ANTI‐LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM By Y. Krishna kumar T. Prashanth Babu C. Karthik kumar
08245A0303 08245A0309 08245A0311
ABSTRACT • In today’s world, braking is the most important system in an Automobile. • Brakes are energy conversion devices, which convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into thermal energy. • In Antilock Braking System, we can prevent the locking of the wheel and hence skidding, using an Electro Mechanical Control System
INTRODUCTION • In recent years, with advancement in design & technology, Disc brakes are fast replacing drum brakes. • ABS was first developed for Aircrafts braking system but soon started replacing the conventional braking system in trucks and cars. • Recent improvements in ABS allows to prevent wheel when accelerated on wet or slippery surface.
OPERATION PRINCIPLE • “Limiting the pressure to any wheel which decelerates too rapidly” is the basic principle employed in ABS. • A speed sensor is used for measuring the speed of the wheel and sends it constantly to the computer. • Depending on the initial brake pressure and the speed of the wheel, the computer modulates the brake pressure as fast as fifteen times per second.
STRUCTURE & OPERATION OF THE ABS
TERMINOLOGY • ABS Actuator‐ Work horse of the ABS. • ABS Channel‐ Hydraulic line connecting ABS actuator and the wheel. • ABS Sensor‐It consists a gear shaped sensor rotor and sensor element. • ABS Valves‐ Valves are used in brake line for controlling the each brake depending on its position.
TERMINOLOGY • ABS Pumps‐It is used for pumping the backup pressure from the reservoir to the brake cylinder. • ABS Pulse or Modulation‐ The braking pressure is fluctuating fifteen times per second for preventing the locking of the wheel.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABS SYSTEMS • • • •
1 or 2 channel 2‐Wheel (Rear ABS) 2 Channel 4‐Wheel Criss cross 3 Channel 4‐Wheel 4 Channel 4‐ Wheel 4 Channel 4‐Wheel is considered better than the other three systems.
ADVANTAGES • It can be used for reducing the stopping distance. • It enables to steer while the brakes are firmly applied • It allows braking firmly on surfaces with different level of grips. • It can review and adjust the driver’s driving.
DISADVANTAGES • Drivers may take more risks when driving with vehicles fitted with ABS. • In exceptional circumstances, some drivers have the skill to stop the vehicle in a shorter distance than achieved by an ABS equipped vehicle. • People who are inexperienced in using ABS may respond inappropriately when they activate the system.
LUCAS‐GIRLING ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM Hydraulic System ‐ Disc brakes hydraulics to trigger braking. ‐ When the driver presses on the brake pedal, piston is moved in the master cylinder. ‐ This increases the pressure in the master cylinder which then raises the pressure in the brake cylinder. ‐ This makes the piston to move out to contact the brake pads and engages the brakes against the rotor
Main Components of Disc Brakes System -Wheel Shaft -Rotor/Disc -Caliper and its mounting -Brake Cylinders -Pistons -Brake Pads
WORKING • When locking occurs, the control valve opens the pump and reduces the pressure in the cavity. • Then the actuator slides back further reducing the pressure in the cavity because of variable cross‐section. • Since the locking is no longer imminent the control valve returns back to original position. • This opens the valve connecting the master cylinder to the braking cylinder and normal operation of brake commences.
GYROSCOPIC COUPLE • A vertical reaction on the road surface will be produced due to gyroscopic couple. • The equation for the gyroscopic couple is given by C= Cw ± CE = (ωwx ωp)(4xIw±GxIE)
EXAMPLE PROBLEM TO UNDERSTAND ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM • A Vehicle moves on level track with the speed of 72km/h. The brakes are applied to four wheels and the coefficient of friction is 0.5. Find the time taken by the vehicle to come to rest? Sol: The deceleration of the Vehicle is given by a=g x frictional coefficient.
a = g x coefficient = 9.81 x 0.5 = 4.905m/s2 The time taken by the vehicle before coming to rest is given by the equation, v = u + (a x t) 0 = 20 ‐ (4.905 x t) t = 4.077sec.
At t = 3 sec, v = 5.285 m/s. Assume that the vehicle wheel locks up after 3seconds, Then with ABS operated vehicle the brake is applied 15times per second. The velocities at each point after 3seconds are as follows.
v1 = 5.059m/s v20 = 0.753m/s v2 = 4.833m/s v21 =0.528m/s v3 = 4.578m/s v22 = 0.303m/s v4 = 4.353m/s v23 = 0.07m/s v5 = 4.128m/s v6 = 3.903m/s v7 = 3.678m/s v8 = 3.453m/s v9 = 3.228m/s v10 = 3.00m/s v11 = 2.778m/s v12 = 2.55m/s v13 = 2.32m/s v14 = 2.10m/s v15 = 1.87m/s v16 = 1.65m/s v17 = 1.42m/s v18 = 1.203m/s v19 = 0.978m/s
Total time taken by ABS operated vehicle, t = 3 + 1.518 = 4.518 sec
Hence, the gyroscopic couple force will come down gradually in ABS operated vehicle. The vehicle comes to reduc rest by ing this skidding effect.
CONCLUSION Because of its role in preventing the wheels from locking and better steering control during braking, Anti‐lock Braking System should be made mandatory for all vehicles.
REFERENCES • The journals of Society of Automotive Engineers India(SAE India) • William H.Crouse and Donald L.Anglin, Automotive Mechanics, 10th Edition, Tata Mc‐ Graw Hill Publishing Limited. • Theory of Machines by R.s.Kurmi