Argument For Real Sex Education

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Lynzee Lamb Dr. Carey ENG 102-6DL 4 December 2008 The Argument for Real Sexual Education In today’s public schools, the topic of sex education draws a line between parents and teachers alike. There are those taking the side of abstinence education, arguing that sex outside of a martial relationship risks the physical and psychological health of school aged adolescents. The other side argues that abstinence education is not grounded in science and ignores the behaviors of teens, denying them information to make safe choices. Abstinence education is currently the predominating form of sexual education in America’s public school system, with 92% of secondary and 96% of high schools having a required abstinence class. (Duberstein Lindbergh, et. al. 1). The government budget has risen from the $10 million dollar funding in 1997 to $167 million in 2005 (Duberstein Lindbergh, et. al. 1). This money comes from state tax dollars, where a state choosing to get funding for abstinence education pays forward a percentage to get the rest in return. Many states no longer request funding for abstinence only education, as scientific reports and teen pregnancy statistics come forward proving that this education method is not keeping adolescents from participating in sexual behavior, preventing pregnancy, or STI conception.

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A little under half of the states currently teach curriculum focused on these themes: premarital sex is abnormal for school age teens and is the only way to prevent unplanned pregnancy and STIs. The curriculum materials, on average, divide its material with 50% focusing on abstaining from sex, 20% to character development, 13% on healthy sexuality, 10% on STI prevention, and four percent on preventing pregnancy. While most are thorough in the promotion of abstinence, avoiding peer pressure, and how to refuse advances, more than half ignore the topics of sexual physical development, masturbation, sexual orientation, or sexual thoughts (Wilson, et. al. 4). Arguably, the worst injustice that abstinence only education permits is the promotion of gender-biased roles on youth. Wilson, et al. published a study of abstinenceonly curriculum, and the authors state“…the outward direction of sperm cells is supported by the emphasis on an outward direction in the male’s personality…The ovum, by contrast, is receptive and inward directed…the female personality is generally more receptive and inward than the male’s” (Wilson, et. al. 7). Despite the education’s flaws, politicians continue to come forward declaring the validity of an educational program that denies thorough information on contraceptives, STIs, pregnancy prevention, and modern gender roles. Regardless of the fact that the United States ties Hungary for the highest abortion rate of any developed country, politicians claim abstinence education is working (“Rep. Sali“ par. 1). Sexually active teenagers are not the minority. Approximately half of all American teens between the ages of 15-19 had sex at least once, with a third currently

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active. A quarter of adolescents between 11-14 have sex with their partners regularly (Perry 1). Teens make up the largest percentage of new STI infections, more than any other age group, with a total of 9 million each year. We have over half the teens having sex, 9 million of them contracting STIs, and almost a million girls between 10-19 becoming pregnant (Lackey par. 2). Approximately 29% of these pregnancies end in termination (“Facts on American Teens‘” par. 7). Those who don’t engage in intercourse may have engaged in oral sex or other sexual behavior besides intercourse to maintain a virgin status or because they believe it is not as risky (Perrin, Bernecki DeJoy 1). Teens begin having sex for a variety of reasons. These include assumptions that their peers are active, inactively participating or hostile parents, lack of hobbies, or the feeling of love while being in a committed relationship. Negatively applied factors, such as parenting, associate with early sexual activity, such as before the age of fifteen (Perry 1). Contraceptive use among teens is hardly admirable. A study in 2004 surveyed over 20,000 high school students on their attitudes towards sex, contraception and pregnancy. Of those that were sexually active, only 57% used contraceptive routinely, followed by 16% who used it sometimes. Nearly a third, 27%, use no contraception at all. The percentage of students who had no opinion on whether they became pregnant or not were most likely to not use contraception (Bruckner 8). Still, majority of teens who use contraception rely on the condom, and almost all teen girls have at least used a condom or the pill once (Adams Hillard 3). The fact remains that the 27% not currently using

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protection, if they continue, has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant that year (“Facts on American Teens‘” par. 2). Adams Hillard provides examples of how students judge when using contraceptives are important, based on the status of their current relationship: Consistency of contraceptive use in adolescents has been correlated with the characteristics of their relationship with their partner; the odds of

consistent use (versus inconsistent or no use) have been found to

be higher

for adolescents in a "liked" relationship versus a "romantic"

relationship.

Couples who had discussed contraception with their partner

and who

engaged in more "couple-like" activities (e.g., thinking of

themselves as a

couple, meeting partners' parents, going out together) were

more likely to

use contraception. (Adams Hillard 5)

While pregnancy rates are high, they are also disproportional between ethnic groups, majority being Black and Hispanic females, with 13.4% and 13.1%, respectively (“Facts on American Teens’” par. 5). This is reflected in a survey taken in California through SIECUS among parents. African-American, Filipino, and Latino parents all responded with teen pregnancy as their primary concern. This is a high contrast compared to Caucasian responders, who only replied with a concern of 59% compared to other issues (“Voices of California“ 1). Of teens that do become pregnant, they are less likely than their childless peers to graduate high school, with 30% terminating the pregnancy. There were over 200,000

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abortions among teens ages 15-19 in 2002, most with the approval of their parents (“Facts on American Teens’” par. 7). These statistics probably disappoint or scare current parents. It’s likely they feel their children get all the education on sex and contraception they need, but the United States federal guidelines for sex education changed over the decade. Teenagers, now submitted to abstinence-only guidelines, learn very little about birth control. A study found, compared to 1995, only 66% of males have received any kind of education about birth control, compared to a previous 81%. With the AIDS scare pushing forward sex education, only two percent of educators taught abstinence-only in 1988. That statistic is up 96% of high schools teaching it as a requirement (Duberstein Lindbergh, et. al. 1). The study also found this change had hit certain groups harder than others, shown in the following statistics: “In 2002, fewer than 60% of black males, males living below 200% poverty and males living in non-metropolitan areas had received any formal instruction about birth control methods. Among sexually experienced males in these groups, no more than half had received instruction about birth control prior to first sex” (Duberstein Lindberg, et. al. 7). The correlation between lack of contraceptive instruction, the probability of pregnancy when contraception is not used, and the ensuing abortion rate all become tied together in a string of cause and effect, securely latched to the curriculum of abstinence education. Abstinence-only sexual education provides no substantial benefit in prevention of STIs and teen pregnancy and must be replaced with a thorough, informative sexual

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education program. Abstinence education is funded by the government, with a curriculum established under Title V. Title V lays out the requirements for abstinence-education. Curriculum must meet these standards for funding: teach social, psychological and health gains through abstinence, that sexual activity outside of marriage is the not normal for adolescents in school, only abstinence can protect against pregnancy and STIs, sex in a mutually exclusive married relationship is the standard for all people, and participating in sex outside of marriage is likely to have adverse psychological and physiological effects (“Block Grant“, 1997). This law specifically states an emphasis on abstinence over any kind of birth control, while its other points are unreasonable, as supported by previous statistics. An evaluation of 21 abstinence-only education curriculums for middle school students found that majority of materials, such as textbooks, placed an average of 14% of its content on STIs and pregnancy prevention. Unsurprisingly, the focus on abstinence only birth control and sex only in the context of marriage were the items focused on consistently throughout material choices. Topics like masturbation, sexual values, development of the human body though puberty and sexual identity are primarily ignored (Wilson, et. al. 6). One would assume because abstinence education is the current mode of sexual education that parents approve of it. This is entirely untrue. Support for information on contraceptives to protect the sexually active and those who are not is overwhelming.

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Perrin and Bernecki DeJoy state in their study, “However, ninety-three percent of Americans support the teaching of sexuality in schools; 92% believe that such education should tell young people who are sexually active to use contraception; and 83% of adults believe that teenagers should receive information about protecting themselves from pregnancy and STDs even if they are not yet sexually active” (Perrin, Bernecki DeJoy 4). This is not only among adults, but students as well. The editorial board for “Sex, Etc.”, a publication by teens, talks about what they want from their sexual education. One teen, Lalitha Chandrasekher, states her opinion: Don't teach abstinence-only! Teens are more driven to do what they're told not to do. If they are taught only to abstain from sex, they'll be left to wonder what it's like and will be more likely to indulge in sexual activity.

Give teens the most comprehensive, honest, and accurate

information on

contraception, STIs, abortion, pregnancies, teen

parenting, and sex regrets.

(Chandrasekher, et. al. 1)

Most teens answered with similar requests. The denial of comprehensive sexual education is not going without protest. A teen group called ASsET in California is campaigning for the right to comprehensive sex education. Like education provided in the 1990s, they stress the importance of abstinence being taught as an option, but anatomy, feelings, and contraception focused on as well. Other than a disregard to the wants of teens and parents and an unrealistic curriculum standard, there are constitutional, moral, and efficiency flaws within the

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abstinence-only approach. First and foremost, abstinence-only has much less to do with public health and a lot more to do with theological components. Backed by lobbying evangelicals, abstinence-education promotes scare tactics and faulty logic. One example from a curriculum for middle school students states: “Couples who use condoms for birth control experience a first-year failure rate of about 15 percent in preventing pregnancies. This means that over a period of five years, there could be a 50 percent chance or higher of getting pregnant with condoms used as birth control.” (Chamberlain 3) What the textbook fails to mention is that these statistics are based on inconsistent use, not condom breakage. (Chamberlain 3) Other examples instill fear of AIDS and HPV being unavoidable regardless of contraceptive protection, even when statistics show otherwise. Supporters of this education initiative try showing support by quoting the small percentage drop in teen pregnancy, but no formal studies have concluded that this was due to abstinence education’s influence between 1994 and 2006. Contrarily, most of the credit was given to increased contraceptive use. After 2006, the teen pregnancy rate began to rise once more (Kotz 1). Abstinence-only education promotes a dangerous agenda of gender roles as well. Examples include the idea of the female sex organs as being receiving and introverted, and so an accurate representation of the feminine personality. It focuses on the girl’s responsibility to be chaste, so as not to promote the male’s wild urges. Supposedly, this can be achieved through wearing modest clothing. This statement infers doing otherwise,

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is asking for it (Chamberlain 1). Virginity pledges are another staple of abstinence education. Yet again, studies find that those who took a virginity pledge, are less likely to use contraception when they do initiate sexual behavior. The pledges are unlikely to stave off sexual conduct unless students feel they participated on their own accord and not through coercion. Chaloner writes in her article “While the virginity pledges do delay the onset of sexual intercourse among teenagers for an average of 18 months, many of these teenagers eventually do have sex, and when they do, they are less likely to use contraception effectively or use contraception at all. (Chaloner par. 8) Despite faulty logic, unsubstantiated facts, fear tactics, promotion of ‘traditional’ gender roles, and disagreement with the wants of the general public, why is the government dropping $100 million per year in funding? It can partially be attributed to far right wing lobbyists and politicians. Representative Bill Sali from Idaho is quoted as saying: “However, abstinence education seeks to educate without engaging in the explicit demonstrations that most parents and school communities, especially those in my District, reject as distasteful and in some cases a violation of moral and religious convictions.” (“Rep. Sali“ par. 4) One has to wonder what particular demonstrations would be taught in a public classroom that could be distasteful? Regardless of Rep. Sali’s opinion on whether human anatomy or putting a condom on a banana are distasteful, as a member of the United States government, the violation of religious convictions comment is particularly

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interesting. When taken into consideration that the public schools, along with all other government establishments, are not required to adhere to any religious convictions thanks to the United States Constitution. Rep. Sali is an example of the reason why our government currently funds an education that the majority does not want and does not work. Furthermore, he relies on the results of Dr. Stan Weed, the government’s chosen expert for evaluations of effectiveness in abstinence-only education. Dr. Weed is also a lobbyist with connections to other abstinence groups (Chamberlain 6). It can be said then, that relying on his evaluations as unbiased is a joke. Schools could continue this education initiative despite study findings and statistics, but they are not. When a study performed by Mathematica came forward, showing that students who participated in an abstinence only study had sex as the same rates as those who did not, many states threw in the towel. (Freking 1) Only 33 states are still accepting government funding for the curriculum. Those who quit cite the survey as proof, and tax dollars should not be wasted. For Colorado, the study results sealed the decision to get out of the program. Dr. Ned Calonge, the state's chief medical officer, said Mathematica's methods were the gold standard for scientific studies. ‘To show no benefit compared to nothing. That was striking,’ Calonge said. ‘These are tax dollars that are going for no useful purpose, and it would not be responsible for us to take those dollars.’” (Freking 1)

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It is undeniable, through the insurmountable number of surveys, studies, polls, and facts, that the American people do not want abstinence-only education. As the governmental body for this country, it is a politician’s job to meet the needs of the public, especially in the cases concerning young students’ health. Teens’ health should not be an ideological war between religious interest groups, but instead a concern on the basis of health and wellness. It is irresponsible for our government to risk infection and teen pregnancy by promoting ignorance and fear while denying reality. Comprehensive sex education is nearly unanimously supported by parents and adolescents, and this is reason enough for it to be implemented. Increased contraceptive use is the credited reason for lowering teen pregnancy, not a change in sexual habits. Not teaching correct information about the usage of contraceptive will continue to raise teen pregnancy and STI conception, and hurt America’s youth. It is only now, with undeniable evidence, that the public can hope that the government listens to the people, instead of a harmful minority agenda.

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Works Cited Adams Hillard, Paula J. "Contraceptive Behaviors in Adolescents." Pediatric Annals 34.10 (2005): 794-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. “Block Grant Application Guidance For the Abstinence Education Provision of the 1996 Welfare Law“. P.L. (1997): 104-. Office of State and Community Health, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD. 23 Dec. 2008. Bruckner, Hannah, Anne Martin, and Peter S. Bearman. "Ambivalence and Pregnancy: Adolescents' Attitudes, Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36.6 (2004): 248-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Chaloner, Emily. "All the Good a Little Sex Ed Can Do." SIECUS Report 31.4 (2003): 30-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 Chamberlain, Pam. "Abstaining From the Truth." Public Eye 1 Oct. 2008: 1, 21-24, 2627. Alt-Press Watch (APW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008

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Chandrasekher, Lalitha, et. al. "Sex, Etc., Editorial Board Discusses What Works (and What Doesn't) in Sex Ed." SIECUS Report 31.4 (2003): 23-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 Duberstein Lindberg, Laura, et. al. "Changes in Formal Sex Education: 1995-2002." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38.4 (2006): 182-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. "Facts on American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health." Guttemacher Institute Homepage. Sept. 2006. Guttmacher Institute. 22 Dec. 2008. Freking, Kevin. "States are Turning Down U.S. Abstinence Education Grants. " The Louisiana Weekly. [New Orleans, La.] 7 July 2008, 19. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 Kotz, Deborah. "A Debate About Teaching Abstinence; Teen Births Have Ticked Up After a Long Decline. Is Sex Education the Reason?" U.S. News & World Report 31 Dec. 2007: 28-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Lackey, Hilliard. "The Naked Truth: Chances Are, Your Teenager is Sexually Active." The Mississippi Link 15 Mar. 2007: A11. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Perrin, Karen, and Sharon Bernecki DeJoy. "Abstinence-Only Education: How We Got Here and Where We're Going." Journal of Public Health Policy 24.3/4 (2003): 445-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Perry, Brandon A. "A Close Look at Sexuality Among Today's Youth." Indianapolis Recorder 18 July 2008: A1-. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. “Rep. Sali: Abstinence Education Works, Helps Teens Avoid Risky Behavior" US Fed News Service, Including US State News [Washington, D.C.] 23 Apr. 2008. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 "Voices for California Views on Teen Pregnancy from Different Ethnic Groups." SIECUS Report. 32.1 (2004): 30. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Wilson, Kelly L., et al. "A Review of 21 Curricula for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs." The Journal of School Health 75.3 (2005): 90-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Library, Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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“Block Grant Application Guidance For the Abstinence Education Provision of the 1996 Welfare Law.“ P.L. (1997): 104-. Office of State and Community Health, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD. 23 Dec. 2008. Blow, Charles M. "Let's Talk About Sex; [Op-Ed]." New York Times 6 Sept. 2008: A17. ProQuest National Newspapers Core. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Bruckner, Hannah, Anne Martin, and Peter S. Bearman. "Ambivalence and Pregnancy: Adolescents' Attitudes, Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36.6 (2004): 248-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Chaloner, Emily. "All the Good a Little Sex Ed Can Do." SIECUS Report 31.4 (2003): 1-. Research Library. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Chamberlain, Pam. "Abstaining From the Truth." Public Eye 1 Oct. 2008: 1, 21-24, 2627. Alt-Press Watch (APW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Chandrasekher, Lalitha, et. al. "Sex, Etc., Editorial Board Discusses What Works (and What Doesn't) in Sex Ed." SIECUS Report 31.4 (2003): 23-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Denny, George, and Michael Young. "An Evaluation of an Abstinence-Only Sex Education Curriculum: An 18-Month Follow-up." The Journal of School Health 76.8 (2006): 414-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Duberstein Lindberg, Laura, John S. Santelli, and Susheela Singh. "Changes in Formal Sex Education: 1995-2002." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38.4 (2006): 182-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib, Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. "Facts on American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health." Facts on American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health. Sept. 2006. Guttmacher Institute. 22 Dec. 2008. Ferguson, Sue. "Birds Bees - and Blind Ignorance." Maclean's 17 May 2004: 37-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Freking, Kevin. "States are Turning Down U.S. Abstinence Education Grants." The Louisana Weekly. [New Orleans, La.] 7 July 2008, 19. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Galinsky, Ellen, and Susan Ginsberg. "Is 'Abstinence-Only' Working for Teens?" Work & Family Life 1 Sept. 2004: 2. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Goodson, Patricia, et. al. "Defining Abstinence: Views of Directors, Instructors, and Participants in Abstinence-Only-Until Marriage Programs in Texas." The Journal of School Health 73.3 (2003): 91-. Research Library. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Harris, Gardiner. "Teenage Birth Rate Rises For First Time Since '91." New York Times 6 Dec. 2007: A26. ProQuest National Newspapers Core. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Hillard, Paula J. Adams "Contraceptive Behaviors in Adolescents." Pediatric Annals 34.10 (2005): 794-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Kenny, Lorraine, and Julie Sternberg. "Abstinence-Only Education in the Courts.” SIECUS Report 31.6 (2003): 26-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Klopp, Robyn, and Solitaire Miguel. "Teens Campaign for Better Sex Education." SIECUS Report 31.4 (2003): 34-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Kotz, Deborah. "A Debate About Teaching Abstinence; Teen Births Have Ticked Up After a Long Decline. Is Sex Education the Reason?" U.S. News & World Report 31 Dec. 2007: 28-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Lackey, Hilliard. "The Naked Truth: Chances Are, Your Teenager is Sexually Active." The Mississippi Link 15 Mar. 2007: A11. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Masters, N Tatiana, et. al. "The Opposite of Sex? Adolescents' Thoughts About Abstinence and Sex, and Their Sexual Behavior." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40.2 (2008): 87-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. McKay, Betsy. "Poverty: The Search for Solutions; Winning the Battle on Teen Pregnancy; In Poor, Rural Denmark, S.C., Intensive Program of Sex Education Highlights Progress Across Country; Condoms at the Barber Shop." Betsy McKay 22 July 2006: A1. ProQuest National Newspapers Core. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Munro, Neil. "Saying No to No." National Journal 2 June 2007: 50-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. "Parents, Teens Say "Just Wait" Summit Doesn't Address Mississippi's Teen Pregnancy Problem." The Mississippi Link 22 May 2008: 3. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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Perrin, Karen, and Sharon Bernecki DeJoy. "Abstinence-Only Education: How We Got Here and Where We're Going." Journal of Public Health Policy 24.3/4 (2003): 445-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Perry, Brandon A. "A Close Look at Sexuality Among Today's Youth." Indianapolis Recorder 18 July 2008: A1-. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. “Rep. Sali: Abstinence Education Works, Helps Teens Avoid Risky Behavior" US Fed News Service, Including US State News [Washington, D.C.] 23 Apr. 2008. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 Rosenbaum, Marsha, and Jennifer Kern. "Getting Real About Abstinence Among Teenagers." New York Beacon 18 Sept. 2008: 15. Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Roxas, Kevin. "Keepin‘ it Real and Relevant: Providing Culturally Responsive Education to Pregnant and Parenting Teens" Multicultural Education 15.3 (2008): 2-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. http://0-www.proquest.com.oswald.clark.edu:80/

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Russell, Jen. "Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy." Youth Today [Washington] 1 May 2008, 27. Alt-Press Watch (APW). ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Santelli, John S., et al. "Explaining Recent Declines in Adolescent Pregnancy in the United States: The Contribution of Abstinence and Improved Contraceptive Use." American Journal of Public Health 97.1 (2007): 150-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008 Sawyer, Robin G., et al. "We Didn’t Have Sex .... Did We?" American Journal of Health Studies 22.1 (2007): 46-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Say, R.E., and D. Mansour. "What Influences Young People's Contraceptive Choice?" European Journal of Contraceptive & Reproductive Health Care: Programme and Book of Abstracts 9. (2004): 180. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.

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"Sen. Brownback Testifies Before House Committee on Importance of Funding for Abstinence Education." US Fed News Service, Including US State News [Washington, D.C.] 23 Apr. 2008. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. "16 Programs that Combine Pregnancy, STD, and HIV / AIDS Prevention." SIECUS Report 31.3 (2003): 18-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Stein, Rob. "Abstinence Programs Face Rejection; More States Opt to Turn Down the Federal Money Attached to That Kind of Sex Ed." The Washington Post 16 Dec. 2007: A3. ProQuest National Newspaper Core. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Tsubata, Kathleen, and Cory Richards. "Symposium: Q: Should Congress Be Giving More Financial Support to Abstinence-Only Sex Education?" Insight on the News 11 Nov. 2003: 46-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. http://0-www.proquest.com.oswald.clark.edu:80/

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"Voices for California Views on Teen Pregnancy from Different Ethnic Groups." SIECUS Report 32 (2004): 30. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Williams, Monnica T., and Laura Bonner. "Sex Education Attitudes and Outcomes Among North American Women." Adolescence 41.161 (2006): 1-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Wilson, Kelly L., et al. "A Review of 21 Curricula for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs." The Journal of School Health 75.3 (2005): 90-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Library, Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Wire, Sarah D. "The Nation; U.S. Funding of Abstinence-Only Programs Debated." Los Angeles Times 24 Apr. 2008: A11. Los Angeles Times. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. Yoo, Seunghyun, et al. "A Qualitative Evaluation of the Students of Service (SOS) Program for Sexual Abstinence in Louisiana." The Journal of School Health 74.8 (2004): 329-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008. http://0-www.proquest.com.oswald.clark.edu:80/

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Young, Michael. "What‘s Wrong with Abstinence Education?" Journal of Health Studies 19.3 (2004): 148-. Research Library Complete. ProQuest. Cannell Lib., Vancouver, WA. 17 Oct. 2008.