Simplifying Expressions and Combining Like Terms Now that you have some background in solving equations and understanding relationships between operations, you are ready to learn a few basic properties that will help you solve more difficult problems. The first thing we need to explore is the difference between simplifying an expression and solving an equation. An equation is any relationship defined with an = sign. For example 2x + 6 = 8 is an equation. (if you use greater than/less than symbols we call these inequalities) An expression is a math statement or sentence without any “relationship” symbol (like =, <, >, etc.) Here are some examples:
Expressions
2b − 4 74 + 52 −5r + 6h(4 j ) 5+ 4y − 6
Equations
2b − 4 = 6 74 + 52 = 99 −5r + 6h(4 j ) = r + h + j 5 + 4 y − 6 = −17
Notice how the expressions do not have any symbols telling you that their value is equal to something, bigger than something, smaller than something, etc. The equations compare two or more things with an equal sign. The expressions are just statements full of numbers, variables, and operations. Remember the analogy of a scale that we talked about in the last tutorial on solving equations? If you have items on both sides of the scale you can compare them and gain useful knowledge about the two items. If you only have one item and nothing to compare it to, you cannot gain as much information. The reason for mentioning this is that many times people get very confused about what the “answer” to a particular problem is. What makes it so confusing is that not everything has a really clear answer. For example, if I asked you to solve 7 a = 21 you could do that pretty easily and get 3 as your only possible solution. But what if I asked you to solve 7a ? That makes no sense! How would I know what ‘a’ is? Exactly. When you are dealing with expressions you don’t really have a single numerical solution most of the time. They are just a jumble of letters, numbers, and symbols that most often cannot be “solved” in the way we are used to. This is where simplifying comes in.
Simplifying can be done to an expression or an equation and it just means (as the name suggests) to make the problem as simple as you possibly can. More specifically, to simplify means to do all possible operations to reduce an equation or expression into its most basic possible form. Let’s start with a numerical example. Suppose you were asked to simplify the following two things:
2(4 − 3 i 5) + k 2(4 − 3 i 5) + 1 = −7k and First of all, notice that the problem on the left is an expression and the problem on the right is an equation. Simplifying the first problem gives us: 2(4 − 3 i 5) + k is the same as 2(4 − 15) + k 2(4 − 15) + k is the same as 2(−11) + k 2(−11) + k is the same as −22 + k
We have done all the possible operations and we have hit a point where we cannot do any more to this. We don’t know what the value of ‘k’ is so we have to stop here and just say that our answer is −22 + k . THIS IS PERFECTLY FINE! It is all right that we don’t know what k is. Because we are dealing with an expression here, we don’t have anything to compare it to in order to find the missing part. If it said that −22 + k = something then we could find that missing value. Sometimes though, we just have to live with the fact that this is as far as we can go. Notice something important about this process: When you start with an expression, you still end with an expression Now let’s examine the second example, the equation 2(4 − 3 i 5) + 1 = −7k Simplifying for this means the same thing as before: do all the possible operations to reduce things down as much as we can. So 2(4 − 3 i 5) + 1 = −7k is the same as 2(4 − 15) + 1 = −7k 2(4 − 15) + 1 = −7k is the same as 2(−11) + 1 = −7k 2(−11) + 1 = −7k is the same as −22 + 1 = −7k −22 + 1 = −7k is the same as −21 = −7k −21 = −7k is the same as 3 = k We have done as much as we can to this equation and notice that we were able to find the value of k. Notice also that When you start with an equation, you still end with an equation So when you are faced with the task of simplifying something, you are not always solving it. Instead you are just reducing it down as low as you can. You might end up with a single number in the end, but other times you might not.
And don’t forget, if you start with an expression, you will still end up with an expression. If you start with an equation you will still end up with an equation. Now let’s look at some techniques for simplifying things. In the previous example we used the most basic tools of simplifying: the order of operations. You can always combine numbers together and simplify values using the order of operations. Where it starts to get a little trickier is if you have variables mixed in with your numbers. Consider the following example:
Simplify 8 + 4 x − 2 + 6 x
THIS DOES NOT EQUAL (8 + 4 ‐ 2 + 6)x or 16x !!!! We are now dealing with two different kinds of pieces, those with x’s and those without. This is the point where we need to introduce a very important concept: Combining Like Terms A term is any combination of numbers, variables, and operations that can be separated from another term by the use of addition or subtraction. In our expression above we have four different terms as highlighted below: 8, 4x, 2, and 6x
8 + 4x − 2 + 6x
Notice how these four items are all separated by addition and subtraction signs. Here are a few more examples of expressions where we have separated out the terms 2 2 2 2 Splitting up equations and expressions into their terms it will make simplifying much easier. Once you can identify the terms, you just have to identify which terms are similar to each other and then you can start combining them together. When two or more terms have identical components, we call them like terms. We can combine like terms together to simplify an equation or expression. For example: 2 x + 6 x can be simplified into 8x 7 w − 5w + 4 w is the same as 6w
6 + 5a − 7b + c + 1 →
6 + 5a − 7b + c + 1
− m − 5m − 3m + 7 m + m → − m − 5 m − 3 m + 7 m + m k + 6k + 5 − 2 →
2 xyz + 3 xy + 7 z + 8 xz − 4 xy →
k + 6k + 5 − 2 2 xyz + 3 xy + 7 z + 8 xz − 4 xy
BE CAREFUL!! Don’t combine things that are not like terms. For example 7 x + 6 DOES NOT EQUAL 13x because these are not like terms One has an ‘x’ and the other does not. These cannot go together.
So let’s revisit that problem from earlier:
Simplify 8 + 4 x − 2 + 6 x
We have two different types of terms in this expression: terms with x’s and terms without any variables. ‐ We can take the terms 4x and 6x and combine them together since these are like terms. ‐ Similarly, we can take the terms 8 and 2 and combine them together since they are like terms.
BE CAREFUL WITH THE SIGNS!!! Before you start combining terms together, notice whether each term is positive or negative. Positive Positive
8 + 4x − 2 + 6x
Negative The 2 is actually negative since it has a minus sign in front of it where as all the others are positive. So when we are combining terms together here, we also have to pay attention to whether we have to add them or subtract them. Positive
4x + 6x
8 + 4x − 2 + 6x
8−2
So simplifying these we get 8 − 2 = 6 and 4 x + 6 x = 10 x . Therefore
8 + 4 x − 2 + 6 x = 6 + 10 x
Let’s look at a few more examples. Take a minute to read through these carefully and keep track of which terms are positive and which terms are negative when we combine them.
5r + 6r − 7 − 2r + 9 = 5r + 6r − 2r − 7 + 9
8 y − 6 − 10 y − 1 = 8 y − 10 y − 6 − 1
=
9r + 2
= − 2y − 7
6 − 2a + 4b + 5c + 6a + 8b − 12c + 2 = − 2a + 6a + 4b + 8b + 5c − 12c + 6 + 2 = 4a + 12b − 7c + 8 Notice a few rules that we are following on each of these: 1. We only combine things with the same types of variables 2. We CANNOT combine terms that are different ( i.e. 2 + 5x cannot equal 7x) 3. If a term is negative, we subtract it and if it’s positive, we add it. That is the basics of combining like terms. It’s really quite simple once you get the hang of it, just be careful to follow the rules mentioned above and for beginners it may help you to circle or color the different terms like we have here until you get the hang of it. Start with some simple equations like those above until you feel comfortable identifying the terms and seeing which ones are similar. Once you get the hang of things, you can start to apply this concept to a number of different situations. We will explore some of these later on as you start to learn new operations and properties. We will leave you with some more advanced examples below. Don’t worry if you don’t understand the symbols or operations, just focus on identifying the terms and figuring out which ones are similar and can be combined. It’s basically a game of matching – which terms are alike and which are different? 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 x + 5(2 x ) − 7(2 x ) + 3 2 x = 8 2 x + 3 2 x + 5(2 x ) − 7(2 x ) = 11 2 x − 2(2 x ) (Note that this last example can still be reduced, but we will leave it here just to show the like terms) Be careful with the signs and don’t be tempted to combine anything that is not the same! Good luck! www.mathmadesimple.org
4 + 12a + 5a − 3a − 9 = 12a − 3a + 5a + 4 − 9 = 9a + 5a − 5
2 g − 4 gh + 3h − 6 gh − g = − 4 gh − 6 gh + 2 g − g + 3h = − 10 gh + g + 3h