species the young play, its essential, its important for the development, its part of the bonding process and these areas the so called tickle skin that they are very ticklish. Later in life if you have a problem with that they are the areas that become erogenous zones and then you will have problems with intimacy with your partner. You have The SEEKING System, which is about motivation primarily – its what drives you to get shelter, food, warmth, a sexual partner, to care for your young. It is a general motivational system that drives you to find or do the things that you need for the survival of the self, your family and the species. They did this experiment with a rat, and they put a little electrode in his SEEKING System. There are various parts of the SEEKING System, they put this in one part called the Lateral Hypothalamus. It was a male rat, and they put a female rat on heat in a cage and he couldn’t get in. While is was trying to get in his little seeking system was going Beep Beep Beep, which meant that it was very active, and then they opened it and he got in and he achieved his goal and that was the end of the so called seeking. The seeking system became inactive when they started copulating, and that then became more like a CONSUMMATORY PLEASURE System. There are other systems which I have coined, different systems that run into sleep/wake cycles. The REM System which refers to the dreaming sleep, The NREM system which refers to the deep sleep state, and the WAKING System which refers to the state of being awake. You have a CONFUSION/CLARITY system that allows you to think clearly and remember things and be attentive. There are things like FEEDING, AVERSION or disgust, etc. So these systems are inbuilt and necessary for survival. If you have a situation where there is a big monster about to eat you, you don’t want to stop and say wow look at that rose isn’t it beautiful, because if you do you will be lunch. You have to run to have a chance of survival. Those that have a good fear system that puts you into flight are the ones that had a chance of survival. Because first you freeze and then you flight – that is what saves you and they are the animals that have survived and that is why we have it. It’s a process of evolutionary/genetic selection if you like. We will look at those systems, their relevant neurology and how we can access that neurology through the meridian system. What we do is look at the relationship of the chakras to the nervous system. Stress in a chakra can cause an imbalance in one of these systems, we can find and locate and load up the stress. This is done by using the meridian system, and a kinesiological technique called formatting. Then we need to balance the chakras in relation to that stress, in Energetic Kinesiology and Sacred Physiology we keep coming back to chakras, this is really important because essentially most of the time its chakras that hold the stress. This is where the actual imbalance is, if, for example, you have an imbalance in sexuality or your sexual desire or

pleasure. Or you are always going from one person to the next, I have known people like that, they have been insatiable, an insatiable desire to have sex with lots of people – it’s an imbalance. Usually in the sacral chakra or possibly the base chakra and so once you balance the chakras you are able to correct and really once the stress or imbalance has gone they can heal themselves. No one heals anyone else, we only heal ourselves. What we can do for someone is to take stress out and that is what is done in Kinesiology. I’m a Kinesiologist, if you come and see me, I take away your stress. What you do when I’ve taken the stress out and how you heal yourself or how you work with your higher spiritual experience, or guides or angels whatever that works with you – how you work with that is up to you. The 3rd day we are looking at genetics. Now there is so many myths about how many codons are active and if we’ve got 20 codons and the Indigo children have 24 codons, I’m sorry its such a load of garbage. We have 64 codons, we will be looking at what is a codon, what is the function of a gene. What is a gene? You may ask. A gene is a piece of DNA that produces a protein, that is the function of DNA to produce proteins. And proteins are made up of amino acids – they are chains of amino acids they could be anywhere from a polypeptide which means it has more than 1 amino acid, lets take oxytocin, a very well known hormone, it’s has 9 amino acids. So there is a little gene on your DNA that is your oxytocin gene that will eventually code amino acids into oxytocin. We have 64 codons, 3 of them are called stop codons which means they tell the ribosome (the mechanism for making the DNA) they tell it to stop. There’s 3 of them. That leaves 61 codons that code for 20 amino acids. Some amino acid have one codon and some have six, some have two some have four. Even in a little bacteria, e-coli uses all of these 61 codons and so do you and I. Every single one codes. So this thing about the Indigo having 24 codons active is a complete mystery to me, I don’t doubt indigo children, as I have two in my home and anyone that knows my children knows that I do. This idea of 24 codons instead of 20 codons is not fact. Anyone who understands the science of this that looked at that would just laugh. This gives the new age movement and lightworkers a bad name, when there is false information – this is the socalled new age clap trap that some of it is absolute garbage and there is no doubt about that. We will be looking at also the 64 codons and their relationship to the I Ching. There is also a relationship between amino acids and the major arcana of the tarot. There are 20 amino acids and 3 stop codons. You can actually put the stop codons into two group because of the similarity of their coding. And it makes sense when you look at the actual chart of the codons. We will look at that and we’ll go into the detail of what are nucleotides and everything so you understand it. There are 22 and that relates to the major arcana. The fourth day, which is a bit of a biochemistry day we will look at mainly the endocrine system and maybe a little bit of nutrition and biochemistry and some stuff with carbohydrates and fats as well because there are a lot of myths and stuff. But once you have the tools of our trade – you can treat it in the chakras we learn how to access it and I will show you how to access it you can treat chakras with our acupressure system. The acupressure system – in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) they have been using it brilliantly for all of these thousands of years. In this new age there are new mysteries of the acupressure system just surfacing now. It is not in TCM, they don’t know it and they don’t teach it. In Kinesiology we are discovering these new mysteries. I don’t want to criticise in any way TCM because I’ve been to an acupuncturist and its fantastic – they really do a good job and especially cleaning out your meridians is a good way to stop your emotional shit turning into disease.

The Bodies Of Light & Their Chakras

Planes Of Existence The field of evolution in our solar system consists of seven planes or worlds, which can be divided into three groups.

1 2 3

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

1)

The field of Logoic manifestation

2)

The field of supernormal human evolution

3)

The field of normal human, animal, vegetable, mineral and elemental evolution. Adi Anupadaka Atma Buddhi Manas Kama Sthula

Divine Monadic Spirit/Atmic Intuition/Buddhic Mind/Mental Emotional/Astral Physical/Etheric

Logoic Super Normal Human Normal Human, animal etc.

The Logoic planes existed before our solar system was formed. The Logos marked out his universe on the Adi plane, or marked it out to form the material basis of the system he was about to produce. The monadic or Anupadaka plane, may be imagined as consisting of the same matter, modified or coloured by his individual life, thus differing in some way from the corresponding plane in another solar system.

The Monads (Units of consciousness) The reason the universe was formed, was for the monads evolution in matter. The monads are units of consciousness, a spark of the divine fire. In Indian terms, they are the jivatman. Jiva means individual, atman means spirit or soul. This is who we are. Paramatman is the oversoul or the Father. Iswara is the personalised aspect of the Father or the first Logos. The monads therefore are the Logos himself. A monad can be defined as a fragment of divine life, separated off as an individual entity by the rarest film of matter. While this gives a separate form to each, it enables the free inter-communication of a life. A monad is not pure consciousness or pure self. In the concrete universe, the self always has his sheath, so that a unit of consciousness is inseparable from matter. Therefore a monad is consciousness and matter. The life of the monads being from the first Logos (or Father), may be described as sons of the father, just as the second Logos (Christ), is the son of the Father. The monads are younger sons. This is the essential difference between the individual and the Christ. The Christ being the first born son of the Father, has ages of evolution behind him, and stands ready to exercise his divine powers. While the monads are the younger sons, with none of their divine powers capable of acting in matter denser than that of their own plane - The Anupadaka (Monadic). While the roots of the monads existence are in the Adi plane, they dwell on the Anupadaka plane. They are without vehicles to express themselves, awaiting the day of "Manifestation of the Sons of God". Here they remain while the third Logos begins the external work of manifestation, shaping the matter of the objective universe. While the monads are omniscient and omnipresent on their own plane (the Anupadaka), they are unconscious on all others. The monads are to veil their glory in matter that blinds them, in order to become omniscient, omnipresent, on all planes, able to answer to all divine vibrations in the universe, instead of only those of the highest levels. The monads derive their being from the first Logos, his will to manifest is also their will to manifest. Therefore the whole process of the evolution of the individual "I" is an activity chosen by the monads themselves. We are here in the world of matter, because as monads we willed to live. We are self-moved and self-determined. This divine impulse, striving ever after a fuller manifestation of life,

is seen everywhere in nature, and has often been spoken of as the will to live, whose fruition is the bliss of living, the joy of being alive!

Formation of the Five Planes (The first great outpouring) The Third Logos (The universal mind) or the Holy Spirit/Bramha, works on the virgin matter of space - the celestial Virgin Mary or Mulaprakriti - throwing its three gunas (qualities) out of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, and into a continual motion in relation to each other. Thus the atoms of the five lower planes are formed by the third Logos. i.e - Atmic, Buddhic, Mental, Astral and Physical/Etheric. There are three stages in the formation of these atoms. They are: 1.

The fixing of the limit within which the life of the Logos shall vibrate. This is known as the Tanmatra or divine measure, i.e. the measure of that (divine spirit)

2.

The marking out of the axis of growth of the atom, the lines which determine its shape, these correspond to the axis of crystals.

3.

From the measurement of the vibration and the angular relation of the axis with each other, the surface of the atom is determined.

Under the directive activity of the Third Logos, the atoms of each plane are awakened to new powers and possibilities of attraction and repulsion, so that they aggregate into molecules, and simpler molecules into complex molecules, until on each of the five planes six lower sub-planes are formed, making in all seven subplanes on each plane. The matter of the subplanes that is formed by the Third Logos is not what is existing today. It is the more cohesive energies of the Second Logos, the aspect of Wisdom and Love, which brings about the further integrations into the forms of matter with which we are acquainted. There are whirling currents inside the atoms, these are made by the monads and not the Third Logos. They are known as spirillae, the practices of Yoga are directed to bring about the more rapid development of the spirillae. Thus in every atom lie involved innumerable possibilities of response to the three aspects of consciousness, and these possibilities are developed in the atom in the course of evolution.

The Second Great Outpouring After the formation of the different planes given life by the third logos with the first great outpouring, the second outpouring of divine life descended coming from the second logos. Thus, the second person of the trinity took form. The son took form as the Christ. his Son doesn't take the form of the "unproductive" matter (virgin Mary) alone, but takes form of matter that is already instinctive with the life of the third logos. Thus it can be said that the Christ is incarnate of the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary. At various stages of descent, the second great outpouring is known by different names. It is known as Monadic essence when it is clothed by the atomic matter of various planes. This is when it is suitable to provide permanent atoms to the monads. When it ensouls matter on the six lower subplanes, which consists of molecular matter, it is known as elemental essence. When this outpouring, or wave of divine life finishes its involution on the buddhic plane, it pours down into the highest level of the mental plane. Here the matter learns to vibrate at the three causal or arupa (formless) levels. This is called the First Elemental Kingdom. After it has fully evolved at this level it can take form or the lower mental or rupa (form) levels of the mental plane. This is known as the Second Elemental Kingdom. It should be noted that ensouling life resides on the higher mental or causal level, while the vehicles through which it manifests are on the lower mental plane. Once matter has learnt to vibrate at all the possible combinations of the lower mental plane, then it takes for itself forms of astral matter, and becomes the Third Elemental Kingdom. When life again identifies itself with these forms, it is able to ensoul the etheric part of the mineral kingdom, becoming life which vivifies that kingdom. In the course of the mineral evolution, the downward pressure causes life to identify and vibrate with the etheric forms and from those forms it is able to ensoul the denser matter of such minerals that are perceptible to our senses. The mineral kingdom includes not only what are usually called minerals, but also liquids, gases and many etheric substances as yet unknown to western orthodox science. When the outpouring has reached the central point of the mineral kingdom, the downward pressure ceases and it is replaced by an upward tendency. The "outbreathing" has ceased, and the "inbreathing" has begun. The second logos sends out a constant succession of waves of life, so that at any given time we find a number of them in operation. Thus we ourselves represent one such wave, the wave that immediately followed our wave, now ensouls the animal kingdom, the wave behind that is now in the vegetable kingdom, a fourth is in the mineral stage, whilst the waves following this one are represented by the three elemental kingdoms. The whole scheme tends increasingly towards differentiation, the streams as they descend from kingdom to kingdom dividing and sub-dividing more and more. This process of sub-division continues until it is finally divided into individuation, i.e. into man, each man being a separate and distinct soul, though an undeveloped soul at first. An entirely new factor is introduced by the first logos with the third outpouring of divine life. This is in the higher mental or causal plane. This is the reincarnating ego. In a great majority of people, the consciousness does not rise beyond the third mental subplane. As mans development proceeds, the ego is able to raise his consciousness to the second or third subplanes. When an individual man becomes a

spiritual man, his consciousness has evolved beyond that of the causal body and he can function freely on the plane of the buddhi. The second outpouring not only divides itself to an almost infinite degree, but also appears to differentiate itself, so that it comes through countless millions of channels on every plane and subplane. On the buddhic plane it appears as the Christ principle in man. In man's mental and astral bodies it vivifies various layers of matter, appearing in the higher part of the astral as a noble emotion, and in the lower part of the astral as a mere rush of life force energising the matter of that body. In its lowest embodiment it rushes from the astral body into the etheric chakrams or force centres, where it meets the kundalini welling up from the interior of the human body. Kundalini belongs to the first outpouring, and exists on all known planes. This force of kundalini is quite distinct from prana or vitality which belongs to the second outpouring. Kundalini is part of the first outpouring, after it has reached its lowest immersion in matter, and is once more ascending towards the heights from which it came. Kundalini works in the bodies of evolving creatures in intimate contact with the life force (prana). These two acting together bring the individual to the point where it can receive the outpouring of the first logos, and become an ego, a human being. So, we draw God's mighty power from the earth beneath as well as from heaven above, we are children of earth as of the sun. The two forces meet in us, and work together for our evolution. We cannot have one without the other, but if one is in excess there are serious dangers, this is why there is a risk in the development of the deeper layers of kundalini before the life in the man is pure and refined.

Fig 1 The Kingdoms of life, redrawn from Powell, 1992

The Third Outpouring The third outpouring flashes straight down from its source. It is pure white light, uncontaminated by anything through which it has passed. The third outpouring has been issued from the first logos long ago and is hovering in the Anupadaka plane (monadic plane), this is what a monad is. While the first and second outpourings affect thousands or millions simultaneously, the third outpouring comes to each individually, only as that one is ready to receive it.

The origin of consciousness in the East and West or a UNIFIED THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS. Consciousness can be looked at in many ways. It is the foundation of our existence. It makes us who we are and who we think we are. We can consider consciousness from our every day waking perspective. It is “our” experience from when we wake up to when we go to sleep. There is also consciousness when we are asleep. Indeed we have the dreaming sleep state and the deep sleep state. There is also expanded consciousness, the consciousness of meditation, spiritual ecstasy of prayer – that which “uplifts the soul”. There is also the state of “oneness” or the void of Wolinksy. This is samadhi, the deep state of meditation. All of these could be considered as a form of consciousness. So what is the mechanism of this? Do we consider it as purely a function of neurology? What about all of the Eastern views of it? What I propose is a model that explains not only the Eastern transpersonal view, but also fits in with current knowledge of Western science. Firstly lets look at waking consciousness. It is known that lesions in the brainstem reticular formation or in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus are enough to cause an irreversible coma. If we look at the spiritual aspects of consciousness we have “physical” consciousness “awakened” consciousness and “enlightened” consciousness.

Enlightened consciousness (the void)

Awakened consciousness

Physical consciousness Fig 2:

The Pathways for the expansion of consciousness

What is important is that there is no clear lines between each state. One state should lead to the next. In the search for the mechanism in the nervous system, it leads us to some very interesting places. The thalamus seems to be the key for this. The above diagram is about the expansion of consciousness. Wolinksy talks about the contraction of the “void of indifferentiated consciousness” to form the “I am”. He also refers to the expansion of it. The “I am” is the contraction of the “void of indifferentiated consciousness”. Wolinsky in The Way of the Human Part III explains it with a diagram as such: (divine) VOID OF UNDIFFERENTIATED CONSCIOUSNESS or NOTHINGNESS (Energy)

(monadic) STRINGS (vibration) (mass)

(atmic) PHYSICS dimensions (Universal forces)

(buddhic) Collective Archetypes (symbols, beliefs)

(astral/mental) Personal Unconsciousness (limbic & reptilian brain)

(astral/mental) Personal Consciousness (neocortex)

Physical/Etheric Fig 3:

The Contraction of the Void of undifferentiated Consciousness of Wolinsky

Strings comes from super string theory which says all matter known or unknown is made up of vibrations. These vibrations can be visualised as vibrating strings, hence super strings. So according to Wolinsky the void contracts to vibrations which contracts to the physical universe which contracts into archetypes which then contracts into the personal unconsciousness and then the personal consciousness. Next we need to look at the neural mechanisms of these. The physical consciousness is made up of the 3 parts, which are analogous to the three states of waking, dreaming sleep (REM sleep), and deep sleep (slow wave sleep or NREM sleep). Personal consciousness relates to WAKING Personal unconsciousness relates to REM

Collective archetypes relates to NREM For personal consciousness to exist we need structures such as the hippocampus. Without the hippocampus we cannot bind one waking experience to the next. I find Wolinksy’s concepts of the physics dimensions very interesting. Looking at this from a purely physical dimension, we understand the concepts of forces, such as gravity, electromagnetism, acceleration etc. These are forces that shape our physical world. In fact these forces bind our world, right down to the quantum level, where quantum forces keeps atoms together. So Wolinsky’s “physics dimension” (which I call the universe) si shaped by forces both known and unknown. These unknown forces are very interesting. In physics they refer to them as being from other dimensions. To me, the comparisons of Wolinsky’s work and that of theosophy as striking similarities can be found. They refer to the physics dimension to that of the atmic plane. Alice Bailey refers to the forces of Astrology as being from the atmic. While they certainly are, there are more than just the astrological influences. The forces which are a contraction of vibration then can shape us on the buddhic plane, which in theosophy is the intuitional plane. According to Wolinsky it is the realm of archetypes. It is these archetypes that make up who we are. Wolinsky has very interesting ideas on this, and in fact it is these archetypes that shape our thoughts, emotions and actions. All of who we think we are exists through archetypes. Archetypes are symbols, if we have forces of the universe (atmic plane) working through these symbols of the buddhic (archetypes). Then this is called an “imprint of consciousness” by some commentators. Harish Johari refers to Yantra as an “imprint of consciousness”. This is in fact a principal of radionics, where you can use a known physical force through a symbol to make a radionic “imprint”. While it is nice to say this is an “imprint of consciousness” I would prefer to call it an “imprint of psychology”. For as these archetypes exist on the buddhic dimension of intuition. It is from here that the "imprint of psychology” can effect our mental and emotional realms or the “personal unconsciousness” and “personal consciousness” as expounded by Wolinsky. The mechanism of the three states that relate to the “personal consciousness” the “personal unconsciousness” and the “archetypal intuition” are well documented. At this point I would prefer to rename the personal unconsciousness to the “personal unconscious psychology” and rename the “personal consciousness” to the “personal conscious psychology” or “personal psychology” for both. It is the expansion of awareness (which people often confuse with consciousness) beyond these realms lead to interesting new ideas. For me my new theories first started after reading book called DMT – the spirit molecule by Rick Strassman. DMT is the endogenous hallucinogen produced in the pineal gland at times of expanded awareness like birth, death, sexual ecstasy and deep meditation.

Strassman calls it the spirit molecule because it leads to expanded awareness. He conducted the only legal studies of DMT in the USA. The “problem” is that we have an active enzyme that breaks it down very quickly. Fig 4: The Chemical structures of Serotonin and DMT In South America the Native Americans of the Amazon have a drink called Ayahuasca. The active ingredient of this is DMT (Di Methyl Tryptamine). It also contains a chemical that stops the enzyme that breaks down DMT from working. The Shamans of South America use this drink to do their Shamanic Journeying.

DMT acts on certain receptors of a neurotransmitter called serotonin. Most hallucinogens act on these serotonin receptors (for example LSD does). So this meant that for me to understand this I had to study serotonin receptors. So then I cam across the perfect book called Serotonin Receptors and their Ligands by Oliver et al (eds). This is a book on the study of drug interactions with the different serotonin receptors. Of particular interest to me became athe 5-HT4 serotonin receptor. This receptor does have DMT bind to it. These receptors are found in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum and the substantia nigra pars reticulata of the Basal Ganglia. All of these make up different parts of the Basal Ganglia. These receptors are also found in the Dentate Gyrus, CA1, CA3 and the entorhinal cortex of the hippocampal formation. These receptors are also found in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The other areas that they are found is in the Intralaminar thalamic nuclei and the peripheral cholinergic neurons. These receptors are very interesting because they are thought to be involved with a form of long term plasticity in the brain. Or simply putting it, they can change the way the brain functions. They are interesting because they are involved with long term inhibition of neurons not firing, which means they fire for a long time. This is more and more interesting when you consider that they are involved with cognition, learning, memory, emotional processes and reward. All that stuff that is completely tied up in our archetypical and personal psychological realms. So if DMT is able to take our awareness beyond this and even take our awareness beyond the “physics dimension” maybe what it is doing it taking our awareness to the level of vibration. In meditation terms this is called “presamadhi”. This is an interesting theory when I tried my kinesiological techniques on Stephen Wolinksy, who experiences samadhi, he said it felt like a presamadhi. But Stephen pushed me further, he asked me “what about samadhi?” How does that interface with the nervous system? What an interesting concept. I had not thought about that. Obviously the awareness of the person experiencing samadhi has to be act a high level. Though similar to the mechanisms of deep sleep but different. The mechanism of deep sleep that shuts down the cortex begins in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. There is an intrinsic system that causes this within the nervous system. I propose that awareness turns on the reticular nucleus of the thalamus which shuts down the thalamus and therefore the cortex. This simply is the mechanism of samadhi. Fig 5:

Exploded view of the dorsal thalamus, illustrating the organisation of thalamic nuclei. Source Mihailoff &

Haines 1997

TYPES OF CHAKRA IMBALANCE Chakras are like interdimensional doorways, they transduce energy between dimensions or planes, the different dimensions or planes have been commented on by different commentators. I have a model as follows.

Fig 6: Model of the different dimensions or planes from theosophy, Stephen Wolinsky and physics. So what chakras do is allow energy to flow freely between each plane, each chakra has a different type of energy and therefore a different issue associated with it. Chakras are a means of interacting or relating energetically between people, this means that in all of our relationships we have chakra interactions going on. Chakras being doorways allow energy to flow in or out to the person, this means that they have yin and yang aspects. The yin aspect is the energy you receive from others and the yang aspect is the energy that you give to others. Chakras also have fronts and backs, the front relating to the persons inner world, i.e. their inner thoughts and emotional processes. The back relates to their outer world, that is the worldly situations etc that the person finds themselves in. Chakras can also be over or under energy, over energy is too much energy flowing, it is a distortion of energy and has manic and obsessive characteristics. Under energy is not enough energy flowing, it is a blockage of energy and has characteristics of being unable to give or receive. This means that there eight types of imbalances: 1. Front, yin, under energy 2. Front, yin, over energy 3. Front, yang, under energy 4. Front, yang, over energy 5. Back, yin, under energy 6. Back, yin, over energy 7. Back, yang, under energy 8. Back, yang, over energy As each chakra has a separate chakra for each of the seven planes (divine, monadic, atmic, buddhic, mental, astral and etheric), then there are a potential of 7 x 8 = 56 types of imbalances for each chakra. When you consider 7 major chakras, 30 minor

chakras and 5 celestial chakras for a total of 42 chakras then there are a potential of 42 x 56 = 2,352 types of chakra imbalance. It is clear then that it is important to understand how to apply these imbalances to the chakra system and understand how we can interpret this information.

The Seven Major Chakras These are the most written about chakras. There are countless books on them, some are very good, others are misguided in their information. The most important thing to understand is that these chakras represent a system of psychology. I call them the psychological ones. This is why in my experience I have found them closely related to the limbic brain. You can find out more on the limbic brain in the chapter on the nervous system. The books that I think are the most useful are the books by Anodea Judith. Her book entitled Wheels of Life: A User’s Guide to the Chakra System is an extremely good book as an introduction to the chakras. While her book Eastern Body, Western Mind: Psychology and the Chakra System as a Path to the Self, is an absolutely outstanding book on the chakras as a system of psychology. I would highly recommend that any interested reader should get these books, but in the meantime here is some information from eastern Body Western Mind. Solar Plexus

Heart

Power, will

Love, relationships Self acceptance

Communication Intuition, imagination Self expression Self reflection

Awareness

Psychic perception, accurate interpretation, imagination, clear seeing To see

Wisdom, knowledge, consciousnessspiritual connection

Ego

Balance, compassion, selfacceptance, good relationships To love and be loved Social

Clear communication, creativity, resonance

Identity

Sexuality, creativity Self Self preservation gratification Stability, Fluidity, grounding, pleasure, physical healthy health, sexuality, prosperity, feeling trust To be here, To feel, to to have want Physical Emotional

Archetypal

Universal

Demon

Fear

Guilt

Shame

Grief

Lies

Illusion

Attachment

Element

Earth

Water

Fire

Air

Sound

Light

Thought

Codependancy, poor boundaries, possessive, jealous

Excessive talking, inability to listen, overextended, stuttering

Headaches, nightmares, hallucinations, delusions, difficulty concentrating

Overly intellectual, spiritual addiction, confusion, dissociation

Shy, lonely, isolated, lack of empathy, bitter, critical

Fear of speaking, poor rythym, aphasia

Poor memory, poor vision, can’t see patterns, denial

Learning difficulties, spiritual skepticism, limited beliefs, materialism, apathy

Base Central issue Orientation to self Goals

Rights

Sacral

Survival

Excessive Heaviness, characteristics sluggish, monotony, obesity, hoarding, materialism, greed

Self definition Vitality, spontaneity, strenth of will, purpose, self-esteem To act

Dominating, Overly blaming, emotional, aggressive, poor boundaries, scattered, constantly sex active addiction, obsessive attachments Deficient Weak will, Frequent Frigidity, characteristics fear, lack of impotence, poor selfesteem, discipline, rigidity, passive, restless, emotional sluggish, underweight, numbness, fearful spacey fear of pleasure Adapted from Judth, Eastern Body, Western Mind

Throat

To speak and to be heard Creative

Brow

Crown

Self knowledge

To know

Out of Body Chakras Different sources have different numbers of them with different names. I have chosen information from 4 sources and assorted Internet sources, though not all of them contain all of the 5 chakras that we are going to consider here. The numbering I have adopted from Lazaris. The sources that I use are: Lazaris Renewing Chakras Soluntra King Activation of the twenty chakra system Judith Collins How to see and read the Human Aura Cyndi Dale New Chakra Healing Assorted Internet sources (refer to the internetography) Chakra # 8 9 10 11 12

Lazaris Aura Etheric Bodies Real Self Soul Higher Self

King Collins Earth Star Earth Soul Star Soul Stellar Gateway Universal Gateway Cosmic Gateway Divine Table 2: Extra Chakra Names

Dale #10 #8 #9

Format to Access these chakras

El#14 x Chakra Note: El#14 is the AP mode for 8 Extra Meridians

Instead of using the 7 body/consciousness model as in the esoteric chakra hologram and put forward by the theosophical school of thought. I use the vedic 4 body/consciousness model from vedanta. Object BELT VITAL CENT YANG CENT YIN MOT YANG MOT YIN REG YANG REG YIN CENT YANG, MOT YANG & REG YANG

Chakra 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12

Aspect Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang

Key Point Tuning Forks GB41 LU & LI Sp4 Kid & BL SI3 GV Lu7 CV Bl62 Ht & SI K6 PC & TH TH5 ST & SP Per6 GB & LIV SI3, BL62, TH5 GV, ST, SP, Ht, SI

HEAVENLY HOLOGRAM REFERENCES REFERENCES

CONSCIOUSNESS

BODY

LIGHT BODY

AUM

REG YIN REG YANG MOT YIN MOT YANG CENT YIN

VITAL BELT

KEY POINTS Pericardium 6 Triple Heater 5 Kidney 6 Bladder 62 Lung 7 Small Intestine 3

Spleen 4 Gall Bladder

Double consciousness Double consciousness

supercausal supercausal

Gold Gold

Silence Silence

Superconsciousness Superconsciousness Subconsciousness Subconsciousness

causal causal astral astral

White White Violet Violet

M M U U

Consciousness Consciousness

physical physical

Blue Blue

A A

Sources:

41 Consciousness from Swami Sivananda Spiritual Experiences Bodies from Paramahansa Yogananda Autobiography of a yogi Light Bodies from Soluntra King: Light Body Awakening.

Four Kinds of Consciousness 1. Consciousness means Prajana, this is when there is physical consciousness or consciousness of the body and its surroundings i.e. the visible objects of the universe. This relates to the waking state of consciousness. 2. Subconscious is where all the samskaras are all stored up, from here via the memory, ideas come to the mind or to the conscious. In sanskrit the subconscious is called chitta. This also relates to the dreaming state of consciousness. 3. Superconsciousness is where there are no names or forms, neither darkness or light, neither east or west, nor visible objects. It is pure absolute consciousness, Nirvikalpa samadhi. This relates to the deep sleep state of consciousness. 4. Double consciousness is when the sage is enjoying supreme bliss, at the same time as working in the real world. He has not forgotten his pure Brahmic state , but at the same time has consciousness of the world. This relates to enlightenment or what is known as the Turiya state of consciousness. The Aum symbol relates to these four states of consciousness.

THE MEANING OF AUM The syllable AUM is the most sacred symbol in Hinduism. It is also called the 4-element syllable. The letter "A", "U", "M" are the three element and the fourth element is the 'silence' from which the sound of AUM arises and to which it subsides. Three fundamental sounds A (ah),U (ou),M (mm) forming AUM represents the three states of being. A - denotes the power of God to create the Universe. Brahma (Creator) The sound produced by "A" signifies all that is observed and perceived in the conscious state of an individual. Waking State (Jagrat) U - denotes the power of God to preserve the Universe. Vishnu (Preserver) The sound of letter "U" signifies all that is observed and perceived in the dream state of an individual's consciousness. Dream State (Svapna) M - denotes the power of God to dissolve the Universe. Shiva (Destroyer) The sound produced by the letter "M" signifies all that is unknown. Deep sleep state (Sushupti) The 'silence' represents the underlying Reality that pervades the above three elements. "AUM" symbolises the infinite Brahman, the essence of all existence. Of all names of God, AUM is the Supreme. AUM (also Om) is the most comprehensive name of God. Other names encompass only some aspects of God. That is the reason why Om signifies only God and nothing else where as other names stand for other things as well. Aum is the universal sound from which all names and forms of creation have come out. AUM is not a word but rather an intonation. Aum is called "Pranava" meaning that it pervades the life or runs through prana or breath. AUM is the entire message of the Sanatana Dharma (Eternal Religion). It is the sound symbol for the absolute and Infinite Truth. It is the goal of all spiritual practices and austerities. When we recite AUM it begins at the very base of the throat (A),rises to be shaped by the mouth (U) and then finally vibrates on the lips (M). Once we finish reciting the AUM sound the last sound (M) vibrates and it merges in to the silence. AUM once again comes out of that silence. So AUM is beyond these three apparent states. It is beyond the waking state, beyond the dream state and beyond the deep sleep state. Beyond these three states is silence which is called the fourth state "Turiya." All phenomena and all desires emanate from that infinite source, AUM. The fulfilment of all desires depends upon knowledge of it, and ones desires are fulfilled in proportion to one's progress towards it. AUM is the eternal sound that expands the individual consciousness to Universal Consciousness. The aspirant who meditates on AUM and contemplates on its meaning understands the Absolute Truth. If AUM is a word, the whole universe is its explanation. If it is a sound, the whole universe is its vibration. If it is representative, it represents both the manifested and unmanifested aspects of the cosmos. AUM Shanti, Shanti, Shantihi

Four Kinds of Bodies 1. On earth man is equipped with a physical body and his physical senses (the five senses). This is the blue light body of Soluntra King Fixed, objectified dreams. Dualities Disease and health. Pain and pleasure. Loss and gain. Limitation and resistance. Slavery to unfulfilled desires. Physical desires are rooted in egotism and sense pleasures. Powerful compulsion or temptation for sensory experience. 2. The astral body is the seat of man’s mental and emotional nature. An astral being works with his consciousness and feelings and a body made of prana. The astral spheres are visible to the sixth sense, intuition and telepathy. This is the Violet light body of Soluntra king Astral desires centre around enjoyment in terms of vibration. power to precipitate all objects and experiences as forms of light or as condensed thoughts or dreams. 3. The causal bodied being remains in the blissful realm of ideas. This is the white light body of Soluntra King Causal desires are fulfilled by perception only. See the universe as realisations of the dream ideas of God. Ability to materialise anything and everything in sheer thought. Work out desires by materialising them instantly. Bring universes into manifestation. Perceive all things as consciousness. Individualised points of joyous spirits. Individualised consciousness. 4. Desirelessness through wisdom, reunification with god. This is the gold light body of Soluntra King

Figure 7: Out of Body Chakras (Terminology from Soluntra King, Numbering from Lazaris)

INTRODUCTION TO THE MINOR CHAKRAS Written by Kerrie McFarlane The difference between the seven major chakras which are discussed in depth in the Chakra Hologram Manual level one, is that all the major chakras have a direct influence upon specific endocrine glands. That is, they are able to effect our body directly through these glands and the hormones secreted by them. The minor chakras however, tend to have a different influence upon the physical body. Rather than the transduction of energy through the glandular system, which in turn effects the areas of the body which are connected via the hormones, the minor chakras seem to work in a much more subtle way. The minor chakras which will be covered in this manual, innervate the physical body through either direct organ contact, as in the splenic chakra, or the limb which is concerned, i.e. the palm chakra. Therefore, the hormone activity is not as important to the functioning of the minor chakras. According to Esoteric literature, i.e – “Esoteric Healing”, there are twenty-one minor chakras and another forty-nine even smaller chakra centres which very little is known about at this point in time. The twenty-one minor chakras are as follows: “There are two of them in front of the ears close to where the jaw bones are connected. There are two of them just above the two breasts. There is one where the breast bones meet, close to the thyroid gland. This, with the two breast centres makes a triangle of force. There are two, one each in the palms of the hands. There are two, one each in the soles of the feet. There are two, just behind the eyes. There are two also connected with the gonads. There is one close to the liver. There is one connected with the stomach; it is related, therefore, to the solar plexus, but it is not identical with it. There are two connected with the spleen. These form one centre in reality, but such a centre is formed by the two being superimposed one on the other. There are two – one at the back of each knee. There is one powerful centre which is closely connected with the vagus nerve. This is most potent and is regarded by some schools of occultism as a major centre; it is not in the spine, but is no great distance from the thymus gland. There is one which is close to the solar plexus, and relates it to the centre at the base of the spine, thus making a triangle of the sacral centre, the solar plexus, and the centre at the base of the spine.” Through research of the hindu literature and other numerous texts on chakras, there is mention of even more minor chakras than those presented above. Perhaps they fit into the category of the other forty-nine even smaller chakras? The minor chakras presented in this text are the splenic, soma and causal chakras, alta major, placenta, eye & ear and the minor chakras of the limbs.

Kundalini The word kundalini comes from the sanskrit word kundal, which means coil. It is compared with the serpent because when it is resting it lies coiled. The comparison between a serpent and kundalini comes because of the nature of its movement, which is spiraling and serpent like.

Fig 8, the kundalini serpent

Nadis and Nerve Pathways The nadis are linked with the chakras. There are gross nadis such as physical nerves, veins, and arteries are known in the western medical world. The subtle nadis are of two types: i. ii.

Pranavaha Nadis:- conduits of pranic force Manovaha Nadis:- conduits of mental force

The Pranavaha and Manovaha nadis generally run together, they are somehow connected with the sensory nerves of the autonomic nervous system. Acupuncture meridians may be types of pranavaha nadis. In the tantic text called the Shiva Samhita, there are 14 principal nadis. Of these Ida, Pingala, and Sushumna are the most imortant, all nadis are subordinate to sushumna. Prana travels through Sushumna from the pelvic plexus to Brahma Randhra (‘the cave of brahman’, the hollow space between the two hemispheres of the brain). The Muladhara chakra is the meeting place of the three main nadis The fourteen nadis are as follows: 1. Sushumna or Brahma Randha (fontanel) 3. Pingala (right nostril) 5. Hastajhiva (right eye) 7. Pusha (right ear) 9. Kuhu (genitals) 11. Saraswati 13. Varuni

2.

Ida (left nostril)

4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14.

Gandhari (left eye) Yashasvini (left ear) Alambusha (mouth) Shankhini (anus) Payasvini Vishvodara

Figure 9: The major Nadis in the head, Source Johari, 1987

Movement of Prana through 14 Nadis There are other minor nadis, but these 14 are the major ones. The first ten are the most important as they are related to the ten gates or body openings. These ten are the manovahi nadis, they have a correspondence with the sympathetic nervous system and the acupuncture meridians because prana makes both of these systems work. The first three nadis are the main nadis, and start at the Base chakra then meet again at the Brow chakra. 1. Sushumna Sushumna is centrally located and found in the spinal cord. It originates in the base chakra, runs up the body, where it goes through the base of the skull and joins with the crown chakra This nadi divides into two different branches: anterior and posterior. The anterior branch goes to the front of the brow chakra, and the posterior branch passes through the back of the skull. They both then join the so-called Bhramara Randhra, the hollow space between the two cerebral hemispheres. There are other complementary nadis where Sushumna is. Within Sushumna there are the nadis Vajra Nadi, which is the nature of sun and poison, and Chitra Nadi, which is the nature of the moon. This Chitra Nadi is responsible for dreams, hallucinations, and visions. Chitra in sanskrit means, picture or painting. This nadi is automatically active in painters, poets, and visionary artists. At the end of the Chitra Nadi there is the ‘door of Brahman’ which ends at the Soma Chakra. The Vajra and Chitra Nadis are the interior solar and lunar currents of Sushumna. These nadis begin at two finger widths above sushumna.

Figure 10: Bifurcation of Sushumna. Source Johari 1987

Figure 11: Origin and termination of Sushumna. Source Johari, 1987.

2. Ida Ida is the left channel. It carries the lunar currents, it is feminine nature and the store of life producing maternal energy. It is nourishing and purifying, it is represented as the left breath and predominantly flows out of the left nostril. It is magnetic, female, visual, and emotional in nature. It begins at the left testicle and ends at the left nostril. Specific left nostril breathing will excite Ida. It is outside of the spinal cord, and in fact, relate to the spinal ganglion.

3. Pingala Pingala is the right channel. It carries the solar currents, it is masculine in nature and the store of destructive energies. It is purifying and cleansing like fire. It is represented by the right breath and predominantly flows out of the right nostril. It is electric, male, verbal, and rational in nature. It makes the physical body more dynamic and more efficient, it also provides more vitality and more male power. Specific right nostril breathing will excite Pingala. As with Ida, Pingala is outside of the spinal cord, and in fact, relate to the spinal ganglion.

Figure 12: Cross section of Sushumna according to the Lalita Sahasranama. Sushumna operates when both nostrils are active simultaneously. It is also known by the name of Saraswati. Source Johari, 1987 4. Gandhari This nadi stretches from below the corner of the left eye to the big toe on the left foot. Gandhari is situated by the side of Ida and helps support it. Psychic energy is brought from the lower part of the body by Gandhari and Hastajihva.

5. Hastajihva Hastajihva goes from below the corner of the right eye to the big toe of the left foot. It is also a complementary nadi to Ida, and the three together form the left channel.

6. Yashasvini This nadi goes from the right big toe to the left ear.

7. Pusha This nadi goes from the left big toe to the right ear, this nadi along with Yashasvini Nadi forms the right channel and is complementary to Pingala.

8. Alambusha This nadi begins at the anus and terminates in the mouth.

9. Kuhu This nadi begins in the throat and terminates in the genitals. This is the nadi used in tantric sexual practices.

10. Shankhini This nadi originates in the throat and terminates in the anus. It moves between the saraswati and Gandhari Nadis on the left side of Sushumna.

11. Saraswati This nadi is seated on the tongue. In India Saraswati is the Goddess of speech, knowledge, and the fine arts. It is camphor white in colour and lunar in nature, it runs parallel to sushumna and is a complementary channel.

12. Paysvini This nadi flows between Pusha and Saraswati nadis. It is complementary to sushumna on the right side as it terminates at the right ear.

13. Varuni This nadi is situated between Yashasvini and Kuhu nadis, it terminates at the anus and helps to eliminate toxins in the lower trunk area.

14. Vishvodara This nadi flows between Kuhu and Hastajhiva nadis and resides in the area of the navel. It is related to the adrenal glands and the pancreas, and it improves the flow of prana through out the body.

Conception and the Placenta Chakra Before conception, the five ‘out of the body’ chakras are there, joined by Sushumna, the major nadi. Conception brings about the union of an ova and a sperm. This union brings about the first cell. This first cell is the initial existence of a human being in this physical plane.

Fig 13, The five out of the body chakras that exist before conception. Sushumna is the major nadi that is represented by a line joining the five heavenly chakras. The moment just before conception is represented by the sperm and the ova between the Earth Star and the Soul Star. Earth Star is the chakra below the feet, the other four are above the head. This one cell, has the first of the physical chakras – the placental chakra. The placenta is an endocrine organ, therefore there has to be a chakra associated with it. This first cell eventually differentiates into the fetus and the placenta. The placenta receives all the nutrients necessary for the development of the fetus, while the placenta chakra transduces all the etheric energies that the fetus needs, while the other physical chakras develop. Ida and Pingala are also there on the first cell which are brought in from the Ova and the Sperm.

Fig 14, The moment of conception, the placental chakra is indicated by the spiral vortex which spirals into the first cell. Ida and Pingala are represented by the lines on the first cell. The five Heavenly Chakras are the same as in fig 1.

In the Tibetan tradition, they say that at conception you receive an indestructible red drop from your mother and an indestructible white drop from your father. This occurs from the mixing of the semen of the father and the blood of the mother. They also say that where these drops mix is where the individual consciousness enters. This, according to the Tibetans, is the heart chakra. Fig 15, The Yin Yang of conception, this represents the first cell. Ida and Pingala are represented by the internal curved lines

The white drop then ascends to the crown chakra, and the red drop descends to the navel or solar plexus chakra. It is through the navel that the umbilical cord connects the fetus with the placenta. The crown chakra is our connection with the heavenly father, and the navel is our connection with the divine mother. There is also a nadi that flows along the umbilical cord, this is called the Umbilical Nadi. This brings in etheric energy that is transduced for the fetus by the mother.

Fig 16, the fetus in the womb, with the umbilical cord, the placenta and the placental chakra. The black arrows represent the flow of etheric energy from the mother. The sperm and the ova also contain the beginnings of Ida and Pingala. They join together with Sushumna to form the three major nadis, which are the mechanism for raising kundalini. Ida and Pingala are vital at this stage for holding etheric energies in the developing fetus. The union of the ova and the sperm also bring about the merging of the genetic material. Then cell differentiation leads to the separation of the placenta and the fetus. The placental chakra allows time for the formation of the seven ‘major’ chakras and the numerous other ‘minor’ chakras. The seven major chakras form a system of psychology on their own. At birth, the first thing that is done is to cut the cord. This practise does not allow the etheric energy to finish flowing along the umbilical nadi, or the placental chakra time to integrate into the navel or solar plexus chakra. Chakra Hologram practitioners have found that the stress of the individuals placental chakra can be found at the navel or solar plexus chakra. The placental chakra often contains issues with the mother, how you give and receive from your mother. There is now a practise called the ‘lotus birth’, where the cord in not cut, but allowed to break naturally. This allows the flow of energy along the umbilical nadi, and blood along the umbilical cord to finish flowing of their own accord. This not only allows the proper intake of energy and nutrients, but also empowers the individual to let go of the placenta of its own accord.

The Modern Magic of the Meridian System

The Twelve Main Meridians + 2 There are many books on this subject, suffice to say that the 12 main meridians plus the 2 extra meridians that have acupoints, hold holographic information that allows the interested person to access information about all areas of the human anatomy. This includes the energetic anatomy, like chakras for example. Also we are able to access information about the anatomy and physiology, like the endocrine system or the nervous system. Meridians are also refered to as channels, they are like pipes that has energy called chi that travels along it. The acupoints are nodes that allow energy or chi to enter the meridian from another source. This source could be another meridian or an external source, as acupoints infact behave like mini chakras. These 14 meridians have acupoints, they are infact a set of seven yin/yang pairs. They are able to be accessed by their alarm points (or front mu points). These points give information about the meridian. The following table gives you a summary of these 14 meridians, note that the extra meridians are Central Vessel (Vessel of Conception), and Governing Vessel. Central and Governing Vessel are included in the section on the eight extra meridians, though they have qualities that can group them with the 12 meridians as well as the eight extra meridians. When we are interested in their relationship as a part of the 14 meridians we use their alarm points to access them. When we are interested in their relationship as a part of the eight extra meridians we use their key points which are covered in the next section. YIN MERIDIAN

YANG ALARM POINT

MERIDIAN

ALARM POINT

Central Vessel (CV)

CV24

Governing Vessel (GV)

GV26

Spleen (Sp)

Liv13

Stomach (St)

CV12

Heart (Ht)

CV14

Small Intestine (SI)

CV4

Kidney (Ki)

GB25

Bladder (BL)

CV3

Pericardium (Pc)

CV17

Triple Heater (TH)

CV5

Liver (Liv)

Liv14

Gall Bladder (GB)

GB24

Lu1

Large Intestine (LI)

St25

Lung (Lu)

Table , 14 meridians and their alarm points.

Fig 17, the Stomach meridian

Fig 18, the Spleen meridian

Fig 19, the Heart meridian

Fig 20, the Small Intestine meridian

Fig 21, the Bladder Meridian

Fig 23, the Pericardium meridian

Fig 22, the Kidney meridian

Fig 24, the Triple Heater meridian

Fig 25, the Gall Bladder meridian

Fig 26, the Liver meridian

Fig 27, the Lung meridian

Fig 28, the Large Intestine Meridian

The Eight Extra Meridians The eight extra meridians are the basis of much of Taoist Yoga Practice. The bodies system for dealing with deficiencies and excesses of Ch'i. Also known as the strange flows Acting like a series of lakes and reservoirs of energy the 8 extra meridians balance out the excesses and deficiencies of energy throughout the system of 12 organ related muscles. There are 4 pairs. Central vessel or vessel of conception and Governing vessel. Otherwise known as the Great Central Channel. To save confusion between the traditional 14 meridian hologram and this 8 meridian hologram I will refer to these in this system as Central Yin and Central Yang. The Great Regulator Channel (Yin and Yang wei mo) The Great Bridge Channel or the channel of Motility (Yin and Yang chia mo) The Penetrating or Vital Channel and the Belt Channel Except for the CV and GV these meridians do not have any points of their own. Their points belong to the 12 organ related meridians. Ch'i does not flow continuously through them with the exception of CV and GV. Ch'i can flow through these channels in any direction.

The Great Regulating Channel The Regulator Channel acts as the binding network of all vessels. The yin aspect on the front of the body connects with all of the yin organ meridians. Spleen Liver Kidney Lung Pericardium Heart The Yang aspect is on the back of the body and connects with all of the yang organ meridians. Stomach Gall Bladder Bladder Large Intestine Triple Heater Small Intestine The Regulator connects with all 12 organ related meridians and it maintains and adjusts their basic function. The Yin Regulator "moves all the yin" ie. controls the nourishing energy of the body.

The Yang Regulator "moves all the yang" ie. controls the defence energy of the body. Fig 29, Regulating Yin

Fig 30, Regulating Yang

The Great Bridge Channel or the Channel of Motility Is like a connecting bridge linking the yin and the yang so that proper energy balance can be maintained. Acts as a bridge between the stored energy of the body and areas that need Chi. When Yin Chi is deficient and Yang Chi is abundant this leads to insomnia. When Yang Chi is deficient and Yin Chi is abundant this leads to sleepiness. When the Yang Bridge Channel is blocked there may be excessive activity and inability to sleep. When the Yin Bridge Channel is blocked there may be fatigue and drowsiness.

Fig 31, Motility Yin

Fig 32, Motility Yang

The Great Central Channel (Central Vessel and Governing Vessel) The most primal of all energy flows. Considered to be the ruling energy channel of the body and spirit. It is the strongest of Yin and Yang flow of all the meridians. All Yin meridians are connected to the Central Yin. All Yang meridians are connected to the Central Yang. These are the only of the strange flows that have points of their own.

Fig 33, Central Yin (Central Vessel) Fig 34, Central Yang (Governing Vessel)

Vital and Belt Channels Oddest of the strange flow pairs. The other 3 pairs are like front and back physically and in yin and yang terms yet these 2 have individual functions and flow routes.

The Vital Channel Stores the true body Chi. Helps regulate the development of both prenatal and postnatal energy or Chi. Restrains and regulates the sinews and meridians of the whole body. It has a regulating connection with the uterus and with the meridians governing female functions. In Taoist Yoga, the Central and Governing Vessels and the Vital Channel are the 3 great psychic channels.

The Belt Channel The only energy flow in the body which during its entire course flows horizontally. It is like a belt around the hips. Regulates all of the meridians that flow through the back, side and front of the torso. Has special regulating functions, for the abdominal region, our physical centre.

Fig 35, Vital Channel

Fig 36, Belt Channel

Pulse and Key Points Key points act like alarm points. (source Eight extra meridians procedure by Charles Krebs PhD MAP, 1992) Pulse points are intermediate pressure between the light and deep touch of the traditional pulse diagnosis points. (source: Balancing the Bodies Energies: Muscle tests for the eight extra meridians - Wayne W Topping PhD). Meridian Cent Yin Cent Yang Reg Yin Reg Yang Mot Yin Mot Yang Vital Belt

1.

Key Point Pulse between AP Tuning Forks Lu7 CV SI3 GV Per6 GB, Liv GB, Liv TH5 St, Sp St, Sp K6 TH, PC TH, PC Bl62 SI, Ht SI, Ht Sp4 BL, Kid BL, Kid GB41 Lu, LI Lu, LI Table 1: Properties of the Eight Extra Meridians

The tuning forks usage is something that I propose as a theory. If the pulse exists between two element pulses, then the tuning fork would be the average of the two element pulses ie. use both of the AP elemental forks. Through research this has proved to work every time.

Meridian/Organ relationship

Meridian

Organ

Muscle

Central Yin

Eye

Deltoid Anterior

Central Yang

Ear

Trapezius Upper Superior

Vital

Hypothalamus

Coracobrachialis Lateral

Belt

Pineal

Palmaris Longus

Regulating Yin

parathyroid

Psoas Major T12A

Regulating Yin

Adrenal Cortex

Pectoralis Minor Superior

Regulating Yin

Adrenal Medulla

Rhomboideus Minor Inferior

Regulating Yang Anterior Pituitary

Infraspinatus Inferior #2

Regulating Yang Posterior Pituitary

Flexor pollicis brevis outer head

Regulating Yang Parotid

Deltoid superior anterior tendon

Regulating Yang Spleen

Serratus Anterior Tendon

Motility Yin Motility Yang

Skin

Rhomboideus major T3

thymus

Supraspinatus

Source: Wayne Topping, Balancing the bodies energies

Finger modes Before we discuss how to access the stress of particular anatomical and physiological components of the human body, we must touch on what is called finger modes from kinesiology. Finger modes are basically mudras, which are finger postures used in the Vedantic and Buddhist traditions during meditation. Rather than go into complicated explanations we can picture a few below that are useful for those interested.

Fig 37, Finger modes.

THE TREATMENT TRIANGLE Fig 38:

The Treatment Triangle. Source: Tobar 2002, Brain Formatting

Every psychological imbalance has a physical imbalance. The psychological imbalances can appear as temporary mental/emotional imbalances or as more chronic mental disorders. An example of the range of imbalance is from feeling sad or lonely, to having a full blown panic disorder. These extremes, in fact, have the same underlying neurology. They are just different degrees of innervation.

The physical imbalances associated with both psychological disorders are in the anatomy and physiology. Every psychological disorder, whether it is a temporary feeling or a chronic condition, has a neurological imbalance. This manifests in the neurotransmitters and the endocrine system. There is also an imbalance in the Chakra system that accompanies this. The Chakras, in fact, are where the imbalance is held. For me, in Kinesiology what we do is remove stress. This allows clients to adjust and deal with the stressor and heal themselves. This raises the question, “How exactly do we remove the stress?” Well, the first step is to access the stress. “How is this done?” There are many ways of doing this, and some of them require the practitioner to have a high degree of expertise and personal development.

Formatting – Kinesiology’s amazing gift In any healing science we are interested in stress. Where is it? How to treat it? Kinesiology uses muscle testing to identify this, other people use other techniques such as a pendulum or even intuition. So what we are after is how to identify stress. This is where the brilliance of Richard Utt from Applied Physiology came in. He developed the ‘format’ that is now widely used in a lot of areas of kinesiology. The format is using combinations of acupoints and finger modes to identify if there is a stress on a particular structure or function. This can be done in purely anatomical, physiological or even energetic terms. Again rather than go into long winded explanations I will give some examples, but first a note on terminology. The finger modes and acupoints can either be held simultaneously or sequentially. So to signify simultaneous we use a ‘x’ and to signify sequential we use a ‘+’. Also I would like to remind you here of the abbreviations for the acupoints, and their organ/gland relationships. Abr CV GV ST SP HT SI BL KI PC

Meridian Central Vessel Governing Vessel Stomach Spleen Heart Small Intestine Bladder Kidney Pericardium

TH

Triple Heater

GB LV LU LI

Gall Bladder Liver Lung Large Intestine

Organ/gland Brain Spinal Cord Stomach Spleen, Pancreas Heart Small Intestine Bladder Kidney Pericardium, Circulatory System, Reproductive System Thymus, Adrenals, Thyriod Gall Bladder Liver Lung Large Intestine

Some examples of formats: Limbic Brain: Cerebral Cortex Out of body chakras Minor Chakras

Anatomy x Gland x CV23 x CV24 Anatomy x Gland x CV24 Chakra x 8 extra meridian Double Chakra (Chakra x Chakra), that is hold chakra mode on each hand

FORMATTING Richard Utt, in Applied Physiology, developed a major breakthrough for the Kinesiologist called ‘Formatting’. This has turned out to be, for me, the greatest gift that Kinesiology has to offer, because it allows the practitioner, no matter how well they are trained, to access the stress on a particular piece of anatomy or physiology. It also allows the practitioner to assess just exactly where the stress is held in the Chakra system. Formatting uses a combination of acu-points and finger modes. This draws on the Chinese tradition of Acupressure and the Meridian system, and on the Indian tradition of Finger Modes that are derived from mudras. Using a combination of these, the energetic stress pattern of any anatomy and physiology can be accessed If music is an analogy, then the finger modes and acupoints are notes and the format is a chord.

Fig 39: The format ‘chord’, a format is made up of individual ‘notes’ of acupoints and finger modes’. Source: Tobar 2002, Brain Formatting

Fig 40, the Limbic Brain format (Anatomy x Gland x CV23 x CV24). Note that all of the items are held simultaneousely, if the practioiner is having difficulty, the client can always hold the points.

Fig 41, Out of body chakra format (Chakra x 8 extra meridian)

Fig 42, Minor Chakra mode (Double Chakra (Chakra x Chakra))

So now we can turn our attention on how to format the enrgetic structures of the previuos chapter. So we will look at the 7 major chakras, Out of the body Chakras, minor chakras and the aura.

Chakra

Aspect Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin

Base Base Sacral Sacral Solar Plexus Solar Plexus Heart Heart Throat Throat Brow Brow Crown Crown Earth Star Earth Star Soul Star Soul Star Stellar Gateway Stellar Gateway Universal Gateway Universal Yang Gateway Cosmic Gateway Yang Spleen Spleen

Yin Yang

Soma

Yin

Soma

Yang

Alta Major Alta Major

Yin Yang

Eyes

Yin

Eyes

Yang

Ears Ears

Yin Yang

Placenta

Yin

Format Chakra + Heart Alarm Point Chakra + Small Intestine Alarm Point Chakra + Kidney Alarm Point Chakra + Bladder Alarm Point Chakra + Lung Alarm Point Chakra + Large Intestine Alarm Point Chakra + Liver Alarm Point Chakra + Gall Bladder Alarm Point Chakra + Spleen Alarm Point Chakra + Stomach Alarm Point Chakra + Pericardium Alarm Point Chakra + Triple Heater Alarm Point Chakra + Central Vessel Alarm Point Chakra + Governing Vessel Alarm Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Vital Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Belt Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Central Yin Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Central Yang Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Motility Yin Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Motility Yang Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Regulating Yin Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Regulating Yang Key Point Chakra x 8 extra meridian + Central Yang Key Point x Motility Yang Key Point x Regulating Yang Key Point Double Chakra + Spleen x Lung Alarm Points Double Chakra + Stomach x Large Intestine Alarm Points Double Chakra + Central Vessel x Pericardium Alarm Points Double Chakra + Governing Vessel x Triple Heater Alarm Points Double Chakra + Central Vessel x Liver Alarm Points Double Chakra + Governing Vessel x Gall Bladder Alarm Points Double Chakra + Central Vessel x Kidney Alarm Points Double Chakra + Governing Vessel x Bladder Alarm Points Double Chakra + Spleen x Pericardium Alarm Points Double Chakra + Stomach x Triple Heater Alarm Points Double Chakra + Heart x Liver Alarm Points

Placenta

Yang

Palm Palm

Yin Yang

Double Chakra + Small Intestine x Gall Bladder Alarm Points Double Chakra + Liver x Lung Alarm Points Double Chakra + Gall Bladder x Large Intestine Alarm Points

Formatting the Aura Body

Aspect

Physical/Etheric Yin Physical/Etheric Yang Astral

Yin

Astral

Yang

Mental

Yin

Mental

Yang

Buddhic

Yin

Buddhic

Yang

Atmic

Yin

Atmic

Yang

Monadic

Yin

Monadic

Yang

Divine

Yin

Divine

Yang

Format

Light Body Aura + Heart Alarm Point Blue Aura + Small Intestine Blue Alarm Point Aura + Kidney Alarm Violet Point Aura + Bladder Alarm Violet Point Aura + Lung Alarm Point Violet

Aspect

Format

Yin Yang

Aura + Vital Key Point Aura + Belt Key Point

Yin

Aura + Central Yin Key Point Aura + Central Yang Key Point Aura + Central Yin Key Point Aura + Central Yang Key Point Aura + Motility Yin Key Point Aura + Motility Yang Key Point Aura +Motility Yin Key Point Aura + Key Motility Yang Point Aura + Key Regulating Yin Point Aura + Regulating Yang Key Point Aura + Regulating Yin Key Point Aura + Regulating Yang Key Point

Yang Yin

Aura + Large Intestine Violet Alarm Point Aura + Liver Alarm Point White

Yang

Aura + Gall Bladder Alarm Point Aura + Spleen Alarm Point Aura + Stomach Alarm Point Aura + Pericardium Alarm Point Aura + Triple Heater Alarm Point Aura + Central Vessel Alarm Point Aura + Governing Vessel Alarm Point

White

Yang

White

Yin

White

Yang

Gold

Yin

Gold

Yang

Gold

Yin

Gold

Yang

Yin

Aura Formatting Table. Note that the light body equivalents of the theosphical bodies are on the same lines.

Nadi Mode + Kinesiological Circuit Locations (CL). Nadi

Kinesiological CL

1. Sushumna or Brahma Randha (fontanel)

Nadi Mode + CL posterior fontanel & coccyx

2. Ida (left nostril)

Nadi Mode + CL left nostril & coccyx

3. Pingala (right nostril)

Nadi Mode + CL right nostril & coccyx

4. Gandhari (left eye)

Nadi Mode + CL left eye & left big toe

5. Hastajhiva (right eye)

Nadi Mode + CL right eye & left big toe

6. Yashasvini (left ear)

Nadi Mode + CL left ear & right big toe

7. Pusha (right ear)

Nadi Mode + CL right ear & right big toe

8. Alambusha (mouth)

Nadi Mode + CL mouth & anus

9. Kuhu (genitals)

Nadi Mode + CL throat & genitals

10. Shankhini (anus)

Nadi Mode + CL throat & anus

11. Saraswati

Nadi Mode + CL tongue & coccyx

12. Payasvini

Nadi Mode + CL right ear & coccyx

13. Varuni

Nadi Mode + CL navel & anus

14. Vishvodara

Nadi Mode + CL navel & right eye

Alarm Point Locations

Fig 43, Alarm Point locations

Key Point Locations

BL 62(Motility Yang) & GB 41(Belt)

SP 4 (Vital) & KI 6 (Motility Yin)

PC 6 (Regulating Yin) & LU 7(Central Yin)

SI 3 (Central Yang) & TH 5 (Regulating Yang)

Fig 44, Key point locations

The Nervous System, the Physical – Etheric Interface

The Triune Brain and Emotions 1

Reptilian Brain

Basal Ganglia or extrapyramidal motor system Basic motor plans especially axial or whole body movements, including primitive behavioural responses related to fear, anger and sexuality that are elaborated by specific neural circuits. Innate behavioural knowledge: basic instinctual action tendencies and habits related to primitive survival issues.

2

Old Mammalian Brain

Limbic system or the visceral brain contains newer programs related to various social emotions, including maternal acceptance and care, social bonding, separation distress and rough and tumble play. Affective knowledge: subjective feelings and emotional responses to world events interacting with innate motivational value system.

3

Neomammalian Brain

Neocortex can be influenced by emotions can influence emotions by various appraisal processes is not a fundamental neural substrate for the generation of the emotional experience. Declarative knowledge: propositional information about world events derived especially from sight, sound and touch.

Figure 45: The Triune Brain according to Paul McLean

The basic Reptilian core is a similar size in all mammals when taking into account body size. There is an abundance of this tissue in other vertebrates such as reptiles while the limbic system is comparatively small in reptiles it is also a similar relative size in all mammals. The Neocortex is the only one that differentiates across species of mammals with humans, even when corrected for body size, has a much vaster neocortex than all other mammallian species.

Species differentiation disappears when we consider the limbic and subcortical systems where basic emotions are located. Neural Based Definition of Emotion as proposed by Jaak Panksepp.

Basic psychological criteria is that emotional systems should be capable of elaborating subjective feeling states that are affectively valanced. Besides this, Jaak Panksepp has defined six other objective neural criteria: (see Figure 3) 1. The underlying circuits are genetically predetermined and designed to respond unconditionally to stimuli arising from major life challenging circumstances. 2. These circuits organise diverse behaviours by activating or inhibiting motor subroutines and concurrent autonomichormonal changes that have proved adaptive in the face of such life challenging circumstances during the evolutionary history of the species. 3. Emotive circuits change the sensitivities of sensory systems that are relevant for the behavioural sequences that have been aroused. 4. Neural activity of emotive systems outlasts the precipitating circumstances. 5. Emotive circuits can come under the conditional control of emotionally neutral environmental stimuli.

6. Emotive circuits have reciprocal interaction with the brain mechanisms that elaborate higher decision making processes and consciousness. Figure 46: Various neural interactions that characterise all major emotional systems of the brain. (Rat Brain) (Redrawn from: Fig 3.3 Affective Neuroscience: Panksepp P.48)

According to Jaak Panksepp the four most ancient emotional systems that have been reasonably well characterised in neural terms are characterised in the following diagram.

Figure 47: Various environmental challenges were so persistent during brain evolution that various responses to challenges have been encoded as emotional neural circuits. These emotional potentials exist within the neural circuits of the brain independently of external influences. (Redrawn from: Panksepp, 1998, P.50) The SEEKING system in what Jaak Panksepp renames the "appetitive motivational system", encourages animals to search for resources such as food, water, warmth etc. Another designator that he used to highlight its function was curiosity/interest/foraging/anticipation/craving/expectancy system. The RAGE system energises the body to angrily defend its territory and resources. The FEAR system is the brain system that includes a major form of trepidation that commonly leads to freezing or flight. The PANIC system is the one that generates feelings of loneliness and separation distress. This is not to be confused with the term panic meaning intense states of fear. The existing evidence on the disorder known as panic attacks involves this circuitry. There are additional systems for sexual feelings (LUST system), maternal feelings (CARE system) and playful feelings (rough and tumble PLAY system). At least four primal emotional circuits mature after birth and have been reasonably well identified. They are: 1

Appetitive motivational SEEKING system

2

RAGE system

3

FEAR system

4

Separation distress PANIC system.

Figure 48: The major emotional operating systems are defined primarily by genetically coded neural circuits that generate well organised behaviour sequences that can be evoked by localised electrical stimulation of the brain. Representative behaviours generated by the various systems are indicated. There is considerable overlap and hence neural interaction among systems. Some of the possible major interactions are indicated by the various interconnecting lines that suggest various excitatory and inhibitory influences among the system. (Redrawn from : Panksepp, 1998, P.53)

The SEEKING System Promotes survival abilities Promotes interest in the world. Leads to excitement when desired object is found. Allows the finding and the eager anticipation of things needed for survival such as: food water warmth sex (species survival) Generates and sustains curiosity (even intellectual) Efficient in facilitating learning Assures smooth function of bodies functions in performing the desired quest. If it is underactive (as is common with aging) a form of depression results. When it becomes overactive, schizophrenia or manic symptoms may result from stress emotionally caused or deep trauma especially functional forms of psychosis. Neuroanatomically the SEEKING system corresponds to the major self stimulation system that courses from the midbrain up to the cortex. According to Panksepp this system has long been misconceptualised as a reward or reinforcement system. Dopamine is very important in this system, especially domaninergic mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine circuits, which emanate from the ventral tegmental area. These dopamine circuits tend to energise and co-ordinate the functions of many higher brain areas that mediate planning and foresight such as the: Amygdala Nucleus Accumbens Frontal cortex Head of the Caudate Nucleus they promote eagerness and directed purpose.

The RAGE System Works in opposition to the SEEKING system. Mediates anger. Aroused by frustration(s) Attempts to curtail freedom of action. Is possible to enrage humans and animals by stimulating certain brain areas which parallel the fear system. Helps animals defend themselves by generating fear in their opponents. Energises behaviour when an animal is irritated or restrained.

The FEAR System Probably designed to help animals reduce pain and the possibility of destruction when heavily stimulated leads to flight, lightly stimulated leads to freeze and in humans, stimulation can lead to anxiety.

The PANIC System Mammals are socially dependent Brain evolution provides nurturance for offspring Offspring have powerful emotional systems that indicate that they are in need of care ie. crying (scientists call this separation calls). The circuitry in both the carers and the cared for provides a neural substrate to understand many other social emotional issues. Acceptance System

"SOPHISTICATED SPECIAL PURPOSE SOCIO EMOTIONAL SYSTEMS" SSPSES SSPSES mediate such things as: LUST

(sexual)

CARE

(maternal)

PLAY

(rough and tumble)

It seems that the care systems probably arose out of the lust systems. Neural complexities of these are only provisionally understood.

Road Maps of the Triune Brain This discussion will start with the neocortex to the limbic system, the basal ganglia and then to the midbrain. The midbrain is where the circuits of behavioural spontaneity end. Animals that have had their midbrain disconnected from the lower brainstem lose their behavioural spontaneity. This is only possible when the midbrain and hypothalamus are intact and remain connected to the lower brain stem. Organised and sequential instinctual behaviour occurs only when the basal ganglia is connected to the hypothalamus and brainstem. The removal of the neocortex does not lead to major deficits in instinctual behaviours.

Figure 49: Schematic representation of the Human Triune Brain according to Jaak Panksepp. (Redrawn from: Figure 4.1 Affective Neuroscience: Panksepp p.62)

1. Connections of the Basal Ganglia (BG) or the reptilian brain There is a massive flow of information from the cortex to the BG which is sent back via the thalamus. Overall function of the BG is under control of the ascending brain dopamine pathways. If dopamine supply is OK, BG function is normal. If dopamine supply is excessive (amphetamines, cocaine, paranoid schizophrenia) then there is: repetitive behaviour patterns persistent thoughts delusions When dopamine is unavailable (eg. Parkinsons) then: behaviour is diminished displeasure sets in lack of energy. There are two distinct ascending dopamine pathways. nigrostriatal system which ascends from the substantia nigra to the caudate-putamen complex. mesolimbic/mesocortical pathways which ascend from the Ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex. There are descending reciprocal pathways that help protect the system from excessive arousal. The caudate-putamen complex (C-P-C) receives input from: amygdaloid nuclei intralaminar thalamic nuclei most massive influx comes from sensory neocortex. The VTA receives inputs from: similar to C-P-C except higher inputs arise from: frontal, cingulate, olfactory cortices periamygdaloid areas

2. Connections of the Limbic System Major Limbic pathways include: stria terminalis Ventral amygdalofugal pathway Mamillothalamic tract Habenulopenduncular tract Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) The major outputs of the Amygdala: 1.

Stria terminalis which sends information to a broad synaptic field from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

2.

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway direct input to basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus.

3.

A great number of pathways that run through the lateral hypothalamus, the best known is the MFB. Medial to the MFB are many nuclear groups that process regulatory information about the body's metabolic and

hormonal imbalances that require the organism to interact with the outside world. This is achieved by the interaction of the incoming sensory data (smell, taste etc) with the internally gathered information about the body's metabolic and hormonal states (via interoreceptors) to yield generalised instinctual behaviours that are controlled by SEEKING circuits that go through the adjacent lateral hypothalamic areas.

3. Thalamic Neocortical Axis Neocortex contains 10 billion neurons Each neuron has 1,000 to 10,000 synapses Cortex function in modular cortical columns of about 4,000 neurons. Humans larger neocortex is due to more cortical columns rather than complexity of cortical columns. Humans have about 2.5 million cortical columns. Major cortical afferents come from the thalamus and other cortical areas. Major efferents to Thalamus and Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia sends messages back via the ventral thalamus, where it is processed by the thalamus and sent back up to the cortex. Cortical control of primitive behaviours and basic emotions by - extending emotions by dwelling on past or future events. Cortex can inhibit the actions of primitive instinctual systems situated in subcortical areas. Cortex permits selective and refined expressions of primitive tendencies.

The Midbrain and Behavioural Output Most emotional command systems make strong connections with the midline visceral structures: periaquaductal gray matter (PAG) surrounding reticular tissue It is within these zones that the lowest integrative centres for the coherent emission of: Rage and defensive behaviours Fear Separation distress Exploratory urges Sexual urges Experiences of pleasure and pain When these are moderately damaged, animals become behaviourally sluggish. With extensive damage, a comatose state is common. Ascending systems at this level of the neuroaxis include basic circuits for the maintenance of vigilance and sleep states.

Figure 50: Cross section of the midbrain at the mesencephalon-diencephalon junction. (Redrawn from: Mihailoff, Haines & May, 1997)

Figure 51: Sagittal view of the brainstem with emphasis on midbrain structures. (Redrawn from: Mihailoff, Haines & May 1997)

The Hypothalamus Is the part of the diencephalon concerned with the central control of Visceral functions through the endocrine & visceromotor systems Affective behaviour via the limbic system It is primarily directed at maintaining homeostasis Among the many functions that the hypothalamus partially regulates include: Water and electrolyte balance Food intake Temperature Blood pressure Sleep-waking mechanism Circadian rhythmicity General body metabolism

The hypothalamus influences our responses to both the internal and external environments Figure 52 Diagrammatic representation of hypothalamic connections as seen in the axial (horizontal) plane. Redrawn from Hardy & Chronister 1997

The hypothalamus can be divided into four zones: 1) The lateral hypothalamic zone 2) The medial hypothalamic zone 3) The periventricular zone 4) Preoptic area

Figure 53: Diagrammatic representation of the hypothalamus in the axial (horizontal) plane showing the zones and regions. (Redrawn from: Hardy & Chronister 1997)

1) The Lateral hypothalamic zone Contains a large bundle of axons called the medial forebrain bundle The medial forebrain bundle connects the hypothalamus with rostral areas such as the septum and caudal areas such as the brainstem reticular formation, the ventral tegmental area, etc. Contains a large diffuse population of neurons called the lateral hypothalamic area as well as smaller condensations of cells located in its ventral portions, these smaller cell groups are the lateral hypothalamic nuclei and the tuberal nuclei. The lateral hypothalamic nuclei is a loose aggregation of relatively large cells that extend throughout the lateral hypothalamic zone. This nucleus represents a feeding centre, stimulation of this centre promotes feeding behaviour, destruction of it causes the animal to loose weight. The tuberal nuclei consist of small clusters of neurons, some of them project to the tuberoinfundibular tract, therefore may convey hypothalamic releasing factors, others send histaminergic input to the Cerebellum that may be involved in the regulation of motor activity.

2) The Medial hypothalamic zone The medial zone is a cell-rich region composed of many individual nuclei. It is divided into three regions: 1) The supraoptic region 2) The tuberal region 3) The mammillary region 1) The supraoptic region is made up of four nuclei: The supraoptic nucleus The paraventricular nucleus The suprachiasmatic nucleus The anterior nuclei

The supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei contain vasopressin and oxytocin, these are released as hormones via the posterior pituitary and as neurotransmitters to other parts of the brain. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved with circadian rhythms The anterior nuclei are involved with maintaining body temperature, and they participate in a large range of visceral and somatic functions 2) The tuberal region is made up of three nuclei: The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus The arcuate nucleus The ventromedial nucleus is considered to be a satiety centre, if this nucleus is stimulated the animal will not eat, if it is lesioned the animal will over eat. It is also involved with female sexuality and nurturing. The dorsomedial nucleus is involved with emotional behaviour, stimulation of this area results in unusually aggressive behaviour known as sham rage. The arcuate nucleus is the primary location of neurons that contain hormones that act on the anterior pituitary gland. 3) The mammillary region contains four nuclei: The medial mammillary nuclei The intermediate mammillary nuclei The lateral mammillary nuclei The posterior hypothalamus The medial mammillary nucleus is the primary termination point for axons in the post commissural fornix, which originate in the subiculum of the hippocampal formation. The medial mammillary nucleus is also the source of axons directed to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, this is known as the mammillothalamic tract. This is an important part of the limbic system. The intermediate and lateral mammillary nuclei are much smaller and are located lateral to the medial mammillary nuclei. The lateral mammillary nucleus receives input from the medial aspects of the midbrain reticular formation by way of the mammillary peduncle.

The posterior hypothalamic nucleus merges with the midbrain periaquaductal grey matter. It therefore has been associated with the same emotional, cardiovascular, and analgesic functions that have been attributed to the periaquaductal grey matter. Figure 54 Midsagittal view of the hypothalamus emphasising the nuclei, which contribute to the tuberoinfundibular and supraopticohypophysial tracts, the hypophysial portal system, and the general relations of the fornix and the mammillothalamic

tracts. (Redrawn from: Hardy & Chronister 1997)

3) The Periventricular zone This is a thin region composed of small cell bodies lying medial to the medial zone and immediately adjacent to the third ventricle Many of these neurons synthesise hormones or factors that act on the anterior pituitary gland.

4) The Preoptic area Although this area is functionally a part of the hypothalamus and the diencephalon, embryologically it is derived from the Telencephalon. The preoptic area contains two nuclei: The medial preoptic nucleus The lateral preoptic nucleus The medial preoptic nucleus contains neurons that produce LHRH (Luteinising hormone releasing hormone) The medial preoptic nucleus is larger and more active in males than in females. The medial preoptic nucleus is involved with behaviours that are related to: Eating Reproductive activities Locomotion

The function of the lateral preoptic nucleus is not clear, though through its connections to the ventral pallidum, it is thought to function in part in locomotion regulation. Fig 55. Chiasmatic and tuberal region of the human hypothalamus. The diagram shows the main landmarks and nuclear gray matter that are encountered in the antero-posterior frontal sections (a-h). Abbreviations, ac, anterior commissure; an, accessory neurosecretory nucleus; cm corpus mammillare; cu, cuneate nucleus; db, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca & the nucleus Basilis of Meynert; dm, dorsomedial nucleus; fo, fornix; hg, hypothalamic grey; if, infundibular nucleus; in, intermediate nucleus (SDN-POA=INAH-1); oc, optic chiasm; ot, optic tract; pe, periventricular nucleus; ph, posterior hypothalamic nucleus; pn, posteromedial nucleus; pv, paraventricular nucleus; rc, retrochiasmatic nucleus; sc, suprachiasmatic nucleus; so, supraopyic nucleus; st, nucleus of the stria terminalis; su, subthalamic nucleus; tl, lateral tudular nucleus; tm, tuberomammillary nucleus; un, unicate nucleus; vm, ventromedial nucleus. Redrawn from Swaab, 1997.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Rhythms in the SCN Circadian Rhythms The SCN is involved with the temporal organistion of circadian and seasonal processes in mammals. There are circadian and circannual fluctuations in the number of Vasopressin - expressing neurons in the human SCN. During a 24 hour period there are significant fluctuations of Vasopressin neurons. There are 1.8 times more Vasopressin neurons in the day than in the night. Peak values of Vasopressin is in the morning. It has been observed that Vasopressin reduces REM sleep.

CIRCADIAN RYTHYM the circadian cycle lasts from 24.7 to 25.2 hours the environmental cues of light and darkness entrain the rhythms to the night-day cycle there is a biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus experimental stimulation, ablation, and lesion of the SCN has altered circadian rhythms there is a direct neuroanatomic connection between the SCN and the retina called the reinohypothalamic pathway this pathway sends the environmental cues of light to the SCN the SCN neurons are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm several neurotransmitters have been found in the terminals of the SCN afferents and interneurons including: serotonin neuropeptide Y arginine vasopressin vasoactive intestinal peptide GABA daily rhythms have been found in other human physiological processes, including: body temperature (sinusoidal) cortisol and growth hormone (pulsatile) increased plasma levels during sleep of: prolactin growth hormone testosterone melatonin secretion is highest at night

Circannual Rhythms The number of vasopressin neurons in the SCN fluctuates over the year with values being two to three times higher in the Autumn than in the summer. Hypothalamic levels of Serotonin, a neuron transmitter known to innervate the SCN shows daily rhythms and seasonal rhythms. There is a seasonal variation in the volume of the Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN). The volume of the PVN reaching its peak during the Spring. The seasonal rhythm of the SCN might be crucial in the development of seasonal depression and bulimia nervosa.

The human is a seasonal species, there are seasonal variations in the following: Mood Suicides Reproduction Birth weight Sleep Season of Birth of patients with Schizophrenia Affective disorders Alcoholism An important component of the circadian and circannual timing system is the pineal gland. Daily rhythms of pineal melatonin content of autopsy material are only evident in the long photo period of April to September (Northern Hemisphere). Melatonin concentrations being 4.2 times higher in the night than in the day. Daily variations of pineal 5-methoxy-tryptophol contents are only observed in the short photo period October - March (Northern Hemisphere) with high concentrations during the day time and low concentrations during the night.

In general concentration of both the above are higher during the Summer than in the Winter. Fig 56: Schematic diagram of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Redrawn after Figure 8.5 p.140 Chokroverty Sleep Disorders Medicine 1999

SCN Melatonin Receptors Melatonin is the principal hormone of the pineal gland. Melatonin production in the pineal is regulated by the SCN. Absence of melatonin rhythms has been reported in the following: some demented patients delerium sleep wake disturbances Cerebral Spinal Fluid melatonin levels are lower in Children with SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). It indicates a presence of circadian disturbances or altered pineal function in SIDS. The pineal is reported to be smaller in children with SIDS. There have been high affinity melatonin binding sites observed consistently in the human SCN.

SCN in Sexuality and Reproduction SCN is 1.7 times larger in homosexual men than in normal men and contain 2.1 times more cells. 13 to 16 moths after birth, there begins a programmed cell death in the SCN. Maybe this doesn't happen to the same extent in homosexual men.

There is an increased number of vasopressin expressing neurons in the SCN of homosexual men. The number of VIP expressing neurons was not changed. In both Vasopressin and VIP neurons in the SCN a reduced nuclear diameter was observed in homosexual men. This suggests there are metabolic alterations in homosexual men. The SCN is involved in all aspects of sexual behaviour and reproduction. Post coital activation of the SCN has been observed in females. Activity of the SCN increases around puberty which indicates the addition of a reproductive function to the circadian/circannual function. Efferents of the SCN innervate the preoptic area that is involved with reproductive behaviours. The Ovarian reproductive cycle is controlled by the SCN, possibly by the direct innervation of lutenising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons by VIP fibres. Several morphological sex difference has been reported in the SCN. Males has larger amounts of: Axospinous synapses Post synaptic density Assymetrical synapses Nucleoli The SCN is sexually dimorphic Volume Organisation of astroglia Shape of vasopressin subdivision Number of VIP containing neurons In seasonal breeding animals there are seasonal fluctuations in VIP in relation to sexual activity. In bisexual animals, they showed a preference for females in the late darke phace and a lesser preference for females in the early dark phase. This is the first indication of the involvement of the daily body clock in sexual orientation. Vasopressin has daily rhythms and is increased in homosexual men.

INAH-3 and the Anterior Commissure There are 4 interstitial nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH). INAH-3 is twice as large in hetrosexual men as in homosexual men. The Anterior Commissure is larger in homosexual men than in hetrosexual men and women.

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) INAH-1 SDN of the young adult male is twice as large as in females. Located between the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus, at the same level as the SCN. It has been termed the preoptic nucleus and contains: Enkephalin Galanin Thyroptrophin Releasing Hormone. In the human, sexual dimorphism is not present at birth. At birth it contains only 20% of the total cell number found around 2 to 4 years of age. Sex difference doesn't occur until about the fourth year postnatally. Cell numbers decrease in girls and in men they stay

stable until about 50 years of age, where there is a rapid decrease. Females have their second phase of rapid decrease at 70 years of age. These later in life cell loss maybe related to the dramatic hormonal changes which happen to men and women later in life. A prominent theory is that sexual orientation develops as a result of an interaction between the developing brain and sex hormones. The theory is that homosexual men have a female hypothalamus. Some data supports this but there has been no difference in the SDN in homosexual and hetrosexual men. This suggests that homosexual men are a 'third sex'. INAH-2 an INAH-3 have been found to be larger in the male brain than the female brain/ Parts of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis have been found to be sexually dimorphic. It is larger in men (the central nucleus has strong VIP innervation). No difference has been found in homosexual or hetrosexual men. Transexuals (male to female) have the same size central nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as females. This suggests that the central nucleus is involved in gender ie. the feeling of being either male or female. The Anterior Commissure was found to be 12% larger in females. The interthalamic adhesion is present in: 78% of females 68% of males

The Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN) The Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN) plays a role in various sexually dimorphic functions: Female mating behaviour Gonadotrophin secretion Feeding Aggression Electrical stimulation of the VMN in the Rhesus monkey causes penile erection. The VMN is larger in males than in females. The VMN contains a dense network of somatostatin cells and fibres. This comes from the central nucleus of the Amygdala (Somatostatinergic Amydalofugal pathway). There are also Thryortophin releasing hormone fibres. Other things found in the CMN are: LHRH Delta sleep inducing peptide Substance P Preproenkephalin Preprodynorphin NADPH diaphorase It has a major efferent pathway to the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain, which in turn projects to all areas of the cortex. Lesions applied to the Ventrolmedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of sexual deviants eg. Hypersexuality Exhibitionism Paedophilia

Of 19 cases, the lesion was applied to the right VMN and one had both lesioned, the results were as follows: 15 good result 3 fair result 1 poor result 6 Homosexual patients had a vivid desire for full hetrosexual contact. Sexual drive was diminished. The patient who had both lesioned lost all interest in sexual activity. Later evaluations of this technique showed that it did not alter sexual orientation but did alter sexual drive.

Fig 57: Topography of the sexually dimorphic structures in the human hypothalamus. A is a more rostral view than B. Abbreviations: III, third ventrical; AC, anterior commissure, BNST-DSPm, darkly staining posteriomedial component of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; Fx, fornix; I, Infundibulum; INAH1-4, interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 1-4; LV, lateral ventrical; OC, optic chiasm; OT, optic tract; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus; SDN, sexually dimorphic nucleus of the proptic area = INAH-1; and SON, supraoptic nucleus, scale bar = 5mm. The AC, BSTc, BNST-DSPm, INAH2,3, SCN and SDN va according to sex. The SCN, INAH3 and AC are different in relation to sexual orientation. Redrawn from Swaab, 1997.

The LUST System Male In human males the highly masculinised zone is called the interstitial nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus. This is homologous to the sexually dimorphic nuclei of the medial preoptic area (POA). Neural arousal in this area is seen when copulating and when approaching an object of desire. Castrated male rats regain their sexual ardour when testosterone is placed in this area. Sexually vigorous animals have more testosterone receptors in this area than ones that aren't sexually vigorous. Neurons in the anterior part of the medial amygdala respond to copulatory movements as well as aggression, while some in the posterior part respond to ejaculatory, and therefore orgasmic experiences. Androgen and estrogen receptors are concentrated in many of the same brain areas including: POA Ventromedial Hypothalamus PAG Lower spinal cord (sexual reflexes) The male brain contains more AVP (Arginine Vasopressin) neurons which are located in the Amygdala Septal area

Anterior Hypothalamus Fig 58: Summarisation of the two major areas that control male and female sexual behaviour. (source: Affective Neuroscience: Figure 12.5 Panksepp p.236)

Female Female physical receptivity is mediated from descending influences that arise from the PAG and Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH). Females contain more oxytocin neurons in the brain. The manufacture of oxytocin is under the control of the ovarian hormone estrogen. Sensitisation of female sexual eagerness is in the VMH. The VMH neurochemically and anatomically changes with the cycle of the female. At ovulation there is a proliferation of oxytocin receptors and there is an expansion of the dendritic fields of the neurons that are targets for these oxytocinergic target neurons. The administration of oxytocin antagonists to these brain areas leads females to actively reject sexual advances due to a compromised sexual receptivity. Male sexual behaviour is also reduced with oxytocin antagonists. In human males visual titillation is probably due to well processed visual input to the Amygdala, while with rats it is smell that is the important sense. In male plasma peptide analysis: AVP is elevated at the masturbation arousal phase declines rapidly at orgasm Oxytocin is low during sexual arousal, released vigorously during orgasm and remains high for sometime after. ie. AVP promotes sexual eagerness Oxytocin promotes sexual pleasure. AVP promotes jealousy AVP antagonists inhibit jealousy LHRH has been used to treat sexual disorders with some success. Paul McLean mapped out the monkey brain where penile erection could be evoked with ESB. Septal area Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Preoptic areas All of these converge into the anterior Hypothalamus into the MFB of the Lateral Hypothalamus.

Cholinergic Brainstem Cytoarchitecture Pendunculopontine Nucleus (PPT) Cholinergic neurons are found to form clusters that are largely segregated from raphe serotonin neurons, nigral dopaminergic and coeruleal noradrenergic neruons. Large and medium sized glutamate neurons are intermingled with the cholinergic ones. The PPT has been divided into a pars compacta and a pars diffusa. The pars compacta has a moderately dense cluster of PPT neurons lateral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle These large cholinergic neurons are most numerous just caudal to the level of the trochlear nucleus, but the cell boundaries are indistinct. The pars diffusa more diffusely infiltrates the surrounding mesopontine tegmentum. They are located dorsal, ventral and medial to the pars compacta. These neurons begin rostrally at the level of the caudal part of the substantia nigra. A few of the cholinergic neurons may be mixed among the dopaminergic ones. At the caudal levels the more medial neurons of the PPT pass diffusa tend to mingle with the neurons of the LDT under the superior cerebellar peduncle. This happens just lateral to the boundaries of the periaquaductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is a rough boundary between the two of them. There is a coexistence of glutamate and acetylcholine in a sub population of neurons projecting to the substantia nigra. Numerous large and medium sized glutamate neurons are intermingled with the cholinergic neurons in the PPT.

The Laterodorsal Tegemental Nucleus (LDT) LDT neurons begin rostral to the anterior pole of the locus coeruleus, they are located a bit rostral and ventral to this group. These neurons are the large celled component of the ventrolateral part of the periaquaductal grey matter.

Connections of the Cholinergic PPT and LDT These neurons have a major ascending cholinergic projection to the thalamus. Maybe a direct projection to the cortex. Descending projection in the brainstem plays a key role in switching from slow wave sleep to Rapid Eye movement sleep.

Fig 59, Schematic view of the frontal section of the pons-midbrain junction shows the location of the acetylcholine containing neurons most important for REM sleep. LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; PPT, Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; IC, Inferior colliculus; Cnf, cuneiform nucleus; SCP, Superior Cerebellar peduncle; PFTG, component of the Pontine reticular formation. Redrawn from McCarley, 1999.

Fig 60, Thalamic projections of mesopontine peribrachial (PB, Ch5) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT-Ch6) and of basal forebrain (BF, Ch3-4) cholinergic nuclei. CL, centrolateral thalamic nucleus; FTC, rostral midbrain central tegmental field; IC, Inferior Colliculus; LP, lateroposterior thalamic nucleus; MD, rostral pole of the reticular thalamic nucleus; RFB, retroflex bundle; SC, superior colliculus; VA-VL, ventroanteriorventrolateral thalamic complex; VB, ventrobasal thalamic complex; VM, ventromedial thalamic nucleus; V4, fourth ventricle. Redrawn from Steriade,1991.

SLEEP Physiological signs employed to recognise various states of vigilance are similar in waking and REM sleep. EEG is desynchronised Eye movements are present (differently generated and grouped) Sharp waves related to eye movements are present in the: Brainstem Thalamus Cerebral cortex Only muscle tone is obliterated during sleep. NREM sleep dreams are: Thought like Logical Obsessional REM sleep dreams are: Imaginal (rather than verbal) Emotionally coloured experience Predominantly visual hallucinations With adequate lesioning of the caudal locus coeruleus, the muscle tone is not obliterated in REM sleep.

NREM SLEEP NREM sleep accounts for 75-80% of sleep time in an adult human NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages on the basis of EEG criteria stage I ( 3-8% of sleep time) stage II ( 45-55% of sleep time) stages III & IV ( 15-20 % of sleep time) stages III & IV are also known as slow-wave sleep SWS

REM SLEEP REM sleep accounts for 20-25% of sleep time it can be divided into two phases based on EEG, EMG, EOG criteria the tonic phase is characterised by : a desynchronised EEG hypotonia or atonia of the major muscle groups depression of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes the phasic phase is characterised by: being discontinuous and superimposed on the tonic phase bursts of REM myoclonic twitchings of facial and limb muscles irregularities of the heart rate and respiration variable blood pressure spontaneous activity of the middle ear muscles

tongue movements

DREAMS AND SLEEP most dreams occur upon awakening from REM sleep some dreams occur on awakening from NREM sleep REM dreams are more: emotionally charged complex bizarre

NREM dreams are more: realistic rational people awakening from REM sleep are generally oriented people awakening from NREM sleep are generally disoriented and confused the latest research on the significance of dreams is: they result from the activation of neural networks in the brain they result from the restructuring and reinterpretation of data stored in memory to "unlearn" ,that is, to remove any unnecessary information from the brain

SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND SLEEPINESS studies have conclusively proved that sleep deprivation can cause the following: sleepiness decreases in: performance concentration vigilance attention there are two types of sleepiness physiological sleepiness which indicates the bodies need for sleep subjective sleepiness which is the individuals perception of sleepiness which depends on external factors such as being in a stimulating environment ingestion of coffee or other caffeinated beverages humans are vulnerable to sleepiness in two periods of the day: 2 to 6 am (especially 3 to 5 am) 2 to 6 pm (especially 3 to 5 pm) physiological sleepiness depends on sleep factor and circadian phase. sleep factor refers to after a period of wakefulness there is a sleep debt. after a prolonged period of wakefulness there is an increasing tendency to sleep. the recovery of sleep debt is aided by an additional amount of sleep. a sleep deprived individual needs extra SWS to restore the body.

There are two types of sleepiness: Physiological sleep indicates the bodies need for sleep. Subjective sleepiness is the individuals perception of sleepiness which depends on external factors such as being in a stimulating environment, ingestion of coffee or other caffeinated beverages etc. Humans are vulnerable to sleepiness in two periods of the day 2am to 6am (especially 3am - 5am) 2pm to 6pm (especially 3pm - 5pm) Physiological sleepiness depends on sleep factor and circadian phase. Sleep factor refers to after a period of wakefulness there is a sleep debt. After a prolonged period of wakefulness there is an increasing tendency to sleep. The recovery of sleep debt is aided by an additional amount of sleep. A sleep deprived individual needs extra SWS (deep sleep) to restore the body. Rats that have been deprived of sleep have: died after 10 to 30 days; lost weight despite increased food intake; lived longer if deprived of REM sleep only. During the recovery sleep period after sleep deprivation the % of SWS (deep sleep) increased considerably; REM sleep increases considerably; Neurologists have concluded that different mechanisms must regulate NREM and REM sleep.

Sleep Immune System and Sleep Factors Cytokines are proteins that play an important role in immune regulation. They include: Interleukin (IL) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interferons (IFN's) A number of cytokines have been shown to promote sleep in animals including: IL1 IFNTNF Other sleep promoting factors called sleep factors are increased in concentration during prolonged wakefulness or during infection. They include: Delta sleep inducing peptides Muramyl peptides Cholecytokinin Arginine vasotocin Vasoactive intestinal peptide Growth hormone releasing factor

Somatostatin Adenosine Cytokines play a role in cellular and immune changes noted during sleep deprivation. Infection (bacterial, viral, fungal) enhances NREM sleep and suppresses REM sleep. It has been postulated that sleep acts as a host defence against infection and facilitates the healing process. Sleep deprivation may lead to increased vulnerability to infection. Experiments suggest that sleep deprivation alters immune function.

Theories on the Function of Sleep 1.

Restorative Theory Body tissue regeneration in NREM sleep. Brain tissue regeneration in REM sleep. This is supported by the increase in anabolic hormones during sleep such as: Growth hormone Prolactin Testosterone Leutinising Hormone and decrease in catabolic hormone during sleep. eg. Cortisol Also the subject feeling refreshed after sleep supports the above. The increase in SWS (deep sleep) after sleep deprivation further supports NREM sleep being restorative. Critical role of REM sleep for the development of the CNS of young organisms and increased protein synthesis in the brain during REM sleep.

Energy Conservation Theory It has been found that animals with a high metabolic rate sleep longer than animals with a slower one. This suggests that energy is conserved during sleep. During NREM sleep the following decrease: Brain energy metabolism Cerebral blood flow During REM sleep the level of metabolism is similar to that of wakefulness cerebral blood flow increases Only 120 calories are conserved during one 8 hour sleep making this theory unsatisfactory.

Adaptive Theory Sleep is an adaptive behaviour that allows the creature to survive under a variety of environmental conditions.

Instinctive Theory This views sleep as an instinct. Relates to theories of adaptation and energy conservation.

Memory Reinforcement and Consolidation Theory Applies to REM sleep.

REM is thought to facilitate memory and learning. It has been suggested that sleep and waking fluctuations of hormones and neurotransmitters may modulate memory processes. It has been suggested that REM sleep may remove undesirable data from the memory. Perceptual learning during REM deprivation was significantly less than with SWS (deep sleep) deprivation. SWS (deep sleep) deprivation has a significant detrimental effect on a task that was already learned. REM deprivation affected the consolidation of recent perceptual experiences. This supports the theory of long term consolidation during REM sleep.

6.

Synaptic and Neuronal Network Integrity Theory New theory that the primary function of sleep is the maintenance of synaptic and neuronal network integrity. This theory says that sleep is important for the maintenance of synapses that have been insufficiently stimulated during wakefulness. Intermittent stimulation of the neural network is necessary to preserve CNS function. REM sleep reorganises and maintains the motor circuits. NREM sleep reorganises and maintains the non motor circuits.

7.

Thermoregulatory Function Theory According to this theory sleep maintains thermoregulatory homeostasis. Some evidence that supports this theory is: severe thermoregulatory abnormalities after total sleep deprivation. influence of preoptic and anterior hypothalamus thermosensitive neurons on sleep and arousal.

THE THALAMUS The dorsal thalamus is a massive collection of neuronal cell groups that participate in the following neurological systems: Sensory Motor Limbic Thalamic neurons typically project to the cerebral cortex, not much gets through to the cortex with out being first processed by the thalamus The thalamus is thus considered to be a gateway to the cerebral cortex The cortex typically projects back to where it receives it thalamic afferents The thalamus is covered on its lateral aspect by an external medullary laminar, which includes fibres that enter and leave the subcortical white matter. Amongst the external medullary laminar there are clusters of neurons which form the reticular nuclei of the thalamus There is an internal medullary laminar which extends through out the thalamus and which divides the thalamus into its principal cell groups which are: Anterior nuclear group Lateral nuclear group Medial nuclear group Intralaminar nuclear group

ANTERIOR THALAMUS Consists of a large principal nucleus and two smaller nuclei Receives inputs from the mammillary bodies and the fornix Projects to the cingulate gyrus

MEDIAL THALAMUS The dorsomedial nucleus consists of a large caudal parvocellular nucleus, a rostral magnocellular nucleus, and a small nucleus located adjacent to the medullary laminar There are also midline nuclei called the median nuclei of the thalamus. These are poorly understood. The largest is called the paratenial nucleus, while others are associated with the interthalamic adhesion. The inputs are poorly defined but it projects to the amygdala and the anterior cingulate gyrus, suggesting a role in visceral function.

INTRALAMINAR THALAMIC NUCLEI Embedded within the internal medullary laminar are a discontinuous group of neurons. These cells are characterised by projections to the striatum as well as the cortex. The two most prominent are: the centromedian nucleus (which projects to the striatum and the motor areas of the cerebral cortex) the parafascicular nucleus which projects to the rostral and lateral areas of the frontal lobe

RETICULAR NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS These neurons are located in the external medullary laminar They project to other reticular neurons or medially into the dorsal thalamus, they do not project to the cerebral cortex. It appears that the thalamic reticular neurons modulate the thalamus and its output to the cortex

LATERAL THALAMIC NUCLEI These nuclei are divided into two tiers, the dorsal tier and the ventral tier The dorsal tier is made up of the following nuclei: Laterodorsal nucleus (Cingulate gyrus) Lateroposterior nucleus (parietal lobe) The pulvinar (Visual areas) The ventral tier is made up of the following nuclei: The ventral anterior nucleus (motor related) The ventral lateral nucleus (motor related) The ventral posterior nucleus, which is further subdivided: The ventral posterolateral nucleus (Somatosensory)

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (Somatosensory) Fig 61 Exploded view of the dorsal thalamus, illustrating the organisation of thalamic nuclei. Source Mihailoff & Haines 1997

Fig 62, Nuclei of the left Thalamus. Each thalamic nucleus can be thought of as a "relay station" and can "filter" the sensory input it receives before it "relays" it to the cortical areas. The Posteromedial Ventral Nucleus is internal and not shown. Source Krebs & Utt, 1994, used with permission.

Fig 63, Projection of fibres from selected Thalamic Nuclei onto the dorsal surface of the cerebral cortex. While most of the nuclei project to sensory and motor areas of the cortex, the anterior nuclear group project to the anterior cingulate gyrus which then relays this input to other cortical areas. Source Krebs & Utt, 1994, used with permission

Fig 64, Projection of fibres from selected Thalamic Nuclei onto the medial surface of the cerebral cortex. The Anterior Thalamus projects fibres only to the Cingulate Gyrus, which then "relays" this input to other cortical areas. Crude sensations such as touch and emotions are first developed in the Anterior Thalamus. Source Krebs & Utt, 1994, used with permission.

Formatting the Primary Emotions

Fig 65, Holding points for Fear. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 66, Holding points for Rage. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 67, Holding points for Seeking. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 68, Holding points for Rough and Tumble Play. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 69, Holding points for Panic/Separation Distress/Lonliness. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 70, Holding points for Care/nuturance. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

Fig 71, Holding points for Lust/Sexuality. Pulse these points for up to 10 minutes or more, this works extremely well with reiki

DNA, Codons & the Truth

Proteins & Amino Acids A protein is a macromolecule that is made up of various amino acids, that are joined together in a different combination. The different combination and sequences that exists in each protein is what distinguishes one protein from the next. Animal proteins contain all the essential amino acids, while vegetable protein does not. Animal proteins are called primary proteins. Vegetable proteins are called secondary proteins.

Structure of Amino Acids

H R

C

NH2

COOH Fig 72, General Structure of an Amino Acid Alpha ( ) amino acids have both the amino group and the carboxylic acid group attached to the same alpha carbon atom.

Peptide Bonds Two amino acids join together by losing water to form a dipeptide.

Fig 73, General Structure of where two amino acids join together to loose a water molecule and form a peptide bond

Fig 74, A peptide bond

Fig 75, A Polypeptide showing where the peptide bonds are

Essential Amino Acids An essential amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be manufactured by the body. Therefore you have to get these amino acids from food. The 8 essential amino acids for adults are: Tyrosine Methionine

Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan There are a further 2 that are essential for children: Histidine Arginine All of these amino acids must be obtained from the diet. Just eating rice, vegetables and fruit compromises the protein requirement as there is a deficit in several amino acids in these foods.

Vegetarians Vegetarians need to combine the vegetarian diet with eggs and dairy products. Vegans needs to combine nuts, seeds, legumes and grains together with the same meal. Legumes have some essential amino acids and grain have the others. Unless they are consumed in the same meal, the body does not have all the building blocks necessary to construct the proteins that it specifically needs at that time. Vegans need to watch B12 and Zinc as well.

Protein Structure The actual shape of the protein molecule is very important in protein biochemistry. Like a left hand requires a left handed glove not a right handed glove. Proteins have a primary, secondary and tertiary structure. The primary structure of the protein is like a bicycle chain before its ends have been joined to make a circle. Each of the links are a single amino acid. The circular bicycle chain is like the secondary structure. The fitted chain (which takes on a very specific functional shape) is equivalent to the tertiary structure.

Enzymes This tertiary structure is very important when we talk about a group of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes are the biomolecular ‘machines’ which digest or break down all types of food and other molecules. Enzymes are also responsible for constructing or building larger molecules from smaller starting materials. Enzymes have to have the right shape (teeth or workable jaws) in order to digest foods. Amylases digest carbohydrates. Lipases digest fat Proteases digest proteins. When proteins are heated and cooked we destroy the tertiary structure. When enzymes are heated they are inactivated and don’t work.

Protein Digestion – The Stomach When a protein is put in an acid or alkaline solution, it loses its tertiary structure. This is important because firstly the proteins are dipped in hydrochloric acid in the stomach. They are also subject to the action of a digestive enzyme called pepsin. The acid hydrolysis leaves the protein chain with frayed edges. The pepsin enzyme comes along like a pair of scissors and start to cut out the protein chain in certain positions. Pepsin only cuts the protein molecule at specific sites along the protein chain depending upon the frequency of one or more specific amino acids which act as markers for the cutting to occur. In the case of pepsin it is aromatic amino acids. Aromatic amino acids are a kind of amino acid characterised by the presence of a so called aromatic group or benzine ring. This is the major role that the stomach plays in the digestion of foods. The stomach starts the process by protein digestion. Carbohydrates and fats are not digested in the stomach, only protein.

Secretions of the stomach amount to about 2 litres per day. Two specialised cell types provide the gastric secretions needed for the initial stages of digestion: Parietal cells secreted hydrochloric acid. Chief or peptic cells secrete an enzyme called pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid hydrolyses a limited amount of protein, but the main function environment conducive to the activity of hormones and enzymes. When pepsinogen is secreted in an acid environment (pH 1.6 to 3.2), the proenzyme is activated forming pepsin which hydrolyses certain peptide bonds. Renin is secreted in the stomach of young mammals. Renin coagulates milk and is important to their nutrition. Renin is absent from the gastric secretion of adults.

Protein Digestion – The Pancreas After about half an hour to an hour, the pancreas squirts its contents in waves in the duodenum. This is when pancreatin flows from the pancreas into the duodenum. Pancreatin is a mixture of enzymes such as amylase, protease and lipase. The pancreas also secretes two litres of bicarbonate into the duodenum each day. Bicarbonate is alkaline, it activates the pancreatic enzymes. At this stage, protein digesting enzymes digest the dietary proteins further into peptides. These enzymes are: Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase Carboxypeptidase A & B Peptides have 2 or more amino acids in each chain. Each one of these enzymes is a protein that has a certain structure that will split protein at different sites along the protein chain. Trypsin will only attack a protein next to the basic amino acids. Lysine Arginine Chymotrypsin attacks next to aromatic, large, hydrophobic amino acids such as: Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Elastase will split only bonds of the following amino acids. Alanine Glycine Serine Carboxypeptidases split proteins from one end only.

Protein Digestion – The Small Intestine After the pancreatic phase, the resultant mixture goes through to the jejunum and the ileum. Here in the small intestine there is another group of enzymes called amino peptidases. The amino peptidase acts on the peptides left over from the pancreatic digestion to liberate the single amino acids. These are the amino acids that are finally taken up into the body. These amino acids then enter our body and are reconverted back into proteins. Dipeptidase is another enzyme secreted from the intestinal mucosa. It breaks down dipeptides into two amino acids.

Metabolic Fate of Amino Acids Once entering the blood vessels from the small intestine (hepatic portal veins) the amino acids pass to the liver and then through the blood stream to all other tissues and organs of the body. Once inside the cell, amino acids can be: Burnt for energy in the Krebs Cycle Used as building blocks for: Proteins Hormones Neurotransmitters Other important molecules Metabolic pathways

Genome The Genome is the entire DNA content of a cell, including: All the genes All the intergenic regions The human Genome has approximately 80,000 genes but he coding for these genes takes up about 3% of the genome. (50k to 150k genes have been estimated). Most genomes are made up of DNA (dyoxyribonucleic acid) A few viruses are made up with RNA (ribonucleic acid) genomes. DNA & RNA are molecules made up of linear unbranched chains of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: A sugar A phosphate group A base In DNA, the sugar is 2-deoxyribose and the bases are: Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine Nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphod??? Bonds to form the DNA polymer or polynucleotide which could be several million nucleotides in length. DNA in living cells is double stranded, two polynucleotide wound together to form the double helix. The double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between the base components of the nucleotides in the two strands. The base pairing rules are as follows: Adenine & Thymine always bond together Cytosine & Guanine always bond together. The two DNA molecules that form the double helix therefore have complementary sequences. In a RNA nucleotide the sugar is ribose rather than 2-deoxyribose, and thymine is replaced by Uracil. RNA polymers are rarely more than a few thousand nucleotides in length, and RNA in the cell is usually single stranded, although base pairs might form between different parts of a single molecule. The biological information that is contained in a genome is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of its DNA or RNA molecules. This information is divided into discrete units called genes.

The information contained in a gene is used to form proteins. This series of biochemical reactions is called gene expression. For organisms with DNA genomes, this process was originally looked on as comprising two stages: Transcription Translation Transcription is the process of producing an RNA copy of the gene. Translation is the process of synthesising a protein whose amino acid sequence is determined via the genetic doe (the nucleotide sequence of the RAN transcript). This is still an accurate picture for simple organisms such as bacteria, but for more complex organisms it gives an incomplete picture. A complete copy of the genome must be made every time a cell divides. DNA replication needs to be extremely accurate in order to avoid mutations in the genome copies. Some mutations do occur due to: Errors in replication Effects of chemical and physical mutagens that directly alter the chemical structure of DNA. DNA repair enzymes correct many of these errors. Thos that escape the repair processes become permanent features of the lineage descending from the original mutated genome. These events are a part of molecular evolution, the driving force behind the evolution of living organisms.

The Human Genome Is made up of 3 billion bp (base pars) 3 million Kb 3 thousand Mb The nuclear genome is divided into 24 linear DNA molecules. The shortest is 55Mb The longest is 250Mb 22 Autosomes 2 Sex chromosomes (X & Y) The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule of 16569 bp. All of the approximate 1013 cells in the adult human has its own copy or copies of the genome. The only exception being a few cell types such as the red blood cell, that lack nuclei. The majority of cells are diploid ie: Have two copies of each autosome Two sex chromosomes (XX females, XY male) Sex cells or gametes are haploid and have 23 chromosomes. One of each autosome One sex chromosome Female ova has X Male sperm has X or Y Both cell types have about 8000 copies of the mitochondrial genome, 10 or so in each mitochondrion.

Some Key Facts about Genes A gene is a segment of the genome that is transcribed into RNA. The RNA transcript of a protein coding gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) and it is translated into protein.

Noncoding RNA is not translated into protein, these are: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) The part of a protein coding gene that is translated into protein is called the open reading frame (ORF). Each triplet of nucleotides in the ORT is a codon that specifies an amino acid. The ORF is read in the phosphate to OH direction in the mRNA. The ORF starts with an initiation codon and ends with a termination codon. Many genes are discontinuous, being split into exons and introns. The introns are removed from the primary transcript by splicing to produce the functional RNA molecule. A pseudogene is a non-functional copy of a gene, usually one that has mutated so that its biological information has become unreadable.

Genomes Biologists divide the world into two types of organism: Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukoryotes Cells contain membrane bound compartments including: Nucleus Organelles They include: Animals Plants Fungi Protozoa Prokaryotes Cells lack extensive internal compartments Bacteria Archaea

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes have 2 or more linear DNA molecules each contained in a chromosome. All eukaryotes have smaller, circular mitochondrial genomes. Plants have a third genome in their chloropast. The size of the genome varies, the more complex the organism, the longer the genome.

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes have smaller genomes Most, if not all the genome is contained in a single circular molecule.

Anatomy of the Eukaryote Genome The human genome is split into two components. The nuclear genome The mitochondrial genome.

Nuclear Genomes

At least two linear DNA molecules called chromosomes. Size of genome is generally larger in more complex organisms. Size is determined by: The number of genes Amount of repetitive DNA Some examples are: Organism

Genome size Mb

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) Drosophila melanogaster (fly) Human Maize Salamander

12.1 140 3,000 5,000 90,000

# of Chromosomes 16 4 23 10 12

# of chromosomes refers to the haploid cell which contains a single copy of the genome.

Packaging of DNA into Molecules Chromosomes are much shorter than DNA. The average human chromosome has just under 5cm of DNA. DNA has been associated with DNA binding proteins called histones. Eight histone molecules make up a nucleosome which is like a bead strung on DNA. This nucleosome is made up fo two each of the following 4 histones. H2A H2B H3 H4 Studies have shown the DNA to be wound twice around the outside of the nucleosome. 140 to 150 bp of DNA are associated with the nucleosome, each nucleosome is separated by 50-70 bp of linker DNA. This gives a repeat length of 190-220 bp. There is another group of histones that seem to clamp the DNA to the nucleosome. They are: H1a to H1e H1o H1t H5

Metaphase Chromosomes When the nucleus divides, the DNA adopts a more compact form of packaging called metaphase chromosomes. It is the metaphase chromosome which have the appearance associated with the word chromosome. Individual metaphase chromosomes do not look the same. The differences are: Structural with size and centromere position Staining reveals banding patterns that are characteristic for each chromosome. A set of chromosomes possessed by an organism can be represented as a kayrogram. The human karyogram is what is used as the symbols in the chromosomes workshop. There are two important parts of the metaphase chromosome. The centromere The telomere The centromere does the following: Holds daughter chromosomes together after DNA replication. Acts as an attachment point for microtubules which draw the daughters into their respective nuclei when the cell divides. The DNA from centromeres is made up of repetitive units called alphoid DNA and in humans these are 171bp in length. Studies have shown that about 500bp of DNA at the centromere made up of the alphoid repeats is needed for complete centromere function. The Telomere is the terminal region of the chromatid. Telomeres mark the ends of a chromosome and enable the cell to distinguish a real end from an unnatural end caused by chromosome breakage. The cell must repair a broken chromosome but not a telomere. Telomeric DNA is made up of repeats of TTAGGG. Special proteins bind to these repeat sequences resulting in a proteinaceous ‘cap’ that protects the ends.

Eukaryotic Organelle Genomes These are found in the mitochondria and chloroplants of eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotes have mitochondrial genomes and all photosynthetic eukaryotes have chloroplast genomes. Organelle genomes are much smaller than the nuclear genomes and their gene content is less. Mitochondrial genomes contain genes for the following: Mitochondrial rRNA Some of the protein components of the respiratory chain. Transfer RNA Ribosomal proteins Proteins involved with: Transcription Translation Transport Of other proteins into the mitochondria from the surrounding cytoplasm. Most chloroplast genomes appear to possess the same set of 200 or so genes, coding for: Ribosomal RNA

Transfer RNA Ribosomal proteins Proteins involved with photosynthesis.

Origins of Organelle Genomes Today most biologists accept the endosymbiont theory. This theory is based on the observation that gene expression processes occurring in organelles are similar to equivalent processes in bacteria. The nucleotide sequences in organelle are more similar to bacteria sequences than eukaryotic nuclear gene sequences. The endosymbiont theory therefore holds that mitochondria and chloroplants are the relics of free living bacteria that formed a symbiotic association with the precursor of the eukaryotic cell, at the earliest stages of evolution. Organelle DNA is found in the nucleus. Some primitive eukaryotes show evidence of endosymbiosis. The protozoan cyanophora paradoxa has photosynthetic structures called cyanelles which are different from chloroplasts and resemble ingested cyanobacteria.

The Anatomy of the Prokayotic Genome. Mostly have genomes less than 5Mb in size. (there are a few substantially larger). The traditional view is that its genome is a single circular DNA molecule.

Repetitive DNA Content of Genome Tandemly Repeated DNA Also called satellite DNA. Found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic genomes. Made up of fragments that are composed of long series of tandem repeats. These units can be from 5 to more than 200 bp. Alphoid DNA repeats in the centromere is an example of satellite DNA. Most satellite DNA is located in the centromere, some of it is scattered around the genome. Suggests that DNA plays a structural role at the centromere or this reflects the fact that the centromere is the last part of the DAN to be replicated. Mini satellites form clusters up to 20Kb in length with repeat units up to 25 bp. Microsatellites are less than 150bp in length with repeat units of 4bp or less. The telomere is an example of minisatellite DNA. There are many microsatellites in the human genome. They are used as genetic markers. Mircosatellites are variable, meaning that the number of repeat units vary. These variations are such that no two humans alive today have the same combination of microsatellite alleles. If enough microsatellites are examined then a unique genetic profile can be established for every person. Genetic profiling is a well known tool in forensic science. Genetic profiling allows scientists to establish population affinities because genetic make up is inherited from the mother and the father.

Interspersed Genome-Wide Repeats This is when a copy of a repeat unit appearing in a genome at a position distant from the location of the original sequence. The most frequent way in which this occurs is by transposition. This happens by either one of two ways: Transposition via a RNA intermediate.

DNA Transposons. A RNA copy of the transposon is synthesised by transcription. RNA transcript is coded into DNA which exists as an independent molecule outside the genome. RNA to DNA requires a special enzyme called ‘reverse transcriptase’. Reverse transcriptase is coded by a gene in the transposon and is translated from the RNA copy of the transposon. The DNA copy of the transposon integrates into the genome. An example of this is a retrovirus, once the retrovirus is coded into the host DNA, new viruses can be produced by copying the integrated DNA into RNA. DNA transposons do not require an RNA intermediate. This requires enzymes that are coded for in the DNA transposon.

The Role of DNA Binding Proteins On its own the genome is inactive. It is a store of information bit it does not possess the means of releasing that information to the cell. Which genes are expressed at a certain time is determined by the activities of proteins that interact with the genome. This is by: Binding to specific DNA sequences. Attaching in a less specific manner. DNA binding proteins include: Enzymes that copy genes into RNA. Proteins that specify which genes are switched on and off. Understanding the activities of DNA binding proteins is one of the keys to understanding how the genome works. DNA and RNA binding proteins play an important role in gene expression. DNA binding proteins are also responsible for replication of the genome and correcting sequence alterations caused by chemical and physical attack.

RNA Transcription – Gene Expression In order for the cell to utilise the biological information that is contained in the genome, individual genes, each of which represents a single unit of information, have to be expressed in a co-ordinated manner. Gene expression determines the makeup of cellular RNA, which then in turn specifies the nature of the proteome and defines the activities that the cell is able to carry out. DNA binding proteins are responsible for determining which genes are expressed at a particular time and for making RNA transcripts of those genes that are active. For each gene, the transcription process can be divided into two stages: Initiation of transcription Synthesis of the primary transcript Initiation of transcription involves the upstream assembly of the complex of proteins that will copy the gene. RNA polymerase and accessory proteins In the second stage the RNA polymerase moves along the gene and synthesises the primary transcript.

RNA Content of the Cell mRNA is the RNA that are transcripts of protein coding genes. mRNA rarely makes up more than 4% of the total RNA cellular content.

The mRNA population is continually changing, most are degraded a few hours after synthesis. Non coding RNA varieties are: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) Small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) Ribosomal RNA is the most abundant RNA in the cell. These molecules are components of ribosomes, the structures on which protein synthesis takes place. Transfer RNA are small molecules that are also involved in protein synthesis, carrying amino acids to the ribosome and ensuring these are linked together in the correct sequence by codon/anticodon relationships. Mammalian mitochondrial genome Should Code For Codon UGA Stop AGA, AGG Arg AUA Ile

Actually Trp Stop Met

Ribosomes Ribosomes co-ordinate protein synthesis by placing the mRNA, tRNA and associated protein factors in their correct positions relative to one another. Components of ribosomes catalyse at least some of the chemical reactions occurring during translation.

The Structure of DNA Nearly all the genetic material of cells is located in the nucleus (the exceptions being certain other organelles such as mitochondria and the chloroplasts of plants). The DNA molecule is made up of two polynucleotide strands that are oriented in opposite directions. Each strand is a polymer of the four nucleotides the purines The Pyrimidines

Adenosine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

The nucleotides are held together in their strands by phosphoiester bonds which link the 5th carbon of the deoxyribose sugar to the 3rd carbon of the next. This gives the DNA strand. The two strands are held together by specific base pairing interactions: guanine binds to cytosine adenosine binds to thymine The DNA molecule is the mechanism by which genetic material can be replicated and passed between generation. When the DNA strands are separated each strand serves as a template to make a new strand that is identical to its partner. This form of replication is called semi conservative replication. DNA is organised in linear units called Chromosomes DNA in a normal cell contains 6 x 109 nucleotide pairs which are organised in the form of 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).

The largest human chromosome (no.1) contains approximately 2.5 x 108 nucleotide pairs. The smallest (the Y Chromosome) about 5 x 107 nucleotide pairs. DNA is organised in chromosomes by a heterogeneous set of proteins to form a DNA protein complex which is called chromatin. The protein constituents of chromatin are the histones and the non histone proteins. Genetic information of the cell is expressed through an intermediate molecule called RNA. RNA is then translated into protein. RNA is copied from one strand of the DNA molecule by an RNA polymerase and thus is complementary to that strand. RNA is a linear polynucleotide sequence just like DNA but differs in that it has ribose as the sugar residue of each nucleotide instead of deoxyribose. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine. There are different types of RNA, they are: mRNA Messenger RNA rRNA ribosonal RNA tRNA transfer RNA snRNA small nuclear RNA

encodes protein involved in the translation of protein RNA splicing

The synthesis of a particular RNA is regulated by gene regulating proteins which interact with RNA polymerases. Such factors bind to the specific sequences (regulatory sequences) at either end of or within the region of DNA encoding, the transcribed RNA. An operational definition of a gene is a unit of transcription which includes the region of DNA from which the RNA is transcribed, with all the regulatory sequences flanking it. Protein coding sequences of a gene are not continuous but are interrupted by non coding regions called introns. Introns are present in the newly synthesised mRNA transcript, but are removed in the nucleus by a process called RNA splicing to form the mature mRNA. A mature RNA transcript comprises a continuous region coding for protein: This is flanked by non coding sequences upstream (5th carbon) downstream (3rd carbon) The whole length represents regions remaining after the splicing out of introns and these are encoded by regions of the DNA called exons. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a linear sequence of amino acids, thereby forming a polypeptide chain. Each mRNA can be translated more than one thousand times resulting in considerable amplification of this step. The RNA carries a transcript of the coding sequences of the gene. Amino Acids are encoded by groups of 3 nucleotides called codons. Each codon is recognised by a specific tRNA, binds to it and the tRNA carries a particular amino acid from the cytosol. The codon is also known as a triplet code. The complimentary triplet code on the tRNA is called the anticodon. Some codons do not specify the incorporation of an amino acid, they are called stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA). This is because they result in the termination of protein synthesis and therefore specify the end of the protein. Proteins are frequently subject to further modification such as the additions of side chains or cleavage by protease. The translation of mRNA to form proteins occur in the cytoplasm and is performed by ribosomes which are found either in the cytoplasm associated with the cytoskeleton or associated with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. The first translation codon for most proteins is AUG, which encodes the amino acid methionine. CUG is sometimes used

as the initiation codon (this encodes leucine). The newly synthesised protein is frequently not produced in an active form but requires further modifications before becoming final. Some of the modifications that take place are: folding cleavage by a protease (eg. Pro-insulin to insulin) glycosylation phosphorylation The nucleoli are where most rRNA is synthesised and where the ribosomal subunit assembly takes place.

In humans, there are 5 pairs of chromosomes that bear rRNA genes. Fig 76, Diagram showing how nucleotides bond together

About Chromosomes The system of numbering chromosomes has been developed in order of decreasing size from 1 to 22. This number applies to autosomal pairs of chromosomes. Before the number system was developed they were classified in 7 groups (A to G) according to size and shape. Group A B C D E F G

Chromosome 1 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 12 & X 13 to 15 16 17 to 18 19 to 20 21 to 22 Y

Type large metacentric chromosomes large submetacentric chromosomes medium metacentric chromosomes Medium acrocentric with satellites Shorter metacentrics Submetacentrics Shortest metacentrics Short acrocentrics with satellites Short acrocentrics without satellites

Table adapted from Gray's Anatomy p.63. Chromosome abnormalities can be numerical or structural in nature. Errors in chromosome number can arise in mitosis or meiosis through chromosome non-disjunction or lagging, to give cells that have an extra chromosome (ie. trisomic) or have a missing chromosome (ie. monosomic) Autosomal trisomics (ie. trisomies not involving the sex chromosomes) occur relatively frequently in live born infants. Most frequently involve the following chromosomes: 13 - Patau Syndrome 18 - Edwards Syndrome 21 - Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 is the most common, with a birth frequency of 1 in 700. This rises with increasing maternal age. Autosomal monosomies are usually lethal and rarely occur. Numerical abnormalities involving sex chromosomes give rise to several well recognised syndromes including: Turner Syndrom (single X Chromsome) 47th Chromosome XXY Klinefelter Syndrome XXX XYY Abnormalities resulting from errors of sex chromosome number are less severe than those associated with autosomal trisomies because: all X chromosomes in excess of one are to a large extent rendered genetically inactive. The Y Chromosome is largely heterochromatic (non transcribing) in nature, therefore, an extra Y chromosome does not cause a serious gene imbalance. Chromosome disorders are found in about 20% of all conceptions. Birth frequency is 6%, with the majority of abnormal chromosomal conception being spontaneously aborted. 60% of spontaneous abortions show a chromosome abnormality.

Chromosome abnormalities may also be structural in nature. Deletions result in the loss of chromosome material and are usually associated with an abnormal phenotype eg: Wolf syndrome (partial deletion of the short area of Chromosome 4). Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (partial deletion of the short arm of Chromosome 5). Other structural abnormalities include: inversions (segments within a chromosome become inverted) Translocations (exchange of segments between different chromosomes) Neither of these necessarily involve the loss of genetic material therefore carriers of these abnormalities are usually normal. A problem only arises during gametogenosis.

CODON-AMINO ACID RELATIONSHIP mRNA CODONS C

G

U

AA AC AG AU CA CC CG CU GA GC GG GU UA UC UG UU

A LYSINE THREONINE ARGININE ISOLEUCINE GLUTAMINE PROLINE ARGININE LEUCINE GLUTAMIC ACID ALANINE GLYCINE VALINE STOP SERINE STOP LEUCINE

ASPARAGINE THREONINE SERINE ISOLEUCINE HISTIDINE PROLINE ARGININE LEUCINE ASPARTIC ACID ALANINE GLYCINE VALINE TYROSINE SERINE CYSTEINE

PHENYLALANINE

LYSINE THREONINE ARGININE METHIONINE GLUTAMINE PROLINE ARGININE LEUCINE GLUTAMIC ACID ALANINE GLYCINE VALINE STOP SERINE TRYPTOPHAN LEUCINE

ASPARAGINE THREONINE SERINE ISOLEUCINE HISTIDINE PROLINE ARGININE LEUCINE ASPARTIC ACID ALANINE GLYCINE VALINE TYROSINE SERINE CYSTEINE

PHENYLALANINE

NOTE: AUG acts as the protein initiation codon most of the time, CUG does this sometimes as well. Note AUG codes for methionine and CUG codes for Leucine. TAROT The Fool

# 0

The Magician

1

The High Priestess

2

The Empress

3

The Emperor

4

The Hierophant

5

The Lovers

6

AMINO ACID CODON Ochre UAA Amber UAG Valine GUU GUA GUC GUG Isoleucine AUU AUA AUC Proline CCG CCC CCU CCA Glutamine CAG CAA Cysteine UGC UGU Serine UCU UCC UCG UCA AGU

I CH# 33 56 07 59 29 04 19 61 60 22 63 36 37 30 13 45 16 15 39 52 53 54

The Chariot

7

Asparagine

Justice

8

Arginine

The Hermit

9

Aspartic Acid

The Wheel of fortune

10

Phenylalanine

Strength

11

Threonine

The Hanged Man Death

12 13

Opal Histidine

Temperance

14

Glutamic Acid

The Devil

15

Lysine

The Tower

16

Leucine

The Star

17

Tyrosine

The Moon

18

Glycine

The Sun Judgement The Universe

19 20 21

Tryptophan Methionine Alanine

AGC AAC AAU CGC CGG CGA CGU AGG AGA GAU GAC UUU

58 43 34 17 21 25 51 38 10 32 28 02

UUC ACC ACA ACU ACG UGA CAC CAU GAA GAG AAA AAG CUC CUU CUG CUA UUG UUA UAC UAU GGA GGU GGC GGG UGG AUG GCG GCU GCC GCA

08 05 09 11 26 12 49 55 44 50 01 14 03 24 27 42 23 20 31 62 06 40 47 64 35 41 18 46 48 57

tRNA anti codons AA AC AG AU CA CC CG CU GA GC GG GU UA UC UG UU

A C G PHENYLALANINE LEUCINE PHENYLALANINE CYSTEINE TRYPTOHAN CYSTEINE SERINE SERINE SERINE TYROSINE TYROSINE VALINE VALINE VALINE GLYCINE GLYCINE GLYCINE ALANINE ALANINE ALANINE ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ASPARTIC ACID ACID LEUCINE LEUCINE LEUCINE ARGININE ARGININE ARGININE PROLINE PROLINE PROLINE HISTIDINE GLUTAMINE HISTAMINE ISOLEUCINE METHIONINE ISOLEUCINE SERINE ARGININE SERINE THREONINE THREONINE THREONINE ASPARAGINE LYSINE ASPARAGINE

U LEUCINE SERINE VALINE GLYCINE ALANINE GLUTAMIC ACID LEUCINE ARGININE PROLINE GLUTAMINE ISOLEUCINE ARGININE THREONINE LYSINE

DNA ANTICODONS AA AC AG AT CA CC CG CT GA GC GG GT TA TC TG TU

A C G T PHENYLALANINE LEUCINE PHENYLALANINE LEUCINE CYSTEINE TRYPTOHAN CYSTEINE STOP SERINE SERINE SERINE SERINE TYROSINE STOP TYROSINE STOP VALINE VALINE VALINE VALINE GLYCINE GLYCINE GLYCINE GLYCINE ALANINE ALANINE ALANINE ALANINE ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ACID ACID LEUCINE LEUCINE LEUCINE LEUCINE ARGININE ARGININE ARGININE ARGININE PROLINE PROLINE PROLINE PROLINE HISTIDINE GLUTAMINE HISTAMINE GLUTAMINE ISOLEUCINE METHIONINE ISOLEUCINE ISOLEUCINE SERINE ARGININE SERINE ARGININE THREONINE THREONINE THREONINE THREONINE ASPARAGINE LYSINE ASPARAGINE LYSINE

I Ching and The Genetic Code The following is from Schonberger. F.A. Popp, an instructor at the Radiology centre of Philipps University, Marburg/Lahn, discovered a complex system, still only partially explored, of vibrations ranging in frequency between ultrasound and ultraviolet light displaying numerous phenomena such as: Absorption Reflection Polarisation Depolarisation Resonance Laser function (with a minimum of photons). This complex system has been associated in principle with the known chemicophysical structure of DNA. This system corresponds exactly with the nodes and antinodes of DNA and forms a unity with it. FA Popp has put forward that the wave character of DNA implies that there is a universal system of communication between the cells of the body. This system of communication operates at far higher speeds than the humoral and neural systems. These velocities range between those of sound and light. These ultraviolet signals "ride" on the spirals of DNA and activate specific codons. Falsification of these signals means cancer. The extinction of these signals puts out the light of the whole body. Schonberger contends that there is a stream of transcendental, informational power flowing into the DNA. Schonberger also contends that reality can only be grasped in its totality only if there is a permanent awareness of: living synchronicity of information (codon). Behaviour and process in time in the form of the mental equivalent (psychon). Schonberger then calls the DNA substrate and the DNA codon as somaton. This can be compared to the mind, body and soul of Western philosophy and the waking, dreaming, deep sleep states of consciousness in the vedic tradition. Biology (DNA) Psychon Codon Somaton

Western Philosophy Soul Mind Body

Vedic Philosophy

Modern Science

Deep sleep Dreaming sleep Waking

Energy Information Matter (mass)

Adapted from Schonberger In the vedic tradition there is a fourth state called turiya which refers to the enlightened state. When considering DNA we need to consider the following: Creative formative forces The polarity of Yin and Yang Transcendence The I Ching which coincides with the DNA system, is perhaps the textbook of this cosmic force, static tension, and dynamic flux flowing into the matrix of the DNA. Information and Matter cross at the genetic code, which translates to mind and matter crossing at the genetic code.

The Book of Changes From Hellmut Wilhelm To the Chinese the two principles of movement and the unchanging law governing it, are one. Heart and mind function together undivided.

I Ching

= =

Change Book

Situations depicted in the I Ching are the primary data of life. What happens to everybody everyday. The Chinese pictogram for I has three meanings: The easy The changing The constant The pictograms character is the easy. Its radiance penetrates the four quarters simply and easily it establishes distinctions. Without effort and without taking thought simple and without error, this is the easy. The power of the pictogram is change. If heaven and earth did not change, this power could penetrate nowhere. The influences of the five elements would come to a standstill. The alternations of the four seasons would cease. The state of this is constant. Reflection on our experience shows us that there is constant change. Confucius said once when he was standing by a river: "Like this river, everything is flowing on ceaselessly day and night". To the Chinese the opposite of change is neither rest nor standstill, it is regression. The opposite of change in Chinese thought is growth of what should decrease, downfall of what should rule. Change is not movement, because its opposite is also movement. Change is therefore natural movement, and its development can only reverse itself by going against nature.

Change

=

Natural order of evolution

The I Ching applies the concept of change to the organic forms of life. Change is not an external principle that effects different phenomena. Change is an inner tendency according to which development takes places naturally and spontaneously. Development is a sign showing the direction that decisions take. To stand in this stream of development is a part of nature. To recognise it and follow it is responsibility and free choise. The idea of change can be applied to the evolution of: An individual man Social groups

The era The principle of change implies no distinction between inside and outside, content and form. It is a man's heart, active and discernible. It is active in human groupings. It is in whatever is great in the era. Thus it embodies the soul of the group and the spirit of the time. The movement of change is never one dimensional in direction. The ancient Chinese recognised that the point was to keep within the flow of change. The Constant The third concept of I is the secure or the constant. Change - that is the unchangeable. This word is used as opposite to the Chinese pictogram of "danger"/ Danger is the unknown, the mysterious from which misfortune can arise just as easily as good fortune. Safety is the security in the assurance that events are unrolling in the right direction. Change is not something that is carried out abruptly or irrationally. It has a fixed course in which trends and events develop. Eg. The sun will rise tomorrow. Spring will follow Winter This brings the concept of change to that of the Tao. Tao is the active power in the universe as a whole as well as in each of its parts. The Tao gives rise to duality. The constant or the Tao is a necessary attribute of the concept of change, it also implies the idea of consistency and all inclusiveness. Change is at work in the great and the small. Change can be read in the hearts of all men and in cosmic happenings. The Book of Changes derives the idea that man is the centre of events. The individual who is conscious of responsibility is on a par with the cosmic forces of heaven and earth. Change can be influenced, this influence is only possible by going with the direction of change and not against it. When a responsible person influences change, change ceases to be an insidious intangible snare and becomes an organic order corresponding to man's nature. Thus no small role is assigned to man. Man is the master of his own fate within set limits. Man is in a position to intervene in the course of events considerably beyond his own sphere. It is the task of man to recognise these limits and remain within them. The Book of Changes was written to further this understanding and by putting the experience of older times and wise men at the disposal of all man. The conception of constancy in change provides a guarantee of meaningful action. This concept takes man out of subjection of nature and puts him in a position of responsibility.

The Polarity Principle The concept of constancy in change is evoked by the introduction of polarity. Two opposite points set the fixed limits for the cycles of change. This is the above and below or the heaven and earth.

Above and below are not isolated powers, they are interrelated and influence each other. The polarity of above and below is represented in a social relationship as the ruler and the people. The cosmic religious polarity is expressed in heaven and earth and probably provided a pattern for the social polarity. The polarity of the above and below, the heaven and earth is built into the system of the book of changes and makes the structure upon which the ordering principle is latent. This is a dynamic process. The two poles set up a "magnetic" field of flux through which change is made possible. Polarity is not rigid. Polarity is manifested in the opposites of Yin and Yang. Heaven and Earth determine the scene, and the changes take effect within it. In the book of changes, there are 64 situations represented by complexes of six lines each ie. the 64 hexagrams. The individual line carries this polar tension. The tension is expressed by the line, and the situation is defined in a sixfold combination of the bipolar forces. The whole undivided line represents the yang force. The dividend line represents the yin force. The firm line (yang) has unity for its quality and is one dimensional in direction. It is an image of man's mind. The yielding line (yin) shows the vegetative movement of opening and shutting and symbolises man's soul. The development of the individual lines is decisive for the system of the book. The firm line pushes outward, becomes thin in the middle and breaks in two, forming a divided line. The yielding line pushes inward and grows together forming an undivided line. In the process of change, these lines transform into their opposites. Every component of the situation can reverse itself and bring a new element into the situation as a whole. The whole order underlying the world and life itself is imaged in two lines charged with spiritual meaning. There is no distance between the symbol and that being symbolised, the thing and its image are identical. The linear of the I Ching images completely contain the world, they are its embodiment. The abstraction of the image from the thing symbolised allows the value of the image to be fully exhausted. It is the step from involvement in phenomena to imposing order on them and mastering them. From the I Ching we have:

The Master said: The holy sages set up the images in order to express their thoughts completely, they devised hexagrams in order to express the true and false completely. ________________

________

Yang

________ Yin

by adding another line we have four possibilities: __________

____

__________

___________

_____

___________

_____

_____ Old Yang

Young Yang

_____ _____ Young Yin

_____ _____ Old Yin

If another line is added to this we have eight possibilities making up the eight trigrams These four pairs of lines is where the correlation of the I Ching and the genetic code exists. There are four nucleic acids involved in DNA acting in pairs. Uracil and Thymine are interchanged with Thymine found in DNA and Uracil found in RNA. Schonberger and Steve Krakowski have put forward two different systems for this. The problem arises which is right if any of these two are right. Richard Utt has developed a system for kinesiological formatting of the amino acids. When I researched these two systems I was able to cross reference to Richard's points to verify if any of these two systems was correct.

The Schonberger System As far as I can tell Schonberger assigned the nucleic acids to the four I Ching line pairs. In his book he states: Let:

==

U be expressed by C be expressed by G be expressed by: A be expressed by:

This is all very interesting, the other useful point he raises is the correlation of the I Ching to the binary code.

The Steve Krakowski System Krakowski uses a system that has some logic to it __________

____

__________

___________

_____

___________

_____

_____ Old Yang 9

Young Yin 8

_____ _____ Young Yang

The first thing that Krakowski noted is that" The purines have 9 atoms The pyramidines have 6 atoms The purines are: Adenine Guanine The Pyramidines are: Thymine Uracil Cytosine It follows that since 9 is a yang number and 6 is a yin number then: The purines are Yang

_____ _____ Old Yin

7

6

The pyramidines are Yin The ritual number of old yang is 9. The ritual number of old yin is 6. The next problem is which pair is the old yin/yang pair and which pair is the young yin/yang pair. Adenine bonds with Thymine (or Uracil) with two hydrogen atoms. Cytosine binds to Guanine with three hydrogen atoms. Krakowski puts forth that the Adenine/Thymine or Uracil is the old yin young pair. The reason he uses this is that as Yang is energy and Yin is matter, Adenosine is associated with energy as Adenosine Triphosphate. Therefore, it follows that Adenosine is old yang. Therefore it follows that the following relationships hold. Adenine

Old Yang

Guanine

Young Yang

Thymine/Uracil Cytosine

Old Yin

==

Young Yin

This matches exactly with Schonberger but Young Yin and Young Yang signs are reversed in the Krakowski and Schonberger systems The hexagrams are made up of 3 pairs of lines reading from bottom to top. These then can be related to codon triplet pairs that code for individual amino acids. My research has led me to conclude that Krakowski's system and my system of the eight extra meridians relating to the eight trigrams. Now we have a coherent system that allows us to access the codon/amino acid relationship via the eight extra meridian hologram.

The Eight Trigrams The first pair of opposites are: Ch'ien

K'un These relate to heaven and earth. Heaven is the: Creative element Sovereign Prince Father Earth is the: Receptive principle Mother Mass ruled from above Other attributes: Ch'ien Head Round Expansive Cold Ice Cutting edge of metal Smooth jade Energy Fruit Strong red Place where opposites confront each other "God battles in the sign of the creative" Original symbol the dragon Later the Horse

K'un Abdominal Cavity Square Flat Cloth that warms Kettle containing nourishment Big wagon that holds & transports things with ease Trunk of the tree Deep black Scene of peaceful labour "God causes things to serve one another in the sign of the receptive" Original symbol: the Mare Later: the Cow

The remaining six trigrams are a mixture of whole and divided lines. They are in two groups: Light or masculine trigrams representing the three sons (yang). Dark or feminine trigrams representing the three daughters (yin). The Yang trigrams have: Two divided lines One whole line The Yin trigrams have: One divided line

Two whole lines The reason for this is the yang trigrams have an odd number value and the yin trigrams have an even number value. Traditionally the yin line is represented by a 6 and the yang line by a 9.

Table of Trigrams Trigram

Name Ch'ien the creative

Attribute Strong

Image Heaven

Family Father

K'un the receptive

Devoted

Earth

Mother

Chen the arousing

Movement

Thunder

First son

K'an the abysmal

Dangerous

Water

Second son

Kon keeping still

Resting

Mountain

Third son

Sun the gentle

Penetrating

Wood/Wind

First daughter

Li The clinging

Light giving

Fire

Second daughter

Tui the joyous

Joyful

Lake

Third daughter

six and nine represent the poles, they who yin and yang at peak movement. In between there are 7 & 8 which represent Yin at rest and Yang at rest. The Yang trigrams are made up of two Yin lines and one Yang line, this gives an odd number. The Yin trigrams are made up of two Yang lines and one Yin line which gives an even number.

The Binary Code The binary code is a numbering system only using one and zero. If we use a two digit numbering system we have the following values: 0

00

1

01

2

10

3

11

In Western language we read from right to left. The Chinese read the trigrams from bottom to top. Also the one digit binary system would be as follows: 0

0

1

1

The three digit binary code is as follows: 0

000

1

001

2

010

3

011

4

100

5

101

6

110

7

111

First let us look at the single lines: __________

Yang

____ ____

Yin

Each line can be broken into three parts: Yang Line ____ + ____ + ____ = 1 + 1 + 1 = Yin Line ____ + 1 +

0

+ ____ + 1

=

3

2

This relates the one digit binary code where: "______"

=

1

"

=

0

"

Next we can look at the pairs of lines. Since "___" = 1 and " " = 0 and the Chinese read from bottom up we can relate the following:

=

=

__ =

1 1 (binary)

=

3

=

1 0 (binary)

=

2

=

0 1 (binary)

=

1

0 0 (binary)

=

0

Then we can relate the following:

Note that these numbers correspond to the ritual numbers of Yin and Yang. This supports Krakowski's view of: =

Young Yin

=

Young Yang

Fig 77, The four poles (adapted from Schonberger 1992)

Fig 78, The 8 trigrams, and the early heaven arrangement

Schonberger in his book has some interesting information about the axis in the trigrams.

Heaven plus pole the male, the creative

Earth, minus pole the female, the receptive Meaning: emergence into existence. Fig 79, The Heaven – Earth Pole

Meaning: becoming aware Fig 80, The Fire – Water pole

Meaning: Effectuation Fig 81 The Wind – Thunder pole

Meaning: Becoming conscious Fig 82, The Mountain – Lake pole

These axes relate to yin/yang pairs of the trigrams and the eight extra meridians

Trigram pairs Heaven/Earth Water/Fire Thunder/Wood, Wind Mountain/Lake

Meridian pairs

“element”

Motility Yin & Yang Regulating Yin & Yang Vital & Belt Central Yin & Yang

Emergence into existence Becoming aware Effectuation Becoming conscious

The pattern then flows: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Emergence of everything that exists Perception of Light & Shade (plants and animals) Effectuation in sensation and will (animals) Becoming conscious (Human beings)

Fig 83, I Ching symbol, note its similarity to DNA

Fig 84, The I Ching symbol and its formation into DNA

The Endocrine System – Our Bodies Magic Messengers

LIST OF HORMONES 1. Lipotropin LPH 2. -endorphin 3. 1 ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 ,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10 - hydroxyprogesterone 11-deoxy-corticosterone DOC 16 - dehydroxy DHEA sulfate 16 - hydroxyandrostenedione 16 - hydroxyprogesterone 16 Estriol 10. 17 - hydroxypregenelone sulfate 11. 17 - hydroxyprogesterone 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

17 Estradiol 17 -Estradiol 20 - hydroxyprogesterone 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) 25 – hydroxyvitamin D3 Acetylcholine

18. Acetylserotonin 19. Activin A 20. Activin B 21. Activin C 22. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH 23. Aldosterone 24. Amphiregulin 25. Amylin 26. Androstenediol 27. Androstenedione 28. Angiotensin II 29. Antimullerian hormone 30. Arg-vasopressin AVP or ADH 31. Arg-vasotocin 32. Atrial natriuretic factor (also known as atriopeptin) ANF 33. Bombesin (Gastrin releasing peptide GRP) 34. Bradykinin 35. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor 36. Brain natriuretic Factor or Peptide 37. C type natriuretic Factor or Peptide 38. Calcitonin CT 39. Calcitonin Gene related peptide I 40. Calcitonin Gene related peptide II 41. Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) CCK

42. 43. 44. 45.

Chorionic ACTH Chorionic GnRH Chorionic Gonadotrophin Chorionic Somatomammotrophin

46. Chorionic thyrotrophin (TSN analogue) 47. Chromogranin A 48. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor 49. Corticotropic-releasing hormone CRH 50. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) 51. Cripto 52. Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA 53. Dihydrotestosterone DHT 54. Dimetyltryptamine 55. Dynorphins 56. Endorphin 57. Endothelin E-1, 58. Endothelin E-2 59. Endothelin E-3 60. Enteroglucagon (different from pancreatic glucagon, glucagon- like immuno-reactivity) GLI 61. Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis 62. Epidermal growth factor (formerly urogastrone) EGF 63. Epinephrine (adrenaline) 64. Erythropoietin EPO 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.

Estradiol Estrone Fibroblast growth factor FGF, acid FGF aFGF, Fibroblast growth factor FGF, basic FGF bFGF Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH Follistatin GABA -Aminobutyric acid Galanin Gastrin Gastrin inhibitory polypeptide GIP Glicentin Glucagon Gonadotropic-releasing hormone GnRH Granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor G-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factor GM-CSF Growth hormone GH (somatomammotropin or somatotropin) Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) GIH Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH HB Epidermal Growth Factor HB EGF Hepatocyte Growth factor

85. 86. 87. 88.

Histamine, Hydroxy - 17 Inhibin A Inhibin B

- Estradiol

89. Insulin, Proinsulin 90. Insulin-Iike growth factor I IGF-I 91. Insulin-Iike growth factor II IGF-II 92. Interferon- IFN , M 93. Interleukin-10 IL-10 94. Interleukin-12 IL-12 95. Interleukin-13 Meg CSF 96. Interleukin-2 IL-2 97. Interleukin-3 IL-3 (multi-CSF) 98. Interleukin-4 IL-4 99. Interleukin-5 IL-5 100. Interleukin-6 IL-6 101. Interleukin-7 IL-7 102. Interleukin-8 IL-8 103. Interleukin-9 IL-9 104. Interleukin-l IL-l 105. Interleukin-ll IL-ll 106. Kallikreins 107. Leptin 108. Leu-enkephalin 109. Leukemia inhibitory factor LIP 110. Leukotriene A4 LTA4 111. Leukotriene A5 112. Leukotriene B4 LTB4 113. Leukotriene C1 114. Leukotriene C4 LTC4 115. Leukotriene C5 116. Leukotriene D4 LTD4 117. Leukotriene E4 LTE4 118. Lipoxin A LPA 119. Lipoxin B LPB 120. Luteinizing hormone (formerly "interstitial cell regulating hormone" in reference to male)LH 121. Macrophage-colony stimulatory factor M-CSF 122. Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH 123. Melanotropin release inhibiting factor MIF 124. Melanotropin releasing factor MRF 125. Melatonin 126. Met-enkephalin 127. Motilin

128. Nerve Growth Factor NGF 129. Neurokinin A 130. Neurokinin B 131. Neuromedin B 132. Neuromedin K 133. Neuromedin U 134. Neuropeptide Y NPY 135. Neurotensin 136. Neurotrophin 137. Nitric Oxide 138. Norepinephrine NEP 139. Octopamine 140. Ovarian growth factor 141. Oxyntomodulin 142. Oxytocin OT 143. Pancreastatin 144. Pancreatic polypeptide PP 145. Parathyriod Hormone related Peptide 146. Parathyroid hormone PTH 147. Peptide histidine isoleucine PHI 148. Peptide YY, PYY 149. Platelet Derived Growth Factor AA 150. Platelet Derived Growth Factor AB 151. Platelet Derived Growth Factor BB 152. Pregenelone 153. Pregenelone sulfate 154. Progesterone 155. Prolactin PRL 156. Prolactin release inhibiting hormone PIP, dopamine 157. Prolactin releasing hormone PRH or TRH 158. Prostacyclin PGI 159. Prostaglandin A1 160. Prostaglandin A2 PGA2 161. Prostaglandin B1 162. Prostaglandin B2 163. Prostaglandin D2 164. Prostaglandin E2 PGE2 165. Prostaglandin El PGEI 166. Prostaglandin F2 PGF2 167. Prostaglandin Fl PGFl 168. Prostaglandin G1 169. Prostaglandin G2 170. Prostaglandin H2

171. 172. 173. 174.

Relaxin Retinol Secretin Serotonin

175. Stem cell factor SCF 176. Substance P SP 177. Testosterone 178. Thromboxane A2 TXA2 179. Thromboxane B2 TXB2 180. Thymic humoral factor THF 181. Thymopoitin II 182. Thymosin 1 183. Thymosin 10 184. Thymosin 2 185. Thymosin 3 186. Thymosin 4 187. Thymosin 9 188. Thymosin met9 189. Thymosin Fraction 5 190. Thymulin 191. Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH 192. Thyrotropic releasing hormone TRH 193. Thyroxine (T4) 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201.

Transforming growth factor Transforming Growth Factor Transforming Growth Factor Transforming Growth Factor triiodothyrone (T3) Tumour Necrosis Factor Tumour Necrosis Factor Vasointestinal peptide VIP

TGF 1 2 3

Fig 85, Overview of the traditional endocrine system. The endocrine hormone producing cell is stimulated to biosynthesize the hormone ( ■) as a consequence of the balance of incoming physiological signals represented by (i) the stimulus for cellular secretion ( •) and (ii) the negative feedback loop. The secreted hormone ( ■) travels through the circulatory system to distal target cells. Thus, the hormone ( ■) interacts with a specific receptor to initiate the generation of a specific biological response(s). As a consequence of the pressure of the biological response(s), a chemical signal is sent back to the endocrine hormone producing cell via the “negative feedback loop” to indicate the presence of the hormone. Source: Norman & Litwack 1997.

Sorted by Hormone HORMONE

ORGAN

ACTION

-endorphin

TYPE PP

Gastrointestinal

-Endorphin

PP

Pituitary

-thymosin

PP

Thymus

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol) 11-deoxy-corticosterone DOC 17 -Estradiol and estriol

ST

Kidney

ST

Adrenals

ST

Ovaries

24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R, 25dihydroxycholecalciferol) Acetylcholine

ST

Kidney

Anterior / intermediate pituitary, decreases Intestinal transit, analgesic action in CNS Pars intermedia and anterior pituitary Analgesic actions in CNS Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Stimulates intestinal Ca2+ absorption, stimulates a Ca2+ binding protein in a variety of tissues, especially in intestine, and many other responses Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Ovarian follicle (corpus luteum) Uterine endometrium development, female tissues Has receptor in chondrocytes

AA

Nervous system

Acetylserotonin ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

AA PP PP

Pineal gland Gastrointestinal Pituitary

Aldosterone

ST

Adrenals

Angiotensin II

PP

Blood

Antimullerian hormone

PP

Testes

Arg-vasopressin AVP or ADH Arg-vasotocin

PP

Pituitary

PP

Hypothalamus

Atrial natriuretic factor (also known as atriopeptin) ANF Bombesin

PP

Heart

PP

Gastrointestinal

Bradykinin

PP

Blood

Calcitonin CT

PP

Thyroid

Catecholestrogens Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) CCK Corticotropic-releasing hormone CRH Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

ST PP

Brain Gastrointestinal

PP

Hypothalamus

ST

Adrenals

Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA

ST

Adrenals

Dihydrotestosterone DHT

ST

Testes

Dopamine (also belived to be PIP)

AA

Nervous system

Neurons Variety of activities in nervous system, innervates adrenal medulla Affects GH release from anterior pituitary Increases Cortisol release Adenohypophysis Stimulates synthesis and release of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone from adrenal cortex Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Blood, lungs, brain, many tissues Zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex to stimulate synthesis + release of aldosterone Fetal Sertoli cells of the testes Mediates involution of the Mullerian ducts Posterior pituitary Increases water reabsorption in kidney Hypothalamus and pineal gland Regulates reproductive glands Atria Blood pressure lowering; stimulates renal sodium excretion; increases GFR and urine volume Nerves + endocrine cells of gut Hypothermic hormone; increases gastrin & gastric acid secretion, many other actions Plasma, gut, other tissues Vasodilator; lowers blood pressure Parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland Lowers serum calcium Stimulates catecholamine receptors in CNS Stimulates gallbladder contraction + bile flow; enhances secretion of pancreatic enzymes Hypothalamus Releases ACTH + -endorphin in anterior pituitary Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Antistress hormone; carbohydrate metabolism; circulating glucose increased; liver glycogen increased; depresses immune system; antiinflammatory agent Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Weak androgen; major secretion of fetal adrenal cortex; can be converted to estrogen; may have other unknown actions Seminiferous tubule + other male tissues (e.g., prostate) Conversion product of testosterone which binds to androgen receptor CNS Inhibits PRL release (and other actions)

Dynorphins Endothelins E-1,E-2, E-3

PP PP

Decreases Intestinal transit Endothelial cells Vasoconstriction

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Vascular endothelium Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Enkephalin (Met & Leu) Enteroglucagon (different from pancreatic glucagon, glucagon- like immunoreactivity) GLI Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis Epidermal growth factor (formerly urogastrone) EGF

PP

Lung

PP

Salivary gland

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

AA

Adrenals

Erythropoietin EPO

PP

Kidney

Fibroblast growth factor FGF, acid FGF aFGF, basic FGF bFGF Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

PP

Pituitary

Lung mast cells, after release, selective chemoattractants for eosinophils Stimulates proliferation of cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin with serum; inhibits gastric secretion Adrenal medulla (CNS), Glycogenolysis in liver, increases blood pressure Kidney Acts on bone marrow to induce terminal differentiation + initiation of hemoglobin synthesis Stimulates proliferation of cells derived from endoderm and mesoderm in presence of serum

PP

Pituitary

GABA -Aminobutyric acid Galanin

AA

Nervous system

PP

Gastrointestinal

Gastrin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Gastrin inhibitory polypeptide GIP Gastrin releasing peptide GRP Glicentin Glucagon Gonadotropic-releasing hormone GnRH

PP

Gastrointestinal

PP

Gastrointestinal

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Pancreas Hypothalamus

Granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor G-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factor GM-CSF Growth hormone GH (somatomammotropin or somatotropin) Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) GIH

PP

Bone marrow

PP

Bone marrow

Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes and macrophages

PP

Pituitary

PP

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH Histamine,

PP

Gastrointestinal

Adenohypophysis Somatic cell growth mediated by somatomedins, hyperglycemia, liver steroid metabolism, bone sulfation reactions Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, pancreas, stomach, and intestine, inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary, regulates pancreatic hormones Increases Release of growth hormone

PP

Hypothalamus

Releases GH in anterior pituitary

AA

Gastrointestinal

Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Human placental lactogen hPL Inhibin

PP

Placenta

PP

Placenta

PP

Ovaries

Inhibin

PP

Testes

Insulin

PP

Pancreas

Gut, CNS, mast cells, many tissues, Gastric secretion; may affect CNS LH-like functions, maintains progesterone productivity during pregnancy Acts like PRL and like GH because of large amount of hPL produced Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary B cells Glucose utilization in liver; promotes synthesis of glycogen

Decreases Intestinal transit Gut, L cells of ileum and colon, brain. Increases insulin release

Adenohypophysis Stimulates development of ovarian follicle and secretion of estrogen; stimulates seminal tubules and spermatogenesis CNS Neurotransmitter; inhibits release of CRF and PRL Increases Plasma glucose, inceases fundus contraction G cells in midpyloric, glands in stomach antrum Increases secretion of gastnc acid + pepsin + many other effects Decreases Gastric secretion, increases intestinal secretion increases gastrin release Increases Hepatic glucose, decreases acid secretion A cells Glycogenolysis in liver; increases cyclic AMP Hypothalamus, distributed in CNS; milk, gonadal cells containing GnRH receptors Releases FSH and LH in anterior pituitary Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes

Insulin-Iike growth factors IGF-I, IGF-II Interferon- IFN , M Interleukin-10 IL-10 Interleukin-12 IL-12 Interleukin-13 Meg CSF Interleukin-2 IL-2

PP

Liver

Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect

PP PP PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-3 IL-3 (multiCSF)

PP

Bone marrow

Interleukin-4 IL-4 Interleukin-5 IL-5 Interleukin-6 IL-6

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-7 IL-7

PP

Bone marrow

Interleukin-8 IL-8 Interleukin-9 IL-9 Interleukin-l IL-l

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-ll IL-ll Leptin Leu-enkephalin

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Adipose tissue Adrenals

Leukemia inhibitory factor LIP Leukotriene A4 LTA4 Leukotriene B4 LTB4 Leukotriene C4 LTC4 Leukotriene D4 LTD4 Leukotriene E4 LTE4 Lipotropin LPH

PP

Bone marrow

FA FA FA FA FA PP

Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Pituitary

Lipoxin A LPA Lipoxin B LPB Luteinizing hormone (formerly "interstitial cell regulating hormone" in reference to male)LH Macrophage-colony stimulatory factor M-CSF Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH

FA FA PP

Lung Lung Pituitary

PP

Bone marrow

Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Adenohypophysis Fat mobilization; source of opioid peptides Inflammatory Inflammatory Adenohypophysis Stimulates Leydig (interstitial) cell development in male + production of testosterone; stimulates corpus luteum and its production of progesterone in female Bone marrow Stimulates production of macrophages

PP

Gastrointestinal

Intermediary pituitary, increases Melanin release

PP

Pituitary

Melanotropin release inhibiting factor MIF Melanotropin releasing factor MRF Melatonin

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

AA

Pineal gland

Met-enkephalin

PP

Adrenals

Motilin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Nerve Growth Factor NGF Nerve growth factor NGF

PP PP

Salivary gland Submaxillary gland

Neuromedin B

PP

Gastrointestinal

Adenohypophysis pars intermedia CNS functions (e.g., in memory retention) and skin-darkening reaction Prevents release of MSH in anterior pituitary, probably not in man Releases MSH in anterior pituitary probably not in man Inhibits GH release from anterior pituitary; affects reproductive functions Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects Duodenum (jejunum), pineal, pituitary Acts on GI tract to alter motility; stimulates contraction of fundus + antrum + decreases gastric emptying Stimulates neuronal growth Differentiation and growth of embryonic dorsal root ganglia Decreases Acid secretion

Bone marrow Inhibits clonal expansion of T –cells

Bone marrow Stimulates proliferation and maturation of T 112 cells and production by T 112 cells of cell cytokines that control the differentiation and proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Acts on the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to promote the development of many blood cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Activates stromal bone marrow cells to produce colony-stimulating factors and acts as a pyrogen (i.e., raises body temperature), promotes proliferation of B&T cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B-cell progenitors Bone marrow Activates macrophages Bone marrow Enhances most cell growth Bone marrow Produces a wide array of effects in the immune responses and induces other cytokines Fat cells Loss of fat; satiety factor Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects

Intermediate en route to LTC4/LTD4

Neuromedin K

PP

Gastrointestinal

Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle

Neuropeptide Y NPY Neurotensin Neurotensin

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Hypothalamus

Norepinephrine NEP

AA

Nervous system

Octopamine Ovarian growth factor Oxyntomodulin Oxytocin OT

AA PP PP PP

Pineal gland Pituitary Gastrointestinal Pituitary

Pancreastatin Pancreatic polypeptide PP Pancreatic polypeptide PP

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Pancreas

Parathyroid hormone PTH

PP

parathyroid

Peptide histidine isoleucine PHI Peptide YY, PYY

PP

Gastrointestinal

Increases Vasoconstriction Decreases Acid secretion and gastric motor activity Hypothalamus, intestine (mucosa) May have neurotransmitter actions; in pharmacological amounts, has several effects on gut CNS neurons Neurotransmitter; increases blood pressure Inhibition of monoamine oxidase Prolongs ovarian cell survival Increases Insulin release, decreases acid secretion Posterior pituitary, hypothalamus Lactating mammary gland, milk letdown; uterine contraction at parturition Decreases Islet somatostatin release Decreases Pancreatic secretion Pancreatic islets (peripheral cells of) Has a number of effects on gut in pharmacological amounts Parathyroid glands Stimulates bone resorption; elevates serum Ca2+ , stimulates phosphate excretion by the kidney Increases Pancreatic secretion

PP

Gastrointestinal

Platelet-Derived growth factor PDGF Progesterone

PP

Bone marrow

ST

Ovaries

Proinsulin Prolactin PRL

PP PP

Pancreas Pituitary

Prolactin release inhibiting hormone PIP Prolactin releasing hormone PRH or TRH Prostacyclin PGI

PP

Hypothalamus

Inhibits prolactin release

PP

Hypothalamus

Releases PRL in anterior pituitary

FA

Blood

Prostaglandin A2 PGA2 Prostaglandin El + E2 PGEI or PGE2 Prostaglandin Fl + F2 PGFl or PGF2 Relaxin

FA FA

Lung Lung

Vascular endothelium, blood Prevents aggregation of platelets Kidney Hypotensive effect Wide variety of cells Stimulates cyclic AMP

FA

Lung

PP

Ovaries

Secretin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Serotonin

AA

Nervous system

Somatomedins (insulin-Iike growth factors) IGF-I, IGFII Somatostatin (GIH) Stem cell factor SCF Substance K Substance P Substance P SP

PP

Liver

PP PP PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Bone marrow Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Hypothalamus

Testosterone

ST

Testes

Decreases Pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction Platelets Similar to FGF Corpus luteum, placenta (ovarian follicle) Breast development; uterine endometrium development B cells Precursor to insulin Adenohypophysis Synthesis of milk constituents in mammary gland; stimulates testosterone production; secondary growth hormone effects in liver (e.g., as hyperglycemic acid); mammary gland secretory cell differentiation

Wide variety of cells Active in dissolution of corpus luteum, ovulation + parturition contractions Corpus luteum Increases during gestation (may inhibit myometrial contractions) Duodenum when pH of its contents is less than 4.5, Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate + water which are transported to duodenum to elevate pH CNS neurons, gut Affects smooth muscles, nerves, stimulates release of GH, TSH, ACTH (CRF), and inhibits LH release Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect Decreases Acid secretion and pancreatic function Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Hypothalamus and CNS, intestine. Transmits pain and other functions, increases smooth muscle contractions of GI tract Leydig cells (interstitial cells of testis) (adrenal)

Thromboxane A2 TXA2

FA

Lung

Thromboxane B2 TXB2 Thymic humoral factor THF Thymopoietin I and II,

FA PP PP

Blood Thymus Thymus

Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Thyrotropic releasing hormone TRH

PP

Pituitary

PP

Hypothalamus

Thyroxine (T4) Transforming growth factor TGF Transforming growth factor TGF triiodothyrone (T3) Vasointestinal peptide VIP

AA PP

Thyroid

PP AA PP

Spermatogenesis/male characteristics Platelets, lung, etc. Causes platelet aggregation Platelets Metabolite of TXA2 Activates adenylate cyclase in thymus + spleen cells Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Adenohypophysis Stimulates thyroid gland follicles to secrete thyroid hormone Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, and brain stem Releases TSH and PRL in anterior pituitary Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues Binds to EGF receptor Confers transformed phenotype on normal cells

Thyroid Gastrointestinal

Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues GI tract, hypothalamus, + elsewhere Neurotransmitters in peripheral autonomic nervous system; relaxes smooth muscles of circulation; increases secretion of water and electrolytes from pancreas and gut

Sorted by Organ HORMONE

TYPE

ORGAN

ACTION

Transforming growth factor TGF Transforming growth factor TGF Leptin 11-deoxy-corticosterone DOC Aldosterone

PP

Binds to EGF receptor

PP

Confers transformed phenotype on normal cells

PP ST

Adipose tissue Adrenals

ST

Adrenals

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

ST

Adrenals

Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA

ST

Adrenals

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

AA

Adrenals

Leu-enkephalin

PP

Adrenals

Met-enkephalin

PP

Adrenals

Angiotensin II

PP

Blood

Bradykinin

PP

Blood

Prostacyclin PGI

FA

Blood

Thromboxane B2 TXB2 Granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor G-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factor GM-CSF Interferon- IFN , M Interleukin-10 IL-10 Interleukin-12 IL-12 Interleukin-13 Meg CSF Interleukin-2 IL-2

FA PP

Blood Bone marrow

PP

Bone marrow

PP PP PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-3 IL-3 (multiCSF)

PP

Bone marrow

Interleukin-4 IL-4 Interleukin-5 IL-5 Interleukin-6 IL-6

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-7 IL-7

PP

Bone marrow

Interleukin-8 IL-8 Interleukin-9 IL-9 Interleukin-l IL-l

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-ll IL-ll Leukemia inhibitory factor LIP Macrophage-colony stimulatory factor M-CSF

PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow

PP

Bone marrow

Fat cells Loss of fat; satiety factor Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Antistress hormone; carbohydrate metabolism; circulating glucose increased; liver glycogen increased; depresses immune system; anti-inflammatory agent Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Weak androgen; major secretion of fetal adrenal cortex; can be converted to estrogen; may have other unknown actions Adrenal medulla (CNS), Glycogenolysis in liver, increases blood pressure Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects Blood, lungs, brain, many tissues Zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex to stimulate synthesis + release of aldosterone Plasma, gut, other tissues Vasodilator; lowers blood pressure Vascular endothelium, blood Prevents aggregation of platelets Platelets Metabolite of TXA2 Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes and macrophages

Bone marrow Inhibits clonal expansion of T –cells

Bone marrow Stimulates proliferation and maturation of T 112 cells and production by T 112 cells of cell cytokines that control the differentiation and proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Acts on the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to promote the development of many blood cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Activates stromal bone marrow cells to produce colony-stimulating factors and acts as a pyrogen (i.e., raises body temperature), promotes proliferation of B&T cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B-cell progenitors Bone marrow Activates macrophages Bone marrow Enhances most cell growth Bone marrow Produces a wide array of effects in the immune responses and induces other cytokines

Bone marrow Stimulates production of macrophages

Platelet-Derived growth factor PDGF Stem cell factor SCF Catecholestrogens -endorphin

PP

Bone marrow

Platelets Similar to FGF

PP ST PP

Bone marrow Brain Gastrointestinal

ACTH Bombesin

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) CCK Dynorphins Enkephalin (Met & Leu) Enteroglucagon (different from pancreatic glucagon, glucagon- like immunoreactivity) GLI Galanin Gastrin

PP

Gastrointestinal

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Gastrin inhibitory polypeptide GIP Gastrin releasing peptide GRP Glicentin Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH Histamine,

PP

Gastrointestinal

PP

Gastrointestinal

Increases Plasma glucose, inceases fundus contraction G cells in midpyloric, glands in stomach antrum Increases secretion of gastnc acid + pepsin + many other effects Decreases Gastric secretion, increases intestinal secretion increases gastrin release

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Increases Hepatic glucose, decreases acid secretion Increases Release of growth hormone

AA

Gastrointestinal

Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH Motilin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Gut, CNS, mast cells, many tissues, Gastric secretion; may affect CNS Intermediary pituitary, increases Melanin release

PP

Gastrointestinal

Neuromedin B Neuromedin K Neuropeptide Y NPY Neurotensin Oxyntomodulin Pancreastatin Pancreatic polypeptide PP Peptide histidine isoleucine PHI Peptide YY, PYY

PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

PP

Gastrointestinal

Secretin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Somatostatin (GIH) Substance K Substance P

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Vasointestinal peptide VIP

PP

Gastrointestinal

Atrial natriuretic factor (also known as atriopeptin) ANF Arg-vasotocin

PP

Heart

PP

Hypothalamus

Corticotropic-releasing

PP

Hypothalamus

Stimulates catecholamine receptors in CNS Anterior / intermediate pituitary, decreases Intestinal transit, analgesic action in CNS Increases Cortisol release Nerves + endocrine cells of gut Hypothermic hormone; increases gastrin & gastric acid secretion, many other actions Stimulates gallbladder contraction + bile flow; enhances secretion of pancreatic enzymes Decreases Intestinal transit Decreases Intestinal transit Gut, L cells of ileum and colon, brain. Increases insulin release

Duodenum (jejunum), pineal, pituitary Acts on GI tract to alter motility; stimulates contraction of fundus + antrum + decreases gastric emptying Decreases Acid secretion Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Increases Vasoconstriction Decreases Acid secretion and gastric motor activity Increases Insulin release, decreases acid secretion Decreases Islet somatostatin release Decreases Pancreatic secretion Increases Pancreatic secretion Decreases Pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction Duodenum when pH of its contents is less than 4.5, Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate + water which are transported to duodenum to elevate pH Decreases Acid secretion and pancreatic function Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle

GI tract, hypothalamus, + elsewhere Neurotransmitters in peripheral autonomic nervous system; relaxes smooth muscles of circulation; increases secretion of water and electrolytes from pancreas and gut Atria Blood pressure lowering; stimulates renal sodium excretion; increases GFR and urine volume Hypothalamus and pineal gland Regulates reproductive glands Hypothalamus Releases ACTH + -endorphin in

hormone CRH

anterior pituitary

Gonadotropic-releasing hormone GnRH

PP

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus, distributed in CNS; milk, gonadal cells containing GnRH receptors Releases FSH and LH in anterior pituitary Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, pancreas, stomach, and intestine, inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary, regulates pancreatic hormones Releases GH in anterior pituitary

Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) GIH

PP

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH

PP

Hypothalamus

Melanotropin release inhibiting factor MIF Melanotropin releasing factor MRF Neurotensin

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

Prolactin release inhibiting hormone PIP Prolactin releasing hormone PRH or TRH Substance P SP

PP

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus, intestine (mucosa) May have neurotransmitter actions; in pharmacological amounts, has several effects on gut Inhibits prolactin release

PP

Hypothalamus

Releases PRL in anterior pituitary

PP

Hypothalamus

Thyrotropic releasing hormone TRH 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol) 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 24R, 25dihydroxycholecalciferol Erythropoietin EPO

PP

Hypothalamus

ST

Kidney

ST

Kidney

Hypothalamus and CNS, intestine. Transmits pain and other functions, increases smooth muscle contractions of GI tract Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, and brain stem Releases TSH and PRL in anterior pituitary Stimulates intestinal Ca2+ absorption, stimulates a Ca2+ binding protein in a variety of tissues, especially in intestine, and many other responses Has receptor in chondrocytes

PP

Kidney

Insulin-Iike growth factors IGF-I, IGF-II Somatomedins (insulin-Iike growth factors) IGF-I, IGF-II Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis Leukotriene A4 LTA4 Leukotriene B4 LTB4 Leukotriene C4 LTC4 Leukotriene D4 LTD4 Leukotriene E4 LTE4 Lipoxin A LPA Lipoxin B LPB Prostaglandin A2 PGA2 Prostaglandin El + E2 PGEI or PGE2 Prostaglandin Fl + F2 PGFl or PGF2 Thromboxane A2 TXA2 Acetylcholine

PP

Liver

PP

Liver

PP

Lung

FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA

Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung

FA

Lung

FA AA

Lung Nervous system

Dopamine (also belived to be PIP) GABA -Aminobutyric acid Norepinephrine NEP

AA

Nervous system

Wide variety of cells Active in dissolution of corpus luteum, ovulation + parturition contractions Platelets, lung, etc. Causes platelet aggregation Neurons Variety of activities in nervous system, innervates adrenal medulla CNS Inhibits PRL release (and other actions)

AA

Nervous system

CNS Neurotransmitter; inhibits release of CRF and PRL

AA

Nervous system

Serotonin

AA

Nervous system

CNS neurons Neurotransmitter; increases blood pressure CNS neurons, gut Affects smooth muscles, nerves, stimulates release of GH, TSH, ACTH (CRF), and inhibits LH release

Prevents release of MSH in anterior pituitary, probably not in man Releases MSH in anterior pituitary probably not in man

Kidney Acts on bone marrow to induce terminal differentiation + initiation of hemoglobin synthesis Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect Lung mast cells, after release, selective chemoattractants for eosinophils Intermediate en route to LTC4/LTD4 Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Inflammatory Inflammatory Kidney Hypotensive effect Wide variety of cells Stimulates cyclic AMP

17 -Estradiol and estriol

ST

Ovaries

Ovarian follicle (corpus luteum) Uterine endometrium development, female tissues

Inhibin

PP

Ovaries

Progesterone

ST

Ovaries

Relaxin

PP

Ovaries

Glucagon Insulin

PP PP

Pancreas Pancreas

Pancreatic polypeptide PP

PP

Pancreas

Proinsulin Parathyroid hormone PTH

PP PP

Pancreas parathyroid

Acetylserotonin Melatonin

AA AA

Pineal gland Pineal gland

Octopamine -Endorphin

AA PP

Pineal gland Pituitary

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH Arg-vasopressin AVP or ADH Fibroblast growth factor FGF, acid FGF aFGF, basic FGF bFGF Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary Corpus luteum, placenta (ovarian follicle) Breast development; uterine endometrium development Corpus luteum Increases during gestation (may inhibit myometrial contractions) A cells Glycogenolysis in liver; increases cyclic AMP B cells Glucose utilization in liver; promotes synthesis of glycogen Pancreatic islets (peripheral cells of) Has a number of effects on gut in pharmacological amounts B cells Precursor to insulin Parathyroid glands Stimulates bone resorption; elevates serum Ca2+ , stimulates phosphate excretion by the kidney Affects GH release from anterior pituitary Inhibits GH release from anterior pituitary; affects reproductive functions Inhibition of monoamine oxidase Pars intermedia and anterior pituitary Analgesic actions in CNS Adenohypophysis Stimulates synthesis and release of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone from adrenal cortex Posterior pituitary Increases water reabsorption in kidney Stimulates proliferation of cells derived from endoderm and mesoderm in presence of serum

PP

Pituitary

Growth hormone GH (somatomammotropin or somatotropin) Lipotropin LPH

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (formerly "interstitial cell regulating hormone" in reference to male)LH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH Ovarian growth factor Oxytocin OT

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

PP PP

Pituitary Pituitary

Prolactin PRL

PP

Pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Human placental lactogen hPL Epidermal growth factor (formerly urogastrone) EGF Nerve Growth Factor NGF Nerve growth factor NGF

PP

Pituitary

PP

Placenta

PP

Placenta

PP

Salivary gland

PP PP

Salivary gland Submaxillary gland

Antimullerian hormone

PP

Testes

Dihydrotestosterone DHT

ST

Testes

Adenohypophysis Stimulates development of ovarian follicle and secretion of estrogen; stimulates seminal tubules and spermatogenesis Adenohypophysis Somatic cell growth mediated by somatomedins, hyperglycemia, liver steroid metabolism, bone sulfation reactions Adenohypophysis Fat mobilization; source of opioid peptides Adenohypophysis Stimulates Leydig (interstitial) cell development in male + production of testosterone; stimulates corpus luteum and its production of progesterone in female Adenohypophysis pars intermedia CNS functions (e.g., in memory retention) and skin-darkening reaction Prolongs ovarian cell survival Posterior pituitary, hypothalamus Lactating mammary gland, milk letdown; uterine contraction at parturition Adenohypophysis Synthesis of milk constituents in mammary gland; stimulates testosterone production; secondary growth hormone effects in liver (e.g., as hyperglycemic acid); mammary gland secretory cell differentiation Adenohypophysis Stimulates thyroid gland follicles to secrete thyroid hormone LH-like functions, maintains progesterone productivity during pregnancy Acts like PRL and like GH because of large amount of hPL produced Stimulates proliferation of cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin with serum; inhibits gastric secretion Stimulates neuronal growth Differentiation and growth of embryonic dorsal root ganglia Fetal Sertoli cells of the testes Mediates involution of the Mullerian ducts Seminiferous tubule + other male tissues (e.g., prostate)

Inhibin

PP

Testes

Testosterone

ST

Testes

-thymosin

PP

Thymus

Thymic humoral factor THF Thymopoietin I and II,

PP

Thymus

PP

Thymus

Calcitonin CT

PP

Thyroid

Thyroxine (T4) triiodothyrone (T3) Endothelins E-1,E-2, E-3

AA AA PP

Thyroid Thyroid Vascular endothelium

Conversion product of testosterone which binds to androgen receptor Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary Leydig cells (interstitial cells of testis) (adrenal) Spermatogenesis/male characteristics Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Activates adenylate cyclase in thymus + spleen cells Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland Lowers serum calcium Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues Endothelial cells Vasoconstriction

Sorted by Type HORMONE

ORGAN

ACTION

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

TYPE AA

Adrenals

Histamine,

AA

Gastrointestinal

Acetylcholine

AA

Nervous system

Dopamine (also belived to be PIP) GABA -Aminobutyric acid Norepinephrine NEP Serotonin

AA

Nervous system

Adrenal medulla (CNS), Glycogenolysis in liver, increases blood pressure Gut, CNS, mast cells, many tissues, Gastric secretion; may affect CNS Neurons Variety of activities in nervous system, innervates adrenal medulla CNS Inhibits PRL release (and other actions)

AA

Nervous system

CNS Neurotransmitter; inhibits release of CRF and PRL

AA AA

Nervous system Nervous system

Acetylserotonin Melatonin

AA AA

Pineal gland Pineal gland

Octopamine Thyroxine (T4) triiodothyrone (T3) Prostacyclin PGI Thromboxane B2 TXB2 Leukotriene A4 LTA4 Leukotriene B4 LTB4 Leukotriene C4 LTC4 Leukotriene D4 LTD4 Leukotriene E4 LTE4 Lipoxin A LPA Lipoxin B LPB Prostaglandin A2 PGA2 Prostaglandin El + E2 PGEI or PGE2 Prostaglandin Fl + F2 PGFl or PGF2 Thromboxane A2 TXA2 Transforming growth factor TGF Transforming growth factor TGF Leptin Leu-enkephalin

AA AA AA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA

Pineal gland Thyroid Thyroid Blood Blood Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung

CNS neurons Neurotransmitter; increases blood pressure CNS neurons, gut Affects smooth muscles, nerves, stimulates release of GH, TSH, ACTH (CRF), and inhibits LH release Affects GH release from anterior pituitary Inhibits GH release from anterior pituitary; affects reproductive functions Inhibition of monoamine oxidase Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues Thyroid gland Increases oxidation rates in tissues Vascular endothelium, blood Prevents aggregation of platelets Platelets Metabolite of TXA2 Intermediate en route to LTC4/LTD4

FA

Lung

FA PP

Lung

PP PP

Adipose tissue Adrenals

Met-enkephalin

PP

Adrenals

Angiotensin II

PP

Blood

Bradykinin Granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor GCSF Granulocytemacrophage colony stimulatory factor GMCSF Interferon- IFN , M Interleukin-10 IL-10 Interleukin-12 IL-12 Interleukin-13 Meg CSF Interleukin-2 IL-2

PP PP

Blood Bone marrow

PP

Bone marrow

PP PP PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-3 IL-3 (multiCSF)

PP

Bone marrow

PP

Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Long-acting bronchoconstrictor Inflammatory Inflammatory Kidney Hypotensive effect Wide variety of cells Stimulates cyclic AMP Wide variety of cells Active in dissolution of corpus luteum, ovulation + parturition contractions Platelets, lung, etc. Causes platelet aggregation Binds to EGF receptor Confers transformed phenotype on normal cells Fat cells Loss of fat; satiety factor Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects Adrenal medulla and CNS cells Analgesic actions in CNS; other unknown effects Blood, lungs, brain, many tissues Zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex to stimulate synthesis + release of aldosterone Plasma, gut, other tissues Vasodilator; lowers blood pressure Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes

Bone marrow Stimulates production of granulocytes and macrophages

Bone marrow Inhibits clonal expansion of T –cells

Bone marrow Stimulates proliferation and maturation of T 112 cells and production by T 112 cells of cell cytokines that control the differentiation and proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Acts on the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to promote the development of many blood cells

Interleukin-4 IL-4 Interleukin-5 IL-5 Interleukin-6 IL-6

PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B cells Bone marrow Activates stromal bone marrow cells to produce colony-stimulating factors and acts as a pyrogen (i.e., raises body temperature), promotes proliferation of B&T cells Bone marrow Promotes proliferation of B-cell progenitors Bone marrow Activates macrophages Bone marrow Enhances most cell growth Bone marrow Produces a wide array of effects in the immune responses and induces other cytokines

Interleukin-7 IL-7 Interleukin-8 IL-8 Interleukin-9 IL-9 Interleukin-l IL-l

PP PP PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow

Interleukin-ll IL-ll Leukemia inhibitory factor LIP Macrophage-colony stimulatory factor MCSF Platelet-Derived growth factor PDGF Stem cell factor SCF -endorphin

PP PP

Bone marrow Bone marrow

PP

Bone marrow

Bone marrow Stimulates production of macrophages

PP

Bone marrow

Platelets Similar to FGF

PP PP

Bone marrow Gastrointestinal

ACTH Bombesin

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) CCK Dynorphins Enkephalin (Met & Leu) Enteroglucagon (different from pancreatic glucagon, glucagon- like immunoreactivity) GLI Galanin Gastrin

PP

Gastrointestinal

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Gastrin inhibitory polypeptide GIP Gastrin releasing peptide GRP Glicentin Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH Motilin

PP

Gastrointestinal

Increases Plasma glucose, inceases fundus contraction G cells in midpyloric, glands in stomach antrum Increases secretion of gastnc acid + pepsin + many other effects Decreases Gastric secretion, increases intestinal secretion

PP

Gastrointestinal

increases gastrin release

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Increases Hepatic glucose, decreases acid secretion Increases Release of growth hormone

PP

Gastrointestinal

Intermediary pituitary, increases Melanin release

PP

Gastrointestinal

Neuromedin B Neuromedin K Neuropeptide Y NPY Neurotensin Oxyntomodulin Pancreastatin Pancreatic polypeptide PP Peptide histidine isoleucine PHI Peptide YY, PYY Secretin

PP PP PP PP PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Duodenum (jejunum), pineal, pituitary Acts on GI tract to alter motility; stimulates contraction of fundus + antrum + decreases gastric emptying Decreases Acid secretion Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Increases Vasoconstriction Decreases Acid secretion and gastric motor activity Increases Insulin release, decreases acid secretion Decreases Islet somatostatin release Decreases Pancreatic secretion

PP

Gastrointestinal

Increases Pancreatic secretion

PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Somatostatin (GIH) Substance K Substance P

PP PP PP

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal

Decreases Pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction Duodenum when pH of its contents is less than 4.5, Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate + water which are transported to duodenum to elevate pH Decreases Acid secretion and pancreatic function Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle Contraction gastrointestinal smooth muscle

Anterior / intermediate pituitary, decreases Intestinal transit, analgesic action in CNS Increases Cortisol release Nerves + endocrine cells of gut Hypothermic hormone; increases gastrin & gastric acid secretion, many other actions Stimulates gallbladder contraction + bile flow; enhances secretion of pancreatic enzymes Decreases Intestinal transit Decreases Intestinal transit Gut, L cells of ileum and colon, brain. Increases insulin release

Vasointestinal peptide VIP

PP

Gastrointestinal

GI tract, hypothalamus, + elsewhere Neurotransmitters in peripheral autonomic nervous system; relaxes smooth muscles of circulation; increases secretion of water and electrolytes from pancreas and gut Atria Blood pressure lowering; stimulates renal sodium excretion; increases GFR and urine volume

Atrial natriuretic factor (also known as atriopeptin) ANF Arg-vasotocin Corticotropic-releasing hormone CRH Gonadotropic-releasing hormone GnRH Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) GIH Growth hormone releasing hormone GRH Melanotropin release inhibiting factor MIF Melanotropin releasing factor MRF Neurotensin

PP

Heart

PP PP

Hypothalamus Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Hypothalamus

Prolactin release inhibiting hormone PIP Prolactin releasing hormone PRH or TRH Substance P SP

PP

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus, intestine (mucosa) May have neurotransmitter actions; in pharmacological amounts, has several effects on gut Inhibits prolactin release

PP

Hypothalamus

Releases PRL in anterior pituitary

PP

Hypothalamus

Thyrotropic releasing hormone TRH Erythropoietin EPO

PP

Hypothalamus

PP

Kidney

Insulin-Iike growth factors IGF-I, IGF-II Somatomedins (insulinIike growth factors) IGF-I, IGF-II Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis Inhibin

PP

Liver

PP

Liver

Hypothalamus and CNS, intestine. Transmits pain and other functions, increases smooth muscle contractions of GI tract Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, and brain stem Releases TSH and PRL in anterior pituitary Kidney Acts on bone marrow to induce terminal differentiation + initiation of hemoglobin synthesis Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect Liver, muscle, kidney, + other tissue Cartilage sulfation; somatic cell growth, insulin-like effect

PP

Lung

PP

Ovaries

Relaxin

PP

Ovaries

Glucagon Insulin

PP PP

Pancreas Pancreas

Pancreatic polypeptide PP Proinsulin Parathyroid hormone PTH -Endorphin

PP

Pancreas

PP PP

Pancreas parathyroid

PP

Pituitary

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH Arg-vasopressin AVP or ADH Fibroblast growth factor FGF, acid FGF aFGF, basic FGF bFGF Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

PP

Pituitary

Stimulates proliferation of cells derived from endoderm and mesoderm in presence of serum

PP

Pituitary

Growth hormone GH (somatomammotropin or somatotropin)

PP

Pituitary

Adenohypophysis Stimulates development of ovarian follicle and secretion of estrogen; stimulates seminal tubules and spermatogenesis Adenohypophysis Somatic cell growth mediated by somatomedins, hyperglycemia, liver steroid metabolism, bone sulfation reactions

Hypothalamus and pineal gland Regulates reproductive glands Hypothalamus Releases ACTH + -endorphin in anterior pituitary Hypothalamus, distributed in CNS; milk, gonadal cells containing GnRH receptors Releases FSH and LH in anterior pituitary Hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, spinal cord, pancreas, stomach, and intestine, inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary, regulates pancreatic hormones Releases GH in anterior pituitary Prevents release of MSH in anterior pituitary, probably not in man Releases MSH in anterior pituitary probably not in man

Lung mast cells, after release, selective chemoattractants for eosinophils Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary Corpus luteum Increases during gestation (may inhibit myometrial contractions) A cells Glycogenolysis in liver; increases cyclic AMP B cells Glucose utilization in liver; promotes synthesis of glycogen Pancreatic islets (peripheral cells of) Has a number of effects on gut in pharmacological amounts B cells Precursor to insulin Parathyroid glands Stimulates bone resorption; elevates serum Ca2+ , stimulates phosphate excretion by the kidney Pars intermedia and anterior pituitary Analgesic actions in CNS Adenohypophysis Stimulates synthesis and release of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone from adrenal cortex Posterior pituitary Increases water reabsorption in kidney

Lipotropin LPH Luteinizing hormone (formerly "interstitial cell regulating hormone" in reference to male)LH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH Ovarian growth factor Oxytocin OT

PP PP

Pituitary Pituitary

Adenohypophysis Fat mobilization; source of opioid peptides Adenohypophysis Stimulates Leydig (interstitial) cell development in male + production of testosterone; stimulates corpus luteum and its production of progesterone in female

PP

Pituitary

PP PP

Pituitary Pituitary

Prolactin PRL

PP

Pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Human placental lactogen hPL Epidermal growth factor (formerly urogastrone) EGF Nerve Growth Factor NGF Nerve growth factor NGF Antimullerian hormone

PP

Pituitary

PP

Placenta

PP

Placenta

PP

Salivary gland

Adenohypophysis pars intermedia CNS functions (e.g., in memory retention) and skin-darkening reaction Prolongs ovarian cell survival Posterior pituitary, hypothalamus Lactating mammary gland, milk letdown; uterine contraction at parturition Adenohypophysis Synthesis of milk constituents in mammary gland; stimulates testosterone production; secondary growth hormone effects in liver (e.g., as hyperglycemic acid); mammary gland secretory cell differentiation Adenohypophysis Stimulates thyroid gland follicles to secrete thyroid hormone LH-like functions, maintains progesterone productivity during pregnancy Acts like PRL and like GH because of large amount of hPL produced Stimulates proliferation of cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin with serum; inhibits gastric secretion

PP

Salivary gland

Stimulates neuronal growth

PP

Differentiation and growth of embryonic dorsal root ganglia

PP

Submaxillary gland Testes

Inhibin

PP

Testes

PP

Thymus

Thymic humoral factor THF Thymopoietin I and II,

PP

Thymus

PP

Thymus

Calcitonin CT Endothelins E-1,E-2, E-3

PP PP

11-deoxy-corticosterone DOC Aldosterone Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

ST

Thyroid Vascular endothelium Adrenals

ST ST

Adrenals Adrenals

Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA

ST

Adrenals

Catecholestrogens 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol) 24R,25Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R, 25dihydroxycholecalciferol) 17 -Estradiol and estriol

ST ST

Brain Kidney

ST

Kidney

ST

Ovaries

Progesterone

ST

Ovaries

Dihydrotestosterone DHT

ST

Testes

Testosterone

ST

Testes

-thymosin

Fetal Sertoli cells of the testes Mediates involution of the Mullerian ducts Seminiferous tubule (and ovary) Negative feedback inhibitors of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Activates adenylate cyclase in thymus + spleen cells Stimulates phagocytes; stimulates differentiation of precursors into immune competent T cells Parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland Lowers serum calcium Endothelial cells Vasoconstriction Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Zona glomerulosa of adrenal Cortex Salt retention in kidney Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Antistress hormone; carbohydrate metabolism; circulating glucose increased; liver glycogen increased; depresses immune system; anti-inflammatory agent Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex Weak androgen; major secretion of fetal adrenal cortex; can be converted to estrogen; may have other unknown actions Stimulates catecholamine receptors in CNS Stimulates intestinal Ca2+ absorption, stimulates a Ca2+ binding protein in a variety of tissues, especially in intestine, and many other responses Has receptor in chondrocytes

Ovarian follicle (corpus luteum) Uterine endometrium development, female tissues Corpus luteum, placenta (ovarian follicle) Breast development; uterine endometrium development Seminiferous tubule + other male tissues (e.g., prostate) Conversion product of testosterone which binds to androgen receptor Leydig cells (interstitial cells of testis) (adrenal) Spermatogenesis/male characteristics

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About Kinesiology Kinesiology was developed in the 60’s by Chiropractors in the United States of America. Since then, it has developed into a natural therapy in its own right. In fact, Kinesiology is now the world’s fastest growing natural therapy. Kinesiology uses muscle monitoring to assess and correct imbalances in the body’s different structures. In the model of Kinesiology there is a connection between the physical structures (such as the muscles, bones, hormones, neurology, etc.) and the energetic structures (such as the aura, chakras, meridians, etc.). Muscle monitoring gives practitioners the ability to assess stress levels in each of the physical and energetic structures. After the source of the stress has been identified, muscle monitoring allows a practitioner to find the most appropriate correction technique to correct the imbalance. This eliminates the need for guess-work, thereby making the corrections very efficient. The correction techniques used are typically acupressure, reflexology, emotional stress diffusion, sound healing (tuning forks), colour healing, flower essences, chakra balancing, etc. Other correction techniques can be employed according to the practitioners training. This makes Kinesiology a very complimentary modality for other alternative therapies. For example, Kinesiology has successfully integrated into the practises of Naturopaths, Homeopaths, Herbalists, and Traditional Chinese Practitioners, among others. Kinesiology is non-invasive. Clients can choose to keep all issues internal, thereby respecting their need for privacy.

APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY Applied Physiology is a branch of Kinesiology. It was developed by Richard Utt from Tucson, Arizona. Further developments have been pioneered by Dr Charles Krebs from Melbourne in the area of learning difficulties with the L.E.A.P. program. Applied Physiology uses the holographic nature of the human body to access specific areas of human anatomy and physiology. By using a hologram, the stress on a very specific part of the anatomy or physiology can be accessed and therefore corrected. This can have dramatic effects on the lack of well-being that a client may be experiencing. One of the most powerful areas of Applied Physiology is its work with brain physiology, specifically that of the subconscious brain (the limbic system). There are many centres in the subconscious brain that control functions such as motor planning and coordination, primary emotions (such as fear, anger, pleasure, punishment, etc.), physiological actions (such as the hormonal system, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, sexuality, thirst, hunger, the digestive system, etc.) and so on. Any imbalance in these functions can affect other functions. The major cause of these imbalances is usually emotional trauma. The neurological pathways that govern these emotional pathways are closely linked to the centres that govern other systems. If there is a disturbance in the neural-emotional pathways, it can cause an imbalance in the other systems. This is why Kinesiology, along with nutritional support, can have a dramatic effect on physiological and emotional disturbances such as phobias, panic attacks, hormonal problems, eating disorders, personality disorders, learning difficulties, and even genetic dispositions. The holographic nature of the human body is where the whole is represented in the parts. An example of this is Reflexology, where all of the internal organs are represented in the hands, feet and ears. The Kinesiologist uses body holograms to access the relevant areas of anatomy and physiology that have imbalances and correct them.

NEUROENERGETIC KINESIOLOGY Energetic Kinesiology is an exciting new development in Kinesiology. The work has been developed by Kerrie McFarlane, Kathy Carmuciano, Merryl Key and Hugo Tobar, all of whom are graduates of the Kinesiology College of Energetic Sciences in Melbourne, Australia. Energetic Kinesiology has grown out of Applied Physiology. It encompasses work with chakras, the aura, Kudalini, the nadi system, genetics, astrology, neurology, emotion, hormones, sleep and dreams. A large portion of this stream in Kinesiology is devoted to chakras. The human energy system has seven major chakras, numerous minor chakras and some that exist out of the body. Chakras are the main places where stress is held. This has a major effect on the body, via the link to the endocrine system. Work in this area has been developed by Kerrie McFarlane and Hugo Tobar. Another interesting area of development is in genetics. This work, developed by Hugo Tobar, enables a practitioner to balance stress in the genetic code. These techniques have been very successful with genetic dispositions and conditions. It links the I Ching to the genetic code, which gives practitioners the ability to tap into this ancient wisdom. Astrological Kinesiology has been developed by Kerrie McFarlane and Merryl Key. This gives the practitioner a new and exciting way of working with Kinesiology. It allows practitioners to draw upon the relationship between astrological forces and archetypes when working with clients, providing a useful counselling tool that lets clients understand the source of their problems.

NEURAL SYSTEMS KINESIOLOGY Developed by Hugo Tobar, this work has recently been described by a leading international Kinesiologist as the most advanced Kinesiology in the area of the brain. It was developed for L.E.A.P. practitioners to give them advanced training in all areas of brain function and neurology. It specifically addresses vision, the auditory system and the vestibular system. The Neural Emotional Pathways gives practitioners the ability to work with the neurology of primary emotions, which underlie most behaviour patterns. It is an extremely powerful technique and is currently very popular all over the world.

Chakra Hologram The Chakra Hologram came about through the combined efforts of Hugo Tobar and Kerrie McFarlane. Hugo developed his correction technique based on Richard Utt’s 7 Chi Keys procedure and Kerrie had been researching the chakra system, looking at literature from both the Theosophical and Hindu traditions, as well as many others. When Hugo and Kerrie decided to merge their work, the Chakra Hologram was created. The Chakra Hologram looks at what each chakra represents when it is displaying an imbalance by accessing the plane in which the aberration occurs, and correlating this plane with a specific meaning. The meaning will be different depending upon whether it is an imbalance in the physical/etheric, emotional/astral, mental, buddhic, atmic, monadic or divine plane, and on which chakra(s) are involved. Once the imbalance has been isolated, it can be rebalanced by bringing the cause of the problem to conscious awareness and then cleared using a variety of Kinesiological techniques (such as tuning forks, palming, acupressure etc.). This technique has proven invaluable in allowing clients to discover the reason behind their condition, identify recurring patterns and then be able to move beyond. This workshop takes participants through a journey of their own chakra system, which will reflect where they are in their own personal and spiritual development. Success has been reported by many practitioners who now use the Chakra Hologram as an integral part of their practice. This technique works with physical ailments, both acute and chronic, as well as with emotional and mental conditions. “The centres determine the man’s point of evolution as far as his phenomenal expression is concerned; they work directly upon the physical body through the medium of the endocrine system. This point should be borne in mind, for the future occult healer will approach his patient with this knowledge. He will then work through those centres and glands which govern the particular area of the body wherein the disease or discomfort is located" Alice Bailey - Esoteric Healing The endocrine system has been referred to as the physical interface of the Chakra System in much the same manner that the meridian/acupuncture system is said to be the physical/etheric interface of Chi. Indeed without the detailed anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system, any chakra work is able to have only a superficial effect upon the physical body. Hence, in the Chakra Hologram workshop, the endocrine/chakra relationship is covered in great detail, including the individual hormones relating to each chakra and the physical effects that they have on the body. As hormones are carried through the bloodstream to their target organs, this effect is widespread and has many physical implications. An overview of the circulatory system and the nervous system is also included to ensure that the practitioner has a good understanding of the human body that the chakra system vivifies. The Chakra Hologram is a unique workshop that encompasses all aspects of the Chakra system on the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual dimensions. This is an experiential workshop, which will take you through a personal journey of your own Chakra system, plus enable you to use this valuable technique in your practice. Level 1 focuses mainly on the seven major chakras. The organ/gland/meridian/Chakra matrix is covered extensively to allow a full and practical application of this hologram.

International Contacts Austria Linzer Lernzentrum Museumstrasse 20 A-xxxx Linz Austria [email protected]

Belgium Institut Belge de Kinésiologie Avenue Paul Nicodème 26 B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium Tel +32 2 652 2686 e-mail [email protected] Germany Institut für Angewandte Kinesiologie Eschbachstrasse 5 D-79199 Kirchzarten bei Freiburg, Germany Tel +49 7661 98710, Web: www.iak-freiburg.de e-mail [email protected] Spain (Madrid) Todokine Spain (Tenerife) Juan Angel Gonzalez Switzerland Berner Institut für Kinesiologie Seftigenstrasse 41, 3007 Bern, Switzerland. Tel +41 31 372 4080 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.bik.ch United Kingdom Christina Lausevic United States of America Eloise Hanby Australia and the rest of the world Mt Warning Kinesiology Tel +61 2 6672 7544, e-mail: [email protected] web: www.kinstitute.com