Ashish-smart Dust

Ashish Ranjan Sinha 12/02/09

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Outline • What

is smart dust?

• Characteristics •Applications • Military • Commercial • Requirements and restrictions • Analysis of smart dust communication • General architecture and design • What we have today • Would like to have • References 12/02/09

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INTRODUCTION What is Smart Dust? Smart dust concept was introduced by Kristofer S J Pister. Smart dust is a millimeter-scale sensing and communicating

devices. Smart dust consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes,

each containing the capability of sensing and monitoring environmental conditions and communication to other devices.

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INTRODUCTION A smart dust mote is an electronic package composed of 1. An integrated-circuit radio transmitter and receiver. 2. Microcontroller. 3. A random access memory.(RAM) 4. A flash memory. 5. Some standard sensors. 6. Analog to Digital converter. 7. A power source for the motes. 8.An antenna used for both transmission and receiving signals

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Smart dust characteristics • A system is made of one or a few base stations (interrogators) and as many smart dust motes as possible or required • Ubiquitous – sensors of different types • Very task/application oriented design and performance • Wireless communication • Self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-sustaining. • Very small (should be under 1mm3) • Low power consumption • Easy to deploy • Based on current or very near future components 12/02/09

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APPLICATION Collecting data for metrological, Geophysical, or

planetary research. Tracking the movement of birds, Small animals. Providing interfaces for the disabled. Smart office spaces. Track patient movements. Inform of disasters, such as earthquakes.

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Some potential Applications Three Potential application of smart dust are • Forest service organization. •For industrial purposes •For providing lighting and power. A forest service could use smart dust to monitor for fires in forest. Motes is used in industrial settings to reduce plant downtime and enhance safety. Street lighting(local) and power organization. 12/02/09

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Circulatory Net

Group of sensors inside the body 12/02/09

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Cubic –inch wireless sensor nodes(motes) using off-the-shelf technology. 1)A Radio frequency mote with temperature and light sensors. 2) A laser mote with temperature, light, humidity, barometric, pressure, and sensors. 12/02/09

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digital Light Sensor Digital Light Sensor

3.6 Volt Lithium Battery

Programming Connector

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Digital Temperature Sensor

General purpose LED

ON-OFF Switch

Wireless motes

Magnified view of the Smart Dust mote.

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Topology of a typical Smart Dust mote network. 12/02/09

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Tracking process demonstration Target initiated moves and and detected users told Track Nodes Readings info exchange detected exchanged propagated selected Clump head chosen Track info updated propagated andreadings user told Recourse

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14 Penn State University and DARPA

Power The dust motes must have enough energy to survive anywhere

from a few hour to month. Power system consist of thick film battery or a solar cell. Current battery and capacitor technology can store approximately 1J/cubic mm and 10mJ/cubic mm resp. Solar cell can provide about 1J/day/mm square in sun light. Solar cell provides 101mJ/day/mm square indoors. The transmitter uses 1nj/bits. Optical receiver of smart dust consume 0.1nJ/bit. A/D will take 1nJ/sample. 12/02/09

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Architecture

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Communication RF radio Optical Passive Active

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Analysis of smart dust communication RF vs. Optical • RF – radio frequency • MHz – hundreds of GHz ⇒ 1mm – 100s meters wavelength • Technologies: • Bluetooth • Cell phones (GSM, CDMA, etc.) • RFID • Optical • 100THz – 1PHz ⇒ 0.3µ - 1.6µ wavelength • Lasers and LEDs

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RF • Pros • Well developed technologies • Multiplexing techniques: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA. • Does not require line of sight • Not much affected by the environment • Cons • Antenna size (has to be at least ¼ of the wavelength) • Complex circuitry (modulation/demodulation, bandpass filters, etc.) • Energy consumption (approx. 100nJ/bit)

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Optical • Pros • Low energy consumption (<1nJ/bit) • High data rates • Small aperture, very directional (localization) • Spatial division multiplexing • Cons • Very directional • Line of sight • Atmospheric turbulence, weather and environmental conditions dependent 12/02/09

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The base station • Hand held • Binoculars • Palm • Cell phone • Laptop computer • Command center • Unmanned vehicle (land, sea, air) • Autonomous systems

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What we have today www.xbow.com

• Different markets • Airborne systems – monitoring, camera stability, unmanned… • Marine • Land vehicles • Environment • Mote price ~100$ • Kit price (8-12 motes) ~ 2000$

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www.dust-inc.com

• Building management • Industrial monitoring • Security 23

Some basic energy data • Digital calculations (e.g. writing/reading to/from memory, magnetic (memory) or electronic (transistors and gates) manipulations, Boolean, arithmetic etc.) ~1pJ/bit • Analog circuitry (e.g. amplification) ~1nJ/amp • DAQ ~1nJ/sample (or passive in some sensors) • A/D and D/A ~1nJ/instruction • MEMs control ~ 1pJ/bit @ 1kb/sec 12/02/09

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