Antenna Concepts
© 2001, Cisco Aironet Systems, Inc.
Chapter51
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter52
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Understand how an antenna is used to propagate an RF signal • Explain what an isotropic antenna is and why it is used as a reference for other antennas • Identify Cisco Aironet antennas, their coverage patterns, and the proper polarization of each antenna © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter53
Cisco Aironet Antennas FCC requires that ALL antennas sold by a spread spectrum vendor be certified with the radio they are to be sold with All Cisco Aironetsupplied cables, RF devices and antennas have reverse TNC (RPTNC) connectors Cisco Aironetsupplied antennas meet all FCC rules Wide variety antennas for most applications © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter54
Antenna Concepts Directionality • Omni (360º coverage) directional • Directional (limited range of coverage)
Gain • Measured in dBi and dBd. (0dBd = 2.14dBi) • More gain means more coverage in certain directions
Polarization • Antennas are used in the vertical polarization © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter55
Antenna Gain In life you never get “something for nothing;” the same is true in antenna gain. If the gain of an antenna goes up, the coverage area or angle goes down. Coverage areas or radiation patterns are measured in degrees. These angles are referred to as beamwidth, and have a horizontal and vertical measurement. © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter56
Antenna Theory A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360º vertical and horizontal beamwidth. This is a reference for ALL antennas © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Side View (Vertical Pattern)
Top View (Horizontal Pattern)
AWLF1.0—Chapter57
Antenna Theory Dipole To obtain omnidirectional gain from an isotropic antenna, the energy lobes are ‘pushed in’ from the top and bottom, and forced out in a doughnut type pattern. The higher the gain, the smaller the vertical beamwidth, and the larger the horizontal lobe area
Side View (Vertical Pattern) Vertical Beamwidth New Pattern (with Gain)
Top View (Horizontal Pattern)
This is the typical dipole pattern. Gain of a dipole is 2.14dBi (0dBd) © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter58
High Gain OmniDirectionals High gain omni directional antennas will create more coverage area in away from the antenna, but the energy level directly below the antenna will become lower. Coverage here may be poor. © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Beamwidth
Area of poor coverage directly under the antenna
AWLF1.0—Chapter59
Directional Antennas For directional antennas the lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area. Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna. © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Side View (Vertical Pattern)
Top View (Horizontal Pattern)
AWLF1.0—Chapter510
FCC Part 15 Antenna Requirements
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter511
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Power Setting
dBm
w/ 6 dBi Patch
EIRP
100 mW
20 dBm
6 dBi
26 dBm
50 mW
17 dBm
6 dBi
23 dBm
30 mW 20 mW 15 mW 5 mW 1 mW
15 dBm 13 dBm 12 dBm 7 dBm 0 dBm
6 dBi 6 dBi 6 dBi 6 dBi 6 dBi
21 dBm 19 dBm 18 dBm 13 dBm 6 dBm
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter512
Cisco Aironet Antennas © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
www.cisco.com
AWLF 1.0—Chapter513
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 2.2dBi Dipole “Standard Rubber Duck” Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT4941
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter514
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 2.2dBi Ceiling Mount Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT3194
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter515
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 5.2dBi Ceiling Mount Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT1728
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter516
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 5.2dBi Mast Mount Vertical Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT2506
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter517
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 5.2dBi Pillar Mount Diversity Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT3213
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter518
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 5.2dBi Ground Plane Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT2561
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter519
2.4Ghz OmniDirectional Antennas 12dBi Omni Directional (Outdoor only) Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT4121
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter520
2.4Ghz Directional Antennas 3dBi Patch Antenna – 65 degree Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT3195
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter521
2.4Ghz Directional Antennas 6dBi Patch Antenna – 65 degree Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT1729
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter522
2.4Ghz Directional Antennas 8.5dBi Patch Antenna – 55 degree Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT3549
H Plane E Plane
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter523
2.4Ghz Directional Antennas 13.5dBi Yagi Antenna – 25 degree Cisco Aironet Part # AIRANT1949
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter524
2.4Ghz Directional Antennas 21dBi Parabolic Dish Antenna – 12 degree Cisco Part # AIRANT3338
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter525
Summary Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to perform the following tasks:
• How different antennas can affect the propagation of the RF signal
• Compare antenna ratings in dBi vs. dBd • Assist the customer in choosing the right antenna for their installation
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter526
Review Questions 1. A 2.14 dBi antenna is the same as a 3.28 dBd antenna (True/False)? 2. An antenna with more gain is always a better antenna? Why or why not? 3. Ceiling mount antennas are always the best choice for an indoor installation? Why or why not? 4. A higher gain antenna adds more output power to the access point’s output (True/False)? © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
AWLF1.0—Chapter527
Cisco Aironet Wireless Training© 2000, Cisco Aironet Systems, Inc.